1. “Dropped to Eternity,” Chicago Tribune, Nov. 12, 1887, 2. See also Paul Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1984), 383–94; Henry David, The History of the Haymarket Affair: A Study in the American Social-Revolutionary and Labor Movements, 2d ed. (New York: Russell & Russell, 1958), 460–63; and James Green, Death in the Haymarket: A Story of the First Labor Movement, and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America (New York: Anchor, 2006), 268–71.
2. Charles Dudley Warner and Mark Twain, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (New York: Penguin Classics, 2001); and Kevin Phillips, Wealth and Democracy: A Political History of the American Rich (New York: Broadway, 1992), 122.
3. John Tipple, “Big Businessmen and a New Economy,” in The Gilded Age, ed. H. Wayne Morgan, rev. and enl. ed. (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1970), 16.
4. David Von Drehle, Triangle: The Fire That Changed America (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003), 41, 14.
5. Beverly Gage, “Why Violence Matters: Radicalism, Politics, and Class War in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era,” Journal for the Study of Radicalism 1 (Jan. 2007): 102.
6. Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Politics in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill & Wang, 1982), 80.
7. See Charles Lomas, “Urban Mavericks and Radicals,” in The Rhetoric of Protest and Reform, 1878–1898, ed. Paul H. Boase (Athens: Ohio Univ. Press, 1980), 36–54.
8. Charles Dobbs, “Socialism and the Capitalist Press,” ISR 2 (July 1901): 50.
9. See “The End of American Capitalism?” Washington Post, Oct. 10, 2008, A1; Glenn Beck: Barack Obama, Socialist?” FoxNews.com, Apr. 7, 2010, accessed Dec. 6, 2010, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,590532,00.html; Paul Roderick Gregory, “Is President Obama Truly a Socialist?” Forbes, Jan. 22, 2012, accessed Nov. 12, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/paulroderickgregory/2012/01/22/is-president-obama-truly-a-socialist/; and Ron Scherer, “Is Obama a Socialist? What Does the Evidence Say?” Christian Science Monitor, July 1, 2010, accessed Dec. 6, 2010, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0701/Is-Obama-a-socialist-What-does-the-evidence-say.
10. Ashley Fantz, “America’s Union Story: Blood, Struggle, and Bargaining for Good and Bad,” CNN, Mar. 4, 2011, http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/03/04/unions.history/index.html?eref=rss_politics&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2Fcnn_allpolitics+%28RSS%3A+Politics%29.
11. See Randal C. Archibold, “U.S.’s Toughest Immigration Law is Signed in Arizona,” New York Times, Apr. 24, 2010, 1; and Timothy Noah, “Banning French Fries,” Slate, Mar. 11, 2003, accessed Mar. 4, 2011, http://www.slate.com/id/2079975/.
12. “The New Socialism,” Washington Post, Dec. 11, 2009, A31.
13. See Ben Bagdikian, The New Media Monopoly: A Completely Revised and Updated Edition with Seven New Chapters, rev. ed. (Boston: Beacon, 2004).
14. Robert McChesney, “The U.S. Left and Media Politics,” Monthly Review: An Independent Socialist Magazine 50 (Feb. 1999): 32.
15. See Jeffrey Pasley, The “Tyranny of Printers”: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic (Charlottesville: Univ. of Virginia Press, 2003); and Eric Burns, Infamous Scribblers: The Founding Fathers and the Rowdy Beginnings of American Journalism (New York: Public Affairs, 2004).
16. Leon Baritz, ed. The American Left: Radical Political Thought in the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1971), xiii.
17. For books on individual journals discussed in this book, see Leslie Fishbein, Rebels in Bohemia: The Radicals of The Masses, 1911–1917 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1982); John Graham, ed., “Yours for the Revolution”: The Appeal to Reason, 1895–1922 (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1990); Margaret C. Jones, Heretics and Hellraisers: Women Contributors to The Masses, 1911–1917 (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1993); Theodore Kornweibel Jr., No Crystal Stair: Black Life and The Messenger, 1917–1928 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1975); William O’Neill, Echoes of Revolt: The Masses, 1911–1917 (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1966); Allen Ruff, We Called Each Other Comrade: Charles H. Kerr & Company, Radical Publishers (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1997); Elliott Shore, Talkin’ Socialism: J. A. Wayland and the Radical Press (Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas, 1988) and Rebecca Zurier, Art for The Masses: A Radical Magazine and Its Graphics, 1911–1917 (Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press, 1988).
18. Joseph Conlin, introduction to The American Radical Press, 1880–1960, ed. Joseph Conlin, 2 vols. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1974), 1:7 (italics in original).
19. Ibid., 12, 7.
20. See Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983).
21. Chris Atton, An Alternative Internet: Radical Media, Politics, and Creativity (Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press, 2004), 3, 4.
22. See Charles Stewart and Craig Allen Smith, eds. Persuasion and Social Movements (Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press, 1989); Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Collective Action, Social Movements, and Politics (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994); and Doug McAdams, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001).
23. William Gamson, The Strategy of Social Protest, 2d ed. (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1990), 147.
24. For books on the dissident press, see Frankie Hutton and Barbara Straus Reed, eds. Outsiders in Nineteenth-Century Press History: Multicultural Perspectives (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State Univ. Popular Press, 1995); Lauren Kessler, The Dissident Press: Alternative Journalism in American History (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984); Bob Ostertag, People’s Movements, People’s Press: The Journalism of Social Justice Movements (Boston: Beacon, 2006), and Rodger Streitmatter, Voices of Revolution: The Dissident Press in America (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2001).
25. “To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.” Robert Entman, “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm,” Journal of Communication 43 (Dec. 1993): 52.
26. William Gamson and Gadi Wolfsfeld, “Movements and Media as Interacting Systems,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 528 (July 1993): 117.
27. ME 4 (July 1910): 164–67. See also editorial, “Thomas Paine, Anti-Militarist,” Rip-Saw 13 (Aug. 1916): 4.
28. Michael Cohen, “‘The Ku Klux Government’: Vigilantism, Lynching, and the Repression of the IWW,” Journal for the Study of Radicalism 1 (Jan. 2007): 33; John Downing, Radical Media: Rebellious Communication and Social Movements (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage 2001), 15.
29. Downing, Radical Media, 43.
30. John Lofton, The Press as Guardian of the First Amendment (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1980), 279. See also Hutton and Reed, Outsiders in Nineteenth-Century Press History, 1, 2.
31. Jules Boykoff, “Framing Dissent: Mass-Media Coverage of the Global Justice Movement,” New Political Science 28 (June 2006): 202.
32. Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon, 2002), 2.
33. Stuart Hall, “Encoding/Decoding,” in Culture, Media, and Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972–79, ed. Stuart Hall et al. (New York: Routledge, 1991), 107–16. See also Stuart Hall, “Deviance Politics and the Media,” in Deviance and Social Control, ed. Paul Rock and Mary McIntosh (London: Tavistock, 1974), 261–305; Herbert Gans, Deciding What’s News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time (New York: Pantheon, 1979); James Hertog and Douglas McLeod, “Anarchists Wreak Havoc in Downtown Minneapolis: A Multi-Level Study of Media Coverage of Radical Protests,” Journalism and Mass Communication Monographs 151 (June 1995): 1–48; Carolyn Martindale, “Selected Newspaper Coverage of Causes of Black Protest,” Journalism Quarterly 66 (Winter 1989): 920–23, 964; and Pamela Shoemaker, “Media Treatment of Deviant Political Groups,” Journalism Quarterly 61 (Spring 1984): 66.
34. Mitchell Stephens, A History of News: From the Drum to the Satellite (New York: Penguin, 1988), 5.
35. Herbert Schiller, Culture Incorporated: The Corporate Takeover of Public Expression (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989), 163.
36. Tony Harcup, “The Unspoken ‘Said’: The Journalism of Alternative Media,” Journalism 4 (Aug. 2003): 371. Discussions and debates on Antonio Gramsci’s concept of hegemony could fill a small library. Just a few examples include John Agnew, Hegemony: The New Shape of Global Power (Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press, 2005); T. J. Jackson Lears, “The Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities,” American Historical Review 90 (June 1985): 567–93; Mark McNally and John Schwarzmantel, ed., Gramsci and Global Politics: Hegemony and Resistance (London: Taylor & Francis, 2009); Adam David Morton, Unravelling Gramsci: Hegemony and Passive Revolution in the Global Political Economy (London: Pluto, 2007); and Peter Thomas, The Gramscian Moment: Philosophy, Hegemony, and Marxism (Chicago: Haymarket, 2010).
37. Jason Martinek, “‘Mental Dynamite’: Radical Literacy and American Socialists’ Print Culture of Dissent, 1897–1917” (PhD diss., Carnegie Mellon Univ., 2005), 6.
38. Of the other four convicted men who were not executed, Louis Lingg committed suicide, Michael Schwab and Samuel Fielden received commutations to life sentences, and Oscar Neebe received a fifteen-year sentence. See also Philip Foner, May Day: A Short History of the International Workers’ Holiday, 1886–1986 (New York: International Publishers, 1986), 27–39.
39. “Illinois vs. August Spies et al. trial evidence book, People’s Exhibit 30, Alarm (Newspaper) article, “The Property Power,’ 1884 Nov. 29,” Haymarket Affair Digital Collection, Chicago Historical Society, accessed Oct. 3, 2009, http://www.chicagohistory.org/hadc/transcript/exhibits/X000-050/X0300.htm .
40. Quoted in Michael J. Schaack, Anarchy and Anarchists (Chicago: F. J. Schulte and Co., 1889), 131.
41. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 262; David, History of the Haymarket Affair, 541–42; and Green, Death in the Haymarket, 320.
42. Linda Cobb-Reilly, “Aliens and Alien Ideas: The Suppression of Anarchists and the Anarchist Press in America, 1901–1914,” Journalism History 15 (Summer–Autumn 1988): 57 (italics in original).
43. Nathaniel Hong, “Constructing the Anarchist Beast in American Periodical Literature, 1880–1903,” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 9 (Mar. 1992): 111.
44. David, History of the Haymarket, 536, 178–80. See also Louis Adamic, Dynamite! The Story of Class Violence in America (New York: Viking, 1931).
45. J. Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America (New York: Touchstone, 1997), 650–51.
46. “Salutatory,” Miners Magazine 1 (Jan. 1900): 16.
47. Davide Turcato, “Italian Anarchism as a Transnational Movement, 1885–1915,” International Review of Social History 52 (Dec. 2007): 424.
48. “The Socialist Press,” Call, Dec. 31, 1909, 6.
49. Helen Keller, “How I Became a Socialist,” Call, Nov. 3, 1912.
50. James Green, Grass-Roots Socialism: Radical Movements in the Southwest, 1895–1943 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1978), 133.
51. See C. K. McFarland and Robert L. Thistlewaite, “Twenty Years of a Successful Labor Paper: The Working Man’s Advocate, 1829–1849,” Journalism Quarterly 60 (Spring 1983): 35–40; and Rodger Streitmatter, “Origins of the American Labor Press” Journalism History 25 (Autumn 1999): 96–106.
52. Jon Bekken, “The Working Class Press at the Turn of the Century,” in Ruthless Criticism: New Perspectives in U.S. Communication History, ed. William Solomon and Robert McChesney (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1993), 151.
53. Matthew Schneirov, The Dream of a New Social Order: Popular Magazines in America, 1893–1914 (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1994), 62.
54. Leonard J. Teel, The Public Press, 1900–1945: The History of American Journalism (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2006), 23.
55. Walter Goldwater, Radical Periodicals in America 1890–1950: A Bibliography with Brief Notes (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1964).
56. Nathan Fine, Labor and Farmer Parties in the United States 1828–1928 (New York: Russell & Russell, 1961), 232.
57. Robert Hunter, “The Socialist Party in the Present Campaign,” American Review of Reviews 38 (Sept. 1908): 298.
58. Melvyn Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Worker of the World, 2d ed. (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1988), 220.
59. See Frederick D. Buchstein, “The Anarchist Press in American Journalism,” Journalism History 1 (Summer 1974): 43–45, 66.
60. Christine Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Holt, 2000), 161.
61. Kessler, Dissident Press, 111.
62. “Traitors at Home, Enemies Abroad,” Los Angeles Times, July 15, 1917, sec. 2, p. 6.
63. Paul Buhle, Marxism in the USA: From 1870 to the Present Day (London: Verso, 1987), 29.
64. Elliott Shore, Ken Fones-Wolf, and James P. Danky, eds. The German-American Radical Press: The Shaping of a Left Political Culture (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1992), 3. See also Carl Wittke, The German Language Press in America (Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1957).
65. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 66.
66. See “The Red Flag in America,” Public Opinion, May 15, 1886, 81–87.
67. See George Carey, “La Questione Sociale, an Anarchist Newspaper in Paterson, New Jersey (1895–1908),” in Italian Americans: New Perspectives in Italian Immigration and Ethnicity, ed. Lydio Tomasi (New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1985).
68. Quoted in Philip V. Cannistraro and Gerald Meyer, introduction to The Lost World of Italian-American Radicalism: Politics, Labor and Culture, ed. Philip V. Cannistraro and Gerald Meyer (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003), 13.
69. George Pozzetta, “The Italian Immigrant Press of New York City: The Early Years, 1880–1915,” Journal of Ethnic Studies 1 (Fall 1973): 40, 32. See also Robert Park, The Immigrant Press and Its Control (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1922), 318–19.
70. Ehud Manor, Forward, the Jewish Daily Forward (Forverts) Newspaper: Immigrants, Socialist and Jewish Politics in New York, 1890–1917 (Brighton, UK: Sussex Academic Press, 2009), 123n2, 46.
71. Bekken, “Working Class Press,” 166.
72. See Dick Hoerder, ed., The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s–1970s: An Annotated Bibliography, 3 vols. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1987).
73. Daniel Bell, Marxian Socialism in the United States (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1967), 26. Other influential German American social revolutionary periodicals in the 1880s included Die Parole in St. Louis; Die Zukunft in Philadelphia; New England Anzeiger in New Haven, Connecticut; and New Jersey Arbeiter-Zeitung in Jersey City Heights. Anarchist journals also appeared in Norwegian (Den Nye Tid), Czech (Proletr in New York and Budoucnost in Chicago), and other languages. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 132–33.
74. Kristin Boudreau, “Elegies for the Haymarket Anarchists,” American Literature 77 (June 2005): 319–47. See also Eugene Debs, “The Martyred Apostles of Labor,” Appeal, Nov. 23, 1907, 3; “In Memory of Chicago Martyrs of 1886,” IW, Nov. 9, 1911, 2; EG, “The Crime of the 11th of November,” ME 6 (Nov. 1911): 263–65; Alexander Berkman, “They Are Not Dead,” ME 7 (Nov. 1912): 283–87; and William McDevitt, “Haymarket Memories,” Solidarity, Jan. 3, 1914, 8.
75. Shelley Streeby, “Labor, Memory, and the Boundaries of Print Culture: From Haymarket to the Mexican Revolution,” American Literary History 19 (Summer 2007): 406.
76. James Green, Taking History to Heart: The Power of the Past in Building Social Movements (Amherst: Univ. of Massachusetts Press, 2000), 132.
77. “The 11th of November and the International Proletariat,” International Socialist Review 3 (Nov. 1908): 345.
78. Alexander Berkman, “The Bomb,” Mother Earth 4 (Mar. 1909): 15–17.
79. George Shoaf, Fighting for Freedom (Kansas City, Mo.: Simplified Economics, [1953]), 50.
80. See Paul Krause, The Battle for Homestead, 1880–1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel (Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1992).
81. See Robert Weiss, “Private Detective Agencies and Labor Discipline in the United States, 1855–1946,” Historical Journal 29 (Mar. 1986): 87–107.
82. See Leo Fink, Workingmen’s Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1983). The Journal launched in 1880 was renamed Journal of the Knights of Labor in 1889.
83. John Whitley Chambers II suggests that L. Frank Baum’s The Wizard of Oz, published in 1900, was a subtle allegory of the populist revolt, in part because Dorothy’s silver shoes (they became red in the film version) travel the yellow (gold) brick road to unmask a phony power. The Tyranny of Change: America in the Progressive Era, 2d ed. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 2000), 43.
84. Cecelia Tichi, Exposes and Excess: Muckraking in America, 1900–2000 (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 62.
85. Elizabeth Sanders, Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers, and the American State, 1877–1917 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1999), 134–35.
86. Lawrence Goodwyn, Populism: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1978), 206, 207.
87. David Berman, Radicals in the Mountain West, 1890–1920 (Boulder: Univ. of Colorado Press, 2007), 47. In 1900, Coloradoans elected Lieutenant Governor David Coates, who campaigned as a Populist but published a socialist labor paper, the Colorado Chronicle. He joined the Socialist Party in 1902, technically making him the first socialist governor in the United States, as he held the position when the governor was out of state (86).
88. See C. Vann Woodward. Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (New York: Macmillan, 1938).
89. Frederic Jaher, “Nationalist,” in Conlin, American Radical Press, 1:32.
90. Weekly Nationalist was preceded by the Nationalist (1889–90) and California Nationalist (Feb.–May 1890) and succeeded by the New Nation (1891–94), published by the First Nationalist Club of Boston. See Frederic Jaher, “New Nation,” in Conlin, American Radical Press, 1:36–38.
91. See Howard Quint, “Gaylord Wilshire and Socialism’s First Congressional Campaign,” Pacific Historical Review 26 (Nov. 1957): 327–40.
92. J. A. Wayland, The Story of the Appeal and the Coming Nation (Girard, Kans.: Appeal to Reason, 1904), 5.
93. “Wayland’s Own Story of His Life,” Appeal, Nov. 23, 1912, 2. See also “A Personal Allusion,” Appeal, Aug. 22, 1903, 6; and “A Vision of the Future,” Appeal, Dec. 8, 1906, 1.
94. Shore, Talkin’ Socialism, 4.
95. “Look Out for Pitfalls,” People, Dec. 4, 1892, available at Daniel De Leon Online, uploaded Sept. 2002, accessed Sept. 9, 2009, http://www.marxists.org/archive/deleon/pdf/1892/1892_dec04.pdf.
96. Editorial, “Recoiling Before His Own Work,” People, July 1, 1894, available at Socialist Labor Party of America: The Home of Marxist-De Leonism, uploaded Nov. 2002, accessed Dec. 6, 2010, http://www.slp.org/pdf/de_leon/eds1894/jul01b_1894.pdf.
