1. “The Nude and the Prudes,” Agitator, July 1, 1911, 2.
2. “Arrest of the Editor,” Agitator, Sept. 1, 1911, 1.
3. See Nathaniel Hong, “Free Speech without an ‘If’ or a ‘But’: The Defense of Free Expression in the Radical Periodicals of Home, Washington, 1897–1912,” American Journalism 11 (Spring 1994): 139–53; and Charles Pierce Lewarne, Utopias in Puget Sound, 1885–1915 (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1975), 168–266.
4. Colin Ward, Anarchy in Action (London: Freedom House, 1982), 18–19.
5. William Marion Reedy, “The Daughter of the Dream,” ME 2 (Dec. 1908): 355.
6. “Social Revolution,” Blast 2 (Jan. 1, 1917): 2 (appeared originally in ME).
7. See Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, What Is Theft? (Charleston, S.C.: BiblioBazaar: 2007).
8. Frederick D. Buchstein, “The Anarchist Press in American Journalism,” Journalism History 1 (Summer 1974): 43.
9. See Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902; repr., Charleston, S.C.: Forgotten Books: 2008).
10. Discussions of the numerous variations of anarchism can be found in Giovanni Baldelli, Social Anarchism (Chicago: Aldine, Atherton, 1971); Lewis Call, Postmodern Anarchism (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2002); George Crowder, Classical Anarchism: The Political Thought of Godwin, Proudhon, Bakunin, and Kropotkin (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991); David De Leon, The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1978); Chaim Gans, Philosophical Anarchism and Political Disobedience (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992); Daniel Guérin, ed., No Gods, No Masters: Book One (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005); Peter Kropotkin, Anarchist Communism: Its Basis and Principles (London: “Freedom” Office, 1905); Margaret S. Marsh, Anarchist Women, 1870–1920 (Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press, 1981); Paul McLaughlin, Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism (Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2007); David Miller, Anarchism (London: J. M. Dent, 1984); Rudolf Rocker, Anarcho-Syndicalism (London: Secker and Warburg, 1938); and Crispin Sartwell, Against the State: An Introduction to Anarchist Political Theory (Albany: State Univ. of New York Press, 2008).
11. Nunzio Pernicone, “War among the Italian Anarchists: The Galleanisti’s Campaign against Carlo Tresca,” in The Lost World of Italian-American Radicalism: Politics, Labor and Culture, ed. Philip V. Cannistraro and Gerald Meyer (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003), 78.
12. Brigitte Koenig, “Law and Disorder at Home: Free Love, Free Speech, and the Search for an Anarchist Utopia,” Labor History 45 (May 2004): 205.
13. Dirk Hoerder, ed. Immigrant Labor Press in North America 1840s-1970s: An Annotated Bibliography, vol. 3, Migrants from Southern and Western Europe (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1987), 389. See also Kenyon Zimmer, “Anarchist Newspaper Circulation,” Kate Sharpley Library Wiki, last edited Apr. 29, 2013, accessed June 3, 2013, http://katesharpleylibrary.pbworks.com/w/page/13175715/Anarchist-newspaper-circulation.
14. The journal folded soon after Tucker’s composing room was destroyed in a fire on January 10, 1908. “On Picket Duty,” Liberty: Not the Daughter but the Mother of Order 17 (Apr. 1908): 1–4. See Shawn P. Wilbur, “Index of the Liberty Site,” Travelling in Liberty: Through the Pages of Benjamin Tucker’s Journal,” Aug. 6, 2007, accessed Nov. 15, 2009, http://travellinginliberty.blogspot.com/2007/08/index-of-liberty-site.html.
15. “State Socialism and Anarchism: How Far They Agree and Wherein They Differ,” Liberty 5 (Mar. 10, 1888): 3.
16. See Nathaniel Hong, “Constructing the Anarchist Beast in American Periodical Literature,” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 9 (Mar. 1992): 110–30.
17. Stanley Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers (New York: Paladin, 1973). See “The Week,” Public Opinion 31 (Sept. 19, 1901): 355–61.
18. Hong, “Constructing the Anarchist Beast,” 113, 126.
19. Quoted in “The Week,” Public Opinion 31 (Sept. 19, 1901): 355–61, accessed July 15, 2013, http://mckinleydeath.com/documents/magazines/PO31-12a.htm.
20. Margaret A. Blanchard, Revolutionary Sparks: Freedom of Expression in Modern America (New York: Oxford, 1992), 39–40. “Murder against Murder,” Freiheit, Sept. 5, 1901. Most died in 1906.
21. New York Journal, Apr. 10, 1901, 12.
22. See Brian Thornton, “When a Newspaper Was Accused of Killing a President,” Journalism History 26 (Autumn 2000): 108–16.
23. “The Week,” 355–61.
24. G. Gregory Kiser, “The Socialist Party in Arkansas, 1900–1912,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 40 (Summer 1981): 141.
25. A. M. Simons, “Anarchy vs. Socialism,” ISR 2 (Oct. 1901): 247. See also “Antidote of Anarchy,” Challenge, Sept. 21, 1901, 9; and A. M. Simons, “Socialism versus Anarchy,” and “The Necessary Anarchist,” both in Wilshire’s 12 (May 1908): 3, 7.
26. “Human Life Sacred or Cheap?” Call, Oct. 24, 1909, 8.
27. Editorial, Solidarity, June 6, 1914, 2. See also “Where Anarchism Ceases,” Solidarity, Aug. 12, 1916, 2.
28. Emma Goldman, “The Tragedy at Buffalo,” Free Society, Oct. 6, 1901, 1.
29. United States Official Postal Guide (Washington, D.C.: Post Office Department, 1911), 61.
30. Quoted in William Lamar, letter to the editor, Baltimore Evening Sun, no date, file “Excluding Publications from the Mail,” box 1, entry 47, RPOD.
31. “Observations and Comments,” ME 3 (Apr. 1908): 64 (italics in original).
32. John R. Coryell, “Comstockery,” ME 1 (Mar. 1906): 36.
33. Editor Abraham Isaak resumed the journal as Free Society with his wife, Mary, in San Francisco (1897–1904).
34. Wendy McElroy, Individualist Feminism of the Nineteenth Century: Collected Writings and Biographical Profiles (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2012), 96.
35. See William Lemore West, “The Moses Harman Story,” Kansas Historical Quarterly 37 (Spring 1971): 41–63.
36. John R. Coryell, “Comstockery,” ME 1 (Mar. 1906): 36, 34; and “Our Moral Censors,” 270–73. See also Max Baginski, “Three Portraits of St. Anthony,” reprinted in Anarchy! An Anthology of Emma Goldman’s Mother Earth, ed. Peter Glassgold (New York: Counterpoint, 2001), 229–36.
37. Koenig, “Law and Disorder at Home,” 205.
38. See Joanne Passet, “Power through Print: Lois Waisbrooker and Grassroots Feminism,” in Women in Print: Essays on the Print Culture of American Women from the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, ed. James Danky and Wayne Wiegand (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 2006), 229–50.
39. Hong, “Free Speech without an ‘If’ or a ‘But,’” 140, 145–46.
40. See “The Passing Show,” Agitator, Dec. 15, 1910, Mar. 15, 1911, Sept. 1, 1911, and Apr. 15, 1912, all page 1.
41. “The Agitator in History,” Agitator, Apr. 1, 1912, 3.
42. “Arrest of the Editor,”Agitator, Sept. 1, 1911, 1. See also “A Free Speech Fight,”Agitator, Sept. 1, 1911, 1; and Nathan Levin, “The Editor’s Defense,” Agitator, Jan. 15, 1912, 1.
43. Jay Fox, “The Editor Found Guilty,” Agitator, Jan. 15, 1912, 1.
44. Fox v. State of Washington 236 U.S. 273 (1915).
45. See Zechariah Chafee, “Freedom of Speech in Wartime,” Harvard Law Review 32 (1919): 932–73.
46. See Mary Carr, “Jay Fox: Anarchist of Home,” Columbia Magazine 4 (Spring 1990): 3–10.
47. Nancy Caldwell Sorel, “J. Edgar Hoover and Emma Goldman,” Atlantic Monthly 127 (Jan. 1993): 105.
48. David Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie (New York: Penguin, 2006), 435–36.
49. Quoted in Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1995), 62.
50. Martin Duberman, Mother Earth: An Epic Drama of Emma Goldman’s Life (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991), vii.
51. Christine Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Holt, 2000), 121.
52. Emma Goldman, Living My Life, vol. 1 (New York: Knopf, 1931), 229.
53. Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman: An Intimate Life (New York: Pantheon, 1984), 121.
54. Stansell, American Moderns, 144.
55. Richard Drinnon, Rebel in Paradise: A Biography of Emma Goldman (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1961), 99.
56. Wexler, Emma Goldman, 123–24.
57. “Observations and Comments,” ME 7 (Aug. 1912): 172.
58. Goldman, Living My Life, 312.
59. “Anniversary Musings,” ME 10 (Mar. 1915): 405.
60. Emma Goldman, Living My Life, 312.
61. Ben Reitman, “The End of the Tour and a Peep at the Next One,” ME 8 (Sept. 1913): 201–11.
62. George Shoaf, Fighting for Freedom (Kansas City, Mo.: Simplified Economics [1953]), 40.
63. Linda Cobb-Reilly, “Aliens and Alien Ideas: The Suppression of Anarchists and the Anarchist Press in America, 1901–1914,” Journalism History 15 (Summer–Autumn 1988): 54.
64. “To Our Friends,” ME 8 (May 1913): 65–66; and “To Our Readers,” ME 10 (Dec. 1915): 321–22.
65. “A Review of Our New York Activities,” ME 9 (Apr. 1914): 54–55.
66. “The Joys of Touring,” ME 3 (Jan. 1909): 370–75.
67. “The Joys of an Agitator,” ME 3 (Nov. 1908): 349.
68. “The Joys of Touring,” ME 3 (Mar. 1908): 36.
69. Ben Reitman, “The Respectable Mob,” ME 7 (June 1912): 112.
70. See Goldman, Living My Life, 494–503.
71. “A Protest and a Warning,” ME 8 (June 1912): 123.
72. Emma Goldman, “Outrage at San Diego,” ME 8 (June 1912): 122.
73. Ben Reitman, “San Diego Again,” ME 8 (June 1913): 111–12. See also Roger Burns, The Damnedest Radical: The Life and World of Ben Reitman, Chicago’s Celebrated Social Reformer, Hobo King, and Whorehouse Physician (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 2001).
74. See Peter Kropotkin, “Anarchist Morality,” ME 11 (Nov. 1916): 675; and special issue, “70th Birthday of Peter Kropotkin,” ME 7 (Dec. 1912).
75. ME 5 (Sept. 1910): 217–25.
76. “Why Anarchists Don’t Vote,” ME 8 (July 1913): 155.
77. “The End of the Odyssey,” ME 4 (Apr. 1909): 47.
78. “Observations and Comments,” ME 10 (Nov. 1915): 291.
79. “Observations and Comments,” ME 3 (Apr. 1908): 62; and “The Movement for Free Speech,” ME 4 (June 1909): 103–4. See also “The Free Speech Fight in Philadelphia,” ME 4 (Oct. 1909): 237–38; “Our Police Censorship,” ME 4 (Nov. 1909): 297–300; Ben Reitman, “The Free Speech Fight,” ME 5 (Mar. 1910): 23–28; “Another Fight for Free Speech,” ME 7 (Mar. 1912): 31–32; Emma Goldman, “Country-Wide Free Speech Fights,” ME 7 (Apr. 1912): 46–48; and “Gagging Free Speech,” ME 8 (Dec. 1913): 331.
80. H. Kelly, “An Anthology of Free Press,” ME 4 (Oct. 1909): 250.
81. Ben Reitman, “Three Years,” ME 6 (May 1911): 88.
82. “Observations and Comments,” ME 6 (Feb. 1912): 355–56; and “Observations and Comments,” ME 8 (July 1913): 135–36.
83. “Observations and Comments,” ME 8 (Mar. 1913): 6.
84. Hippolyte Havel, “Justice in Japan,” ME 5 (Oct. 1910): 354–58; “Observations and Comments,” ME 5 (Feb. 1914): 371; Alexander Berkman, “The Martyrs of Japan,” ME 6 (May 1911): 82–83; “Kotoku Defense Committee Fund,” ME 6 (May 1911): 93; and “The Mighty Police Constabulatory in India,” ME 11 (July 1916): 558–60.
85. “International Notes,” ME 3 (Mar. 1908): 49.
86. “Mother Earth Tenth Anniversary,” ME 10 (Mar. 1916): 402.
87. Reedy, “Daughter of the Dream,” 355–56.
88. Margaret Anderson, My Thirty Years War: An Autobiography (1930; repr., West–port, Conn.: Greenwood, 1971), 133.
89. Ernest Block, “Man and Music,” ME 12 (Apr. 1917): 56–60.
90. “Observations and Comments,” ME 8 (June 1913): 101.
91. See Wm. E. Bohn, “Poetry and the Social Unrest,” ISR 8 (Feb. 1908): 476–77.
92. See Haymarket twenty-fifth anniversary issue, ME 7 (Nov. 1912).
93. James Green, Taking History to Heart: The Power of the Past (Amherst: Univ. of Massachusetts Press, 2000), 132.
94. “The End of the Odyssey,” ME 4 (June 1910): 162.
95. Hippolyte Havel, “Socialism as It Is,” ME 7 (Aug. 1912): 184–87. See also Max Baginski, “Mistaken Aspects of Socialism,” ME 8 (Nov. 1913): 282–86; “Observations and Comments,” ME 7 (Apr. 1912): 36; and “Observations and Comments,” ME 6 (Oct. 1911): 233.
96. “Observations and Comments,” ME 5 (Aug. 1910): 178.
97. See “The Ballad of Youngstown,” Blast 1 (Jan. 22, 1916): 7.
98. Blast 1 (Jan. 1916): 1. See also “The ‘Dignity’ of Labor,” Blast 1 (May 1, 1916): 1; and “The Court Orders—” Blast 1 (Jan. 22, 1916): 1.