97. Louis Fraina, “Daniel De Leon,” New Review 2 (July 1914): 390.
98. Buhle, Marxism in the USA, 51, 56.
99. Editorial, “The Value of a Daily,” Daily People, Aug. 24, 1900, uploaded June 2005, accessed Dec. 5, 2010, http://www.slp.org/pdf/de_leon/eds1900/aug24a_1900.pdf.
100. Quoted in Shore, Talkin’ Socialism, 81.
101. The party succeeded the Social Democracy of America, a short-lived political party that resulted from the June 1898 merger of the American Railway Union, headed by Debs, and the Brotherhood of the Cooperative Commonwealth, organized by Ruskin colonists, of which Debs was national organizer. The union’s Railway Times became the new party’s official organ, The Social Democrat. See Charles Pierce LeWarne, Utopias on Puget Sound 1885–1915 (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1995), 129–30.
102. Sally M. Miller, Victor Berger and the Promise of Constructive Socialism, 1910–1920 (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1973), 33.
103. Appeal, June 18, 1898, 4.
104. “The Socialist Party: Indianapolis Convention Effects Union of All Parties Represented in Response to Call of the Social Democratic Party,” Social Democratic Herald, Aug. 17, 1901, 2–3. See also editorial, “The Unity Conference,” Challenge 2 (Aug. 14, 1901): 10.
105. John Timm, “The Role of the Party Press,” Fifty Years of American Marxism, 1891–1941 (New York: Socialist Labor Party of America, 1941), 7.
106. “Socialist Unity Convention, Indianapolis: Eighth Session, Aug. 1, 1901,” 16, 17, reel 76, SPP.
107. W. C. Owen, “Labor Organizers Equally Open to Criticism,” ME 3 (Nov. 1908): 356.
108. Book review, History of American Socialism in the United States, New York Times, Dec. 5, 1903, BR41.
109. Joseph Cohen, “The Socialist Press,” PW 5 (July 1911): 5.
110. Jackson Lears, Rebirth of a Nation: The Making of Modern America, 1877–1920 (New York: Harper, 2009), 301.
111. G. Gregory Kiser, “The Socialist Party in Arkansas, 1900–1912,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 40 (Summer 1981): 152–53.
112. William Glaser, “Algie Martin Simons and Marxism in America,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 41 (Dec. 1954): 433.
113. Ira Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement, 1897–1912 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1952), 348.
114. Kiser, “Socialist Party in Arkansas,” 153. See also Stephen Burwood, “Debsian Socialism through a Transnational Lens,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 2 (July 2003): 281.
115. See Jean-Francois Bizot, Free Press: Underground and Alternative Publications, 1965–1975 (New York: Universe, 2006); Laurence Learner, Paper Revolutionaries: The Rise of the Underground Press (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972), 172; John McMillian, Smoking Typewriters: The Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2011); Abe Peck, Uncovering the Sixties: The Life and Times of the Underground Press (New York: Pantheon, 1985); and Streitmatter, Voices of Revolution, 183–274.
116. “About,” Occupy Wall Street, accessed Nov. 27, 2011. http://www.occupywallst.org/about/.
1. Mother Jones, “A Picture of American Freedom in West Virginia,” ISR 2 (Sept. 1902): 177–78.
2. Ibid.
3. James Weinstein, The Decline of Socialism in America, 1912–1925 (New York: Vintage, 1969), 85.
4. Paul Buhle, “The Appeal to Reason and the New Appeal,” in The American Radical Press, vol. 1, ed. Joseph Conlin (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1974), 50.
5. Kent Kreuter and Gretchen Kreuter, An American Dissenter: The Life of Algie Martin Simons 1870–1950 (Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1969), 75.
6. Allen Ruff, “We Called Each Other Comrade”: Charles H. Kerr & Company, Radical Publishers (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1997), 103.
7. Jason Martinek, “‘Mental Dynamite’: Radical Literacy and American Socialists’ Print Culture of Dissent, 1897–1917” (PhD diss., Carnegie Mellon Univ., 2005), 122.
8. Carl Ulonska, “Let Us Support Our Own Press,” ISR 14 (Oct. 1913): 227–28.
9. Joseph Cohen, “The Socialist Press,” PW 5 (July 1911): 5.
10. “Our Co-operative Publishing Business,” ISR 1 (May 1901): 669–72.
11. Ruff, “We Called Each Other Comrade, 160.
12. Agreement with Unity Publishing Cte., Mar. 19, 1886, ser. 1, box 2, file 28, CHKP.
13. Articles of Incorporation, Feb. 4, 1893, ser. 1, box 1, fol. 1, CHKP. Kerr owned 943 of 1000 $10 shares of the stock.
14. “Notes on C.H.K.’s Ancestry,” no date, box 6, fol. 161, MWKP.
15. “Notes on C.H.K.’s Ancestry.”
16. Stephen Burwood, “Debsian Socialism through a Transnational Lens,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 2 (July 2003): 265.
17. Ruff, “We Called Each Other Comrade,” 89.
18. “We Have Bought the Book Business of the Appeal to Reason,” ISR 9 (Feb. 1909): 636.
19. Editorial, ISR 1 (July 1900): 53–55.
20. “Our Co-operative Publishing Business,” ISR 1 (May 1901): 669–72.
21. “Publisher’s Department,” ISR 4 (Dec. 1903): 382.
22. See Kerr ad, Call, Apr. 1, 1912, 3.
23. William Glaser, “Algie Martin Simons and Marxism in America,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 41 (Dec. 1954): 420.
24. See for example, “Socialism in Sweden,” ISR 1 (Nov. 1900): 310; Jean Longuet, “French Politics and the Recent Elections,” ISR 1 (July 1900): 23–26; Alessandro Schiavi, “Socialists and Anarchists in Italy,” ISR 1 (Sept. 1900): 183–86; Kiyoshi Kawakami, “Labor Movement and Socialism in Japan,” ISR 2 (Sept. 1901): 188–91); Andrew Anderson, “Australian Labor and Socialist News,” ISR 4 (Dec. 1903): 344–45; and Isaac Peterson, “Labor Conditions on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec,” ISR 4 (Mar. 1904): 523–25.
25. See W. H. Noyes, “The Implications of Democracy,” ISR 1 (Oct. 1900): 193–203; and A. M. Simons, “The United States and World Politics,” ISR 1 (Feb. 1901): 449–63.
26. A. M. Simons, “Anarchy vs. Socialism,” ISR 2 (Oct. 1901): 247.
27. Glaser, “Algie Martin Simons,” 420.
28. A. M. Simons, “Lines of Division in American Socialism,” ISR 3 (Aug. 1902): 110–14.
29. See A. M. Simons, “American History for the Workers—A Nation in Perpetual March,” Appeal, Mar. 2, 1907, 4; and Kreuter and Kreuter, American Dissenter, 75.
30. “The Farmer and Socialism,” Appeal, Mar. 2, 1901, 1. See also “The Future Farmer,” Appeal, June 28, 1902, 1; “Farming the Farmer,” Appeal, June 28, 1902, 1; “Socialism and Farmers,” Appeal, June 28, 1902, 2; “The Farmer and the Wageworker in the Socialist Party,” ISR 4 (Aug. 1903): 109–12; “The Farmer a Workingman,” Appeal, Mar. 5, 1904, 2; and “Farmers and Socialism,” ISR 4 (Apr. 1904): 627.
31. Kate Richards O’Hare, “How to Keep Our Boys and Girls on the Farm,” Wilshire’s 13 (Sept. 1909): 12.
32. John Fowler, “Socialism and the Farmer,” ISR 12 (Dec. 1911): 360. See also “The March of Industrial Progress,” Appeal, Jan. 7, 1905, 5.
33. David Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie (New York: Penguin, 2006), 521–22.
34. Ralph Chaplin, “The ‘Spotknockers,’” ISR 12 (Sept. 1911): 170–73.
35. “The Passing of the Skilled Mechanic,” ISR 13 (Mar. 1913): 670. See also Mary Marcy, “What Will Become of Your Children?” ISR 12 (Feb. 1912): 473–74; “Good-Bye, Morse,” ISR 14 (Aug. 1913): 100; Mary Marcy, “The March of the Machine,” ISR 14 (Sept. 1913): 147–49; and “The Passing of the Telegraph Operator,” ISR 16 (May 1916): 686–87.
36. Mary Marcy, “Auto Car Making,” ISR 15 (Jan. 1915): 406–12.
37. “The Man and the Machine,” ISR 18 (July 1917): 48. See also May Wood Simons, “The Evolution of Tools,” Wilshire’s 5 (June 1903): 59; and Lynn Ellis, “The Machine Is Making History on the Farm,” ISR 12 (1912): 648.
38. Mary Marcy, “The Advancement of the Canning Industry,” ISR 14 (Dec. 1913): 352, 354.
39. Kate Richards O’Hare, “The Employer’s Story,” SW 2 (Feb. 1909): 10–11.
40. “Who Will Do the ‘Dirty’ Work?” Wilshire’s 4 (Oct. 1902): 60.
41. “The New Ditch Diggers, ISR 15 (Dec. 1914): 381.
42. “One Hoss Philosophy,” Appeal, July 22, 1911, 4. See also Paul Wright, “The Revolution in Car Building,” ISR 15 (Dec. 1914): 350–52; “The Machine,” Call, June 17, 1914, 6; and A. M. Simons, “Machinery on the Farm,” Wilshire’s 6 (Mar. 1904): 145.
43. Robert Huston, “A. M. Simons and the American Socialist Movement” (PhD diss., Univ. of Wisconsin, 1965), 168.
44. Editorial, ISR 11 (July 1910): 47.
45. Ralph Chaplin, Wobbly: The Rough-and-Tumble Story of an American Radical (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1948), 103, 105. See also Mary Marcy, “The World-Wide Revolt,” ISR 12 (Nov. 1911): 261–65; and Mary Marcy, “Better Any Kind of Action than Inert Theory!” ISR 15 (Feb. 1915): 495–96.
46. “To Our Readers,” ISR 9 (Jan. 1909): 559.
47. Editorial, ISR 11 (July 1910): 47.
48. Press Committee of Strikers, “On the Job in Oregon,” ISR 14 (Sept. 1913): 163–65.
49. Eber Huston, “The Street Car Strike at Columbus,” ISR 11 (Sept. 1910): 137.
50. “Violence in West Virginia,” ISR 14 (Apr. 1913): 799.
51. “Under the Golden Dome,” ISR 17 (Mar. 1917): 534–35. See also “The Tale of the Movie,” ISR 17 (Nov. 1916): 273–76; and “Under the Big Tops,” ISR 17 (Feb. 1917): 486–88.
52. Louis Fraina, “The Call of the Steel Worker,” ISR 14 (Aug. 1913): 79.
53. “Boy Scabs on the Great Lakes,” ISR 11 (Sept. 1910): 155–58.
54. “Sabotage,” ISR 11 (Oct. 1910): 198.
55. “Sabotage: A Successful Strike Weapon,” ISR 13 (July 1912): 73–74.
56. Louis Duchez, “The Passive Resistance Strike,” ISR 10 (Nov. 1909): 409–12.
57. “The Steel Strike,” ISR 2 (Oct. 1901): 315–16.
58. Jon Bekken, “The Working Class Press at the Turn of the Century,” in Ruthless Criticism: New Perspectives in U.S. Communication History, ed. William Solomon and Robert McChesney (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1993), 154.
59. Edward J. McGurty, “The Copper Miners’ Strike,” ISR 14 (Sept. 1913): 151. See also Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “The Expressmen’s Strike in New York,” ISR 6 (Dec. 1910): 332.
60. “Cinders and Smoke,” ISR 14 (Sept. 1913): 159. See also “Press Committee of Strikers” and “On the Job in Oregon,” ISR 14 (Sept. 1913): 163–65; and “The Cold Wave and the Workers,” ISR 12 (Feb. 1912): 455–60.
61. See Ernest Crosby, “Joy in Work,” ISR 1 (Mar. 1901): 550; John Hallam Vonmor, “The Workingman to the Socialists”; and “The Full Dinner Pail,” ISR 8 (Aug. 1907): 107–8.
62. Aileen Kraditor, The Radical Persuasion, 1890–1917 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1981), 125.
63. See Jonah Raskin, ed. The Radical Jack London: Writings on War and Revolution (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2008).
64. Jack London, “The Dream of Debs,’” ISR 17 (Jan. 1917): 389–95, 432–34. See also Jack London, “The Army of the Revolution,” ISR 14 (May 1914: 659–61.
65. Phillips Russell, “Constantin Meunier, Sculptor of Labor,” ISR 14 (May 1914): 662. See also Eleanor Wentworth, “Outcasts,” ISR 16 (Jan. 1916): 418–19.
66. Huston, “A. M. Simons,” 165.
67. Glaser, “Algie Martin Simons,” 427. See also Wendy Kaplan, The Art That Is Life: The Arts and Crafts Movement in America 1875–1920 (New York: Little Brown, 1987).
68. A. M. Simons, “Chicago Arts and Crafts Exhibition,” ISR 2 (Jan. 1902): 511–13.
69. May Wood Simons, “Art and Socialism,” ISR 2 (Apr. 1902): 710.
70. Tom Mann, “Diamond Mining in South Africa,” ISR 11 (July 1910): 1–6; “The Class War in South Africa,” ISR 12 (July 1911): 76–83; Henry Flury, “Manila’s Shame,” ISR 12 (Aug. 1911): 108; and Mark Sutton, “Standard Oil in China,” ISR 14 (Mar. 1913): 681–83. See also “Capitalist Agriculture in Argentina,” ISR 13 (Feb. 1913): 607–11; and “Black and Whites in the Congo,” ISR 18 (Jan. 1917): 414–16.
71. “The Hawaiian Pineapple,” ISR 17 (Aug. 1916): 84–86.
72. ISR 12 (July 1911): 76–83; and ISR 12 (Oct. 1912): 229–30.
73. “The Temple of the Revolution,” Appeal, Sept. 7, 1907, 1.
74. George Allan England, The Story of the Appeal, “Unbeaten and Unbeatable”: Being the Epic of the Life and Work of the Greatest Political Newspaper in the World (Fort Scott, Kans.: n.p., 1915), 272.
75. Howard Quint, The Forging of American Socialism (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1953), 182.
76. “One Hoss Philosophy” Appeal, Nov. 10, 1906, 3.
77. See “A John Brown of Today,” Appeal, Dec. 1, 1906, 8; “Agitators Then and Now,” Appeal, Feb. 16, 1907, 1; and “John Brown: History’s Greatest Hero,” Appeal, Nov. 23, 1907, 1.
78. Appeal, May 17, 1913, 4. See Burwood, “Debsian Socialism,” 253–82.
79. David Paul Nord, “The Appeal to Reason and American Socialism, 1901–1920,” Kansas History 1 (Summer 1975): 78.
80. “Boycott Socialist Convention,” Appeal, May 23, 1908, 2.
81. England, Story of the Appeal, 278.
82. Nord, “Appeal to Reason,” 78.
83. James Green, Grass-Roots Socialism: Radical Movements in the Southwest, 1895–1943 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1978), 134. See also Robert Tuttle, “The Appeal to Reason and the Failure of the Socialist Party in 1912,” Mid-American Review of Sociology 8 (Spring 1983): 56–59.
84. Appeal, Dec. 12, 1903, 4.
85. Elliott Shore, Talkin’ Socialism: J. A. Wayland and the Radical Press (Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas, 1988), 196.
86. See “Haywood Drawing Record Breaking Crowds,” ISR 11 (May 1911): 704–5; and “Haywood in Ohio,” ISR 12 (Jan. 1912): 436.
87. Ruff, “We Called Each Other Comrade,” 140.
88. “A Trip to Girard,” Appeal, Oct. 26, 1907, 1.
89. “Appeal Army,” Appeal, Aug. 9, 1902, 4, Apr. 19, 1902, 4.
90. “The Appeal,” Appeal, Aug. 9, 1902, 4.
91. Advertisement, Appeal, Oct. 6, 1917, 3.
92. H. G. Creel, “A Memory of Wayland,” Rip-Saw 9 (Dec. 1912): 22.
93. Advertisement, Appeal, Oct. 17, 1908, 10.
94. Appeal, Mar. 28, 1908, 4.
95. Shore, Talkin’ Socialism, 117.
96. “The Story of the Appeal Strike and Its Settlement,” and “To the Appeal Army,” both in Appeal, Nov. 7, 1903, 1.
97. “Appeal Office Strike Settled Right,” and “The Story of the Appeal Strike,” both in Appeal, Oct. 31, 1903, 1.
98. Fred Warren to C. Simkins, Feb. 18, 1913, fol. 97, H-JC.
99. George Shoaf, Fighting for Freedom (Kansas City, Mo.: Simplified Economics, [1953]), 59.
100. Ibid., 97.
101. Allan Ricker, “The Story of the Colorado Bull-Pen,” Appeal, Jan. 30, 1904, 1; and Allan Ricker, “A Damnable Plot,” Appeal, Feb. 27, 1904, 1.
102. “The Cruelest Form of Slavery,” Appeal, Apr. 9, 1904, 4, and “Black and White Slaves of the South,” Appeal, Mar. 19, 1904, 2.
103. “Trinidad Judge Sends to Prison Appeal Correspondent and Socialist Candidate for Governor on Charge of Contempt,” “How You Can Help,” and “A Challenge to John D.’s Miserable Puppets,” all in Appeal, Sept. 12, 1914, 2.
104. Fred Warren to John Kenneth Turner, May 27, 1913, fol. 101, H-JC.
105. England, Story of the Appeal, 141.
106. Fred Warren to A. M. Simons, Aug. 12, 1910, fol. 52, H-JC.
107. See Judith Serrin and William Serrin, Muckraking: The Journalism that Changed America (New York: New Press, 2002).
108. Upton Sinclair, “The Jungle, Chapter I,” Appeal, Feb. 25, 1905, 1–3. See also Shore, Talkin’ Socialism, 167–71.
109. Christopher Wilson, “The Making of a Best Seller, 1906,” New York Times Book Review, Dec. 22, 1985, BR1, 25, 27. See also “The President’s Ire Aroused by The Appeal’s Great Story!” Appeal, Apr. 21, 1906, 3.
110. Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900–1916 (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1967), 103.
111. “Packingtown, The Jungle, and Its Critics,” ISR 6 (June 1906): 714.