99. “Labor Mollusks,” Blast 1 (Jan. 29, 1916): 5.
100. “Direct Action vs. Respectability,” Blast 1 (Feb. 12, 1916): 6.
101. Emma Goldman, “The Failure of Christianity,” ME 9 (Mar. 1913): 41–48. See also Emma Goldman, “The Philosophy of Atheism,” ME 10 (Feb. 1916): 410–16.
102. “Golden Rule Myth,” Blast 1 (Mar. 4, 1916): 4.
103. “It Hurts,” Blast 1 (Feb. 26, 1916): 2.
104. Aileen Kraditor, The Radical Persuasion, 1890–1917 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1981), 238.
105. “Observations and Comments,” ME 3 (Oct. 1908): 306.
106. “What Is the Matter with Labor?” Blast 1 (Jan. 22, 1916): 3.
107. “Be Content,” Blast 1 (Feb. 19, 1916): 5.
108. “A Word to You,” Blast 1 (Feb. 12, 1916): 4. See also “Aspirations of The Blast,” Blast 1 (Jan. 22, 1916): 2.
109. Alexander Berkman, “An Intimate Word to the Social Rebels of America,” ME 10 (Dec. 1915): 330 (italics in original).
110. “The May Demonstration,” ME 4 (Apr. 1909): 72.
111. “Observations and Comments,” ME 3 (May 1908): 122; and “May Day Celebrations,” ME 8 (May 1913): 68.
112. “May Day Celebrations,” ME 8 (May 1913): 69–70. See also “Labor Day,” ME (Sept. 1908): 297–98; “Observations and Comments,” ME 6 (Sept. 1911): 194–95; and “Socialists Save the National Flag,” ME 7 (May 1912): 84–86.
113. “Evoluting Labor Day,” Blast 1 (Sept. 1, 1916): 5.
114. “The Myth of Peace,” Blast 1 (Jan. 29, 1916): 4.
115. “The New Strike,” Blast 1 (June 1, 1916): 5.
116. “Violence and Anarchism,” Blast 1 (Aug. 15, 1916): 4. See also Alexander Berkman, “Violence and Anarchism,” ME 3 (Apr. 1908): 67–68.
117. Hippolyte Havel, “Deeds of Violence,” ME 5 (Oct. 1910): 248.
118. “Why Revolutionary?” Blast 1 (Feb. 5, 1916): 2.
119. “John Brown, Direct Actionist,” ME 7 (Aug. 1912): 182–83; Max Baginski, “Wendell Phillips, the Agitator,” ME 6 (Nov. 1911): 266–69; and “Wendell Phillips on Sabotage,” Blast 1 (Mar. 15, 1916): 6.
120. “Emerson the Anarchist,” ME 4 (Dec. 1908): 329–32; “Thomas Paine’s Anarchism,” ME 4 (July 1910): 164–67; and “Observations and Comments,” ME 6 (May 1911): 73.
121. Norman Caulfield, Mexican Workers and the State: From the Porfiriato to NAFTA (Fort Worth: Texas Christian Univ. Press, 1998), 1.
122. “Gobierno?” Regenaración, Feb. 12, 1914, unnumbered pages, “Ricardo Flores Magón: Collected Works, Regeneratión,” Anarchist Archives: An Online Research Center on the History and Theory of Anarchism, ed. Reggie Rodriquez, updated Feb. 16, 1998, accessed Dec. 7, 2009, http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/bright/magon/works/regen/gobierno.html.
123. John A. Britton, Revolution and Ideology: Images of the Mexican Revolution in the United States (Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1995), 7, 25. See also John J. Johnson, Latin America in Caricature (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1980).
124. See Thomas Langham, Border Trials: Ricardo Flores Magón and the Mexican Liberals (El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1982); and Colin MacLachlan, Anarchism and the Mexican Revolution: The Political Trials of Ricardo Flores Magón in the United States (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1991).
125. See Ivie E. Cadenhead Jr., “The American Socialists and the Mexican Revolution of 1910,” Southwestern Social Science Quarterly 43 (Sept. 1962): 103–17. See also “The Heroine of the Mexican Revolution,” PW 2 (May 1909): 5; and “We Protest!” PW 4 (Apr. 1911): 3.
126. William Dirk Raat, “The Diplomacy of Suppression: Los Revoltosos, Mexico, and the United States, 1906–1911,” Hispanic American Historical Review 56 (Nov. 1976): 534, 540.
127. Fred Warren, “The Imprisoned Liberator,” Appeal, Feb. 27, 1909, 1.
128. “U.S. Officials Help Exterminate Martyrs,” Call, Aug. 1, 1908, 3.
129. See Elizabeth Trowbridge, “‘Undesirable Citizens,’” Appeal, Aug. 29, 1908, 2; Ricardo Flores Magón, “Magón Writes His Story,” Appeal, Feb. 27, 1909, 2; “Liberty for the Imprisoned Refugees,” Appeal, Mar. 6, 1909, 1; editorial, “To the Working Class of America,” Appeal, Mar. 27, 1909, 1; and Ricardo Flores Magón, “Mexico—The Workers’ Hell,” Appeal, May 29, 1909, 2.
130. Eugene Debs, “Rescue the Refugees,” Appeal, Jan. 2, 1909, 1.
131. Diana Christopulos details eight strategies of the Appeal’s Magón campaign: “American Radicals and the Mexican Revolution, 1900–1925” (PhD diss. State Univ. of New York at Binghamton, 1980), 83–95.
132. Mar. 6, 1909, 2. See also “In the Mexican Political Prison,” Appeal, Feb. 27, 1909, 2; and “Expiring under the Lash,” Appeal, Apr. 17, 1909, 2.
133. Untitled, Appeal, Feb. 27, 1909, 1. Shoaf also covered the trial: “Betrayed in Courts,” Appeal, May 8, 1909, 2; and “Verdict of Guilty,” Appeal, May 22, 1909, 1.
134. Shoaf, Fighting for Freedom, 110.
135. Ethel Duffy Turner, manuscript, “Ricardo Flores Magón y el Partdio Liberal Mexicano,” chap. 6, p. 10, box 1, MSS 75–108, EDT.
136. “Brought Them Flowers,” Tombstone Epitaph, Mar. 7, 1909, 1. Trowbridge and Sarabia married and had a daughter. She sold the Border in 1909 after investing tens of thousands of dollars in the magazine. Turner, Ricardo Flores Magón, chap. 7, pp. 2–3.
137. “Conviction at Tombstone,” Appeal, May 29, 1909, 1.
138. John Sherman, “Revolution on Trial: The 1909 Tombstone Proceedings against Ricardo Flores Magón, Antonio Villareal, and Librado Rivera,” Journal of Arizona History 32 (spring 1991): 190–91.
139. John Murray, “Mexico’s Peon-Slaves Preparing for Revolution,” ISR 9 (Mar. 1909): 641–59. See also untitled photograph and “Diaz Government a Horrible Inquisition of Torture and Murder,” both in Call, July 30, 1908, 1.
140. Appeal, June 9, 1909, 1. See also “The Fate of Our Mexican Comrades,” Jan. 9, 1909, supplement.
141. Christopulos, “American Radicals,” 98.
142. “Barbarous Mexico—Slave Colony of the United States,” Appeal, July 9, 1910, 1–2; “The Mexican Menace,”Appeal, July 23, 1910, 4; and “American Capitalism Official Executioner,” Appeal, July 30, 1910, 1. PW also ran excerpts of Barbarous Mexico in 1911, and ME recommended the series. “Observations and Comments,” ME 5 (Aug. 1910): 182–83.
143. John Kenneth Turner, “The American Partners of Díaz,” ISR 10 (Dec. 1910): 321. See also John Kenneth Turner, “The Revolution in Mexico,” ISR 11 (Jan. 1911): 417–23; and John Kenneth Turner, “Why Mexican Workers Rebel,” ISR 11 (Apr. 1911): 589–92.
144. See Britton, Revolution and Ideology, 36–40.
145. “John Kenneth Turner Writes the Appeal from a Mexican Prison,” Appeal, Mar. 8, 1913, 1. See also John Kenneth Turner to Fred Warren, Feb. 21, 1913, fol. 97, J-HC; and John Kenneth Turner, “Why I Am for Zapata,” New Review 2 (June 1914): 325–27.
146. Secretary of State Philander Knox to James Williams, Feb. 27, 1913, fol. 97, H-JC. See also John Kenneth Turner to Fred Warren, Feb. 21, 1913, Warren to Henry Ashurst, Feb. 21, 1913, and Ashurst to Warren, Feb. 22, 1913, telegrams; Richard Harding Davis to Ashurst, Feb. 25, 1913; and William Borland to Williams, Feb. 26, 1913, all in fol. 97, H-JC.
147. Sherman, “Revolution on Trial,” 190.
148. Ralph Chaplin, Wobbly: The Rough-and-Tumble Story of an American Radical (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1948), 113.
149. Quoted in Call, Sept. 15, 1910, 1.
150. “Manifesto of the Mexican Revolution,” ME 7 (Mar. 1912): 15–23. See also “The Significance of the Mexican Revolution,” ME 8 (Dec. 1913): 300–303; and “Observations and Comments,” ME 11 (July 1916): 531.
151. De Cleyre died of meningitis on June 20, 1912, in Chicago, and was buried near the Haymarket anarchists in Waldheim Cemetery. Her death inspired an outpouring of loss in Mother Earth, which devoted its July 1912 issue to her memory. See Paul Avrichs, An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1978).
152. Eugene Debs, “The Crisis in Mexico,” ISR 12 (July 1911): 22–23.
153. Voltairine de Cleyre, “The Mexican Revolt,” ME 12 (Aug. 1911): 167–71 (reprinted from Regeneración). De Cleyre also condemned Berger for calling PLM members “bandits” (170).
154. Jay Fox, “Greatest Figure in History,” Agitator, Nov. 15, 1911, 2. See also W. C. Owen, “Debs Sides with the Reactionists,” Agitator, Aug. 1, 1911, 1.
155. “Observations and Comments,” ME 6 (July 1911); and Wm. C. Owen, “Mexico and Socialists,” ME 6 (Sept. 1911): 199–202. See also “Direct Action versus Impossibilism,” ME 7 (Apr. 1912): 39.
156. Eugene Debs, “The Mexican Revolution,” Appeal, Aug. 19, 1911, 4.
157. Salvatore Salerno, Red November, Black November: Culture and Community in the Industrial Workers of the World (Albany: State Univ. of New York Press, 1989): 174n59.
158. Editorial, “Land and Liberty,” Solidarity, Dec. 13, 1913, 2. See also “Villa and the I.W.W.,” Solidarity, July 25, 1914, 2.
159. “Mexicans Fight for Freedom,” Solidarity, Sept. 6, 1913, 1. See also “Mexican Intervention,” Solidarity, Oct. 11, 1913, 1.
160. Jack London, “The Trouble Makers in Mexico,” Collier’s 53 (June 14, 1914): 25.
161. “Taft Plans Invasion of Mexico in Next Few Days; Call for 200,000 Volunteers Ready to be Issued,” Call, May 5, 1911, 1. See also “Call’s Story Upsets Taft’s Plans; Knox May Get Out,” Call, May 8, 1911, 1; and “Observations and Comments,” ME 9 (May 1914): 67.
162. Gaylord Wilshire, “Taft and Mexico,” Wilshire’s 15 (June 1911): 4. See also “What Is Really the Matter with Mexico,” and “The Peons Must Have Land,” both in Wilshire’s 17 (Mar. 1913): 4, 5.
163. See John Reed, Insurgent Mexico (New York: International Publishers, 1914); William Owen, “The Modern Robin Hood,” New Review 4 (June 1916): 177–78; and Robert Minor’s cartoon, The Man behind the Gun, Rip-Saw 10 (Apr. 1913): 1.
164. Christopulos, “American Radicals,” 201–2.
165. See Robert E. Quirk, An Affair of Honor: Woodrow Wilson and the Occupation of Veracruz (New York: Norton, 1967).
166. Mary Marcy, “Whose War Is This?” ISR 14 (June 1914): 729–31; “More Murdered Children!” ISR 14 (June 1914): 731; “The Situation in Mexico,” ISR 14 (June 1914): 732–35; editorial, “A Rich Man’s War,” ISR 14 (June 1914): 751; Charles Beard, “The Key to the Mexican Problem,” and “Financial Intervention in Mexico,” both in New Review 2 (June 1914): 321–24, 327–29; and “WAR! War!” Rip-Saw 11 (May 1914): 1.
167. “Circulate This Paper,” Party Builder, Apr. 25, 1914, 4. “See also “The Capitalist Press and War,” Party Builder, May 2, 1914, 6.
168. David Bruce, “Bleeding Mexico,” ISR 16 (Apr. 1916): 581–86; John Kenneth Turner, “Recall the U.S. Troops from Mexico,” Appeal, Mar. 25, 1916, 1; John Kenneth Turner, “Marching through Mexico,” ISR 16 (May 1916): 652–55; and John Kenneth Turner, “Compel Wilson and Wall Street to Keep the Peace of America—Appeal Will Tear Mask from Punitive Mexican Expedition,” Appeal, May 6, 1916, 1.
169. “Labor Intervention,” Blast 1 (Jan. 29, 1916): 4. See also Selig Schulberg, “Mexico,” on page 3 of the same issue; “Villa or Wilson—Which Is the Bandit?” Blast 1 (Mar. 4, 1916): 2; “Murder for Profit,” Blast 1 (Mar. 15, 1916): 5; “The Assault upon Mexico,” New Review 4 (Apr. 1916): 97–98; and “Withdraw from Mexico!” New Review 4 (May 1916): 135–36.
170. W. M. Cookson to San Francisco inspector, Feb. 21, 1916, file 44548, box 58, entry 36, RPOD.
171. “The Arrest of the Magón Brothers,” ME 11 (Apr. 1916): 491.