112. Shoaf, Fighting for Freedom, v, 93.
113. See George Shoaf, “Lawlessness Reigns in Supreme in Cripple Creek District,” Appeal, May 12, 1906, 2.
114. “Good God! We Did Not Mean to Kill Anyone!” Appeal, May 26, 1906, 2, 4.
115. Shoaf, Fighting for Freedom, 55, 56.
116. J. Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets off a Struggle for the Soul of America (New York: Touchstone, 1997), 673.
117. George Shoaf, “The Biggest Little Paper the Country’s Ever Known,” Monthly Review 3 (July 1951): 94.
118. “The Czar Outdone,” Appeal, June 30, 1906, 2.
119. Shoaf, Fighting for Freedom, 137; England, Story of the Appeal, 134.
120. George Shoaf to Fred Warren, Nov. 24, 1910, fol. 53, H-JC.
121. Shoaf, “Biggest Little Paper,” 92.
122. George Shoaf, “Revolutionary Farmers: Salvation through Violence,” Appeal, Oct. 8, 1910, 1. See also “Revolutionary Farmers: How One Family Fought the Trust,” Appeal, Oct. 1, 1910, 1.
123. Shoaf, Fighting for Freedom, 101.
124. “The Southwest Edition,” Appeal, Apr. 12, 1909, 1.
125. Fred Warren to W. Harry Spears, Nov. 14, 1910, fol. 53, H-JC.
126. “Circus Politics,” ISR 4 (Jan. 1904): 431.
127. Lukas, Big Trouble, 673.
128. J. Mahlon Barnes to the State Secretary, June 1, 1911, fol. 56, H-JC.
129. Eugene Debs to Fred Warren, June 6, 1911, fol. 56, H-JC.
130. Fred Warren to C. Simkins, Feb. 18, 1913, fol. 9, H-JC.
131. The Los Angeles Socialist (later Common Sense) appeared from November 1901 until 1909, and the People’s Paper from 1902 through 1911 preceded the California Social-Democrat (1911–16) and Western Comrade (1913–18).
132. See Florence Tager, “A Radical Culture for Children of the Working Class: ‘The Young Socialists’ Magazine, 1908–1920,” Curriculum Inquiry 22 (Autumn 1992): 271–90.
133. It became Communist after World War I and merged in 1950 with the eastern Finnish American Communist journal. Työmies-Eteenpäin appeared until 1998. Minnesota Historical Society, Radicalism in Minnesota 1900–1960: A Survey of Selected Sources (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1994), 18.
134. “Socialistic Tendencies in American Trade Unions,” ISR 8 (Dec. 1907): 330–45.
135. G. Gregory Kiser, “The Socialist Party in Arkansas, 1900–1912,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 40 (Summer 1981): 127.
136. “An Effective Co-operative Press,” ISR 12 (Sept. 1911): 173.
137. W. Harry Spears to Fred Warren, Nov. 10, 1910, and Fred Warren to W. H. Spears, Nov. 14, 1910, both in fol. 53, H-JC.
138. “Who Can Beat This Record?” ISR 13 (July 1912): 83.
139. See Paul B. Bushue, “Dr. Hermon F. Titus and Socialism in Washington State, 1900–1909” (MA thesis, Univ. of Washington, 1967).
140. Oscar Ameringer, If You Don’t Weaken: The Autobiography of Oscar Ameringer, 2d ed. (Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1983), 308, 182.
141. Huston, “A. M. Simons,” 244.
142. See Notes, Kent Kreuter and Gretchen Kreuter, “The Coming Nation: The Masses’ Country Cousin,” American Quarterly 19 (Autumn 1967): 583–86.
143. Kreuter and Kreuter, American Dissenter, 130, 127.
144. My Dear Bro. from Fred Warren, [??] 23, 1913, fol. 96, H-JC; “… Why the Coming Nation Was Suspended,” Appeal, June 28, 1913, 1; and “A Journalistic Tragedy,” Progressive Woman 7 (June–July 1913): 3.
145. Kreuter and Kreuter, American Dissenter, 146.
146. “Retrospective of Eighteen Years,” Christian Socialist 15 (July 1918): 1.
147. Jacob Dorn, “The Oldest and Youngest of the Idealistic Forces at Work in Our Civilization: Encounters between Christianity and Socialism,” in Socialism and Christianity in Early Twentieth Century America, ed. Jacob Dorn (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1998), 23.
148. George Herron, The Christian State: A Political Vision of Christ (Boston: T. Y. Crowel & Co., 1895), 75.
149. Oscar Ameringer, “The Salvation Trust,” Rip-Saw 8 (Nov. 1911): 5. See also “Socialism and the Pulpit,” Rip-Saw 10 (June 1913): 4; “The Proletaire,” IW, July 23, 1910, 2; and “Billy Sunday Tango,” Mother Earth 10 (May 1915): cover.
150. See also Maurice Becker, Their Last Supper, and Art Young, Nearer My God to Thee, both in Masses 5 (Dec. 1913): 4, 17.
151. Nick Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1982), 62.
152. Henry Tichenor, “Old Moses,” Rip-Saw 8 (Nov. 1911): 5. See also Henry Tichenor, “The Church and Socialism,” Rip-Saw 9 (Feb. 1913): 38.
153. Carl Sandburg, “To Billy Sunday,” Masses 6 (Sept. 1915): 11. See also “Billy Sunday in Heaven,” Masses 8 (July 1917): 33; and “Billy Sunday as a Social Symptom,” New Review 3 (May 1915): 36–37.
154. See Edith Sichel, “Tolstoi and Christian Socialism,” Wilshire’s 5 (Jan. 1903): 49–52; “The New Manifestation of God,” Wilshire’s 6 (July 1903): 72–78; “The Religion of Humanity,” Wilshire’s 5 (Jan. 1903): 30; and “Socialism and the Church,” Wilshire’s 11 (Mar. 1907): 22.
155. “Socialism: A Religion,” reprinted from New York Sunday World, in Wilshire’s 10 (June 1906): 3.
156. Charles Edward Russell, Bare Hands and Stone Walls: Some Recollections of a Sideline Reformer (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933), 196.
157. “Causes of Belief in God,” Christian Socialist 4 (Apr. 1, 1907): 1–2.
158. Fred Warren to F. A. Varrelman, Mar. 1, 1913, fol. 98, H-JC.
159. Green, Grass-Roots Socialism, 136.
160. Sally Miller, From Prairie to Prison: The Life of Social Activist Kate Richards O’Hare (Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1993), 82.
161. Stephen Whitfield, Scott Nearing: Apostle of American Radicalism (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1974), 129.
162. Peter Buckingham, Rebel against Injustice: The Life of Frank P. O’Hare (Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1996), 64–65.
163. Neil Basen, “Kate Richards O’Hare: The ‘First Lady’ of American Socialism, 1901–1917,” Labor History 21 (Spring 1980): 176, and Burwood, “Debsian Socialism,” 279.
164. “Revolutionary Encampments,” Rip-Saw 11 (Sept. 1914): 12.
165. Green, Grass-Roots Socialism, 136.
166. H. G. Creel, “The Human Interest Side of the Timber War,” Rip-Saw 9 (Nov. 1912): 12, 14–15; “Capitalist Crimes of the Timber Trust,” Rip-Saw 9 (Dec. 1912): 14, 16; and “The Timber Trust Answers the Rip-Saw with Bullets,” Rip-Saw 9 (Aug. 1912): 10, 12–14.
167. H. G. Creel, “The Goodly Graft for ‘Sweet Charity’s Sake,’” Rip-Saw 9 (Jan. 1913): 21–22. See also Oscar Ameringer, “The Salvation Trust,” Rip-Saw 8 (Nov. 1911): 5.
168. H. G. Creel, “King Cotton, That Once Lorded Over Black Chattel Slaves,” Rip-Saw 10 (Apr. 1913): 12.
1. “Greet the Call and Debs,” Call, June 1, 1908, 2, 3.
2. “The Socialist Leaven Already Is Working,” back cover, publications of the New York Call folder, WCPA.
3. Jon Bekken, “The Working Class Press at the Turn of the Century,” in Ruthless Criticism: New Perspectives in U.S. Communication History, ed. William Solomon and Robert McChesney (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1993), 154, 166.
4. WCPA Constitution, box 2, WCPA.
5. Progressive Labor Organizations, no date, box 2, WCPA.
6. William Morris Feigenbaum, “Ten Years of The Call,” pamphlet, 9, Publications of the New York Call folder, WCPA.
7. David Nasaw, The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 172, 199, 200.
8. A. M. Simons, “Hearst and the Socialist Movement,” and “Hearst No Socialist but Socialistic,” both in Wilshire’s 10 (Feb. 1906): 1, 6, 7.
9. N. W. Ayer and Son’s Newspaper Annual and Directory 1910, pt. 1 (Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer and Son’s, 1910), 623, 607, 621.
10. See “What We Syndicalists Are After,” Call, Apr. 1, 1912, 1.
11. “Comments and Discussions,” Call, Oct. 17, 1909, 8.
12. Call, July 18, 1910, 6. See also “Socialism and the Farmer,” Call, Aug. 5, 1910, 6; “Socialism and the General Situation,” Call, Nov. 16, 1910, 6; and “Let the City Own the Whole Traction System,” Call, Sept. 8, 1916, 4.
13. See “Man Too Poor to Marry Her, She Leaps to Death from Roof,” Call, Feb. 17, 1910, 4; and “‘Special’ Hounds Starving Woman,” Call, Feb. 6, 1910, 2.
14. See “The Italian Socialists,” Call, Dec. 12, 1910, 6; “Socialism and Trade Unionism in Japan,” Call, Jan. 22, 1911, 6; and “Awakening of Iceland,” Call, Jan. 22, 1912, 6.
15. “Will You Enlist in the Fight?” Call, Jan. 22, 1909, 1.
16. Back cover, “The Socialist Leaven Already Is Working,” publications of the New York Call folder, WCPA.
17. “Traction Loot and Lost Transfers,” Call, Jan. 20, 1909, 1, 3. See also “Russell Bares Facts about Traction,” Call, Jan. 21, 1909, 1; “Traction Deals Reveal Shameless Graft,” Call, Jan. 22, 1909, 1; “Russell Asks, ‘Who Got the Money?’” Call, Jan. 26, 1909, 1; and “Will Commission Answer Russell?” Call, Feb. 18, 1909, 1.
18. “Will You Enlist in the Fight?” Call, Jan. 22, 1909, 1.
19. “Russell’s Remarkable Revelations Produce ‘Strap-Hangers’ League,” Call, Jan. 25, 1909, 1; “Straphangers League Wins in Brooklyn,” Call, Jan. 27, 1909, 1; “‘Stand up for the Right to Sit Down,’” Call, Jan. 28, 1909, 1; and “Strap-Hangers’ League Makes Active Campaign,” Call, Jan. 29, 1909, 2.
20. Feigenbaum, “Ten Years,” 18; “Nameless Babies Given Way,” Call, Apr. 3, 1910, 14; “Menacing the Lives of Babies,” Call, Apr. 10, 1910, 7; “Jungle Beaten by New York Gilded Hostelries,” Call, June 13, 1912, 1. See also “The Origin, Growth, and Waste of Life Insurance,” Call, Mar. 13, 1911, 4; and F. J. Boyle, “How U.S. Treats Panama Workmen,” Call, Nov. 22, 1910, 4.
21. “Loan Sharks and Their Victims,” Call, Feb. 3, 1909, 1; “Tragedy Follows in Wake of Loan Sharks’ Persecution,” Call, Feb. 6, 1909, 2; and “Loan Sharks Lay Traps for the Unwary,” Call, Feb. 6, 1909, 3.
22. Call, Aug. 4, 1908, 6, July 26, 1910, 1, and Sept. 28, 1908, 1. See also editorial, “We Blow Our Own Horn a Little Bit,” Call, Nov. 28, 1908, 6; “Pittsburg Aroused by Evening Call Exposé,” Call, Feb. 16, 1909, 1; “Department of Measures Recognizes Meat Frauds Shown in Call Exposé,” Call, Oct. 10, 1916, 3; “Other Papers Awake to Fact that Girls’ Coin Went into Siegel’s ‘Sustaining Fund,’” Call, Mar. 10, 1914, 6; and “Railroad Men Endorse Call’s 8-Hour Report as Only Accurate One,” Call, Jan. 29, 1917, 3.
23. “Tens of Thousands of Unfortunates Starve and Suffer While They Seek Employment,” Call, June 19, 1909, 1, 2. See also “Sleep Maddening Need of Homeless Men,” Call, Jan. 25, 1909, 3; “The Story of the Bread-Line” Call, Jan. 14, 1909, 3; “Bread Lines Everywhere,” Call, Jan. 15, 1909, 3; and “Bread as a Public Utility,” Call, Aug. 19, 1913, 6.
24. “‘Ladies First!’” Call, Feb. 25, 1915, 6.
25. “Every Man to His Trade,” and “The Ship that Passed in the Night,” both Call, Apr. 24, 1912, 6. See also “Titanic Passengers in Steerage Brave,” Call, Apr. 25, 1912, 2; and “The Titanic Disaster,” Wilshire’s 16 (May 1912): 4.
26. “Yes, There Is Danger of Fire, But No Need to Hurry,” Call, Nov. 17, 1915, 6.
27. Mary Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870–1920 (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1983), 188.
28. “Shirt Waist Strike Now in Full Swing,” Call, Nov. 24, 1909, 1; and “7,000 Waist-Makers Win Speedy Victory, Call, Nov. 25, 1909, 1. See also Nancy Schrom Dye, As Equals and Sisters: Feminism, the Labor Movement, and the Women’s Trade Union League of New York (Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1981), 88–103; Carolyn McCreesh, Women in the Campaign to Organize Garment Workers, 1880–1917 (New York: Garland, 1985), 128–71; and Annelise Orleck, Common Sense and a Little Fire: Women and Working Class Politics in the United States, 1900–1915 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1995), 53–86.
29. “10,500 Shirt Waist Makers Triumph in 4 days,” Call, Nov. 27, 1909, 1.
30. “2,000 More Waist Makers Victorious,” Call, Nov. 26, 1909, 1; and Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 192–93.
31. Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 196. See Rose Strunsky, “The Strike of the Singers of the Shirt,” ISR 10 (Jan. 1910): 620–27.
32. “The Strike of the Forty Thousand,” Call, Nov. 27, 1909, 5.
33. “Baker’s Cossacks Help Waist Makers’ Bosses,” Call, Dec. 1, 1909, 1. See also “Waist Makers Fined on Flimsy Charges,” Call, Dec. 2, 1909, 2.
34. “Waist Strikers Will March on City Hall,” Call, Dec. 3, 1909, 1; and “Record of Police Persecution in the Waistmakers’ Strike,” Call, Dec. 23, 1909, 1.
35. “10,500 Shirt Waist Makers Triumph in 4 Days,” Call, Nov. 27, 1909, 2.
36. “Thousands Applaud Battle of Striking Shirt Waist Makers,” Call, Dec. 6, 1909, 1.
37. Dec. 26, 1909, Call, SM15.
38. “Police, Magistrates, and Strikers,” Call, Dec. 27, 1909, 6; and “Incident in the Shirtwaist Strike,” Call, Dec. 29, 1909, 6.
39. See “Railroad Men Endorse Call’s 8-Hour Report as Only Accurate One,” Call, Jan. 29, 1917, 1; and “Instead of an Advertisement,” Call, Mar. 1, 1917, 3.
40. “Help Is Needed,” Call, Dec. 14, 1909, 6. See also “The Shirt-Waist Makers,” Call, Dec. 19, 1909, 8; “Freedom, Chivalry and Workhouse,” Call, Dec. 20, 1909, 6; and “Rules for Pickets,” Call, Dec. 7, 1909, 1.
41. An example was the June 12, 1912, number that supported striking waiters; another was a four-page strike edition for transit strikers published through most of September 1916. See “Call’s Special Edition Bombshell in Ranks of the Hotel Managers,” Call, June 13, 1912, 1.
42. “Shirtwaist Strikers Present Facts of Great Struggle to the Public of New York City,” Call, Dec. 29, 1909, 1.
43. “‘Strike Special’ Excites Comment,” Call, Dec. 30, 1909, 1.
44. “Waist Strikers Firm in Their Fight for Union’s Recognition,” Call, Dec. 31, 1909, 1.
45. “‘Fight!’ Mother Jones Urges Waist Strikers,” Call, Dec. 10, 1909, 1.
46. “Hillquit Bares Waist Bosses’ Nefarious Plot,” Call, Dec. 14, 1909, 1.
47. “A Disgraceful Spectacle,” Call, Feb. 1, 1910, 6.
48. “Socialist Women and the Shirtwaist Makers’ Strike,” Call, Feb. 7, 1910, 6.
49. Theresa Malkiel, The Diary of a Shirtwaist Striker (1910; repr., Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, Cornell Univ., 1990), 175.
50. “Women’s Day,” Call, Feb. 27, 1910, 8.
51. “Woman Suffrage,” Call, Feb. 27, 1910, 8.
52. The final six victims were identified in 2011. Gwen Glaser, “Triangle Fire Victims Identified after a Century of Uncertainty,” Cornell Chronicle, Feb. 24, 2011, http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Feb11/LibFire2.html.
53. Feigenbaum, “Ten Years,” 23–24.
54. See also Call cartoons, Apr. 5, 1911, 1; and Mar. 31, 1911, 6.
55. Elizabeth Burt, “The Triangle Fire and Working Women: Press Coverage of a Tragedy,” Journalism History 30 (Winter 2005): 197.
56. See “The Same Thing Can Happen in These Cloak Death-Traps,” Call, Mar. 29, 1911, 3; “Authorities in Fear of Great Demonstration on Funeral Day,” Call, Mar. 29, 1911, 1; “Triangle Workers Tell of Locked Doors,” Call, Mar. 30, 1911, 1; “Great Throng of Workers Pack Memorial Meeting, Many Faint,” Call, Mar. 30, 1911, 1; and “Officials Move to Kill Demonstration,” Call, Mar. 31, 1911, 6.
57. “WAIST SHOP OWNERS MADE MILLIONS; TRY TO PUT BLAME ON CITY OFFICIALS,” Call, Mar. 28, 1911, 1; and “Triangle Shops Like Other Hell-Holes, Call, Mar. 28, 1911, 1.
58. “The Indictments,” Call, Apr. 13, 1911, 6. See also editorial, “Fireproof Buildings,” Call, Mar. 29, 1911, 6.