172. See “Carranza’s Doom,” Blast 1 (Dec. 1, 1916, 6; “Letter from Enrique Magón,” ME 11 (July 1916): 556–57; “Address of Enrique Magón in the Federal Court, Los Angeles,” ME 11 (Aug. 1916): 570–78; “Death Penalty for Strikers,” ME 11 (Sept. 1916) 612–14; and “Mexican Notes,” ME 11 (Oct. 1916): 650–52.
173. “Organizing Junta of Mexican Liberal Party,” ME 10 (Apr. 1915): 86.
174. “A Last Call to Radicals,” Blast 1 (Sept. 15, 1916): 6. See also “Muzzling Discontent,” Blast 1 (Feb. 26, 1916): 5; “The Magón Case,” Blast 1 (Apr. 15, 1916): 4; “Hail to the Magóns!” Blast 1 (July 1, 1916): 5; and ‘“Think of the Magóns,” Blast 1 (June 1, 1916): 2.
175. “An Appeal in Behalf of the Magóns,” ME 11 (June 1916): 533.
176. Quoted in Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 62.
1. Ralph Hancock, Fabulous Boulevard (New York: Funk & Wagnall, 1949), 98.
2. See also “The Right of Free Speech,” Challenge 2 (Apr. 3, 1901): 3; and “Free Speech Assured,” Challenge 2 (June 5, 1901): 14.
3. R. Laurence Moore, European Socialists and the American Promised Land (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1970), 198.
4. Howard Quint, “Gaylord Wilshire and Socialism’s First Congressional Campaign,” Pacific Historical Review 26 (Nov. 1957): 334.
5. Murray S. Stedman Jr., “‘Democracy’ in American Communal and Socialist Literature,” Journal of the History of Ideas 12 (Jan. 1951): 151.
6. Lois Palken Rudnick, Utopian Vistas: The Mabel Dodge Luhan House and the American Counterculture (Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1996), 26. See also Daniel Joseph Singal, “Towards a Definition of American Modernism,” American Quarterly 39 (Spring 1987): 1–27.
7. Howard Quint, introduction to Wilshire’s, reprint ed. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1970), unnumbered pages.
8. Quint, “Gaylord Wilshire,” 332–33.
9. Robert D. Reynolds Jr., “The Millionaire Socialists: J. G. Phelps and His Circle of Friends” (PhD diss., Univ. of South Carolina, 1974), 46.
10. Kevin Starr, Inventing the Dream: California through the Progressive Era (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1986), 211.
11. Hancock, Fabulous Boulevard, 120; “Two Biographies of Wilshire,” Wilshire’s 4 (Mar. 1902): 58; and “Wilshire Passes in New York: Word of Death of Pioneer of Los Angeles Received by Relative Here,” Los Angeles Times, Sept. 8, 1927, A12.
12. “Salutatory,” Challenge 1 (Dec. 26, 1900): 4.
13. Ray Stannard Baker, “The American Commercial Invasion of the World,” Challenge 2 (Mar. 6, 1901): 1; and John Brisben Walker, “The Trusts and Their Finish,” Challenge 2 (Mar. 13, 1901): 7.
14. “The ‘Christian’ Socialist,” Challenge 2 (Feb. 20, 1901): 10.
15. “Wouldn’t This J.A.R. You?” Wilshire’s 4 (Feb. 1902): 72.
16. Hancock, Fabulous Boulevard, 99.
17. See “Bryan v. Wilshire,” Challenge 1 (Mar. 13, 1901): 1; and “$10,000 for Bryan,” Challenge 2 (May 22, 1901): 1.
18. Gaylord Wilshire, Wilshire Editorials (Los Angeles: Wilshire Book Co., 1906), 379.
19. “Phrenology and Socialism,” Wilshire’s 6 (Apr. 1904): 180.
20. “Wilshire, the Whirler,” Wilshire’s 1 (Oct. 1902): 18.
21. “The Mails of the Gods,” Wilshire’s 5 (June 1903): 5.
22. Herbert Casson, “A Conspiracy of Silence,” Wilshire’s 3 (Jan. 1902): 25.
23. “Will You Walk into My Parlor?” Says Spider Madden to Fly Wilshire, Wilshire’s 3 (Jan. 1902): 7.
24. “How Wilshire’s Goes with the Current,” Wilshire’s 10 (June 1906): 6.
25. From Walter Crane, Challenge 2 (Oct. 5, 1901): 16.
26. Caught? Wilshire’s 3 (Feb. 1902): 65.
27. See Bryan’s Reason for not Debating with Wilshire—“Because,” Challenge 2 (June 12, 1901): 11, Uneasy Lies the Head that Would Wear a Crown, Challenge 2 (June 26, 1901): 11; and “Bryan’s Pipe Dream,” Wilshire’s 10 (Oct. 1906): 1.
28. “A Cartoonist of the People,” Wilshire’s 4 (Oct. 1902): 30.
29. Tickled to Death, Wilshire’s 11 (Aug. 1907): 1. See also The Standard Kennels, Wilshire’s 11 (Mar. 1907): 1.
30. See for example, “Current Events,” Wilshire’s 5 (Mar. 1903): 69–73, and (Aug. 1903): 76–81. The section became “Cartoon & Comment” in 1904.
31. H. Gaylord Wilshire, “Let Our Hearts Go Out,” Challenge 2 (Nov. 1901): 34–35; and Leonard Abbott, “Art and Socialism,” Wilshire’s 4 (Mar. 1902): 41–42. See also Walter Crane, “Art: Its Social and Ethical Bearing,” Challenge 2 (Nov. 1901): 49; A. M. Simons, “The Economic Foundation of Art,” Wilshire’s 4 (Nov. 1902): 56–61; Louelle Dyer, “Tolstoi on Excellence in Art,” Wilshire’s 5 (Mar. 1903): 54–59; and Julian Hawthorne, “Delight and the Soul of Art,” Wilshire’s 5 (July 1903): 14–16.
32. See George Edgar Frye, “The Toiler’s Lament,” Wilshire’s 4 (Dec. 1902): 39; “A Visit with Edwin Markham,” Wilshire’s 5 (June 1903): 64–65; Lydia DeWitt, “Poverty,” Wilshire’s 6 (June 1904): 276; Joyce Kilmer, “The Harlots’ Marching Song,” Wilshire’s 12 (Jan. 1908): 15; and Ella Wheeler Wilcox, “The Coming Man,” Wilshire’s 4 (Nov. 1902): 83.
33. “Walt Whitman,” Wilshire’s 4 (Nov. 1902): 76–83; Frank Stuhlman, “A Shot at Shakespeare,” Wilshire’s 6 (May 1904): 277.
34. “John Burroughs and Walt Whitman,” Wilshire’s 5 (Feb. 1903): 64–67. See also Frederic Burry, “Socialism and Art,” Wilshire’s 5 (Apr. 1903): 40.
35. Editorial, Wilshire’s 4 (Dec. 1902): 11.
36. See “Marvelous Ocean Dredges,” Wilshire’s 5 (July 1903): 72–78; “Toward Human Brotherhood,” Wilshire’s 5 (Sept. 1903): 85; and “The Newest Automobile Triumph,” Wilshire’s 5 (Sept. 1903): 10–11.
37. “Marconi’s Wonderful Achievement,” Wilshire’s 11 (Dec. 1907): 7. See also Gerald Stanley Lee, “The Poetry of a Machine Age,” Wilshire’s 4 (Oct. 1902): 46–54.
38. See Alton Adams, “Cost of Municipal vs. Private Gas,” Wilshire’s 5 (Sept. 1903): 21–24; “The Minolta Strike,” Wilshire’s 5 (Sept. 1903): 11–19; and Henry Morris, “The Conspiracy against Labor in Colorado,” Wilshire’s 6 (May 1904): 219–22.
39. “The Farmer’s Problem,” Wilshire’s 6 (Sept. 1904): 373.
40. H. Gaylord Wilshire, “The Trust Problem,” Challenge 2 (Apr. 24, 1901): 1–5; H. Gaylord Wilshire, “The Solution of the Trusts,” Challenge 2 (June 20, 1901): 1–5; and “The Significance of the Trusts,” Challenge 2 (Nov. 1901): 16–26. See also Merwin-Marie Snell, “Psychological Evils of the Trusts,” Wilshire’s 4 (Dec. 1902): 37–39.
41. “Questions and Answers,” Wilshire’s 6 (June 1904): 288–89.
42. “Story of a Successful Magazine,” Wilshire’s 10 (Jan. 1906): 2; and “Wilshire’s Girls on a Pic-nic,” Wilshire’s 10 (Aug. 1906): 15.
43. “Gorky’s Reception by New York and Mrs. Gorky,” Wilshire’s 10 (May 1906): 3, 10.
44. “Editorial Review,” Wilshire’s 6 (Sept. 1904): 371; and “Haywood in New York,” Wilshire’s 12 (Mar. 1908): 8.
45. Reynolds, “Millionaire Socialists,” 22, 52.
46. “Gems from Darrow’s Argument to Haywood Jury,” Wilshire’s 11 (Sept. 1907): 14.
47. “How Wilshire’s Goes with the Current,” Wilshire’s 10 (June 1906): 6.
48. Quint, introduction. See also “My Utopias for Sale,” Wilshire’s 4 (Apr. 1902): 68–69; ad, Wilshire’s 6 (July 1904): 322–23; and “Story of a Successful Magazine,” Wilshire’s 10 (Jan. 1906): 2.
49. “Our Prize Winners,” Wilshire’s 6 (Jan. 1904): 57; and photograph, Wilshire’s 6 (Aug. 1904): 359.
50. “Round the World with Wilshire’s,” Wilshire’s 13 (June 1909): 2. Thomas J. Mooney, later convicted but eventually pardoned of setting off a bomb that killed ten people in the 1916 San Francisco preparedness parade, won second prize: a trip to the 1910 International Socialist Congress in Copenhagen.
51. “Story of a Successful Magazine,” Wilshire’s 10 (Jan. 1906): 2.
52. Editorial, “A Socialist Argument,” Collier’s 37 (July 28, 1906): 7. See Wilshire’s reply, “Collier’s Sanctified by Autos,” Wilshire’s 10 (Sept. 1906): 5.
53. “Now Bishop Creek Gold Stock at 50c,” Milwaukee Social-Democratic Herald, Nov. 14, 1908, 2. See also “Berger’s Organ and Its Policy,” Wilshire’s 14 (Sept. 1910): 2–3.
54. “Is Haywood a Traitor?” Wilshire’s 17 (Jan. 1913): 4.
55. “Get Rich Quick Schemes,” ISR 11 (Feb. 1911): 486–87.
56. See “The Post Office, the World, Wilshire, and His Nemesis,” Wilshire’s 15 (Jan. 1911): 3–5; Allan Benson, “The Slanderer Silenced,” Wilshire’s 15 (Jan. 1911): 6–7; and “A Letter from Eugene Debs,” Wilshire’s 15 (Mar. 1911): 7.
57. “The Los Angeles Case: Dynamite or Gas?” Wilshire’s 15 (Sept. 1911): 2–3; and “The McNamara Brothers Confess,” Wilshire’s 16 (Feb. 1912): 4.
58. See “The Psychology of Syndicalism,” Wilshire’s 17 (Mar. 1913): 4; “The Psychology of Syndicalism,” Wilshire’s 17 (May 1913): 8; and “How to Bring About the Social Revolution,” Wilshire’s 17 (Aug.–Sept. 1913): 2–3.
59. “The Future of the Socialist Movement,” Wilshire’s 17 (Feb. 1915): 3.
60. John Patrick Diggins, American Left in the Twentieth Century (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1973), 80. See also Joseph R. Conlin, ed. The American Radical Press, 1880–1960, vol. 1 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1974), 6; and Christine Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Holt, 2000), 173–74.
61. Keith Richwine, “The Liberal Club: Bohemia and the Resurgence in Greenwich Village, 1912–1918” (PhD diss., Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1968), 42.
62. Mark Pittenger, “Science, Culture, and the New Socialist Intellectuals before World War I,” Radical History Review 28 (Spring 1987): 77.
63. Alex Baskin, “Introduction: The Masses: America’s Journal of Art, Satire and Socialism,” The Masses, reprint ed. (Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus Reprinting, 1980), unnumbered page.
64. Max Eastman, Enjoyment of Living (New York: Harper, 1948), 394.
65. “Editorial Notice,” Masses 4 (Dec. 1912): 3.
66. James Burkhart Gilbert, Writers and Partisans: A History of Literary Radicalism in America (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1968), 10.
67. See Edward Abrahams, The Lyrical Left: Randolph Bourne, Alfred Stieglitz, and the Origins of Cultural Radicalism in America (Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia, 1986).
68. Arturo Giovannitti, “What I Think of the Masses,” Masses 7 (July 1916): 5. See also Emmanuel Julius, “Humor in American Art,” Call, May 2, 1915, SM1.
69. Leslie Fishbein, Rebels in Bohemia: The Radicals of The Masses, 1911–1917 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1982), 18; and Frederick Hoffman, Charles Allen, and Carolyn Ulrich, The Little Magazine: A History and a Bibliography (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1946), 29.
70. Granville Hicks, John Reed: The Making of a Revolutionary (New York: Macmillan, 1936), 93.
71. Rebecca Zurier, Art for The Masses: A Radical Magazine and Its Graphics, 1911–1917 (Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press, 1988), 125. See also Richard Fitzgerald, Art and Politics: Cartoonists of the Masses and Liberator (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1973); Margaret Jones, Heretics and Hellraisers: Women Contributors to the Masses, 1911–1917 (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1993); and William O’Neill, ed. Echoes of Revolt: The Masses, 1911–1917 (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1976).
72. Gilbert, Writers and Partisans, 18, 19.
73. James Oppenheim, “The Story of the Seven Arts,” American Mercury 20 (June 1930): 157.
74. Quoted in Zurier, Art for The Masses, 37.
75. For an illustration of the building, see Glenn Coleman, “Mid Pleasures and Palaces—” Masses 5 (June 1914): 3.
76. Mary Heaton Vorse, Fortune to Folly (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1935), 42.
77. Stansell, American Moderns, 231.
78. Cornelia Barns, Anti-Suffrage Meeting: ‘United We Stand!’ Masses 5 (Mar. 1914): 16; Elizabeth Greig, Voters, Masses 6 (Dec. 1914): 4; Cornelia Barns, Anti-Suffrage Argument No. 187, Masses 5 (Mar. 1913): 12; and Elizabeth Grieg, “Look at that Suffragette, Madge,” Masses 7 (Oct.–Nov. 1915): 19. Men also drew pro-suffrage cartoons. See Maurice Becker, They Ain’t Our Equals Yet, Masses 9 (Jan. 1917): 18, and She’s Got the Point, Masses 5 (Oct. 1913): 10; and Charles Winter, The Militant, Masses 4 (Aug. 1913): cover.
79. Max Eastman, Enjoyment of Living (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), 403–4.
80. Floyd Dell, “Memories of the Old Masses,” American Mercury 68 (Apr. 1949): 485.
81. See ad, “The Masses Book Shop,” Masses 7 (Aug. 1916): 3.
82. Zurier, Art for The Masses, 66.
82. Freedom of the Press, Masses 4 (Dec. 1912): 10–11.
83. “A Word from the Masses,” Call, May 27, 1913, 6.
84. Literary Digest 48 (Mar. 14, 1914): 556–57.
86. “Tannenbaum before Pilate,” ME 9 (Apr. 1914): 47–49; and “Tannenbaum’s Speech,” Masses 5 (May 1914): 3. See also Mabel Dodge Luhan, Intimate Memories, vol. 3, Movers and Shakers (New York: Harcourt-Brace, 1936), 96–116.
87. Calling the Christian Bluff, Masses 5 (Apr. 1914): 12–13.
88. ISR 14 (June 1914): 756.
89. See Frank Tannenbaum, “What I Saw in Prison,” Masses 6 (May 1915): 8–9; Frank Tannenbaum, “The Blackwell’s Island Hell,” Masses 6 (June 1915): 16–17; Frank Tannenbaum, “A Strike in Prison,” Masses 6 (July 1915): 16–18; and Frank Tannenbaum, “Blackwell’s Revisited,” Masses 7 (Apr. 1916): 27. See also Frank Tannenbaum, “The Inside of a Prison,” New Review 3 (June 1, 1915): 56.
90. See Charles Hale, “Frank Tannenbaum and the Mexican Revolution,” Hispanic American Historical Review 75 (May 1995): 215–46.
91. “The Cartoon as a Means of Artistic Expression,” Current Literature 53 (Oct. 1912): 461.
92. Masses 4 (July 1913): cover. See also Maurice Becker, Beware of Pickpockets, Masses 4 (Feb. 1913): 7; George Bellows, In the Spring a Young Man’s Fancy, Masses 5 (Apr. 1914): 19; John Barber, Homeward Bound, Masses 8 (Apr. 1916): 19; Maurice Becker, Harbinger of Spring, Masses 8 (May 1916): cover; and Henry Glintenkamp, At Carnegie Hall, Masses 9 (May 1917): 20.
93. Floyd Dell, “What Does It Mean?’” Masses 7 (Apr. 1916): 23.
94. Gee, Mag, Think of Us Bein’ on a Magazine Cover! Masses 4 (June 1913): cover.
95. “A Ballad,” Masses 8 (Jan. 1916): 13.
96. “Which Do You Agree With?” Masses 7 (Oct. 1916): 36.
97. Arturo Giovannitti, “Our Legal Baptism,” and “Are We Indecent,” both in Masses 8 (Sept. 1916): 25, 21.
98. See Eastman, Enjoyment of Living, 548–99; and Zurier, Art for The Masses, 35–36.
99. Editorial, James Oppenheim, Seven Arts 1 (Mar. 1917): 504–5.
100. Theodore Dreiser, “Life, Art and America,” Seven Arts 1 (Feb. 1917): 363–89.
101. Gilbert, Writers and Partisans, 34.
102. See Casey Nelson Blake, Beloved Community: The Cultural Criticism of Randolph Bourne, Van Wyck Brooks, Waldo Frank, and Lewis Mumford (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1990); Bruce Clayton, Forgotten Prophet: The Life of Randolph Bourne (Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1998); and Olaf Hansen, ed., Randolph Bourne: The Radical Will: Selected Writings, 1911–1918 (New York: Urizen, 1990).
103. Randolph Bourne, “Toward a Trans-National America,” Atlantic Monthly 118 (July 1916): 86–97.
104. Randolph Bourne, “The War and the Intellectuals,” Seven Arts 2 (June 1917): 133–46. See also Randolph Bourne, “A War Diary,” Seven Arts 2 (Sept. 1917): 535–47; and Randolph Bourne, “Twilight of Idols,” Seven Arts 2 (Oct. 1917): 688–702.
105. Oppenheim, “Story of the Seven Arts,” 163, 164 (italics in original). See also “To the Friends of the Seven Arts,” Seven Arts 2 (Oct. 1917): 1.
106. Robert Rives La Monte, “The New Intellectuals,” New Review 2 (Jan. 1914): 43, 52.
107. See Dale Riepe, introduction to The New Review, vol. 1, reprint ed. (New York: Greenwood Reprint Corporation, 1968): unnumbered pages; and “An Important Announcement,” Masses 8 (Aug. 1916): 5
108. Margaret Anderson, “Art and Anarchism,” Little Review 2 (Mar. 1916): 3.
109. Margaret Anderson, “Toward Revolution,” Little Review 2 (Dec. 1915): 5.
110. Anderson v. Patten, 47 Fed. 382 (S.D.N.Y. 1917). The Ulysses fight culminated in 1920 when the New York Society for the Prevention of Vice charged the magazine with obscenity. Anderson lost, and the novel remained banned until a federal Court of Appeals upheld a district court ruling in its favor, United States v. One Book Entitled Ulysses by James Joyce, 72 F.2d 705, 706–7 (2d Cir. 1934). See Paul Vanderham, James Joyce and Censorship: The Trials of Ulysses (New York: New York Univ. Press, 1997).
111. Reynolds, “Millionaire Socialists,” 263, 351. See Max Horn, The Intercollegiate Socialist Society, 1905–1921: Origins of the Modern American Student Movement (New York: John Wiley, 1982).
112. Matthew Schneirov, The Dream of a New Social Order: Popular Magazines in America 1893–1914 (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1994), 4, 3, 257.
113. “The Great Magazines of Socialism,” Wilshire’s 10 (July 1906): 7.
114. “A Year of Disintegration,” ISR 7 (Jan. 1907): 434–35.
115. Hamlin Garland, “Homestead and Its Perilous Trades—Impressions of a Visit,” McClure’s 3 (June 1894): 3–20; and Hamlin Garland, “Homestead as Seen by One of Its Workmen,” McClure’s 3 (July 1894): 163–9.
116. Tarbell’s epic, The History of the Standard Oil Company, first published in 1904, is now available at the Internet Archive (accessed July 17, 2013, http://archive.org/details/historyofstandar00tarbuoft).
117. Ray Stannard Baker, “Railroads on Trial,” in six installments, McClure’s 26 (Nov. 1905–Mar. 1906): 47–59, 179–94, 318–31, 398–411, 535–49, and 24 (June 1906): 131–45.
118. See S. S. McClure, “The Increase of Lawlessness in the United States,” McClure’s 24 (Dec. 1904): 170.
119. “The Metropolitan’s Price Theory,” Wilshire’s 17 (Apr. 1913): 5.
120. See Carlos de Fornaro, “Intervention—What For?” Masses 4 (Apr. 1913): 3; L. Gutierrez de Lara, “The Mexican Revolution,” Masses 5 (Apr. 1914): 20; John Reed, “Jimenez and Beyond,” Masses 5 (Aug. 1914): 17–18; John Reed, “Persecution of Mexican Refugees,” Masses 7 (June 1916): 22–24; and Lincoln Steffens, “A Talk across the Border,” Masses 7 (July 1916): 14–15.
121. Morris Hillquit, Loose Leaves from a Busy Life (New York: Rand School Press, 1934), 68–69.
122. Robert Hunter, “Burdens Borne by Women,” Cosmopolitan 40 (Dec. 1905): 155–62.
123. Jack London, “What Life Means to Me,” Cosmopolitan 40 (Mar. 1906): 526–29; and Upton Sinclair, “What Life Means to Me,” Cosmopolitan 41 (Oct. 1906): 591–95.
124. “The Social Unrest,” Cosmopolitan 41 (July 1906): 297–302. Hunter and Ambrose Bierce, then a Hearst journalist, also were on the roundtable.
125. Schneirov, Dream of a New Social Order, 243.
126. Carl Ulonska, “Let Us Support Our Own Press,” ISR 14 (Oct. 1913): 227–28.
1. See Axel R. Schafer, “W. E. B. Du Bois, German Social Thought, and the Racial Divide in American Progressivism, 1892–1909,” Journal of American History 88 (Dec. 2001): 925–49.
2. Quoted in David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919 (New York: Holt, 1993), 144.
3. “Negro and Socialism,” and “Socialist of the Path,” both in Horizon: A Journal of the Color Line (Feb. 1907): 6–10, 3–4.
4. Mark Van Wienen and Julie Kraft, “How the Socialism of W. E. B. Du Bois Still Matters: Black Socialism in The Quest of the Silver Fleece—and Beyond,” African American Review 41 (Spring 2007): 71. Du Bois biographer David Levering Lewis is less convinced. He wrote that the novel’s socialism is as “randomly presented and undeveloped” as were Du Bois’s socialist beliefs at the time. Lewis, Biography of a Race, 447.
5. “Socialism and the Negro Problem,” New Review 1 (Feb. 1, 1913): 138–41.
6. Charles Dobbs, “The Farmer and the Negro,” ISR 4 (Apr. 1904): 613–14; and Clarence Meily, “Socialism and the Negro Problem,” ISR 4 (Nov. 1903): 267.
7. NAACP, “Table No. I,” Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States 1889–1918 (1919; repr., New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969), 29.
8. See David Mindich, Just the Facts: How “Objectivity” Came to Define American Journalism (New York: New York Univ. Press, 1998), 113–36; and Ida Wells-Barnett, The Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynching in the United States, originally published in 1895, accessed Sept. 26, 2010, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14977/14977-h/14977-h.htm.
9. Richard Digby-Junger, “The Guardian, Crisis, Messenger, and Negro World: The Early-Twentieth-Century Black Radical Press,” Howard Journal of Communications 9 (July 1998): 264, 279, 281.
10. “The Oath of the Negro Voter,” Crisis 15 (Nov. 1917): 1.
11. “Co-operation,” Crisis 14 (Aug. 1917): 166.
12. W. E. B Du Bois, The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois (New York: International Publishers, 1968), 255.
13. See “Forward Backward,” Crisis 2 (Oct. 1911): 244; “Organized Labor, Crisis 4 (July 1912): 131.
14. Theodore Kornweibel Jr., No Crystal Stair: Black Life and The Messenger, 1917–1928 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1975), 42–43.
15. Digby-Junger, “Guardian, Crisis, Messenger, and Negro World,” 280.
16. Ad, Messenger 1, Nov. 1917, 21.
17. Kornweibel, No Crystal Stair, 49. See also Sondra Kathryn Wilson, ed. The Messenger Reader: Stories, Poetry, and Essays from the Messenger Magazine (New York: Modern Library, 2000).
18. “Some Reasons Why Negroes Should Vote the Socialist Ticket,” Messenger 1 (Nov. 1917): 16–20.
19. Digby-Junger, “Guardian, Crisis, Messenger, and Negro World,” 267.
20. Kornweibel, No Crystal Stair, 32–33.
21. Chandler Owen, “The Failure of the Negro Leaders,” Messenger 2 (Jan. 1918): 24.
22. “Lynching: Capitalism Its Cause: Socialism Its Cure,” Messenger 2 (Mar. 1919): 9.
23. Fletcher’s sentence was commuted, and he was released in 1923; he received a full presidential pardon from President Franklin Roosevelt in 1933. Philip Foner, “The IWW and the Black Worker,” Journal of Negro History 55 (Jan. 1970): 58–59. See also Peter Cole, ed. Ben Fletcher: The Life and Times of a Black Wobbly (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 2006).
24. “The Messenger,” reprinted in Messenger 2 (Aug. 1919): 29.
25. See Sally Miller, “For White Men Only: The Socialist Party of America and Issues of Gender, Ethnicity, and Race,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 2 (Winter 2003): 283–302.
26. George Shoaf, Fighting for Freedom (Kansas City, Mo.: Simplified Economics [1953]), 50.
27. “The View of the Biologist,” Call, June 5, 1910, SM8.
28. “Editor Boasts of Murder of Negro,” Call, Oct. 19, 1911, 4.
29. Letter, D. Burgess, “Workers and Racial Hate,” IW, June 4, 1910, 4.
30. Masses 5 (July 1914): 17. See also Mary White Ovington, “The White Brute,” Masses 6 (Nov. 1915): 17.
31. “Niggers and Night-Riders,” Masses 4 (Jan. 1913): 6.
32. Amy Helene Kirschke, Art in Crisis: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Struggle for African American Identity and Memory (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 2007), 32.
33. Blast 1 (Jan. 15, 1917): cover; Masses 6 (Aug. 1915): cover. See also “Another Negro Outrage,” Masses 5 (July 1914): 20; and “Southern Humor,” Masses 5 (July 1914): 17.
34. ISR 11 (Feb. 1911): 474. See also editorial, “The Crime of Lynching,” Rip-Saw 10 (Jan. 1913): 3.
35. Eugene Debs, “The Negro in the Class Struggle,” ISR 4 (Nov. 1903): 258, 259, 260.
36. “The Negro and Socialism,” ISR 4 (Jan. 1904): 392–93.