59. Call, Apr. 13, 1911, 4. See also “Harris and Blanck, Triangle Bosses, Advertising in New York American, Assert Their Innocence of Tragedy,” Call, Jan. 15, 1912, 1.
60. “March On!” Call, Apr. 5, 1911, 6.
61. “Formation of the Lines for Funeral March of the Toiling Hosts Today,” Call, Apr. 5, 1911, 2.
62. “Mightiest Demonstration of Labor Ever Seen Here Shakes N.Y. Streets,” Call, Apr. 6, 1911, 1.
63. Phillips Russell, “God Did It,” ISR 12 (Feb. 1912): 472–73. See also “Harris and Blanck, Triangle Bosses, Acquitted by a Jury of their Peers, for Causing 147 Deaths in Fire Trap,” Call, Dec. 28, 1911, 1; and “‘Not Guilty,’” IW, Jan. 25, 1912, 2.
64. “Call Reporter Learns How Standard Oil Gets Thug Army for Bayonne,” Call, July 22, 1915, 1.
65. Robert Minor, “A Morning at the Bayonne Battlefield,” Call, July 22, 1915, 1; and Robert Minor, illustration, “Murder for Profit,” Call, July 23, 1915, 1.
66. See Philip Foner, On the Eve of America’s Entrance into World War I, 1915–1916, vol. 5 of The History of the Labor Movement in the United States (New York: International Press, 1982), 45–55.
67. Ibid., 60.
68. “Newspaper Incitement to Violence,” New Republic 8 (Oct. 21, 1916): 283–85.
69. “News from the Front of New York’s Back Door—Bayonne,” Call, Oct. 12, 1916, 6. See also “8,000 Quit Standard Oil Plant in Bayonne,” Call, Oct. 10, 1916, 1; “3,000 Bay Way Plant Workers Join Bayonne Strike; Men to Unionize,” Call, Oct. 15, 1916, 1; “Standard Oil Refuses Wage Increases; Federal Mediators May Intervene,” Call, Oct. 18, 1916, 1; and “Standard Oil Co. Refuses Offer to Mediate Bayonne Demands; Federal Officials Reach City,” Call, Oct. 19, 1916, 1.
70. “Another Local Armageddon Looming Up?” Call, Oct. 11, 1916, 6.
71. “Bayonne Strikers Shot Down,” Call, Oct. 11, 1916, 1; and “Woman Killed and Many Wounded as Bayonne Cops Charge Strikers,” Call, Oct. 12, 1916, 1.
72. “The March of the Murderers,” Call, Oct. 13, 1916, 2. See also Mary Heaton Vorse, “In Bayonne,” Blast 1 (Nov. 1, 1916): 3.
73. Quoted in Foner, On the Eve of America’s Entrance into World War I, 62.
74. New York Times, Oct. 19, 1916, 18.
75. “Newspaper Incitement,” New Republic, 285.
76. “Police Army in Bloody Bayonne Street Fight Kills Lawyer, Wounds Nine Strikers, and Shoots up Town,” Call, Oct. 13, 1916, 1.
77. “March of the Murderers,” Call, Oct. 13, 1916, 1.
78. “A State of Anarchy Exists in New Jersey—What Is the Answer?” Call, Oct. 16, 1916, 6. See also Chester Wright, “Bayonne Explodes!” Call, Oct. 22, 1916, SM5.
79. “Rockefeller Will Use His Power as Long as He Has It,” and “One More Added to Death Toll, Bayonne Oil Strike May Spread,” both in Call, Oct. 14, 1916, 6, 1.
80. “Strike or Face Starvation, and Bayonne Struck,” Call, Oct. 19, 1916, 1.
81. “Confiscation of the Press in Czar Rockefeller’s Domain,” Call, Oct. 17, 1916, 6.
82. Call, Oct. 20, 1916, 1.
83. See George Dorsey, “The Bayonne Refinery Strikes of 1915–1916,” Polish American Studies 33 (Autumn 1976): 19–30.
84. See “The Assault on Organized Labor,” Call, Jan. 10, 1911, 6.
85. “The Call and the Campaign,” Call, May 29, 1912, 7.
86. Marcel Jeroen Broersma, Forms and Style in Journalism: European Newspapers and the Presentation of News, 1880–2005 (Belgium: Peeters, 2007), xvii, 5; and Michael Schudson, Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 118.
87. Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon, 2002), 2; Herbert Gans, Deciding What’s News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (New York: Pantheon, 1979), 46; Douglas Kellner, Television and the Crisis of Democracy (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1990), 16; Christopher Martin, Framed! Labor and the Corporate Media (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 2004); David Mindich, Just the Facts: How “Objectivity” Came to Define American Journalism (New York: New York Univ. Press, 2000), 4, 133; John Pilger, Hidden Agendas (London: Vintage, 1998), 52–125; Edward Said, Representations of the Intellectual (London: Vintage, 1994), 7; Herbert Schiller, Culture Incorporated: The Corporate Takeover of Public Expression (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989), 163; Schudson, Discovering the News, 185; and Mitchell Stephens, A History of News: From the Drum to the Satellite (New York: Penguin, 1988), 5.
88. C. M. Wright to Comrades, Sept. 7, 1915, WCPA. See also “Forced to Act by Call’s Exposé,” July 26, 1911, 1; advertisement, “We Publish a Great Story This Morning—A Story No Other Paper Will Publish,” Call, May 8, 1916, 6.
89. “Support Your Own Press,” Call, Mar. 29, 1912, 6 (reprinted from New Castle Free Press).
90. “This Is the Biggest News in the Paper,” Call, Dec. 14, 1914, 1. See also ActionPA, Media Reform Information Center: Lists and Resources on Media Reform, accessed Mar. 7, 2011, http://www.corporations.org/media/.
91. Editorial, “The Reign of Terror in Tampa,” Call, Dec. 29, 1910, 6.
92. Editorial, “Uncovering the Enemy!” Call, Sept. 28, 1916, 6. See also “Watch Out for the ‘Short and Ugly’ Press!” Call, Sept. 26, 1916, 6.
93. See “Capitalist Press Lies about Strike,” Call, Mar. 20, 1910, 1; and “The Thought-Proof Times Once More,” Call, Apr. 14, 1914, 6.
94. “Bourgeois Press on the Message,” Call, Dec. 10, 1908, 1.
95. “Republicans Have Not Fooled the Workers,” Call, June 20, 1908, 1. See also Lincoln Steffens, “Old Tricks Fall Flat,” Call, June 18, 1908, 3.
96. “Chicago Socialist Poet Sings of World’s Hog Butcher in New Book,” Call, Apr. 7, 1916, 5.
97. “Isadora Duncan and a Free People,” Call, Mar. 28, 1915, SM5.
98. “Sculpture at Rand Exhibit,” Call, May 21, 1909, 5.
99. “Percy MacKaye on the Civic Stage,” Call, May 28, 1909, 6. See also “The Democratic Theatre—Its Necessary Conditions,” Call, Aug. 29, 1915, 6.
100. “Mrs. Charmione London’s Message,” and J. B. Osborne, “Jack London as a Socialist,” both in Call, Jan. 7, 1917, SM5.
101. “A Song of the Factory,” Call, June 15, 1908, 6; “A Prostitute’s Soliloquy,” Call, Feb. 10, 1909, 6; “The Bread Line,” Call, Mar. 31, 1909, 6; “Martyrdom,” Call, Dec. 18, 1910, 6; and “May Day, Sweet Day Heyday of Democracy,” Call, May 1, 1911, 5.
102. “Arms and the Man,” Call, Apr. 23, 1913, 6.
103. See “Mendelssohn’s ‘Elijah’ by People’s Choral Union at Hippodrome,” Call, Mar. 24, 1909, 4; and “Beethoven Cycle Opened,” Call, Nov. 20, 1909, 5.
104. Call, May 1, 1916, 3.
105. “Two Fair Golfers,” Call, May 24, 1912, 4; and “Tennis for Beginners,” Call, July 18, 1916, 5.
106. “Reflections on the Fair,” Call, Apr. 13, 1909, 6.
107. Advertisement, Call, Jan. 16, 1913, 3.
108. See “Host of Workers Celebrate May Day,” Call, May 1, 1909, 1; Morris Hillquit, “Our May Day,” Call, May 1, 1909, 1; “Thousands Brave Rain and Storm in May Day Parade,” Call, May 3, 1909, 1; “May Day, Sweet Heyday of Democracy,” Call, May 1, 1911, 5; “The International Labor Day Is Celebrated by Workers Throughout all Civilization,” Call, May 2, 1913, 1; “Men and Women Marching Shoulder to Shoulder to Prove Solidarity of Labor,” Call, May 2, 1915, 1; and “100,000 in Three May Day Parades, Greatest New York City Ever Saw,” Call, May 2, 1916, 1.
109. “Labor Day Celebrations,” Call, Sept. 7, 1910, 6.
110. “A Socialist Group in Congress,” Call, May 20, 1914, 6.
111. “A Pointer for New York Socialists,” Call, Sept. 26, 1913, 6.
112. “Most Class-Conscious Socialist Vote in History of Nation Will Total Approximately 900,000,” Call, Nov. 7, 1912, 1; and “Working Class Vote Throughout Nation Climbing Resistlessly [sic] toward the One Million Mark,” Call, Nov. 8, 1911, 1.
113. “The Need for Social Insurance,” Call, May, 21, 1916, SM 5.
114. J. Louis Engdahl, “Romance in Journalism: From the Chicago Socialist to the Daily Worker,” Liberator 6 (Oct. 1923): 16–17.
115. Nicholas Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1982), 244.
116. Morris Hillquit to Board of Management, Mar. 13, 1911, box 1, WCPA.
117. Julius Gerber to H. Simpson, editor, no date, box 2, WCPA.
118. George Gordon to Board of Management, Sept. 9, 1908, box 1, WCPA.
119. Feigenbaum, “Ten Years,” 29–30.
120. Elliott Shore, Talkin’ Socialism: J. A. Wayland and the Radical Press (Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas, 1992), 224.
121. Morris Hillquit, “Six Years,” Call, May 30, 1914, 8.
122. T. N. Fall to Julius Gerber, Oct. 21, 1908, and John Mullen to Comrades, Nov. 21, 1911, W. B. Kelsey to Board of Management, June 7, 1909, all in box 1, WCPA; Peter Collins to S. John Block, June 8, 1912, box 2, WCPA.
123. A. A. Heller to Julius Gerber, July 19, 1911, box 1, WCPA.
124. Julius Gerber to Comrade [Frank] McDonald, Feb. 25, 1911, box 1, WCPA.
125. George Gordon to Comrades of the Board, July 13, 1908, box 1, WCPA.
126. Daily Call Ways and Means Committee Account, June 9, 1908, “A Special Meeting,” flier, July 15, 1908, and Unknown to Julius Gerber, Aug. 6, 1908, all in box 1, WCPA.
127. See “A Plain Talk to the Call’s Friends,” Call, July 15, 1908, 6; and “A Word of Warning,” Call, May 22, 1909, 6.
128. Feigenbaum, “Ten Years,” 17. Stokes later bought $2,500 of Call bonds. Robert D. Reynolds Jr., “The Millionaire Socialists: J. G. Phelps and His Circle of Friends” (PhD diss., Univ. of South Carolina, 1974), 351.
129. Board of Managers to Comrade, Nov. 3, 1908, box 1, WCPA.
130. “The Party and the Call,” Call, Dec. 11, 1908, 6.
131. Feigenbaum, “Ten Years,” 21. See also The Call Sustaining Fund, box 1, WCPA.
132. Report, Publications of the WCPA, WCPA.
133. W. W. Passage to Comrade, July 16, 1914, box 2, WCPA.
134. W. W. Passage to Comrade Solomon, July 15, 1914; see also S. John Block to Julius Gerber, July 22, 1914, “The Call Situation,” no date, and William Feigenbaum to Comrades of the Board, Aug. 11, 1914, all in box 2, WCPA.
135. Employees to Board of Management, Feb. 23, 1909, box 1, WCPA.
136. Anna Maley to Board of Managers, Mar. 3, 1909, box 1, WCPA.
137. “What We Are and Why We Are,” Call, May 30, 1908, 8.
138. “A Socialist Daily,” Wilshire’s 12 (Aug. 1908): 6.
139. “For the New Year,” Call, Jan. 2, 1909, 6.
140. Secretary Julius Gerber[?] to Thomas Burke, secretary, Mar. 2, 1911, box 1, WCPA. See also Organizer to the Executive Committee and General Committee of Local New York, Socialist Party, Nov. 18, 1914, box 2, WCPA, and Alvin Huff to Secretary, Aug. 21, 1911, box 1, WCPA.
141. Organizer to the Executive Committee and General Committee, New York, Nov. 18, 1914, box 2, WCPA.
142. Alvin Huff to Secretary, Aug. 21, 1911, box 1, WPCA.
143. Algernon Lee et al. to the Workingmen’s Co-operative Publishing Co., n/d, and L. B. Boudin to WPCA, both in box 2, WCPA.
144. See “The Advertiser and the Editor,” Call, Feb. 3, 1909, 6.
145. Ben Hanford to Julius Irving, June 19, 1908, and N. S. Reichenthal to Julius Gerber, Sept. 27, 1908, both in box 1, WCPA.
146. J. Chant Lipes to [?], Apr. 13, 1909, box 1, WCPA.
147. Leon Malkiel to Board of Management, Mar. 7, 1913, box 2, WCPA.
148. “Discuss Problems of Socialist Press,” Call, Dec. 21, 1912, 2.
149. Fred Arland to Julius Gerber, Apr. 24, 1912, William [Arland?] to Julius Gerber, May 20, 1912, and Julius Gerber to William Arland, June 19, 1912, all in box 2, WCPA. See also “The Socialist Party and Religion,” Call, July 30, 1912, 6; and Alex Rosen to Board of Managers, Apr. 24, 1908, and Julius Gerber to Alexander Rosen, May 2, 1909, both in box 1, WCPA.
150. Julius Gerber to Frank McDonald, July 15, 1913, box 2, WCPA.
151. W. W. Passage to Frank McDonald, Sept. 18, 1913, box 2, WCPA. Unhappy readers were not unique to the Call. “They won’t let the editors alone,” Forward editor Abraham Cahan complained. “Each one seems to think that he alone can save the country and if a letter he sends to the paper for some reason is not printed, the editor might as well enter that man’s name on his list of enemies.” “Discuss Problems of Socialist Press,” Call, Dec. 21, 1912, 2.
152. “Call to Be Greatest Paper on Continent, Warren Tells Throng,” Call, Feb. 1, 1915, 1, 2.
153. See Elmer Beck, “Autopsy of a Labor Daily: The Milwaukee Leader,” Journalism Monographs 16 (Aug. 1970); Elmer Axel Beck, The Sewer Socialists: A History of the Socialist Party of Wisconsin, 1897–1940 (Fennimore, Wisc.: Westburg Associates Publishers, 1982); Nicholas Michael Ciaccio, “Because It Had to Be: The Milwaukee Leader, Socialism and the First World War” (senior honors thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, 2005); and Thomas Gavett, Development of the Labor Movement in Milwaukee (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1965).
154. John Work, “The Leader among Labor Dailies,” Labor Age 12 (Oct. 1923): 10.
155. “The Leader Is Denied Mails by Dockery,” Milwaukee Leader, Oct. 3, 1917, 1.
156. Oscar Ameringer, If You Don’t Weaken: The Autobiography of Oscar Ameringer, 2d ed., (Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1983), 296.
157. Work, “Leader,” 10.
158. Joseph Cohen, “The Socialist Press,” PW 5 (July 1911): 6.
159. Sally M. Miller, Victor Berger and the Promise of Constructive Socialism, 1910–1920 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1973) 38, 86n1.
160. Milwaukee Sentinel, July 17, 1929, 3. See also “Labor Press Is Hopeful of Berger,” Call, Nov. 17, 1910, 4.
161. See Jon Bekken, “‘This Paper Is Owned by Many Thousands of Workingmen and Women’: Contradictions of a Socialist Daily,” American Journalism 10 (Winter–Spring 1993): 61–83.
162. Robert Huston, “A. M. Simons and the American Socialist Movement” (PhD diss., Univ. of Wisconsin, 1965), 175.
163. A. M. Simons, “Starting a Daily Socialist Paper,” ISR 7 (Dec. 1906): 328.
164. Ibid., 329, 300.
165. Huston, “A. M. Simons,” 175.
166. “Socialist Women Who Helped the Garment Strikers,” PW 4 (Jan. 1911): 2. Seven women, including Montana News editor Ida Couch-Hazlett, edited the number.
167. Bekken, “‘This Paper Is Owned by Many Thousands of Workingmen and Women,’” 72.
168. Reynolds, “Millionaire Socialists,” 220; and Huston, “A. M. Simons,” 186.
169. J. Louis Engdahl, “Romance in Journalism: From the Chicago Socialist to the Daily Worker,” Liberator 6 (Oct. 1923): 16–17.
170. Ibid., 17. See also A Union Man, “The Strike on Chicago Papers,” ISR 13 (July 1912): 12–15.
171. Phillips Russell, “The Newspaper War in Chicago,” ISR 13 (July 1912): 7–11. See also Philip Taft, “The Limits of Labor Unity: The Chicago Newspaper Strike of 1912,” Labor History 19, no. 1 (1978): 100–129.
172. Gretchen Kreuter and Kent Kreuter, An American Dissenter: The Life of Algie Martin Simons 1870–1950 (Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1969), 138n55.
173. Engdahl, “Romance in Journalism,” 17.
174. Ira Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement, 1897–1912 (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1952), 252.
175. Engdahl, “Romance in Journalism,” 17; editorial, “Frenzied Finance in the Socialist Party,” ISR 14 (Jan. 1913): 562.
176. “The World Came to an End,” IW, Jan. 2, 1913, 2.
1. David Berman, Radicals in the Mountain West, 1890–1920 (Boulder: Univ. of Colorado Press, 2007), 121.
2. J. Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 423.
3. Wayne Broehl Jr., The Molly Maguires (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1983), 164.
4. John Kasson, “Commentary on ‘The Body’ as a Useful Category of Working-Class History,” Labor Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 4 (Summer 2007): 45.
5. George Shoaf, Fighting for Freedom (Kansas City, Mo.: Simplified Economics [1953]), 62.
6. “Officers of Western Federation Kidnapped,” Appeal, Feb. 24, 1906, 1; “‘Governors of Colorado and Idaho the Real Criminals,’” and “Kidnaping [sic] Declared Legal,” both in Appeal, Dec. 8, 1906, 1.