37. Eugene Debs, “Not Racial but Class Distinction, Last Analysis of Negro Problem—Debs,” Call, Aug. 27, 1908, 1.
38. “The Negro Problem,” ISR 1 (Oct. 1900): 204–11.
39. “Race and Class,” Call, June 4, 1909, 6.
40. “A Negro Leader’s Advice,” Call, Aug. 28, 1910, 15. See also “The Editor’s Desk,” Call, June 5, 1910, 1.
41. “Six Negroes Killed in Texas Race Riots,” Call, June 23, 1908, 2; “Negro Convicts Revolt against the Lash,” Call, July 1, 1908, 3; “Negro Shot by Mob and Body Burned,” Call, Aug. 2, 1910, 4; “Burn Negro Alive, Chained to Bed,” Call, Aug. 14, 1911, 2; “Six Blacks Cremated,” Call, Aug. 19, 1908, 2; “Race Riots Increasing,” Call, Aug. 16, 1908, 3; and “Negroes Terrified,” Call, Aug. 20, 1908, 2.
42. “What Socialism Has to Offer the Negro,” Call, July 2, 1908, 6.
43. “Not Racial but Class Distinction, Last Analysis of Negro Problem,—Debs,” Call, Aug. 27, 1908, 1, 3.
44. Clarence Darrow, “The Problem of the Negro,” ISR 2 (Nov. 1901): 324, 333.
45. Charles Dobbs, “The Farmer and the Negro,” ISR 4 (Apr. 1904): 613–14.
46. “The Sun on the Negro Problem,” Call, June 10, 1909, 6.
47. “Not Racial but Class Distinction,” 1, 3.
48. Call, Feb. 11, 1909, 6; and Wilshire’s 5 (May 1903): 63–64. See also “Then and Now,” Call, Feb. 12, 1909, 6.
49. A. M. Simons, “The Negro Problem,” ISR 1 (Oct. 1900): 206, 208.
50. “The Sun on the Negro Problem,” Call, June 10, 1909, 6.
51. Editorial, “The Social Evil,” IW, Apr. 8, 1909, 2.
52. “Hanna, Roosevelt & Co.’s Wooing of the Negro,” Wilshire’s 5 (Apr. 1903): 72.
53. Letter to editor, “Race Equality,” and editorial, “The Negro and Socialism,” both in Call, Jan. 24, 1911, 6.
54. Aileen Kraditor, The Radical Persuasion, 1890–1917 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1981), 180.
55. E. F. Andrews, “Socialism and the Negro,” ISR 5 (Mar. 1905): 524, 525, 526.
56. W. H. Noyes, “Some Solutions of the Negro Problem,” ISR 2 (Dec. 1901): 412, 402, 403.
57. Dr. A. T. Cuzner, “The Negro or the Race Problem,” ISR 4 (Nov. 1903): 264 (italics in original).
58. Nat L. Hardy, letter to editor, Call, Feb. 14, 1911, 6.
59. “Observations and Comments,” ME 6 (Sept. 1911): 198.
60. Bertha Howe, “Restricted Woman Suffrage,” Call, Dec. 13, 1910, 6.
61. “The Misfortune of the Negroes,” Social Democratic Herald, May 31, 1902, 1.
62. Sally M. Miller, Victor Berger and the Promise of Constructive Socialism, 1910–1920 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1973), 82.
63. “Hanna, Roosevelt & Co.’s Wooing of the Negro,” Wilshire’s 5 (Apr. 1903): 72. See also E. F. Andrews, “Who Is This Brother’s Keeper?” Wilshire’s 6 (Aug. 1904): 349–52; and “The Negro Problem,” Wilshire’s 10 (Dec. 1908): 6.
64. Harold Ballagh, “White Slaves,” Wilshire’s 5 (July 1903): 46–50.
65. Gaylord Wilshire, “Reno and the Negro Problem,” Wilshire’s 12 (Aug. 1910): 6.
66. Kate Richards O’Hare, “Only a Nigger,” Rip-Saw 10 (Jan. 1913): 3.
67. Kate Richards O’Hare, “‘Nigger’ Equality,” originally published in Rip Saw (1912; repr., Corvallis, Ore.: 1000 Flowers Publishing, 2005), available online at the Marxists Internet Archive, accessed Jan. 22, 2011, http://www.marxists.org/history/usa/parties/spusa/1912/0325-ohare-niggerequality.pdf.
68. “The Race Question,” Appeal, Nov. 24, 1906, 4.
69. “Rights of Colored Men,” Appeal, May 23, 1903, 1.
70. “Capitalism and Suffrage,” Appeal, Sept. 7, 1907, 1.
71. Eraste Vidrine, “Negro Locals,” ISR 5 (Jan. 1905): 390.
72. Eugene Debs, “The Negro and His Nemesis,” ISR 4 (Jan. 1905): 394.
73. “The Last Word in Politics,” Crisis 5 (Nov. 1912): 29.
74. Minkah Makalani, In the Cause of Freedom: Radical Black Internationalism from Harlem to London, 1917–1939 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2011), 34.
75. I. M. Robbins, “The Economic Aspects of the Negro Problem,” ISR 8 (Feb. 1908): 480–88, 9 (Sept. 1908): 168, 10 (June 1910): 1114–15, 1117.
76. ISR 9 (June 1909): 985–94.
77. Jeffrey Perry, introduction to A Hubert Harrison Reader, ed. Jeffrey Perry (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan Univ. Press, 2001), 2. See also Jeffrey Perry, Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883–1917 (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2010).
78. See “The Negro and Socialism: I—The Negro Problem Stated,” Call, Nov. 28, 1911, 6; “Race Prejudice—II,” Call, Dec. 4, 1911, 6; “The Duty of the Socialist Party,” Call, Dec. 13, 1911, 6; “How to Do It—and How Not,” Call, Dec. 16, 1911, 6; and “Summary and Conclusion,” Call, Dec. 26, 1911, 6.
79. Hubert Harrison, “The Black Man’s Burden,” ISR 12 (Apr. 1912): 662. See also “The Black Man’s Burden,” ISR 12 (May 1912): 762–64.
80. Hubert Harrison, “Socialism and the Negro,” ISR 13 (July 1912): 65–68.
81. “Colored Socialist Club” Call, Dec. 16, 1911, 5; and W. E. B. Du Bois, letter to the editor, “Separate Organizations,” Call, Dec. 27, 1911, 6.
82. Harrison founded the “race first” Liberty League and its Voice newspaper in Harlem in 1917. He became editor of Garvey’s Negro World in 1920. He wrote on race in many periodicals before his death in 1927. Perry, Hubert Harrison, xxiv.
83. Robert Lowie, “The Inferior Races: From an Anthropologist’s Point of View,” New Review 1 (Dec.1913): 934–42; Robert Lowie, “Some Recent Expressions on Racial Inferiority,” New Review 2 (Sept. 1914): 542–46; Robert Lowie, “Inequality of Races,” New Review 4 (May 1916): 166; and Mary White Ovington, “The Status of the Negro in the United States,” New Review 1 (Sept. 1913): 747–48. See also “What Is the Negro Question?” New Review 2 (May 1914): 303–6; and Paul Kennaday, “New Propaganda of Race Hatred,” New Review 3 (May 1, 1915): 1–2.
84. Ida Raymond, “A Southern Socialist on the Negro Problem,” New Review 1 (Dec. 1913): 990; “Socialists on the Negro Question,” New Review 2 (Jan. 1914): 63–64; and “Socialists on the Negro Question, New Review 2 (Mar. 1914): 178–80.
85. W. E. B. Du Bois, “Socialism and the Negro Problem,” New Review 1 (Feb. 1913): 138–41.
86. Van Wienen and Kraft, “How the Socialism of W. E. B. Du Bois Still Matters,” 73.
87. W. E. B. Du Bois, “A Field for Socialists,” New Review 1 (Jan. 11, 1913): 57. See also W. E. B. Du Bois, “Another Study in Black,” New Review 2 (July 1914): 410–14.
88. Harrison was a featured speaker, along with Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, at a Paterson IWW strike rally in 1913. Perry, Hubert Harrison Reader, xxiii.
89. Ewald Koeltgen, “I.W.W. Convention,” ISR 14 (Nov. 1913): 275.
90. “Colored Workers of America,” pamphlet, folder 598, box 21, entry 40, RPOD.
91. “Is There a Negro Problem?” IW, Sept. 19, 1917, 2. See also “Race Prejudice,” IW, July 15, 1909, 2; “Silly Race Prejudice,” IW, Apr. 15, 1909, 2; and “Race Prejudice Is Akin to Race Ignorance,” IW, May 6, 1916, 2.
92. Quoted in Foner, “IWW and the Black Worker,” 47.
93. David Roediger, introduction to Covington Hall, Labor Struggles in the Deep South, ed. David Roediger (Chicago: Charles Kerr Publishing, 1999), 18.
94. “Negro Workers!” Solidarity, Sept. 28, 1912, 1. See also “The Negro Laborer,” Solidarity, May 28, 1910, 2; and “The I.W.W. and the Negro,” Solidarity, Sept. 20, 1913, 2.
95. Mary White Ovington, “The Status of the Negro in the United States,” New Review 1 (Sept. 1913): 747–48.
96. “I.W.W.,” Crisis 18 (June 1919): 60.
97. Foner, “IWW and the Black Worker,” 50 (italics in original).
98. “‘White Supremacy!’ What’s It Mean?” Solidarity, Aug. 15, 1914, 2.
99. William Haywood, “Organize—Organize Right!” ISR 1 (Nov. 1916): 291–92.
100. “A Class, Not Race, Problem,” IW, Feb. 3, 1917, 3.
101. Charles Vail, “The Negro Problem,” ISR 1 (Feb. 1901): 467.
102. William Haywood, “Organize—Organize Right!” ISR 17 (Nov. 1916): 291–92.
103. “Is There a Negro Problem?” IW, Sept. 19, 1917, 2.
104. See Peter Cole, Wobblies on the Waterfront: Interracial Unionism in Progressive Era Philadelphia (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 2007).
105. Melvyn Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World, 2d ed. (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1988), 220; and Jon Bekken, “The Working Class Press at the Turn of the Century,” in Ruthless Criticism: New Perspectives in U.S. Communication History, ed. William Solomon and Robert McChesney (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1993), 155.
106. Ad, Solidarity, May 21, 1910, 4.
107. Ad, Solidarity, Aug. 23, 1913, 4.
108. Jon Bekken, “Los Trabajadores Industriales del Mundo: The IWW’s Spanish-Language Press,” unpublished paper presented at American Journalism Historians Association convention, Tucson, Ariz., Oct. 7, 2010.
109. James Green, “The Brotherhood of Timber Workers, 1910–1913: A Radical Response to Industrial Capitalism,” Past and Present 60 (Aug. 1973): 172.
110. Merl Reed, “The IWW and Individual Freedom in Western Louisiana, 1913,” Louisiana History 10 (Winter 1969): 61–69.
111. Foner, “IWW and the Black Worker,” 53.
112. Green, “Brotherhood of Timber Workers,” 168.
113. Grady McWhiney, “Louisiana Socialists in the Early Twentieth Century: A Study of Rustic Radicalism,” Journal of Southern History 20 (Aug. 1954): 326.
114. Green, “Brotherhood of Timber Workers,” 179.
115. Phineas Eastman, “The Southern Negro and One Big Union,” ISR 13 (June 1913): 890–91.
116. Quoted in Foner, “IWW and the Black Worker,” 49.
117. William D. Haywood, “Timber Workers and Timber Wolves,” ISR 13 (Aug. 1912): 108.
118. Hall, Labor Struggles in the Deep South, 127–28.
119. “Miracle of the New South,” IW, May 30, 1912, 1.
120. William Haywood, “Timber Workers and Timber Wolves,” ISR 13 (Aug. 1912): 105–10.
121. Hall, Labor Struggles in the Deep South, 136.
122. Oscar Ameringer, If You Don’t Weaken: The Autobiography of Oscar Ameringer, 2d ed. (Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1983), 209.
123. David Roediger, “Covington Hall: The Poetry and Politics of Southern Nationalism and Labour Radicalism,” History Workshop 19 (Spring 1985): 162–68. See also Covington Hall, “‘The Conscience of the North,’” New Review 3 (May 15, 1915): 32–34.
124. Roediger, introduction to Labor Struggles, 14.
125. Covington Hall, “Progressive Temple,” ISR 16 (Nov. 1915): 293–94.
126. Carl Sandburg, foreword to Ameringer, If You Don’t Weaken, xxxv. Later, as Oklahoma Pioneer editor, Ameringer campaigned for black voting rights.
127. See Covington Hall, “US, the Hoboes,” ISR 14 (Apr. 1914): 610.
128. Ameringer, If You Don’t Weaken, 197.
129. Covington Hall, “The Way of Kings—Crowned and Uncrowned,” Wilshire’s 6 (Aug. 1903): 61.
130. Roediger, “Covington Hall,” 166, 164–65.
131. Covington Hall, “I’d Like to Be a Savage,” Battle Hymns of Toil (Oklahoma City: General Welfare Reporter, 1946), 58.
132. Hall, Labor Struggles, 141, 142.
133. “Black Hole of Calcasieu,” Solidarity, Aug. 10, 1912, 1; and “Iron Heel in Dixie,” Solidarity, Aug. 17, 1912, 1, 4.
134. Covington Hall, “Negroes against Whites,” ISR 13 (Oct. 1912): 349–50.
135. See also Covington Hall, “Revolt of the Southern Timber Workers,” ISR 13 (July 1912), 52.
136. Phineas Eastman, “The Southern Negro and One Big Union,” ISR 13 (June 1913): 890–91.
137. Quoted in Reed, “IWW and Individual Freedom,” 63.
138. “Class War in Merryville,” Lumberjack, Feb. 20, 1913, 3.
139. “Vivid Account of the Merryville Highbinders of ‘Law and Order,’” Lumberjack, Feb. 27, 1913, 1.
140. “Lumberjack Moved,” Lumberjack, May 1, 1913, 1.
141. McWhiney, “Louisiana Socialists,” 334.
142. For more on Rebellion, see Bernard Cook, “Covington Hall and Radical Rural Unionization in Louisiana,” Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 18 (Spring 177): 227–38.
143. Norman Caulfield, Mexican Workers and the State: From the Porfiriato to NAFTA (Fort Worth: Texas Christian Univ. Press, 1998), 23, 35.
144. “Deported Miner’s Story of Bisbee Outrage and Its Cause,” IW, July 30, 1917, 2.
145. Phil Mellinger, “‘The Men Have Become Organizers’: Labor Conflict and Unionization in the Mexican Mining Communities of Arizona, 1900–1915,” Western Historical Quarterly 23 (Aug. 1992): 347.
146. Caulfield, Mexican Workers and the State, 32.
147. Katherine Benton-Cohen, “Docile Children and Dangerous Revolutionaries: The Racial Hierarchy of Manliness and the Bisbee Deportation of 1917,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 24 (Fall–Winter 2003): 33. See also Colleen O’Neill, “Domesticity Deployed: Gender, Race, and the Construction of Class Struggle in the Bisbee Deportation,” Labor History 34 (Spring–Summer 1993): 256–73.
148. Phil Mellinger, “How the IWW Lost Its Western Heartland: Western Labor History Revisited,” Western Historical Quarterly 27 (Autumn 1996): 322.
149. Philip Taft, “The Bisbee Deportation,” Labor History 13 (Winter 1972): 23–24; and “The Bisbee Deportation of 1917,” A University of Arizona Web Exhibit, 2005, accessed Nov. 15, 2010, http://www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/bisbee/history/index.html.
150. “The Great Wobbly Drive,” Bisbee Daily Review, July 13, 1917, 4.
151. James Byrkit, Forging the Copper Collar: Arizona’s Labor-Management War of 1901–1921 (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, 1982), 225, 242. See also “Arizona Sheriff Ships 1,100 I.W.W.s Out in Cattle Cars,” New York Times, July 13, 1917, 1; editorial, “Traitors at Home, Enemies Abroad,” Los Angeles Times, July 15, 1917, sec. 2, p. 6; editorial, “Deporting the I.W.W.,” Washington Post, July 14, 1917, 6; editorial, “Diversions of the I.W.W.,” New York Times, July 14, 1917, 5; “Organization or Anarchy,” New Republic 11 (July 21, 1917): 320–33; and “The Bisbee Deportation,” Survey 38 (July 21, 1917): 353.
152. See Robert Bruere, “Copper Camp Patriotism,” Nation 106 (Feb. 21, 1918): 202–3; and Robert Bruere, “Copper Camp Patriotism: An Interpretation,” Nation 106 (Feb. 28, 1918): 235–36.
153. “The Capitalist State and ‘Invisible Government,’” Solidarity, Sept. 1, 1917, 2.
154. “The Iron Heel at Work,” Solidarity, July 21, 1917, 1, 3; and “The Blot on ‘Democracy,’” Solidarity, July 28, 1917, 1, 3. See also “Because They Would Not Scab,” Solidarity, Sept. 1, 1917, 6.
155. It’s So Different in America, Solidarity, July 28, 1917, 1; and Boardman Robinson, Two Deportations—Take Your Choice, Masses 10 (Sept. 1917): 22–23.
156. “‘Suppressing’ the I.W.W.,” Solidarity, July 21, 1917, 2.
157. “The Truth about Bisbee,” Appeal, Aug. 25, 1917, 1. See also Harold Callander, “The Truth About the I.W.W.,” Call, Sept. 16, 1917, 2, reprinted in Masses 10 (Nov.–Dec. 1917): 5; and “What Has Become of Democracy in Arizona,” Wyoming Weekly Labor Journal, Aug. 17, 1917, 3S.
158. Byrkit, Forging the Copper Collar, 270–71.
159. “The I.W.W. Secessionists,” Chicago Tribune, July 18, 1917, 6. See also “Deporting the I.W.W.,” Washington Post, July 14, 1917, 6; and “Federal Government Fails in Crisis,” Tucson Citizen, July 14, 1917, 4.
160. “Observations and Comments,” ME 4 (June 1909): 99.
161. “Observations and Comments,” ME 5 (July 1910): 146.
162. “Observations and Comments,” ME 4 (Aug. 1909): 167.
163. See “The Spirit We Need,” Blast 1 (Apr. 15, 1916): 4.
164. Robin D. G. Kelley, Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination (Boston: Beacon, 2002), 41.
165. Shelley Streeby, “Labor, Memory, and the Boundaries of Print Culture: From Haymarket to the Mexican Revolution,” American Literary History 19 (Summer 2007): 418–19.
166. See They Certainly Am Good to Me, Wilshire’s 5 (Apr. 1903): 71, and poem, “In Favor of Union,” ISR 16 (Jan. 1916): 423.
167. Donald Dewey, The Art of Ill Will: The Story of American Political Cartoons (New York: New York Univ. Press, 2007), 165. See also Steven Loring Jones, “From Subhuman to Superhuman,” in Ethnic Images in the Comics: An Exhibition in the Museum of the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies, ed. Charles Hardy and Gail Stern (Philadelphia: Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies, 1986): 11–30.
168. Kirschke, Art in Crisis, 32.
169. See “What He Voted For,” IW, Nov. 14, 1912, 2; and “‘Splanifyin’ De Reason,” IW, Mar. 23, 1918, 2.
170. Kraditor, Radical Persuasion, 161.
171. Kirschke, Art in Crisis, 32.
172. Black Superiority, Masses 5 (June 1913): 13. See also Sloan, During the Strike, Masses 4 (Sept. 1913): 16.
173. Quoted in Leslie F. Fishbein, Rebels in Bohemia: The Radicals of the Masses, 1911–1917 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1982), 165. See Stuart Davis, Life’s Done Been Gettin’ Monotonous Since Dey Bu’ned Down Ou’ah Church, Masses 5 (Feb. 1914): 20; Untitled (Shouting Woman), Masses 6 (Apr. 1915): back cover; and Jersey City Portrait, Masses 6 (July 1915): 10.
174. Emanuel Julius, “Humor in American Art,” Call, May 2, 1915, SM9.
175. “The Masses and the Negro: A Criticism and a Reply,” Masses 6 (May 1915): 6.
176. As Others See Us, ISR 15 (Oct. 1914): 228 (reprinted from St. Louis Star). See also Won’t They Be Edified! ISR 15 (Sept. 1914): 137 (reprinted from Chicago Tribune).
177. Leslie Fishbein, introduction to Rebecca Zurier, Art for The Masses: A Radical Magazine and Its Graphics, 1911–1917 (Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press, 1988), 19; and George Bellows, untitled, Masses 5 (May 1914): 14.
178. See F. Opper, The McKinley Minstrels, Challenge 2 (Jan. 30, 1901): 16; and F. Opper, untitled, Challenge 2 (Mar. 6, 1901): 16.
179. See In Cannibal Land, Call, July 23, 1908, 3; and How the Blackville “Ring General” Secured a Round-Up, Averted a Stampede and Saved the Box-Office Receipts, Call, July 27, 1908, 6.
180. Call, July 8, 1908, 4.
181. Kraditor, Radical Persuasion, 161.
182. Untitled, PW 4 (Dec. 1910): 8.
1. Margaret Sanger, My Fight for Birth Control (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1931), 49–50.
2. See Lynn Masel-Walters, “For the ‘Poor Mute Mothers’: Margaret Sanger and the Woman Rebel,” Journalism History 11 (Spring–Summer 1984): 2–9, 37; Christine Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Holt, 1991), 234; and Linda Gordon, Woman’s Body, Woman’s Right: Birth Control in America, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin, 1990), 215.
3. Dolores Flamiano, “The Birth of a Notion: Media Coverage of Contraception, 1915–1917,” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (Autumn 1998): 560–61.
4. Masses 6 (May 1915): 19.
5. Lydia Gibson, untitled, Blast 1 (Feb. 12, 1916): cover.
6. See “A Protest of Forty San Francisco Women,” ME 11 (May 1916): 521–22; “Emma Goldman in Jail,” ME 11 (May 1916): 523–24; Robert Morris, “The Free Speech and Birth Control Dinner,” ME 11 (May 1916): 518–20; “Birth Control Demonstration in Union Square,” ME 11 (June 1916): 525; “Again the Birth Control Agitation,” ME 11 (Nov. 1916): 669–71; “A Menace to Profit,” Blast 1 (Feb. 26, 1916): 5.
7. “Birth Control: A Dangerous Precedent,” ISR 16 (Nov. 1915): 298–99. See also “Fewer and Better Children,” ISR 15 (Nov. 1914): 303; and William J. Robinson, “The Birth Strike,” ISR 14 (Jan. 1914): 404–6.
8. See also “The Marriage Market,” IW, Feb. 8, 1912, 2; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “The Case of Margaret Sanger,” Solidarity, Jan. 22, 1916, 2; editorial, IW, Apr. 1, 1916, 2; and “Large Families,” IW, June 1, 1911, 2.
9. Alex Baskin, “Introduction: The Masses: America’s Journal of Art, Satire and Socialism,” The Masses, reprint ed. (Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus Reprinting, 1980), i–xiii.
10. Joan Jensen, “The Evolution of Margaret Sanger’s ‘Family Limitation’ Pamphlet, 1914–1921,” Signs 6 (Spring 1981): 557. The article reprints the first edition of the pamphlet.
11. Ellen Chesler, Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 58.
12. Emma Goldman, “The Social Aspects of Birth Control,” ME 11 (Apr. 1916): 474; and Sanger, My Fight for Birth Control, 46–55.
13. “The Control of Child Bearing,” ISR 14 (Feb. 1914): 547–48. See also “Fewer and Better Children,” ISR 15 (Nov. 1914): 301–3; and “Observations and Comments,” ME 5 (July 1910): 174–75.
14. Contract, fol. 119, box 3, CHKP.
15. See “Sexual Slavery,” ISR 5 (Feb. 1905): 449.
16. “The Struggle of Emma Strade,” SW 2 (Nov. 1908): 9–10. See also “In the Trail of the Little White Hearse,” PW 3 (Sept. 1909): 3.
17. “The Slave of Slaves,” SW 2 (Sept. 1908): 13. See also “Mothers of Multitudes,” PW 3 (Apr. 1910): 5; “Mr. Buttinsky Gets ‘Called,’” Call, Apr. 20, 1911, 2; and “Cheap Motherhood in America,” SW 2 (Nov. 1908): 11.
18. See Margaret Sanger, “The Eugenic Value of Birth Control,” Birth Control Review, Oct. 1921, 5; “Alcoholism and Eugenics, Part 1,” Call, Sept. 10, 1916, SM12; “Alcoholism and Eugenics, Part 2,” Call, Sept. 17, 1916, SM12; and “Natural Eugenics,” Masses 4 (Sept. 1913): 7.
19. “Men Who Are a Menace,” Call, May 1, 1910, 15. See also “From a Victim of Free Love,” Call, May 8, 1910, 15; and “Sara Kotin Tells Her Own Story,” Call, June 13, 1908, 4.
20. Emma Goldman, “Victims of Morality,” ME 8 (Feb. 1913): 23. See also “Observations and Comments,” ME 11 (Mar. 1916): 422–23.
21. “Modesty,” ME 1 (Aug. 1906): 30–34; and “What Is Morality?” ME 1 (Nov. 1906): 21.
22. Voltairine De Cleyre, “They Who Marry Do Ill,” ME 2 (Jan. 1908): 509.
23. “The Value of Chastity,” ME 8 (Nov. 1913): 275; and “The Value of Chastity (Conclusion),” ME 8 (Dec. 1913): 318, 320.
24. For more on the New Woman, see Elizabeth Ammons, “The New Woman as Cultural Symbol and Social Reality,” in 1915: The Cultural Moment: The New Politics, the New Woman, the New Psychology, the New Art and the New Theatre in America, ed. Adele Heller and Lois Rudnick (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1991), 83–97; and Leslie Fishbein, Rebels in Bohemia: The Radicals of the Masses, 1911–1917 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1982), 136–43.
25. “Retrospective of Eighteen Years,” Christian Socialist 18 (July 1918): 1.
26. Assistant Attorney General to New York Postmaster General, June 2, 1914; Solicitor to New York Postmaster General, Aug. 25, 1914; and Solicitor to New York Postmaster General, all in entry 36, box 56, file 42090, RPOD.
27. “A Defense of Assassination,” Woman Rebel 1 (July 1914): 33–34.
28. “A Letter from Margaret Sanger,” ME 10 (Apr. 1915): 77–78.
29. “Note,” ME 10 (Apr. 1915): 78.
30. Margaret Sanger, “To My Friends,” ME 10 (Feb. 1916): 405.
31. Candace Serena Falk, Love, Anarchy, and Emma Goldman (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1990), 238; and Chesler, Woman of Valor, 142; “The Persecution of Margaret Sanger,” ME 9 (Nov. 1914): 296–97; untitled, ME 11 (Jan. 1916): 365; “The Sanger Case,” ME 9 (Feb. 1915): 379–80; and “The Conviction of William Sanger,” ME 10 (Oct. 1915): 268.
32. Emma Goldman, “Limitation of Offspring,” ME 10 (July 1915): 192. See also Margaret Sanger, “Not Guilty!” ME 11 (Jan. 1916): 363–65; and Stansell, American Bohemians, 237.
33. Inspector to New York Inspector in Charge, July 7, 1917, file 42090, box 56, entry 36, RPOD.
34. See also “A Protest of Forty San Francisco Women,” ME 11 (May 1916): 521–22; “Emma Goldman in Jail,” ME 11 (May 1916): 523–24; “The Free Speech and Birth Control Dinner,” ME 11 (May 1916): 518–20; “Birth Control Demonstration in Union Square,” ME 11 (June 1916): 525; and Emma Goldman, “Again the Birth Control Agitation,” ME 11 (Nov. 1916): 669–71.