7. Editorial, “Conspiracy to Murder,” ISR 6 (Feb. 1906): 558–59.
8. “Close Your Ranks!” Wilshire’s 10 (Apr. 1906): 14.
9. “Wanhope’s Story of the Idaho Outrage,” Wilshire’s 10 (May 1906): 15.
10. Editorial, “An Exhibition of Solidarity,” ISR 10 (Apr. 1906): 623–24.
11. “Moyer-Haywood Parade, New York, May 4,” Wilshire’s 11 (June 1907): 8.
12. “Strike to Set Them Free,” Wilshire’s 10 (Apr. 1906): 5. See also editorial, “The General Strike,” ISR 6 (June 1906): 746–48.
13. “The Prisoners in the Idaho Jail,” Wilshire’s 10 (May 1906): 16. See also Joseph Wanhope, “The Haywood-Moyer Outrage,” Wilshire’s 10 (Apr. 1906): 5, 8; and “Wanhope’s Story of the Idaho Outrage,” Wilshire’s 10 (May 1906): 4–5, 15–16.
14. Shoaf, Fighting for Freedom, 96.
15. George Shoaf, “… The Mystery of Steunenberg’s Death … ,” Appeal, Mar. 10, 1906, 6. See also “Unwinding the Tangled Skein,” Appeal, Mar. 17, 1906, 1; “The Conspiracy Unfolds,” Appeal, Mar. 23, 1906, 1; and “Judicial Murder Planned,” Appeal, Feb. 16, 1907, 1.
16. “The Steunenberg Assassin’s Motive,” Appeal, Apr. 20, 1907, 4.
17. Eugene Debs, “Arouse Ye Slaves,” Appeal, Mar. 10, 1906, 1.
18. Morris Cohn, “The Censorship of Radical Materials by the Post Office,” St. Louis Law Review 17 (Feb. 1932): 95, 106.
19. See Jon Bekken, “‘These Great and Dangerous Powers’: Postal Censorship of the Press,” Journal of Communication Inquiry 15 (Winter 1991): 55–71.
20. Jane Kennedy, “Development of Postal Rates: 1845–1955,” Land Economics 33 (May 1957): 100.
21. Richard Kielbowicz, “Postal Subsidies for the Press and the Business of Mass Culture,” Business History Review 64 (Autumn 1990): 452.
22. George Allan England, The Story of the Appeal, “Unbeaten and Unbeatable”: Being the Epic of the Life and Work of the Greatest Political Newspaper in the World (Fort Scott: Kans.: n.p., 1917?), 85–86.
23. “Mr. Madden vs. Appeal Army,” Appeal, Nov. 16, 1901, 1.
24. “The Appeal Submits Its Case,” Appeal, Nov. 30, 1901, 1.
25. Fred Warren to Morris Corahet, June 15, 1906, fol. 36, H-JC.
26. Upton Sinclair, “Climax of Long Series of Persecutions,” Appeal, Nov. 30, 1907, 1. See also George Brewer, The Fighting Editor; or, Warren and the Appeal (Girard, Kans.: The Author, 1910), 62–65.
27. See for example, Eugene Debs, “Roosevelt and His Regime,” Appeal, Apr. 20, 1907, 1; untitled illustration, Appeal, Apr. 20, 1907, 1; The Platform, Appeal, Apr. 27, 1907, 3; and Upholders of Law in Their True Colors as Holdups and Outlaws, Appeal, May 4, 1907, 4.
28. “The Appeal Under Fire!“ Appeal, Apr. 14, 1906, 1; “The Appeal Wins!” Appeal, June 16, 1906, 1; and England, Story of the Appeal, 85–86.
29. Untitled, Appeal, Feb. 9, 1907, 1.
30. Eugene Debs, “At High Water Mark!” Appeal, Feb. 23, 1907, 1.
31. David Paul Nord, “The Appeal to Reason and American Socialism, 1901–1920,” Kansas History 1 (Summer 1975): 80. Stories promoting the Appeal rose to 15.4 percent of editorial content after 1912.
32. See Clarence Darrow, The Story of My Life (New York: Da Capo, 1996), 52–54.
33. See “Do We Need a ‘Labor Party’?” ISR 9 (Apr. 1909): 801; and “Politics and the Proletariat,” ISR 9 (Dec. 1908): 464–65.
34. Quoted in Lukas, Big Trouble, 666.
35. “Orchard’s Bubba-Mayses,” Forverts, June 6, 1907, 1.
36. See Ernest Untermann, “In the Enemy’s Land,” Wilshire’s 10 (June 1907): 7; Margherita Arlina Hamm, “Heroines of the Haywood Trial,” Wilshire’s 11 (July 1907): 10; John McMahon, “Haywood’s Trial a Historic Landmark,” Wilshire’s 11 (July 1907): 6–7, 13; photograph, Wilshire’s 11 (Aug. 1907): cover; “Haywood Acquitted,” Wilshire’s 11 (Aug. 1907): 5; Margherita Hamm, “The State’s Rebuttal at Boise,” Wilshire’s 11 (Aug. 1907): 23; and John McMahon, “Aftermath of the Haywood Trial,” Wilshire’s 11 (Sept. 1907): 11.
37. “In Memoriam,” Wilshire’s 12 (Feb. 1908): 17. Hamm wrote a recurring column called “Among the Newspaper Women” for Journalist from 1891 to 1893. The thirty-seven-year-old mother of a toddler daughter died of pneumonia seven months after the trial ended.
38. Robert Huston, “A. M. Simons and the American Socialist Movement” (PhD diss., Univ. of Wisconsin, 1965), 189.
39. H. G. Wilshire to J. A. Wayland, May 15, 1906, fol. 35, H-JC.
40. “Appeal to Reason Correspondent Gets Hit Right and Left,” Idaho Daily Statesman, May 23, 1907, 5.
41. “How Socialists Fare at Boise,” Wilshire’s 11 (July 1907): 14.
42. John McMahon, “Snapshots at the Trial,” Wilshire’s 11 (July 1907): 19.
43. Appeal, May 18, 1907, 2.
44. Lukas, Big Trouble, 517.
45. “$1,000 Reward!” Appeal, Jan. 12, 1907, 1.
46. See England, Story of the Appeal, 56–70.
47. “The Appeal at Bar,” Appeal, June 1, 1907, 1.
48. “Historic Battle for a Free Press,” Appeal, Mar. 7, 1908, 1; “INDIVIDUALISM against SOCIALISM the Issue,” Appeal, Mar. 14, 1908, 1; Eugene Debs, “Shall Warren Be Railroaded,” Appeal, Mar. 28, 1908, 1; Eugene Debs, “The Case of Warren and the Appeal,” Appeal, May 2, 1908, 1; “The Government Again Shrinks from the Press,” May 16, 1908, 1; “Warren and a Free Press on Trial,” Appeal, Nov. 7, 1908, 1; “The Crushing of a Free Press Begun, Morning of the Warren Conviction,” Appeal, and “Trial and Conviction of Fred Warren,” Appeal, May 22, 1909, 4.
49. “Red Special on the Way,“ Appeal, Sept. 5, 1908, 2; and Shore, Talkin’ Socialism, 199.
50. “Defeated but Not Conquered,” and “Warren Convicted by a Packed Jury,” both in Appeal, May 15, 1909, 1.
51. Warren v. United States, 183 Fed. 718 (1910); and George Shoaf to Fred Warren, Nov. 24, 1910, fol. 53, J-HC.
52. Fred Warren, “1837—Seventy Years: A Parallel—1907,” Appeal, Nov. 23, 1907, 1.
53. See Appeal illustrations, May 26, 1906, 4; Nov. 2, 1907, 1; and Jan. 20, 1912, 2.
54. Upton Sinclair, “The Warren Defenders,” Appeal, June 19, 1909, 1.
55. Fred Warren, “Crime and Horrors in a Federal Prison,” Appeal, Apr. 15, 1911, 1; “The Leavenworth Case,” Appeal, Apr. 29, 1911, 1; “Driven to Insanity and Death,” Appeal, May 20, 1911, 2; “McClaughry, the Double Dealer,” Appeal, May 27, 1911, 2; “Graft at Leavenworth,” Appeal, June 10, 1911, 2; and “The McClaughry Graft,” Appeal, July 8, 1911, 2.
56. “Cry of Revolt Sounded by Debs,” Call, Jan. 4, 1911, 4. See also “Fred Warren’s Crime,” Call, Nov. 23, 1910, 6; “One Law for the Rich, Another for the Poor,” Call, Nov. 22, 1910, 6; Upton Sinclair, “Rally to the Appeal!” Call, Nov. 25, 1911, 6; and “Warren Must Work at Hard Labor in Jail,” Call, Nov. 26, 1910, 1.
57. “Observations and Comments,” ME 4 (July 1909): 34–35.
58. Editorial, “The Appeal to Reason and the Federal Courts,” ISR 10 (Mar. 1910): 839–40. See also “Fred D. Warren’s Sentence Affirmed,” and “One Law for the Rich, Another for the Poor,” both in Call, Nov. 22, 1910, 1, 6; and “The Case of Fred D. Warren,” PW 4 (July 1910): 7.
59. Editorial, “Fred Warren Goes to Jail,” ISR 11 (Jan. 1911): 427–28.
60. George Shoaf, “The Case of Fred Warren,” PW 4 (July 1910): 7. See also Upton Sinclair, poem, “The Red Flag,” PW 3 (Aug. 1909): 6; and “The McNamara Case,” PW 5 (June 1911): 8.
61. “The Appeal’s Fight Is Our Fight,” Wilshire’s 11 (July 1907): 5.
62. J. B. Walker to Fred Warren, Feb. 17, 1911, fol. 56, J-HC.
63. Upton Sinclair, “Climax of Long Series of Persecutions,” Appeal, Nov. 30, 1907, 1.
64. “Personal to Detective Burns,” Appeal, Sept. 1916, 1911, 1.
65. Floyd Gibbons, “A Fight to a Finish,” ISR 15 (Aug. 1914): 3, 74.
66. Jack Britt Gearity, “The New Castle Free Press Fight,” ISR 12 (Aug. 1911): 97–99. See also “Persecution of the Free Press,” Solidarity, Mar. 19, 1910, 2; “The Labor Press in Danger,” Solidarity, May 14, 1910, 2; and editorial, “Fight for Freedom of the Press,” Call, May 15, 1910, 8. In another Pennsylvania case, the socialist editor of Justice in Pittsburgh was jailed for libel. Call, May 15, 1911, 1.
67. Fred Warren, “The Free Press Fight at New Castle, Pa.,” ISR 11 (July 1910): 34–36. Authorities later found editors Frank Hartman, Charles McKeever, and S. L. Flanagan in contempt of court. See also “Arizona Labor Editor Jailed,” Call, July 26, 1910, 5; and “Fined for Selling Socialist Papers,” Call, July 6, 1910, 1.
68. “Wanted to Hang Kidnapped Editor,” Call, Apr. 10, 1912, 1.
69. “‘Free Press’ in San Diego,” IW, May 23, 1912, 3.
70. Alexander Scott, “What the Reds Are Doing in Paterson,” ISR 13 (June 1913): 852–56.
71. “From 1 to 15 Years for Socialist Editor,” Call, June 7, 1913, 1; “Will You Allow Scott to Be Imprisoned?” Call, Oct. 8, 1913, 6; and “Scott—to Go Free, Is Decision,” Call, Apr. 21, 1914, 1. See also “‘Seditious Libel’ in New Jersey,” Solidarity, June 21, 1913, 2; “Press Freedom,” Solidarity, July 14, 1913, 1; and Linda Cobb-Reilly, “Aliens and Alien Ideas: The Suppression of Anarchists and the Anarchist Press in America, 1901–1914,” Journalism History 15 (Summer–Autumn 1988): 56.
72. Henry Tichenor, “Why the Boodlers Pay Billy Sunday Big Money,” Melting Pot 2 (Aug. 1914): 3–5.
73. Irvin Wyllie, “The Socialist Press and the Libel Laws: A Case Study,” Midwest Journal of Political Science 4 (Summer 1952): 73.
74. See Kate Richards O’Hare, “Why Are They Silent?” Rip-Saw 10 (June 1913): 2–3, 10, 13.
75. Wyllie, “Socialist Press and the Libel Laws,” 77.
76. Ralph Chaplin, “Violence in West Virginia,” ISR 13 (Apr. 1913): 799. See David Corbin, The Socialist and Labor Star, 1912–1915 (Huntington, W.Va.: Appalachian Movement Press, 1951).
77. W. H. Thompson, “How a Victory Was Turned into a Settlement,” ISR 14 (July 1913): 12–17.
78. Untitled, and “Labor Argus Suppressed Outside Military Zone,” both in Appeal, May 10, 1913; and “An Imprisoned Editor,” Appeal, May 23, 1913, 1.
79. William Christopher Walker, “John Kenneth Turner: Socialist Writer for the Appeal to Reason” (MA thesis, Pittsburg State Univ., 1981), 2, 8.
80. George Shoaf to Fred Warren, [circa 1910], fol. 48, JAWC.
81. John Kenneth Turner to Fred Warren, Nov. 13, 1912, fol. 72, H-JC.
82. John Kenneth Turner to Fred Warren, Apr. 17, 18, 1913, fol. 100, H-JC.
83. “J. K. Turner to Write of West Virginia,” Appeal, Apr. 26, 1913, 1. See also “Meaning of Governor Hatfield’s Military Dictatorship,” Appeal, May 10, 1913, 1; John Kenneth Turner, “Conditions More Appalling than in Barbarous Mexico,” Appeal, May 17, 1913, 1; “Unmasking the Villains,” Appeal, May 24, 1913, 1; “Crimes of a Private Army,” Appeal, May 31, 1913, 1; and “Crimes of a Military Rule,” Appeal, June 7, 1913, 1. Turner also complained to Warren about his editing and cuts to his copy. J. K. Turner to Fred Warren, May 8, 1913, fol. 101, H-JC.
84. [John Kenneth Turner] to Fred Warren, Apr. 10, 1913, fol. 99, H-JC.
85. John Kenneth Turner to Fred Warren, Apr. 18, 1913, fol. 100, H-JC.
86. John Kenneth Turner to Fred Warren, Apr. 17, 1913, fol. 100, H-JC.
87. See Mary Harris Jones, The Autobiography of Mother Jones (1925; repr., Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 2005).
88. See M. B. Tonn, “Militant Motherhood: Labor’s Mother Mary Harris Jones,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 82 (Feb. 1996): 1–21.
89. Leonard Abbott, “The Incarnation of Labor’s Struggles,” and Mary Field, “She Stirreth Up the People,” both in Everyman 10 (Apr. May 1914): 5, 8–11.
90. See Susan Campbell Bartoletti, Kids on Strike! (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003).
91. “May Day and Mother Jones,” Appeal, Apr. 26, 1913, 1.
92. “Mother Jones,” Appeal, Nov. 23, 1908, 4. See also “Mother Jones’ Latest Visit to the Anthracite Fields,” Call, Nov. 14, 1910, 6.
93. See also “On the Strike Field,” ISR 13 (Mar. 1913): 647–54.
94. Art Young, “Mother Jones: Come on, You Hell-hounds,” ISR 14 (Mar. 1914): 516. See also illustration, ISR 14 (Feb. 1914): 462; ”The Mother of Fighting Men,” Call, May 27, 1913, 3; illustration, Ryan Walker, Comrade (Nov. 1902): 28; “Soldiers Attack Helpless Women,” Appeal, Apr. 4, 1914, 1; “Mother Jones Sends Thrilling Message to the Appeal Army,” Appeal, Aug. 8, 1914, 1.
95. A Paint Creek Miner, “Mother Jones,” ISR 14 (Apr. 1914): 605.
96. “Trying Mother Jones Before a Military Commission,” Appeal, Mar. 22, 1913, 1.
97. John Kenneth Turner to Fred Warren, Apr. 18, 1913, fol. 100, H-JC. See also Pat Creech Scholten, “The Old Mother and Her Army: The Agitative Strategies of Mary Harris Jones,” West Virginia History 40 (Summer 1979): 365–74.
98. Appeal, Apr. 11, 1914, 1.
99. Untitled, Appeal, May 23, 1913, 1.
100. John Kenneth Turner to Fred Warren, Apr. 17, 1913, fol. 100, H-JC.
101. Editorial, “The Worst Monopoly,” and Art Young, Poisoned at the Source, both in Masses 4 (July 1913): 6.
102. “Indicted for Criminal Libel,” Masses 5 (Jan. 1914): 3.
103. See “The Associated Press,” and Art Young, “The A.P. And the Masses Editors,” Masses 5 (Apr. 1914): 18–19, 3; Art Young, “Madam, You Dropped Something!” Masses 8 (Feb. 1916): 17; Alex Baskin, “Introduction: The Masses: America’s Journal of Art, Satire and Socialism,” in The Masses, reprint ed. (Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus Reprinting, 1980): x–xi; Max Eastman, Enjoyment of Living (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), 467–73; and Rebecca Zurier, Art for The Masses: A Radical Magazine and Its Graphics, 1911–1917 (Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press, 1988), 44–45.
104. Ralph Chaplin, Wobbly: The Rough-and-Tumble Story of an American Radical (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1948), 120.
105. Ibid., 127–28. See also W. H. Thompson, “How a Victory Was Turned into ‘Settlement’ in West Virginia,” ISR 14 (July 1913): 12–17.
106. George Falconer, “Machine Guns and Coal Miners,” and Robert Knight, “Fighting to Win in Colorado,” both in ISR 14 (Dec. 1913): 327–29, 330–34.
107. “Strikers Tortured by John D’s Hirelings,” Appeal, Mar. 28, 1914, 1; and “Soldiers Attack Helpless Women,” Appeal, Apr. 4, 1914, 1.
108. Douglas Martelle, Blood Passion: The Ludlow Massacre and Class War in the American West (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 2008), 2.
109. “Even Capitalist Newspapers Denounce Bloody Slaughter of Colorado Miners,” Call, Apr. 24, 1914, 2.
110. Masses 5 (June 1914): cover, reprinted in ISR 14 (June 1914): cover. See also Max Eastman, “Class War in Colorado,” Masses 5 (June 1914): 8; and Mary Heaton Vorse, “The Police and the Unemployed,” New Review 2 (Sept. 1914): 38.