35. Emma Goldman, “My Arrest and Preliminary Hearing,” ME 11 (Mar. 1916): 427. Her lover/manager Ben Reitman also served several jail terms for his birth control advocacy. Peter Glassgold, ed. Anarchy! An Anthology of Emma Goldman’s Mother Earth (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 2001), xxvii.
36. Emma Goldman, “An Urgent Appeal to My Friends,” ME 11 (Apr. 1916): 450–51.
37. “Is the Truth Obscene?” Masses 6 (Mar. 1915): 5–6. See also “Knowledge and Revolution,” Masses 5 (May 1914): 1; “Margaret Sanger,” Masses 5 (Nov. 1914): 20; and What Every Young Woman Ought to Have Known, Masses 6 (Apr. 1915): 23.
38. Sam Schmalhausen, “Motherhood by Coercion,” Call, May 2, 1915, SM112.
39. “The Question of Birth Control,” Masses 6 (June 1915): 21.
40. “Billie Sanger and Anthony Comstock,” ISR 15 (Apr. 1915): 620. See also “Observations and Comments,” ME 10 (Apr. 1915): 69; “Is William Sanger to Go to Jail?” Masses 6 (Sept. 1915): 1; and “Birth Control Propaganda,” Blast 1 (Mar. 15, 1916): 6.
41. Solicitor to San Francisco Postmaster, Apr. 20, 1916, telegram, and San Francisco Postmaster to Solicitor, Apr. 14, 1916, both in file 45217, box 59, entry 36, RPOD.
42. “Successful Law-Breaking,” Masses 8 (Jan. 1917): 16–17.
43. Inspector E. Honvery to New York Inspector in Charge, July 7, 1917, file 42090, box 56, entry 36, RPOD. The file is full of correspondence among postal officials debating whether to prosecute Sanger.
44. Emma Goldman, “Victims of Morality,” ME 8 (Feb. 1913): 23. See also “Observations and Comments,” ME 4 (July 1909): 133; and “Marriage and the Home,” ME 1 (Apr. 1906): 26.
45. Berkman got the issue released three weeks later, after a flurry of meetings with Comstock and telephone calls and letters to numerous postal officials. See Alexander Berkman to New York Postmaster, Jan. 24, 1910, Berkman to Assistant Attorney General, Jan. 26, 1910, Berkman to New York Inspector in Charge, Jan. 29, 1910, and New York Postmaster to Assistant Attorney General, Feb. 4, 1910, all in file 42550, box 56, entry 36, RPOD. See also “Comstock and Mother Earth,” ME 4 (Feb. 1910): 369–70.
46. Emma Goldman, “The White Slave Traffic,” ME 4 (Jan. 1910), reprinted in Glass-gold, Anarchy! 114.
47. The Vice Clean-Up, Blast 2 (Feb. 15, 1917): cover. See also The Women’s Night Court, Masses 4 (Aug. 1913): 10–11; and Rebecca Zurier, Art for The Masses: A Radical Magazine and Its Graphics, 1911–1917 (Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press, 1988), 81.
48. “Two Victims of Society,” IW, Jan. 26, 1911, 1. See also illustration, The Real White Slaver, Solidarity, Jan. 3, 1914, 7; and “Prostitution and Wage Slavery,” Solidarity, Sept. 23, 1916, 3.
49. “Some Things to Consider,” IW, Apr. 10, 1913.
50. Aileen Kraditor, The Radical Persuasion, 1890–1917 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1981), 188.
51. “The Social Evil—or Good?” IW, May 1, 1913, 8; editorial, “‘The Social Evil,’” IW, Apr. 8, 1909, 2; and “Sex Subsidized Industries,” IW, June 5, 1913, 2.
52. PW 2 (May 1909): 6.
53. See “Poverty the Root of White Slavery,” PW 2 (May 1909): 6; “Some Methods of the White Slaver,” PW 3 (Sept. 1909): 11; “The White Slave Traffic,” PW 4 (June 1910): 11; Josephine Conger-Kaneko, “The Traffic in Slave Girls,” PW 4 (July 1910): 6–7, (Aug. 1910): 3–5, (Sept. 1910); 4–5, and (Oct. 1910); 4–5; “The White Slave Traffic,” ISR 11 (Nov. 1910): 274–79; “The Conspiracy against Your Daughter,” Rip-Saw 10 (Mar. 1913); 13; and “Seven Chinese Girl Slaves Captured,” Call, Dec. 8, 1910, 5.
54. Untitled, PW 3 (Feb. 1910): 9. See also “Capitalism and the Woman Question,” PW 3 (Mar. 1910): 2.
55. Gretchen Kreuter and Kent Kreuter, “May Wood Simons: Party Theorist,” in Flawed Liberation: Socialism and Feminism, ed. Sally Miller (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1981): 38. See also Jason Martinek, “‘Mental Dynamite’: Radical Literacy and American Socialists’ Print Culture of Dissent, 1897–1917” (PhD diss., Carnegie Mellon Univ., 2005), 235–36.
56. Kreuter and Kreuter, “May Wood Simons,” 37.
57. “Woman’s Department,” Coming Nation, Feb. 4, 1899, 3.
58. Elliott Shore, Talkin’ Socialism: J. A. Wayland and the Radical Press (Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas, 1988), 149. Originally dubbed “For the Fair One: Upon Whose Welfare Depend the Nations of the Future,” the column quickly was renamed “The Women Folks.”
59. “The Women Folks,” Coming Nation, July 5, 1902, 4.
60. By the end of 1903, the title changed to “The Socialist Woman—What She Is Doing,” and by the next year it was “The Woman’s Department.” Appeal, Feb. 27, 1904, 8, Mar. 5, 1904, 21, and Mar. 12, 1904, 3.
61. “Our Woman’s Page,” Wilshire’s 6 (Nov. 1904): 12.
62. “Another View of the Question,” Wilshire’s 6 (May 1904): 234. See also “What Socialism Means to Women,” Wilshire’s 11 (Apr. 1907): 13.
63. See “Specialization of Home Industries” and “The Prayer of the Modern Woman,” and Kate Richards O’Hare, both in Appeal, Jan. 14, 1905, 1, 2.
64. See Barbara Welter, Dimity Convictions: The American Woman in the Nineteenth Century (Athens: Ohio Univ. Press, 1977).
65. See Ruth Levitas, “‘Who Holds the House?’ Domestic Labour in the Work of Bellamy, Gilman, and Morris,” Utopian Studies 6 (1995): 65–84.
66. See Mark Pittenger, “Evolution, ‘Woman’s Nature,’ and American Feminist Socialism, 1900–1915,” Radical History Review 36 (Sept. 1986): 47–61.
67. The couple lived in the same Chicago building as May Walden and her daughter. “Note, by May Walden,” n.d., “Story of the Progressive Woman,” box 6, folder 169, MWKP.
68. “Why the Socialist Woman Comes into Existence,” SW 1 (June 1907): 3.
69. “Socialism and Women,” SW 1 (Oct. 1907): 6.
70. See “Report from Woman’s Day,” PW 3 (Feb. 1910): 12; and “Our Women Delegates to the International: May Wood Simons,” PW 4 (Aug. 1910): 3.
71. SW 2 (Feb. 1909): 5–6. See also Kate Richards O’Hare, “As a Man Thinketh,” SW 1 (Mar. 1908): 7; “The Socialist’s Wife,” PW 2 (May 1909): 11–13; “Women in Ibsen’s ‘Master Builder,’” PW 4 (June 1910): 11; “London’s Achievements,” PW 3 (Feb. 1910): 5; “Walt Whitman, Socialist,” PW 3 (Sept. 1909): 7; and poems, “Workers of the World Unite” and “The Little Red Pass-Book,” both PW 5 (July 1911): 6.
72. See Debra K. Japp, “Forging Bonds of Unity and Sympathy among Women: A Cultural-Rhetorical Analysis of the Progressive Woman, 1907–1914” (PhD diss., Univ. of Nebraska, 1989).
73. “Three Years Old This Month,” PW 3 (June 1910): 8.
74. Kathleen Endres, “The Progressive Woman,” in Women’s Periodicals in the United States: Social and Political Issues, ed. Kathleen Endres and Therese Lueck (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1996): 309.
75. Mary Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870–1920 (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1983), 326, xv.
76. “Woman and the Socialist Philosophy,” ISR 10 (Aug. 1909): 127.
77. “The Relation of Socialism to the Woman Question,” ISR 10 (Nov. 1909): 442–45. See also “The Examiner’s Glass,” PW 2 (July 1909): 10; and “Forget It,” PW 2 (July 1909): 12.
78. Pittenger, “Evolution,” 55.
79. Lida Parce, “Sex and Contractual Morality,” Call, Jan. 18, 1910, 5, originally published in PW. See also Lida Parce Robinson, “The Economic Marriage,” SW 1 (Jan. 1908): 9; and Lida Parce Robinson, “Domestic Slaves,” SW 1 (Apr. 1908): 9.
80. “Women Sick of Hopeless Vagaries,” Call, June 1, 1908, 6.
81. Sherry Katz, “‘Researching around Our Subjects’: Excavating Radical Women,” Journal of Women’s History 20 (Spring 2008): 174.
82. See “Why the Socialist Woman Comes Into Existence,” SW 1 (June 1907): 4; “Women Must Conquer through Knowledge,” SW 1 (Aug. 1907): 6; “Sexual Subjugation,” SW 1 (Aug. 1907): 3; “What Is the Woman Question?” PW 2 (Mar. 1909): 4–5; “The Dangers of Exclusive Masculinism,” SW 2 (July 1908): 3; “Woman, the World Is Waiting for You,” SW 1 (May 1908): 9; and “Is the American Family to Die?” PW 2 (Mar. 1909): 6.
83. Hebe, “A Word to Our Comrades at the National Convention,” SW 1 (May 1908): 3. See also “Which Is Better for Women, the Woman Suffrage Movement, or the Socialist Party?” PW 3 (June 1910): 6.
84. “Will Socialism Break Up the Family?” ISR 8 (Jan. 1908): 431. See also “Is Your Home Threatened?” Call, Oct. 17, 1909, 15; “True Homes Under Socialism” SW 1 (Jan. 1908): 5; and “Our Women Delegates to the International,” PW 4 (Aug. 1910): 3.
85. PW 6 (May 1913): 3.
86. See The Dog and the Child, Call, Apr. 15, 1909.
87. “Teapot Tattles,” Call, July 11, 1908, 5.
88. “The Emancipation of Women,” Call, Sept. 10, 1908, 6.
89. “The Russian Revolutionary Woman,” Call, Jan. 20, 1909, 5.
90. “For Women Who Work at Home,” Call, Nov. 21, 1909, 13.
91. See poem, “The New Woman,” SW 1 (May 1908): 10.
92. “The Lady-like Woman: Her Place in Nature,” SW 2 (Aug. 1908): 9.
93. “Household Work—The Belated Industry,” PW 6 (May 1913): 4.
94. “‘Work,’ and Housework,” SW 2 (Aug. 1908): 5.
95. “Revolution in Housework,” PW 7 (June–July 1913): 9. See also “Rational Housekeeping,” Wilshire’s 5 (July 1903): 15.
96. Leslie Fishbein, “The Failure of Feminism in Greenwich Village before World War I,” Women’s Studies 9 (1982): 285.
97. “The Passing of the Family,” ME 7 (Oct. 1912): 261, 260.
98. “The Mother’s Future,” ISR 10 (June 1910): 1100–101.
99. “The Value of Women’s Work,” ISR 10 (Dec. 1909): 515–23. See also “Woman and the Socialist Movement,” ISR 8 (Feb. 1908): 453.
100. Stansell, American Moderns, 227.
101. Masses 5 (July 1914): 19.
102. See Floyd Dell, “Feminism for Men,” Masses 6 (July 1914): 19.
103. See “Confessions of a Suffrage Orator,” Masses 7 (Oct.–Nov. 1915): 7–9; and “Confessions of a Feminist Man,” Masses 6 (Mar. 1914): 8.
104. “The Mother: Observations Made by Our Traveling European Representative,” Masses 3 (Apr. 1912): 9.
105. “The Woman’s Magazine,” Masses 7 (Oct.–Nov. 1915): 19.
106. Leslie Fishbein, introduction to Zurier, Art for The Masses, 8.
107. Kreuter and Kreuter, “May Wood Simons,” 50.
108. Ira Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement, 1897–1912 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972), 262.
109. Neil K. Basen, “Kate Richards O’Hare: The First Lady of American Socialism, 1901–1916,” Labor History 21 (Spring 1980): 199.
110. Kraditor, Radical Persuasion, 199.
111. Quoted in Kipnis, American Socialist Movement, 262.
112. Buhle, Women and American Socialism, xvi.
113. See Mrs. Gaylord Wilshire, “Our Woman’s Department,” Wilshire’s 11 (Feb. 1907): 14; and “An Appeal to Women,” Wilshire’s 11 (Jan. 1907): 5.
114. “May Wood Simons,” and Gertrude Breslau Hunt, “Education the Primary Need,” both in Wilshire’s 11 (Apr. 1907): 5.
115. “Our Woman’s Department,” Wilshire’s 11 (June 1907): 18; and “WNPL Constitution and Bylaws,” Wilshire’s 11 (July 1907): 18–19.
116. Untitled, Wilshire’s 12 (Oct. 1908): 12.
117. “Will You Not Join the Army of Women?” Wilshire’s 11 (Sept. 1907): 18; and “Organization and Plan of Work—WNPL,” Wilshire’s 12 (Jan. 1908): 16.
118. “Future Work for the W.N.P.L.,” Wilshire’s 12 (Sept. 1908): 13.
119. “Our Woman’s Department,” Wilshire’s 13 (Dec. 1909): 12. See also “WNPL,” Wilshire’s 12 (May 1908): 17; and “Annual Report of the League,” Wilshire’s 12 (Aug. 1908): 12.
120. The Woman’s National Socialist Union (1901–04) was another attempt at national organization. See Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 135–38.
121. “Separate Organizations,” SW 1 (Apr. 1908): 5; and “Woman and the Socialist Party,” SW 1 (May 1908): 8.