111. Leslie F. Fishbein, Rebels in Bohemia: The Radicals of The Masses, 1911–1917 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1982), 191.
112. Stephen Hess and Sandy Northrop, Drawn and Quartered: The History of American Political Cartoons (Montgomery, Ala.: Elliott & Clark, 1996), 83.
113. Michael Cohen, “‘Cartooning Capitalism’: Radical Cartooning and the Making of American Popular Radicalism in Early Twentieth Century America,” International Review of Social History, supp. 15, 52 (Jan. 2007): 58.
114. John Downing, Radical Media: Rebellious Communication and Social Movements (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2001), 162–68.
115. See John Adler and Draper Hill, Doomed by Cartoon: How Cartoonist Thomas Nast and the New York Times Brought Down Boss Tweed and His Ring of Thieves (Garden City, N.J.: Morgan James, 2008).
116. Donald Dewey, The Art of Ill Will in American Political Cartoons (New York: New York Univ. Press, 2007), 27. See also Charles Press, The Political Cartoon (Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, 1981), 246–47.
117. Chris Lamb, “Drawing Power: The Limits of Editorial Cartoons in America,” Journalism Studies 8, no. 5 (2007): 720.
118. Hess and Northrop, Drawn and Quartered, 67. See also “Hunting the Octopus,” Harper’s Weekly 44 (Oct. 6, 1900): 1.
119. Back cover, “The Socialist Leaven Already Is Working,” publications of the New York Call folder, WCPA.
120. “Hell—Doesn’t It Look Natural,” Rip-Saw 10 (Nov. 1913): cover.
121. Untitled, Appeal, Oct. 10, 1903, 6. See also Labor Day, Mother Earth 4 (Sept. 1909): 209; Slaves of Steel, ISR 11 (Aug. 1910): 75; Slavery Is the Pillar of the Law, IW, July 29, 1909, 1; Robert Minor, The Golden Rule, Blast 2 (Jan. 22, 1916): cover; and Robert Minor, If Only He Would, Blast 2 (Jan. 29, 1916): cover.
122. See Ryan Walker, New Adventures of Henry Dubb, pamphlet, (Chicago: Socialist Party, 1915), accessed Mar. 10, 2011, http://www.marxists.org/subject/art/visual_arts/satire/walker/index.htm.
123. Fred Warren to George Goebels, June 9, 1906, fol. 35, H-JC.
124. Bruce Calvert, “Ryan Walker, Cartoonist and Humanist,” Call, Dec. 12, 1915, SM7–8. See also “Ryan Walker and His Funny Pen,” Call, Dec. 25, 1916, 1.
125. Ryan Walker, “Waiting!” Seattle Socialist, Aug. 18, 1906, 1.
126. Ryan Walker to [Louie Kopelin?] Sept. 3 [1912?], fol. 63, H-JC (emphasis in original).
127. Fred Warren to Ryan Walker, Jan. 14, 1914, fol. 104, H-JC.
128. Ryan Walker to Fred Warren, Jan. 9, 1914; and Warren to Walker, Jan. 14, 1914, both fol. 104, H-JC.
129. “Cartoons by Robt. Minor in the N.Y. Call,” Rip-Saw 12 (July 1915): 3.
130. Hess and Northrop, Drawn and Quartered, 80. Boardman Robinson began using the grease pencil at about the same time. Zurier, Art for The Masses, 134. See also Joseph North, Robert Minor: Artist and Crusader, an Informal Biography (New York: New York International Publishers, 1956).
131. “The Cartoon as a Means of Artistic Expression,” Current Literature 53 (Oct. 1912): 464.
132. Pittsburgh, Masses 8 (Aug. 1916): 21.
133. “Robert Minor,” ISR 17 (July 1916): 47; and “Cartoons by Robt. Minor in the N.Y. Call,” Rip-Saw 12 (July 1915): 3.
134. Quoted in Everette E. Dennis and Melvin L. Dennis, “100 Years of Political Cartooning,” Journalism History 1 (Spring 1974): 7. Kirby, who won the first Pulitzer Prize for cartooning in 1922, contributed cartoons to Harper’s Weekly, the New York Post, and the New York World.
135. “What Is the Matter with Magazine Art?” Masses 6 (Dec. 1914): 14.
136. “A Smasher,” Call, Nov. 4, 1908, 6. See also The Steam Roller—as Socialists See It, Call, July 1, 1908, 1; It’s Going to Be a Record Breaker! Call, Sept. 19, 1908, 6; “Meyer London Takes His Seat in Congress Monday, December 4th,” American Socialist, Dec. 4, 1915, 1; Untitled, Appeal, Oct. 31, 1903, 3; and If You Would Eat Turkey You Must Vote for Turkey, Appeal, Nov. 14, 1903, 1.
137. Untitled, Appeal, Oct. 24, 1903, 6. See also Tickled to Death, Wilshire’s 11 (Aug. 1907): cover.
138. Untitled, Appeal, Oct. 31, 1903, 6. See also The Spirit of 1908, Call, Nov. 2, 1908, 1, and Revolutionary Leader of ’76 and of the Present Time, Call, July 4, 1908, 1.
139. See International Labor Day, ISR 14 (May 1914): cover. See also poem, “The Red Banner,” Mother Earth 6 (May 1911): 69; and “May Day and the Red Flag,” IW, Apr. 29, 1909, 2.
140. The True Spirit of Preparedness! ISR 16 (May 1916): 708.
141. Behold the Child, Call, Oct. 27, 1908, 6. See also Crucified, Call, Jan. 30, 1909, 1; Crucified, ISR 14 (June 1914): 716; and Rest Indeed, Masses 4 (Oct. 1913): 11.
142. Untitled, Rip-Saw 11 (Mar. 1914): 27.
143. Solidarity—The Hand That Winds! Reprinted in ISR 13 (Feb. 1913): 583. See also “Thanksgiving at Cherry, Ill.,” Call, Nov. 25, 1909, 6; Another Byproduct of Capitalism, ISR 10 (June 1910): 1105; Who Is Carrying the Heaviest Load? ISR 11 (June 1911): 748; and Now Organize! ISR 16 (Sept. 1915): 138.
144. The Next Deportation from Calumet, Masses 5 (Feb. 1914): 15. See also Kenneth Russell Chamberlain, At Wheatland: Waiting for the Charge, Masses 5 (Mar. 1914): 4.
145. Robert Minor, Bayonne! ME 10 (Aug. 1915): cover.
146. See Andrea Yvonne Phillips, “John Sloan’s Socialist Illustrations for the ‘Coming Nation” (MA thesis, Univ. of Missouri–Kansas City, 2008).
147. Leslie Marcy, “The Class War in Colorado,” ISR 14 (June 1914): 711, 721. See also Clara Ruth Mozzor, “‘Ludlow,’” ISR 14 (June 1914): 722–24; Vincent St. John, “The Lesson of Ludlow,” ISR 14 (June 1914): 725–27; and Eugene Debs, editorial, “Lexington and Ludlow,” Rip-Saw 12 (May 1915): 3.
148. “Military Weapons versus Economic Organization,” Solidarity, May 2, 1914, 2; and “Why Colorado?” Solidarity, June 6, 1914, 2.
149. Martelle, Blood Passion, 175–76; and “louis tikas—the hero of ludlow—OUR MARTYR,” and “FRANK SNYDER, A MERE CHILD, MURDERED WHILE TRYING TO GET HIS SICK MOTHER A DRINK OF WATER DURING THE MASSACRE,” both in “The Class War in Colorado,” ISR 14 (June 1914): 718.
150. Susan Sontag, Regarding the Pain of Others (New York: Picador, 2003), 6.
151. Robert Dvorak, “The Fighting Garment Workers,” ISR 11 (Jan. 1911): 385–93. See also Robert Dvorak, “The Garment Workers Strike Lost: Who Was to Blame?” ISR 11 (Mar. 1911): 550–56.
152. Floyd Gibbons, “A Fight to a Finish,” ISR 15 (Aug. 1914): 3, 74.
153. See H. Wayne Morgan, “‘Red Special’: Eugene V. Debs and the Campaign of 1908,” Indiana Magazine of History 54 (Sept. 1958): 211–36; “Westward with Debs on the Red Special,” Wilshire’s 12 (Oct. 1908): 7; “‘Red Special’ Invades New York, Fresh from Triumphs in the West,” Call, Oct. 2, 1908, 1; “5,000 Greet Debs at Rochester,” Call, Oct. 3, 1908, 1; “Debs’s Speech at the Hippodrome,” “Unparalleled Socialist Greeting to Eugene Debs Astounds New York,” and “‘Red Special Met by Cheering Thousands,” all in Call, Oct. 5, 1908, 1, 3, 5; “Socialist Enthusiasm Shakes Faneuil Hall,” Call, Oct. 6, 1908, 1; “The East for Debs,” Call, Oct. 7, 1908, 1; and “Debs, in Whirlwind Tour of Greater New York, Finishes Work in State,” Call, Oct. 14, 1908, 1.
154. See “The Streets of Pittsburgh,” ISR 13 (Oct. 1912): 313–20; and Phillips Russell, “The Strike at Little Falls,” ISR 13 (Dec. 1912): 455–60.
155. Thomas Kennedy, “The Class War in the Coal Fields,” ISR 11 (Sept. 1910): 141–48.
156. Carrie Allen, “Child Slaves of the Cotton Mills,” ISR 11 (Feb. 1911): 521–24. Lewis Hine photos also illustrated Phillips Russell, “The Steel Trust’s Private City—Gary,” ISR 12 (Dec. 1911): 327–33.
157. Frederick Sumner, “Poisoning the Workers in Match Factories,” ISR 11 (Apr. 1911): 632–33.
158. “Stereopticon Lectures,” ISR 13 (Mar. 1913): 686.
159. “Slaves of Steel,” ISR 11 (Aug. 1910): 76–77. See also photographs in “The Battle for Bread at Lawrence,” ISR 12 (Mar. 1912): 533–60, and “Strike of the Scavengers,” ISR 12 (Jan. 1912): cover.
160. “Barbarous Spokane,” ISR 10 (Feb. 1910): 705.
161. John Murray, “Mexico’s Peon-Slaves Preparing for Revolution,” ISR 9 (Mar. 1909): 641–59.
162. Untitled, Appeal, Aug. 15, 1914, 1 (italics in original).
163. “CIVIL WAR IS THREATENED IN AMERICA,” Appeal, Aug. 29, 1914, 2.
164. Abby Sewell, “Protesters Out in Force Nationwide to Oppose Wisconsin’s Anti-Union Bill,” Los Angeles Times, Feb. 26, 2011, accessed Nov. 17, 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/feb/26/nation/la-na-wisconsin-protests-20110227.
1. Ben Warren to Fred Warren, Aug. 17, 1911, fol. 56, H-JC.
2. “Shoaf’s Last Letter,” Appeal, Aug. 26, 1911, 1.
3. “Shoaf’s Work and Loss,” Appeal, Sept. 2, 1911, 1.
4. Assorted letters in fol. 57, H-JC.
5. “News of Shoaf,” Appeal, Oct. 14, 1911, 1.
6. “Address of Ben F. Wilson at the Wayland Home,” Appeal, Nov. 23, 1912, 1.
7. “The Los Angeles Times—Who Committed That Crime,” Appeal, Oct. 15, 1910, 1.
8. See editorial, “Keep Your Eyes on This,” Call, Oct. 5, 1911, 6; and “Opening Gun Fired in Great Labor War at Los Angeles; Jas. B. McNamara First,” Call, Oct. 12, 1911, 1.
9. “Inventing the Story of the Times Explosion to Produce ‘Another Harry Orchard’?” Solidarity, Oct. 15, 1910, 1.
10. “General Strike,” Solidarity, May 6, 1911, 1.
11. Chicago Daily Socialist to “To all Trade and Labor Organizations of America,” Oct. 25, 1911, file 25197, box 5, entry 36, RPOD.
12. Untitled, reprinted in Solidarity, Sept. 30, 1911, 4.
13. Harry Uswald to Board of Management, Oct. 24, 1911, box 1, WCPA.
14. Moses Oppenheimer to Board of Management, Oct. 27, 1911, box 1, WCPA.
15. “Another Kidnaping Plot,” Appeal, Apr. 29, 1911, 1.
16. “Eugene Debs, “Wanted—A Few Men Not Afraid to Die,” Appeal, Sept. 2, 1911, 1.
17. May 13, 1911, Appeal, 1.
18. George Shoaf, “Socialists and Unionists Join Hands,” Appeal, May 13, 1911, 1.
19. “Appeal’s Inside Information,” Appeal, May 6, 1911, 1.
20. “Goods on Otis,” Appeal, July 2, 1911, 1.
21. Eugene Debs, “The McNamara Case and the Labor Movement,” and Frank Bohn, “The Passing of the McNamaras,” both in ISR 12 (Jan. 1912): 397, 401–4.
22. Eugene Debs, “Capitalists behind the Dynamite Plot,” Appeal, Dec. 23, 1911, 1.
23. Editorial, Call, Dec. 2, 1911, 1.
24. “The Source of Violence,” ME 6 (Dec. 1911): 297.
25. “Observations and Comments,” ME 6 (Dec. 1911): 291. See also Alexander Berkman, “Labor on Trial,” ME 10 (July 1915): 166–67.
26. “McNamara Makes Startling Confession,” IW, Dec. 7, 1911, 1, 4; and “Are They Guilty?” IW, Dec. 14, 1911, 3. See also “The McNamara Storm,” IW, Dec. 28, 1911, 4; “The Confession,” Solidarity, Dec. 9, 1911, 4; and editorial, “Desperate Reaction,” Solidarity, Dec. 9, 1911, 2.
27. George Shoaf, Fighting for Freedom (Kansas City, Mo.: Simplified Economics [1953]), 122–23.
28. [Elsa Untermann] to Piet [Vlag], Oct. 5, 1911, fol. 28, H-JFP; and Elsa Untermann, “Capitalism and the Woman Question,” PW 3 (Mar. 1910): 2.
29. Josephine Conger-Kaneko to [Fred] Warren, Oct. 3, 1911, fol. 58, H-JC.
30. Shoaf, Fighting for Freedom, 57.
31. “Serious Charge Made against Socialist Writer,” Idaho Daily Statesman, Aug. 11, 1907, 1; and “Lays All Blame on Mrs. Hazlett, Bannock County Girl Repudiates Her Sworn Statement Against G. H. Shoaf,” Idaho Daily Statesman, Oct. 6, 1907, 6. See also J. Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America (New York: Touchstone, 1997), 671–73.
32. See Lukas, Big Trouble, 750–54.
33. Ernest Untermann to Fred Warren, Oct. 24, 1911, fol. 28, H-JFP.
34. Josephine Conger-Kaneko to [Fred] Warren, Oct. 3, 1911, fol. 58, H-JC.
35. [Elsa Untermann] to Piet [Vlag], Oct. 5, 1911, fol. 28, H-JFP.
36. “Cornelius C. Corker” to Fred Warren, Oct. 16, 1911, and Oct. 26, 1911, both fol. 28, H-JFP.
37. Ernest Untermann to National Executive Committee, Nov. 9, 1911, fol. 28, H-JFP.
38. Josephine Conger-Kaneko to [Fred] Warren, Oct. 3, 1911, fol. 58, H-JC.
39. Ernest Untermann to Fred Warren, Oct. 24, 1911; A. W. Ricker to Ernest Untermann, Oct. 31, 1911, and Ernest Untermann to National Executive Committee, Nov. 9, 1911, all in fol. 28, H-JFP.
40. Shoaf, Fighting for Freedom, 133–34.
41. [Elsa Untermann] to Piet Vlag, Oct. 5, 1911, Piet Vlag to [Fred] Warren, Oct. 14, 1911, Josephine Conger-Kaneko to [Fred] Warren, Nov. 11, 1911, all in fol. 58, H-JC; and Elliott Shore, Talkin’ Socialism: J. A. Wayland and the Radical Press (Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas, 1992), 211–15.
42. “A Personal Word to the Friends of This Paper,” Appeal, July 6, 1912, 1.
43. Ryan Walker to Walter Wayland, Oct. 31, 1913, fol. 107, H-JC.
44. Howard Quint, “Gaylord Wilshire and Socialism’s First Congressional Campaign,” Pacific Historical Review 26 (Nov. 1957): 339.
45. Eugene Debs, “This Is Our Year,” ISR 13 (July 1912): 17.
46. Ira Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement 1897–1912 (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1952), 364, 346.
47. James Chace, 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft, and Debs: The Election That Changed the Country (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 8.
48. “Reflections on the Debs Vote,” Wilshire’s 16 (Dec. 1912): 1.
49. H. G. Creel, “A Memory of Wayland,” Rip-Saw 9 (Dec. 1912): 22.
50. “An Amazing Tale of Intrigue and Conspiracy,” Appeal, Nov. 16, 1912, 1.
51. “… A Week of Tragedy and Persecution … ,” Appeal, Nov. 23, 1912, 1 (ellipses in original).
52. “One Hoss Wayland, Appeal to Reason Editor, Ends Life,” Call, Nov. 12, 1912, 1.
53. “Comrade Wayland Dead,” Appeal, Nov. 16, 1912, 1.
54. “Julius Wayland,” Call, Nov. 12, 1912, 6; Josephine Conger, “The Death of Comrade Wayland,” PW 6 (Dec. 1912): 5; and Creel, “A Memory of Wayland,” 22. Folders 64–67 in H-JC are full of condolence letters and poems about Wayland.
55. J. I. Sheppard to E. J. Giddings, June 25, 1913, telegram, fol. 101, and Andrew Allen Veatch, “Correction,” fol. 105, both in H-JC.
56. George Allan England, The Story of the Appeal, “Unbeaten and Unbeatable”: Being the Epic of the Life and Work of the Greatest Political Newspaper in the World (Fort Scott, Kans.: n.p., [1917?]), 186–87. See also Shore, Talkin’ Socialism, 216–17.
57. “The Story of the Appeal Strike and Its Settlement,” Appeal, Nov. 7, 1903, 1.
58. Editorial, “The Appeal’s Action,” Call, July 21, 1913, 6.
59. “John Kenneth Turner Opens Fire on Government by Gunmen,” Appeal, May 9, 1914, 1.
60. Quoted in Nicholas Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1982), 198.
61. Editorial, “They Cannot Repeat 1886,” Social Democratic Herald, Apr. 28, 1906, 1.
62. Editorial, “Equal to the Test,” ISR 10 (Oct. 1909): 360.
63. Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs, 255. The IWW bashed Berger back: “Berger’s Mutual Aid at Six Per Cent,” reprinted from IW in Wilshire’s 17 (Apr. 1913): 4.
64. “A Politician’s Nightmare,” Solidarity, Dec. 9, 1911, 2.
65. Eugene Debs, “A Letter from Debs,” ISR 10 (Jan. 1910): 609.
66. “Danger Ahead,” ISR 11 (Jan. 1911): 413–15.
67. Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs, 244.
68. William Haywood, “Socialism the Hope of the Working Class,” ISR 12 (Feb. 1912): 461–71.
69. “Socialist for Capital Law,” ISR 12 (Feb. 1912): 500–504.
70. Editorial, “Direct Action,” ISR 12 (Feb. 1912): 505.
71. See Eugene Debs, “Sound Socialist Tactics,” ISR 12 (Feb. 1912): 481–86.
72. “What about Debs?” Solidarity, Feb. 12, 1912, 2.
73. “Verdict—Not Guilty,” ISR 12 (June 1912): 862–65.
74. Kipnis, American Socialist Movement, 403.
75. See Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism (Piscataway, N.J.: Transactions Publishers, 2003), 46–47.
76. “Let Us Recall the Recall,” New Review 1 (Apr. 12, 1913): 452.
77. Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs, 260–61.
78. Editorial, “The ‘Changing’ Debs,” Solidarity, June 2, 1913, 2.
79. Eugene Debs, “The Gunmen and the Miners,” ISR 15 (Sept. 1914): 161.
80. Eugene Debs to Fred Warren, July 27, 1912, FWM.
81. Eugene Debs to Fred Warren, Aug. 11, 1912, FWM.
82. Eugene Debs to Fred Warren, Aug. 19, 1912, FWM.
83. Eugene Debs to Fred Warren, Aug. 5, 1912, FWM.
84. Fred Warren to Eugene Debs, Aug. 8, 1912, FWM.
85. Fred Warren to Ryan Walker, Jan. 5, 1913, and Manager, The South West News Company to W. H. Weyland [sic], Aug. 31, 1914, both in fol. 104, H-JC.
86. England, Story of the Appeal, 105, 278.
87. Senator Harry Ashurst to Fred Warren, May 10, 1913, fol. 101, H-JC.
88. “Statement of Fred D. Warren,” Appeal, Aug. 8, 1914, 1.
89. David Shannon, “The Socialist Party before the First World War: An Analysis,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 38 (Sept. 1951): 288.
90. Editorial, “Publicity in Party Matters,” ISR 5 (Apr. 1905): 690.
91. Morris Hillquit, Loose Leaves from a Busy Life (New York: Rand School Press, 1934), 54.
92. Untitled, Appeal, July 27, 1901, 1.
93. Fourth Session, Unity Convention, Aug. 1, 1901, 2, reel 76, SP.
94. Socialist Party, “Proceedings of the 1904 Convention,” 94, 96, reel 76, SP.
95. Socialist Party, “Proceedings of the 1904 Convention,” 94, 96, 85–96.
96. Socialist Party, “Proceedings of the 1904 Convention,” 94, 96, 93, 118–21.
97. Kipnis, American Socialist Movement, 247.
98. Ibid., 244–45, 247.
99. “The First Socialist Congressman,” New Review 1 (Mar. 8, 1913): 289.
100. Editorial, “Government by Mimeograph,” ISR 6 (Oct. 1905): 236.
101. Jason Martinek, “‘Mental Dynamite’: Radical Literacy and American Socialists’ Print Culture of Dissent, 1897–1917” (PhD diss., Carnegie Mellon Univ., 2005), 131, 147, 174.
102. Francis M. Elliott, report, “A Party Owned Press,” Oct. 16, 1913, 1, reel 5, SPP.
103. “New Methods Needed,” ISR 12 (Mar. 1912): 589.
104. Sally M. Miller, Victor Berger and the Promise of Constructive Socialism, 1910–1920 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1973), 48.
105. Elliott, “A Party Owned Press,” 1.
106. Ibid., 5, 6.
107. “The Party-Owned Press,” Party Builder, Apr. 11, 1914, 1.
108. “All Together for the Party Builder,” and “Circulate This Paper,” both in Party Builder, Apr. 25, 1914, 1, 4; and “The Capitalist Press and War,” Party Builder, May 2, 1914, 6.
109. “Party Owned Press,” Party Builder, May 16, 1914, 1.
110. Ryan Walker to Louis Kopelin, Oct. 12, 1914, fol. 107, H-JC.
111. “Push Philosophy,” American Socialist, Nov. 6, 1915, 2.
112. Jeffrey Heynen, introduction to American Socialist, reprint ed. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1968), unnumbered page.
113. Martinek, “‘Mental Dynamite,’” 130.
114. Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs, 258.
115. “Proceedings of the 1904 Convention,” 89.
1. “Sparks from a Live Wire,” IW, May 14, 1910, 1.
2. John R. Salter Jr., “Reflections on Ralph Chaplin, the Wobblies, and Organizing in the Save the World Business—Then and Now,” Pacific Historian 30 (Summer 1986): 4–19; Ralph Chaplin, Wobbly: The Rough-and-Tumble Story of an American Radical (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1948), 17–68; and Ralph Chaplin, “Why I Wrote Solidarity Forever,” American West 5 (Jan. 1968): 23, 24.
3. See “A Socialist Editor’s Lament,” Solidarity, Mar. 30, 1912, 2.
4. Melvyn Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World, 2d ed. (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1988), vii.
5. See William Haywood, The Autobiography of Big Bill Haywood (New York: International Publishers, 1929), 180–89.
6. Salter, “Reflections on Ralph Chaplin,” 7; and Salvatore Salerno, “No God, No Master: Italian Anarchists and the Industrial Workers of the World,” in The Lost World of Italian-American Radicalism: Politics, Labor and Culture, ed. Philip V. Cannistraro and Gerald Meyer (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003), 180.
7. Joseph Conlin, “Industrial Unionist,” in The American Radical Press, 1880–1960, vol. 1, ed. Joseph Conlin (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1974), 131.
8. Paul Frederick Brissenden, The I.W.W.: A Study of American Syndicalism (1920; repr., New York: Russell and Russell, 1957), 395–99.
9. Jon Bekken, “Los Trabajadores Industriales del Mundo: The IWW’s Spanish-Language Press,” paper presented at American Journalism Historians Association conference, Oct. 7, 2010, Tucson, Ariz.
10. Salter, “Reflections on Ralph Chaplin,” 6.
11. Chaplin, Wobbly, 146.
12. See editorial, “The General Strike,” IW, June 10, 1909, 2; and “Sunrise in France,” IW, Mar. 25, 1909, 2.
13. See Eldridge Foster Dowell, A History of Criminal Syndicalism Legislation in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1939), 36–37.
14. Stanley Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers (New York: Paladin, 1973), 1. See “The Week,” Public Opinion 31 (Sept. 19, 1901): 355–61.
15. Brissenden, I.W.W., 7–8.
16. This Worker Is Wise. Are You? IW, July 23, 1910, 1. See also Law and Order Upholding the Constitution, IW, Dec. 25, 1909, 1; and “Necessity of a Free Press,” IW, May 7, 1910, 1.
17. Editorial, “Direct Action,” Solidarity, Dec. 16, 1909, 2.
18. Justus Ebert, “Solidarity and the I.W.W. Press,” Solidarity, July 31, 1915, 10.
19. “I.W.W. Literature,” IW, Sept. 23, 1909, 2.
20. Lumberjack, May 1, 1913, 3.
21. Michael Cohen, “‘The Ku Klux Government’: Vigilantism, Lynching, and the Repression of the IWW,” Journal for the Study of Radicalism 1 (Jan. 2007): 33.
22. “Sabotage,” Solidarity, Feb. 1913, 2.
23. IW, Feb. 23, 1911, 2.
24. “How Sabotage Affects the Scissor Bills,” IW, May 28, 1910, 1. See also “Haywood Defines Sabotage,” Lumberjack, Mar. 13, 1913, 3; and “Sabotage and Sophistication,” Lumberjack, Apr. 17, 1913, 2.
25. Thomas Howard McEnroe, “The Industrial Workers of the World: Theories, Organizational Problems, and Appeals, as Revealed Principally in the Industrial Worker,” PhD diss., Univ. of Minnesota, 1960, 190.
26. Haywood, Autobiography, 258.
27. Solidarity, Dec. 26, 1912, 2.
28. “Sabotage,” IW, Jan. 23, 1913, 2. See also “Sabotage II,” IW, Jan. 30, 1913, 2; “Sabotage III,” IW, Feb. 5, 1913, 2; and “Sabotage IV,” IW, Feb. 13, 1913, 2.
29. May Day Number, Solidarity, May 1, 1913, 1; Solidarity, May 8, 1913, 2; and McEnroe, “Industrial Workers of the World,” 42.
30. Emma Goldman, “The Joys of Touring,” ME 3 (Jan. 1909): 378.
31. See Salerno, “No God, No Master,” 179.
32. Editorial, Solidarity, June 6, 1914, 2. See also “Where Anarchism Ceases,” Solidarity, Aug. 12, 1916, 2.
33. John Graham Brooks, American Syndicalism: The I.W.W. (New York: Macmillan, 1913), 175–76.
34. “Where No Vision Is, the People Perish,” IW, Aug. 26, 1909, 4.
35. “Learn the Case, Apply the Remedy,” IW, Apr. 1, 1909, 1; Dubofsky, We Shall be All, 220; and Jon Bekken, “The Working Class Press at the Turn of the Century,” in Ruthless Criticism: New Perspectives in U.S. Communication History, ed. William Solomon and Robert McChesney (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1993), 155.
36. Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, 140, 141.
37. See Eric Clements, “‘Pragmatic Revolutionaries? Tactics, Ideologies, and the Western Federation of Miners in the Progressive Era,” Western Historical Quarterly 40 (Winter 2009): 445–67.
38. “Employment Sharks Must Go,” IW, Mar. 25, 1909, 3. See also editorial, “The Employment Sharks,” IW, June 3, 1909, 2; editorial, “The Employment Sharks,” IW, June 10, 1909, 2; and “Employment Sharks Are Workers’ Enemy,” IW, Nov. 3, 1909, 1.
39. “Law and Order in Spokane,” IW, Mar. 18, 1909, 3.
40. Ibid.
41. “Spokane Police Tried to Rape I.W.W. Woman,” Call, Nov. 21, 1909, 1.
42. “It’s a Long Lane that Has No Turn,” IW, Apr. 1, 1909, 1.
43. IW, Nov. 3, 1909, 1. See also “Free Speech Fight Is On in Spokane,” IW, Nov. 3, 1909, 1; “Story of the Fight in Spokane,” IW, Nov. 10, 1909, 1; and “New from the Front; Free Speech vs. Law,” IW, Nov. 17, 1909, 1.
44. “New from the Front; Free Speech vs. Law,” IW, Nov. 17, 1909, 1.
45. “Diary of a Released Free Speech Fighter,” IW, Jan. 8, 1910, 1. Stark was hospitalized December 7 but released the next day. See also “News from Within by a Student,” IW, Jan. 1, 1910, 1, 4; “News of Spokane Free Speech Fight,” IW, Jan. 15, 1910, 1; “News of Spokane Free Speech Fight,” IW, Jan. 22, 1910, 1; and “News of Spokane Free Speech Fight,” IW, Jan. 29, 1910, 1.
46. Rosalyn Baxandall, “Elizabeth Gurley Flynn: The Early Years,” Radical America 8 (Jan.–Feb. 1975): 99. See also Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “How I Became a Socialist Speaker,” SW 1 (Aug. 190): 4.
47. “Call to Action by Gurley Flynn,” IW, Nov. 10, 1909, 1.
48. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “Story of My Arrest and Imprisonment,” IW, Dec. 1, 1909, 1; and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “Free Speech Is Won in Missoula, Mt.,” IW, Oct. 20, 1909, 1. She also was arrested in 1911. “Gurly [sic] Flynn Arrested,” IW, June 8, 1911, 1; and “Gurley Flynn Acquitted,” IW, June 22, 1911, 2.
49. “The Jail,” IW, Apr. 29, 1916, 2.
50. “The Free Speech Fight at Spokane,” ISR 10 (Dec. 1909): 487–88.
51. “Law and Order Upholding the Constitution,” IW, Dec. 25, 1909, 1. See also IW, Mar. 18, 1909, 1; IW, Dec. 15, 1910, 1; IW, Mar. 16, 1911, 1; and IW, Jan. 16, 1913, 1.
52. “Brave Police,” IW, Dec. 15, 1909, 2. Police dismissed the cases after the boys promised to stop hawking the IWW paper. See also Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “The Shame of Spokane,” ISR 10 (Jan. 1910): 614; and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “Latest News from Spokane,” ISR 10 (Mar. 1910): 829–34; McEnroe, “Industrial Workers of the World,” 34.
53. “Latest News from Spokane,” ISR 10 (Mar. 1910): 828. See Helen Camp, Iron in Her Soul: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and the American Left (Pullman: Washington State Univ. Press, 1995): 47–85.
54. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “The Free Speech Fight at Spokane,” ISR 10 (Dec. 1909): 483. See also Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “The Shame of Spokane,” ISR 10 (Jan. 1910): 610–19.
55. “John Brown and the Abolitionist,” IW, July 25, 1912, 4.
56. “The Truth about Unspeakable Spokane,” IW, Jan. 1, 1910, 2; and “Come to Spokane Mar. First,” IW, Feb. 19, 1910, 1.
57. “The Horrors and Outrages of the Congo in Spokane,” IW, Feb. 25, 1910, 4.
58. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “The Shame of Spokane,” ISR 10 (July 1910): 612.
59. Brissenden, I.W.W., 262–66; Philip Foner, The Industrial Workers of the World, 1905–1917, vol. 4 of History of the Labor Movement in the United States (New York: International Press, 1965), 183, 150; “The Reason Why We Are Persecuted,” IW, Dec. 25, 1909, 4; and “Call to Action,” IW, Dec. 25, 1909, 1.
60. “Special Notice!” IW, Nov. 17, 1909, 1; “Still on the Job,” IW, Nov. 24, 1909, 2; and “Flaunting the Red Flag” IW, Dec. 1, 1909, 2.
61. “Free Speech in Spokane,” IW, Dec. 1, 1909, 1.
62. Foner, Industrial Workers of the World, 183; William Preston, Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903–1933, 2d ed. (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1994), 43; and Robert Tyler, “I.W.W. In the Pacific Northwest: Rebels in the Woods,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 55 (Mar. 1954): 9.
63. Brissenden, “I.W.W.,” 262–66; and Foner, Industrial Workers of the World, 150. See editorial, “Free Speech Fight in Vancouver, B.C.,” IW, June 10, 1909, 2; “Struggle for Free Speech in North and West,” IW, June 4, 1910, 1; “The I.W.W. Wins a Complete Victory in Fresno,” IW Mar. 9, 1911, 1; editorial, “Freedom of Speech,” IW, July 20, 1911, 2; “Dungeon for Free Speech Agitators,” IW, Sept. 17, 1910, 1; “Freedom of Speech Denied in Victoria B.C.,” IW, Aug. 3, 1911, 1; “Free Speech Fight Is On in Kansas City,” IW, Oct. 26, 1911, 1; “New Hampshire Jails Speakers,” IW, Feb. 29, 1912, 1; and “The Denver Free Speech Fight Is Won,” IW, May 8, 1913, 1.
64. Quoted in Paola A. Sensi-Isolani, “Italian Radicals and Union Activists in San Francisco, 1900–1920,” in Cannistraro and Meyer, Lost World, 197.
65. Vincent St. John, “The Fight for Free Speech at San Diego,” ISR 12 (Apr. 1912): 649. See also “A Damnable Plot against Workers,” IW, June 6, 1912, 1, 4; and “Plague Sweeps over San Diego,” IW, Sept. 5, 1912, 1.
66. “Report of the General Executive Board of the IWs of the World,” IW, Oct. 24, 1912, 4.
67. See “I.W.W. in England Grows Stronger,” IW, Aug. 19, 1909, 4; “Industrial Union News from Australia,” IW, Sept. 9, 1909, 4; “Revolutionary Union the C.G.T. of France,” IW, Sept. 23, 1909, 4; and “German Unions in Congress,” IW, Aug. 24, 1911, 4.
68. “Slaves Are Aroused,” IW, June 29, 1911, 1; “Slaves Protest,” IW, Aug. 3, 1911, 2; “Police Lead the Slaves,” IW, Sept. 21, 1911, 1; “Slaves Ask for Privilege to Organize,” IW, Nov. 15, 1911, 1; “SLAVES! Shake off Your Chains!” IW, Mar. 8, 1912, 1; “The Master’s Whine,” IW, Dec. 7, 1911, 2; and “Masters Freed Workers Held,” IW, Aug. 15, 1912, 1.
69. “The Master Class Is Trembling with Fear,” IW, June 1, 1911, 1; “Masters Afraid of I.W.W., Close Down All Mills in Southern States,” IW, Aug. 10, 1911, 1; and “Unemployed Invade San Diego,” IW, Feb. 8, 1912, 4.
70. “An Appeal for Solidarity,” IW, May 27, 1909, 2; and editorial, “Our Philosophy Is for All Workers,” IW, July 29, 1909, 4.
71. Untitled, IW, Apr. 23, 1910, 2.
72. McEnroe, “Industrial Workers of the World,” 448.
73. Editorial, “Freedom,” IW, Feb. 1912, 2.
74. Michael Cohen, “‘Cartooning Capitalism’: Radical Cartooning and the Making of American Popular Radicalism in Early Twentieth Century America,” International Review of Social History 52, supp. 15 (Jan. 2007): 58.
75. The Mailed Fist of the Law, IW, Jan. 8, 1910, 1.
76. See Mr. Block: 24 IWW Cartoons (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1913).
77. Editorial, “Billy Sunday,” IW, Mar. 18, 1909, 2. See also “A Call to Action,” IW, Feb. 26, 1910, 2; “In the Name of Holy Cash,” IW, Sept. 12, 1912, 4; “God Standing in the Way,” Solidarity, July 12, 1913, 2; and editorial, “They Say So—But,” IW, Feb. 17, 1917, 2.
78. Stanislau Cullen, “The Proletaire,” IW, July 23, 1910, 2.
79. See Hell-fire and Brimstone! They Are All Leaders and Editors! IW, Nov. 17, 1909, 1.
80. “A Word to the Workers,” IW, May 21, 1910, 1 (capitalization in original).
81. Editorial, “The Worker Press,” IW, Apr. 25, 1912, 2.
82. Photograph, IW, Sept. 5, 1912, 4.
83. “Chicago League,” IW, Sept. 16, 1909, 4.
84. See Melvyn Dubofsky, “The Industrial Union Bulletin: An Introduction and Appraisal,” Labor History 12 (Spring 1971): 289–92.
85. James Burkhart Gilbert, Writers and Partisans: A History of Literary Radicalism in America (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1968), 14.
86. “Local History Is Encouraging,” IW, Mar. 25, 1909, 1.
87. Editorial, “The Bindle Stiff,” IW, June 1, 1912, 1. See also “The Hobo’s Vindication,” IW, Feb. 26, 1910, 2; and editorial, “The Migratory Worker,” IW, Sept. 29, 1917, 2.
88. Solidarity, Mar. 4, 1911, 2.
89. Ben Williams, “Solidarity’s Struggle for Existence,” Solidarity, Jan. 3, 1914, 2.
90. Ed Nolen, “From Frisco to Denver,” IW, Apr. 24, 1913, 1, 4.
91. Carleton Parker, The Casual Laborer and Other Essays (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920), 115.
92. “I.W.W. Boys Win Victory in Harvest,” IW, Aug. 6, 1910, 1.
93. “The ‘Simple Life’ in the Jungles,” IW, Mar. 18, 1909, 4. See also photograph, A Business Meeting in the Jungles, IW, Aug. 20,1910, 3.
94. “Out in the Jungles,” IW, Apr. 1, 1909, 3.
95. “News from the Man on the Job” IW, Aug. 13, 1910, 4.
96. A 2011 book cites new evidence, which the author claims proves Hill’s innocence. See William Adler, The Man Who Never Died: The Life, Times, and Legacy of Joe Hill, American Labor Icon (New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2011). See also Franklin Rosemont, Joe Hill: The IWW and The Making of a Revolutionary Working Class Counterculture (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 2003).
97. “How About Joe Hill?” Solidarity, July 31, 1915, 14; and illustration, “The Firing Squad with the Screen Removed,” Solidarity, Nov. 27, 1915, 1. See also “The Mormon Church and the Fight against It,” IW, Apr. 29, 1916, 4; and “To the People of Utah,” ISR 14 (Oct. 1915): 222–23.
98. “Strikes of I.W.W. Are in Full Swing,” IW, May 27, 1909, 1; “The Montana Strike Is the Real Thing,” IW, June 10, 1909, 1; “Big I.W.W. Strike in Pennsylvania,” IW, Aug. 5, 1909, 1; and “Two I.W.W. Strikes in Rhode Island,” IW, Mar. 6, 1913, 1.
99. “Capitalist Press Closed to Strikers,” IW, June 18, 1910, 4.
100. See John Haynes, “Revolt of the ‘Timber Beasts’: IWW Strike in Minnesota,” Minnesota History 42 (Spring 1971): 160–74.
101. See “Miserable Slavery in Logging Camps,” IW, Aug. 19, 1909, 1, 3; “General Strike in Woods and Mines,” IW, July 7, 1917, 1; “Monster Lumber Workers Strike,” IW, July 21, 1917, 1; and “Lumber Strike Still Spreading,” IW, July 28, 1917, 1.
102. See “One Big Union of Forest and Lumber Workers,” IW, Feb. 12, 1913, 3; “Loggers! You Must Unite!” IW, Jan. 30, 1913, 2; and “‘Helpful Hints’ to All Lumberjacks,” IW, Jan. 30, 1913, 3.
103. “Northwest Lumberjacks Win Eight-Hour Day,” IW, Dec. 1, 1917, 1.
104. “Industrial War in Pennsylvania,” IW, Aug. 26, 1909, 1.
105. “Steel Trust Gun-Men Take Worker’s Blood,” IW, July 1, 1916, 4.
106. Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, 325, 326, 330; and Bekken, “Los Trabajadores.”
107. Foner, Industrial Workers of the World, 150n; and “How About Reviving the ‘Industrial Worker’?” Solidarity, Feb. 6, 1915, 3.
108. Ben Williams, “Solidarity’s Struggle for Existence,” Solidarity, Jan. 3, 1914, 2. See also illustration, Law and Order Upholding the Constitution, IW, Dec. 25, 1909, 1.
109. “An Appreciation,” Solidarity, Dec. 23, 1911, 2.
110. Foner, Industrial Workers of the World, 150.
111. See Bruce Watson, Bread and Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream (New York: Viking Penguin, 2005).
112. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, I Speak My Own Piece: Autobiography of the “Rebel Girl” (New York: Masses and Mainstream, 1955), 122.
113. Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, 257.
114. “15,000 Strikers Wreck Mills in Lawrence Riot,” Boston American, Jan. 12, 1912, 1.
115. Watson, Bread and Roses, 125–26.
116. “Observations and Comments,” ME 6 (Feb. 1912): 355–56.
117. Haywood, Autobiography, 251.
118. “One Big Union Wins,” ISR 12 (Apr. 1912): 613–30.
119. “Remember Lawrence, the Lexington of Labor’s Struggle for Liberty, on ‘Election Day,’” and “Mill Murderers of Massachusetts,” both in Appeal, Mar. 2, 1912, 1.
120. Foner, Industrial Workers of the World, 347.
121. Ray Stannard Baker, “The Revolutionary Strike,” American Magazine 6 (May 1912): 30A.
122. Mary Heaton Vorse, “The Trouble at Lawrence,” Harper’s Weekly 56 (Mar. 16, 1912): 10; and Mary Heaton Vorse, A Footnote to Folly: Reminiscences of Mary Heaton Vorse (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1935), 5. See also Walter Weyl, “The Strikers at Lawrence,” Outlook 100 (Feb. 10, 1912): 309–12.
123. Gilson Gardner, “Lawrence Outrage Rouses Sen. Pointdexter’s Wrath,” Call, Feb. 27, 1912, 2.
124. “Playing Our Game,” IW, Mar. 28, 1912, 3; and “The New Unionism,” Solidarity, Mar. 30, 1912, 1, 4.
125. See “‘Policeman Shot LePiaza,’” Solidarity, Feb. 24, 1912, 1.
126. Gertrude Marvin, “Shameful Brutality,” Solidarity, Mar. 2, 1912, 1, 3.
127. See also Austin Lewis, “Can You Weave Cloth with Bayonets?” Solidarity, Mar. 16, 1912, 3, reprinted from the Oakland World. Solidarity occasionally reprinted magazine articles about its strikes. See Inez Haynes Gilmore, “The Merrysville Strike,” Solidarity, May 2, 1914, 4, reprinted from Harper’s Weekly.
128. “Our Press: Does It Fill Our Needs?” Solidarity, Aug. 10, 1912, 3.
129. See “Woman Slain by Shot in Lawrence Strike Excitement,” Call, Jan. 30, 1912, 1; “One Big Union for Lawrence Strikers,” Call, Feb. 15, 1912, 1; “Strikers’ Wives Are Victims of Police in Lawrence, Mass.,” Call, Feb. 20, 1912, 1; “Witness Identifies Policeman as Killer of Woman Striker,” Call, Feb. 21, 1912, 1; “City Officials Stop Exodus of Little Strikers,” Call, Feb. 23, 1912, 1; “Lawrence Police Shed Poles’ Blood at Big Meeting,” Call, Feb. 26, 1911, 1; “Socialist Party Puts Lawrence Up to President Taft,” Call, Feb. 28, 1912, 1; and “Harvard Militiamen Charge on Striking Women Again,” Call, Feb. 29, 1912, 1.
130. “Soldiers Bayonet Boy Mill Striker in Lawrence, Mass.,” Call, Jan. 31, 1912, 1.
131. William Haywood, “Reign of Terror in Full Swing at Lawrence, Mass., as Police Beat Up Strikers,” Call, Feb. 27, 1911, 1; and editorial, Call, Feb. 1, 1912, 6.
132. Editorial, “Is Starvation of Children a Vested Right?” Call, Feb. 24, 1912, 6.
133. See also “‘Send the Children,’ Is Workers’ Slogan in Lawrence Fight,” Call, Feb. 9, 1912, 1.
134. “Lawrence Strikers Send 125 Children to New York Today,” Call, Feb. 17, 1912, 1. See also “Hurrah for the Children of Lawrence!” Call, Feb. 9, 1912, 6; “Philadelphia Will Take 200 Children from Mill Strikers,” Call, Feb. 12, 1912, 1; “Philadelphia to Get 100 Strikers’ Children Today,” Call, Feb. 24, 1911, 1; and Daniel McCorkle, “Remember Lawrence,” Call, Feb. 27, 1911, 2.
135. “Lawless Lawrence,” Call, Jan. 22, 1912, 6. See also “Is Starvation of Children a Vested Right?” Call, Feb. 24, 1912, 6.
136. “The Mother’s Point of View,” Call, Feb. 15, 1912, 6.
137. “The Fangs of the Monster at Lawrence,” Call, Feb. 15, 1912, 6. See also Margaret Sanger, My Fight for Birth Control (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1931), 78–80.
138. “Girl ‘Newsies’ Sell 5,000 Strike Calls,” Call, Feb. 16, 1912, 1.
139. “Capitalism’s Fool Friends,” Call, Feb. 27, 1912, 6 (reprinted from New York Tribune).
140. Editorial, “The Lawrence Outcome,” Call, Mar. 14, 1912, 6.
141. Editorial, “Mere Office Seeking,” Call, Mar. 24, 1912, 6; “A Socialist Editor’s Lament,” Solidarity, Mar. 30, 1912, 2; “The Recall of Haywood,” Call, Feb. 28, 1913, 6; editorial, “The Call Editor’s Nightmare,” Solidarity, Mar. 8, 1913, 2; and “Socialism Gone Wrong,” Solidarity, July 17, 1917, 3.
142. Foner, Industrial Workers of the World, 347.
143. “Where the Blame Will Rest,” IW, May 9, 1912, 2. See also “An Injury to Ettor Is an Injury to You,” IW, May 9, 1912, 4; “Ettor and Giovannitti,” IW, May 16, 1912, 2; “They Shall Not Die!” IW, May 18, 1912, 1, 4; and “The Ettor-Giovannitti Case,” IW, June 27, 1912, 2.
144. “Arise, Textile Workers!” IW, May 4, 1912, 1, 4. See also “Haywood Wants General Strike,” IW, May 30, 1912, 1.
145. “To Our Readers,” Solidarity, Mar. 9, 1912, 2. IW later claimed the figure was sixty thousand copies. “Breaking the Record,” IW, Aug. 1, 1912, 2.
146. “Joseph J. Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti,” Appeal, May 18, 1912, 4.
147. See Anna Strunsky Walling, “Giovannitti’s Poems,” New Review 2 (May 1914): 289–92; and Arturo Giovannitti, “The Bum,” Solidarity, Jan. 11, 1913, 2, reprinted from the Masses.
148. See also “The Second Battle of Lawrence,” ISR 13 (Nov. 1912): 417–23.
149. Editorial and “The National Convention,” both in ISR 12 (June 1912): 873, 822–23.
150. Editorial, “‘Strike Tactics,’” Solidarity, Aug. 2, 1913, 2.
151. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “Figures and Facts,” Solidarity, Apr. 19, 1913, 1, 3; and “Contract Slavery in Paterson Silk Mills,” Solidarity, Apr. 26, 1913, 1, 4.
152. John Reed, “War in Paterson,” Masses 4 (June 1913): 14.
153. Quoted in Foner, Industrial Workers of the World, 362.
154. “Big Paterson Strike,” Solidarity, Mar. 1, 1913, 1; “Great Paterson Revolt,” Solidarity, Mar. 22, 1913, 1, 4; “The Wonderful Paterson Strike,” Solidarity, May 17, 1913, 1, 4; and “Greatest Meeting Yet at Haledon,” Solidarity, May 31, 1913, 1, 4. See also “Striking Silk Workers Need Assistance,” IW, May 22, 1913, 1.
155. William D. Haywood, “The Rip in the Silk Industry,” ISR 13 (May 1913): 787; William D. Haywood, “On the Paterson Picket Line,” ISR 13 (June 1913): 847–51; “Observations and Comments, ME 8 (July 1913): 135–36.
156. Reed, “War in Paterson,” 14, reprinted as John Reed, “War in Paterson,” ISR 14 (July 1913): 43–48. See also poem by Rose Pastor Stokes, “Paterson,” Masses 4 (Nov. 1913): 11; and editorial, “Paterson’s New ‘School of Journalism,’” Call, Apr. 30, 1912, 6.
157. “The Paterson Mass Play,” Solidarity, June 14, 1913, 3. See also Martin Burgess Green, New York 1913: The Armory Show and the Paterson Strike Pageant (New York: Macmillan, 1988).
158. Solidarity, June 21, 1913, 3.
159. Henri Handwirth, “What Is to Be Done for the I.W.W. in New York City?” Solidarity, Mar. 21, 1914, 3. The author mainly complained that the Jewish Daily Forward misled readers and threw “mud” at the IWW.
160. See Walker Smith to IW, IW, Aug. 14, 1913, 4; and reply by Fred Heslewood, IW, Aug. 14, 1913, 4; “Our Position,” IW, Aug. 14, 1913, 2; and “Decentralizers Are Desperate,” IW, Aug. 14, 1913, 3.
161. “A Record of Continual Growth,” IW, Apr. 7, 1917, 2; and “Note,” IW, July 28, 1917, 2.
162. Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, 147.
163. Aileen Kraditor, The Radical Persuasion 1890–1917 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1981), 283, 101.
164. Eldridge Foster Dowell, “A History of Criminal Syndicalism Legislation in the United States,” Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science 57 (1939): 37.
165. Editorial, “Like a True Artist,” Solidarity, Nov. 27, 1915, 2.
166. “Don’t Be a Peon—Be a Man!” IW, Apr. 25, 1912, 2.
167. David Roediger, introduction to Covington Hall: Labor Struggles in the Deep South, ed. David Roediger (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1999), 18.
168. IW, Oct. 7, 1916, 1.
169. “Ladylike Men,” Solidarity, Dec. 16, 1909, 3.
170. J. S. Biscay, “A (Bohn) Head,” IW, July 27, 1911.
171. “Degeneracy,” IW, Oct. 15, 1910, 2. See also “The Unemployed and the IWW,” IW, June 24, 1909; “The Liquor Question,” IW, May 27, 1909; and “Golden Rule,” IW, June 6, 1912, 2.
172. David Rabban, “The IWW Free Speech Fights and Popular Conception of Free Expression before WW I,” Virginia Law Review 80 (Aug. 1994): 1155.
173. See The Wrong Cat, IW, Aug. 10, 1911, 1; They Won’t Let Him Sleep Any More, Solidarity, May 10, 1913, 4; Disorganized, the Workers Are Helpless—Industrial Union Is a Giant, IW, Aug. 26, 1909, 1. See also untitled, Solidarity, Apr. 7, 1917, 1; Drawing It Tighter All the Time, Solidarity, July 7, 1917, 1; and Tied Up, IW, Aug. 1, 1917, 1.
174. Organize on the Job Where You Are Robbed, IW, Mar. 23, 1911, 1. See also Will He Be Able to Swallow This One? IW, Aug. 12, 1909, 1; I.W.W. Loggers on Strike—Will the Boss Pray or ‘Vote’ the Jam Loose? IW, May 13, 1909, 1; The Fakers Separate the Groups of Workers, IW, June 17, 1909, 1; untitled, Solidarity, Aug. 2, 1913, 2; and Sure! It’s a Dead Duck! Solidarity, June 3, 1911, 1.
175. IW, July 30, 1917, 1.
176. IWW Submarines Are Annoying the Enemy Everywhere, Solidarity, Oct. 24, 1914, 1. See also The Sphinx: ‘How Little You Look to Me, Mr. Exploiter,’ Solidarity, May 26, 1917, 1.
177. Editorial, “Massacre of Working People,” IW, Aug. 26, 1909, 2. See also “Assuming Responsibility,” IW, Dec. 22, 1917, 2.
178. Foner, Industrial Workers of the World, 166–67.
179. “Free Speech Fight on in Everett,” IW, Aug. 26, 1916, 1; and “Everett Fight Is an Easy Victory,” IW, Sept. 2, 1916, 1.
180. “Lawlessness Led to Murder,” IW, Nov. 18, 1916, 4. See also “Five Thousand Demand Investigation of Crime,” IW, Nov. 25, 1916, 4; “Working Class Will Be Tried with Everett Prisoners,” IW, Dec. 23, 1916, 1; and “Everett Courts Vicious in Hatred of Workers,” IW, Dec. 30, 1916, 1.
181. IW, Nov. 18, 1916, 1.
182. See “Witnesses Having Trouble with Truth,” IW, Mar. 24, 1917, 1; “Everett Barbarity Revealed in Evidence,” IW, Apr. 14, 1917, 1; “Story of Savagery Graphically Developed,” IW, Apr. 21, 1917, 1; and “Conspiracy Bubble Punctured,” IW, May 1, 1917, 1. See also “Murder, but Probably ‘Legal,’” Call, Nov. 8, 1916, 6.
183. Solidarity, Apr. 21, 1917, 1.
184. “A Summary of the Everett Case,” Solidarity, July 2, 1917, 3.
185. “Verdict ‘Guilty’ against Everett Bosses,” IW, May 12, 1917, 1; and “ALL EVERETT PRISONERS RELEASED,” Solidarity, May 19, 1917, 1.
186. Christopher Capozzola, “‘The Only Badge Needed Is Your Patriotic Fervor: Vigilance, Coercion, and the Law in World War I America,” Journal of American History 88 (Mar. 2002): 1356.
187. See Arnon Gutfeld, “The Murder of Frank Little: Radical Labor Agitation in Butte, Montana, 1917,” Labour History 10 (Spring 1969): 177–92; and Mike Byrnes and Les Rickey, The Truth about the Lynching of Frank Little (Butte, Mont.: Old Butte Publishing, 2003).
188. John Stevens, “Press and Community Toleration: Wisconsin in World War I,” Journalism Quarterly 46 (Summer 1969): 257.
189. Chaplin, Wobbly, 198, 206.
190. See Michael R. Johnson, “The I.W.W. and Wilsonian Democracy,” Science and Society 28 (Summer 1964): 257–74.