122. “Separate Organizations,” 5.
123. “The First Conference of Socialist Women,” Call, July 1, 1908, 1; and “Conference of Women,” Call, July 6, 1908, 2.
124. “What Will Socialism Do for Women?” Call, Aug. 29, 1908, 5.
125. “Some Impressions of the New York Socialist Women’s Conference,” SW 2 (Aug. 1908): 12.
126. “Economic Reasons for Woman Suffrage,” SW 1 (Feb. 1908): 6. See also “Why the Socialist Woman Demands Universal Suffrage,” SW 1 (Mar. 1908): 3; and “Woman Suffragists and Woman Socialists,” SW 1 (Feb. 1908): 3.
127. “Suffragists in World Convention,” Call, June 15, 1908, 2; and “Notice,” June 6, 1908, Call, 5.
128. See “Olive Schreiner on Suffrage,” Call, Sept. 12, 1908, 5; “Socialism and the Suffrage Movement,” Call, Dec. 19, 1909, 15; “The Attitude of the Socialist Party toward the Suffrage Movement,” Call, Dec. 19, 1909, 15; and Harriot Stanton Blatch, “The Working Woman and the Vote,” Call, May 1, 1909, 5.
129. “Women Go to Prison,” Call, July 1, 1908, 1; and “Chained to Railings,” Call, Oct. 29, 1908, 1.
130. “News and Views,” Solidarity, Dec. 9, 1911, 2.
131. “The Suffragettes,” ME 4 (Feb. 1910): 382, 379. See also “Observations and Comments,” ME 7 (Aug. 1912): 207; and untitled, ME 8 (Oct. 1913): 230.
132. “London’s Lively Suffragettes,” Wilshire’s 13 (Aug. 1909): 13. See also “England’s Strenuous Suffragettes,” Wilshire’s 13 (Jan. 1909): 7.
133. “The Militant Woman Suffrage Movement in England,” SW 1 (Feb. 1908): 5; and Linda Lumsden, Rampant Women: Suffragists and the Right of Assembly (Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1996), 74.
134. “The First Conference of Socialist Women,” Call, July 1, 1908, 1. See also Ellen DuBois, Harriot Stanton Blatch and the Winning of Woman Suffrage (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1997), 104–5.
135. Ellen DuBois, “Woman Suffrage and the Left: An International Socialist-Feminist Perspective,” New Left Review (Mar.–Apr. 1991): 30.
136. John D. Buenker, “The Politics of Mutual Frustration: Socialists and Suffragists in New York and Wisconsin,” in Miller, Flawed Liberation, 140.
137. “Class Consciousness and the Suffrage Movement,” Call, Nov. 18, 1909, 5. See also editorial, “A Wise Decision,” Call, Dec. 21, 1909, 6; “Socialism and the Suffrage Movement Once More,” Call, Dec. 26, 1909, 15; and editorial, “Woman’s Day,” Call, Feb. 25, 1910, 6.
138. “What Will Woman Suffrage Convention Do for the Working Woman,” SW 2 (Oct. 1908): 3. See also M. Carey Thomas, “Woman’s Ballot,” PW 2 (Mar. 1908): 11; editorial, “To Join, or Not to Join,” SW 1 (May 1908): 6; and “The Right of Women to Vote,” SW 4 (July 1910): 2.
139. “Economic Reasons for Suffrage,” SW 1 (Feb. 1908): 6.
140. “Which Is Better for Women, the Woman Suffrage Movement, or the Socialist Party?” PW 3 (June 1910): 6; and “The Woman Suffrage Movement and Political Parties,” PW 4 (Aug. 1910): 11.
141. See “The Equal Suffrage Movement in South Dakota,” PW 3 (Mar. 1910): 10; “The Equal Suffrage Struggle in Oklahoma,” PW 4 (Sept. 1910): 7; and “Woman Suffrage in CA,” PW 5 (Sept. 1911): 1.
142. “Socialists and the Suffrage,” Call, Nov. 9, 1912, 6.
143. “Stunted, Starved, Ill, Girl Toilers Describe Their Pitiful Lives,” Call, Dec. 3, 1914, 1, 8. See also “Women Tobacco Slaves Work with Babies at Side,” Call, Feb. 13, 1911, 1; and “600 Ladies Garment Workers on Strike,” Call, Mar. 21, 1911, 2.
144. “Union Is Only Hope,” Call, Sept. 28, 1908, 1.
145. Editorial, “The World Does Move,” Call, Feb. 12, 1910, 6.
146. “Miners Wives Are Arrested Again in Pa.,” Call, June 2, 1911, 1.
147. “Home Workers in New York” ISR 11 (Jan. 1911): 395–401.
148. “Women Workers Were Active,” ISR 12 (Mar. 1912): 534; ISR 14 (Mar. 1914): 517; and 15,000 Striking Chicago Garment Workers on Parade, ISR 16 (Nov. 1915): cover. See also illustrations accompanying “One Box Less: The Minersville Strike,” ISR 12 (July 1911): 7, 9; and “The Cleveland Garment Workers Strike,” ISR 12 (Sept. 1911): 136–40.
149. See “The Lowest Paid Workers,” SW 2 (Sept. 1908): 4; “Women Must Conquer through Knowledge,” SW 1 (Aug. 1907): 6; “The Philadelphia Situation,” PW 3 (Feb. 1910): 4–5; and “The Strike of the Buttonworkers of Muscatie,” PW 5 (Jan. 1912): 6–7.
150. “The Horrible Crime of Child Labor,” SW 1 (Feb. 1908): 809.
151. “Little Victims of Large Cities,” SW 2 (Feb. 1909): 3.
152. “Corset Strikers of Kalamazoo,” PW 6 (June 1912): 6.
153. “The New York Shop Girl,” SW 2 (Nov. 1908): 6–7.
154. “Women in the Labor Movement,” Call, Feb. 27, 1910, 11.
155. “Aims and Purposes of Women Committee,” PW 3 (Oct. 1909): 2.
156. Editorial, “Women at the Convention,” ISR 8 (June 1908): 782–83. See also “The National Convention and the Woman’s Movement,” ISR 8 (May 1908): 688; Ida Crouch-Hazlett, “The Socialist Movement and Woman Suffrage,” SW 2 (June 1908): 5; “Debs’s Speech at the Hippodrome,” Call, Oct. 5, 1908, 3, 5; Eugene Debs, “Susan B Anthony: A Reminiscence,” PW 2 (Jan. 1909): 3; and Eugene Debs, “Enfranchisement of Women,” PW 2 (Mar. 1909): 5.
157. “Women’s Place in the Ranks,” Call, Feb. 27, 1909, 8.
158. Penelope Johnson, “Women and Socialism in Early Twentieth Century America: A Study of The Progressive Woman,” Lilith 1 (1984): 50.
159. See “For Socialist Locals, Program for March,” PW 4 (Mar. 1911): 10–11.
160. May Wood Simons, “Aims and Purposes of Women Committee,” PW 3 (Oct. 1909): 2.
161. Simons, “Origin and Purpose of the Woman’s Committee,” PW 5 (July 1911): 6.
162. “Woman and the National Congress,” Call, May 29, 1910, 15.
163. “Socialist Women,” Call, July 10, 1980, 8.
164. Simons, “Origin and Purpose of the Woman’s Committee,” 6.
165. “Work of Women in the Socialist Party,” PW 5 (May 1912): 3.
166. “This Issue of the PW,” PW 5 (May 1912): 2. See also “W.N.C. and Convention Delegates,” PW 5 (May 1912): 6; and “Women at the National Socialist Convention,” PW 6 (July 1912): 3.
167. “Report, Woman’s National Committee,” PW 7 (June–July 1913): 14.
168. “Men? No, Women,” Call, May 9, 1914, 6.
169. Mari Jo Buhle, “Socialist Woman/Progressive Woman/Coming Nation” in The American Radical Press, 1880–1960, ed. Joseph R. Conlin (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1974), 447.
170. Kreuter and Kreuter, “May Wood Simons,” 50.
171. Note, by M[ay] W[alden], “Story of the PW,” n.d., folder 169, box 6, MWKP.
172. “From a Woman Toiler,” Solidarity, June 25, 1910, 2.
173. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “Women in Industry Should Organize,” IW, June 1, 1911, 1.
174. “Do You Like It?” IW, June 18, 1910.
175. “The Social Evil,” IW, Apr. 8, 1909, and “The Floater an Iconoclast,” IW, June 4, 1910, both quoted in Kraditor, Radical Persuasion, 186–87.
176. Rosalyn Baxandall, “Elizabeth Gurley Flynn: The Early Years,” Radical America 8 (Jan.–Feb. 1975): 100.
177. Flynn, “Women in Industry Should Organize,” 1.
178. “The Women Workers of the World,” IW, July 29, 1909, 2.
179. “The Women of Lawrence” IW, special supplement, July 25, 1912, 4. See also William Haywood, “On the Paterson Picket Line,” ISR 13 (June 1913): 847–51.
180. See Mary Heaton Vorse, “Elizabeth Gurley Flynn,” Nation 122 (Feb. 17, 1926): 175–76.
181. “Special Woman’s Edition,” Solidarity, May 27, 1916.
182. Baxandall, “Elizabeth Gurley Flynn,” 101, 104. See also “Eight Hours No Good,” IW, Apr. 20, 1911, 2; and “I.W.W. Women on Road to Victory,” IW, Sept. 30, 1916, 4.
183. Untitled, IW, Aug. 26, 1909, 2.
184. Editorial, “Chance to Scab,” IW, Apr. 27, 1911, 1. See also “Too Much Law for Women,” IW, May 11, 1911, 1; and “Eight Hour Law a Fake,” IW, May 11, 1911, 2.
185. “Women Active in Lumber Strike,” IW, Apr. 18, 1912, 3.
186. The Dawning of a New Day, IW, Apr. 20, 1918, 1.
187. Flynn, “Women in Industry Should Organize,” 4.
188. “Girl Tobacco Workers of St. Louis, Missouri,” Solidarity, May 26, 1916, 2.
189. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “Problems in Organizing Women,” Solidarity, July 15, 1916, 3.
190. See “What of the Eight Million Women Workers?” Solidarity, Sept. 23, 1916, 2.
191. “Suffragettes and the Suffering Woman,” IW, Oct. 19, 1910, 2.
192. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “The I.W.W. Call to Women,” Solidarity 6 (July 30, 1915): 9. See also Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “Women and Unionism,” Solidarity 3 (May 27, 1911): 3.
193. Flynn, “I.W.W. Call to Women,” 9.
194. See Linda Lumsden, “Anarchy Meets Feminism: A Gender Analysis of Emma Goldman’s Mother Earth, 1906–1917,” American Journalism 24 (Summer 2007): 49–72.
195. “Observations and Comments,” ME 10 (Oct. 1915): 260. See also poem, “The Ballot,” ME 7 (Oct. 1912): 237; Emma Goldman, “The Woman Suffrage Chameleon,” ME 12 (May 1917): 80, 79, 81; and “Observations and Comments,” ME 7 (Aug. 1912): 207.
196. “Observations and Comments,” ME 10 (Nov. 1915): 291, 292. See, in contrast, “That Parade,” PW 6 (July 1912): 8.
197. Fishbein, “Failure of Feminism,” 275. Italian American anarchist women did address sexism in Italian-language journals. Maria Roda, cofounder in 1897 of Gruppo Emancipazione della Donna (Women’s Emancipation Group), published pioneering anarcho-feminist essays in La Questione Sociale. See Jennifer Guglielmo, Living the Revolution: Italian Women’s Resistance and Radicalism in New York City, 1880–1945 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2010), 139, 162–72.
198. See “Women’s May Day,” Call, May 1, 1916, 1; “William English Walling on Woman Suffrage,” PW 2 (Jan. 1909): 13; “Why Women Need the Ballot,” Wilshire’s 14 (Jan. 1910): 12; “Suffrage and Socialism,” Wilshire’s 14 (Apr. 1910): 12; “Men, Women, and Courage,” Call, Mar. 2, 1917, 13; and “The ‘Fighting Instinct,’” ISR 16 (Jan. 1916): 433.
199. Kathleen Kennedy, “Declaring War on War: Gender and the American Socialist Attack on Militarism, 1914–1918,” Journal of Women’s History 7 (Summer 1995): 35.
200. Call, May 1, 1915, 1.
201. Afterwards, Masses 6 (Oct. 1914): 12–13.
202. “News from the Front,” Masses 6 (May 1915): 10.
203. “Mothers through Rape in War,” Call, Mar. 28, 1915, SM12.
204. I Am the State! ME 10 (July 1915): cover. See also Found—and Lost, Blast 1 (Feb. 5, 1916): cover; and Cornelia Barns, Patriotism for Women, Masses 6 (Nov. 1914): 7.
205. “In Terms of Women,” Call, Aug. 1, 1915, SM11.
206. “Women’s Influence in Perpetuating War,” PW 5 (Sept. 1911): 11. See also illustration, The War Is the Class War, PW 4 (Apr. 1911): 10.
207. See Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “Do You Believe in Patriotism?” Masses 8 (Mar. 1916): 12.
208. See Basen, “Kate Richards O’Hare”; and Kate Richards O’Hare, “How I Became a Socialist Agitator,” SW 2 (Oct. 1908): 9, 10.
209. Kate Richards O’Hare, “The Wages of Women,” Rip-Saw 10 (July 1913): 2.
210. Kate Richards O’Hare, “Shall Women Vote? The Family and the State,” Rip-Saw 11 (July 1914): 5–7; Kate Richards O’Hare, “Wearing of the Pants,” Rip-Saw 11 (Aug. 1914): 5–7; Kate Richards O’Hare, “Service and Taxation,” Rip-Saw 11 (Oct. 1914): 10–13; and Kate Richards O’Hare, “Shall Women Vote? Closing Installment,” Rip-Saw 11 (Nov. 1914): 10–14.
211. Sally Miller, From Prairie to Prison: The Life of Social Activist Kate Richards O’Hare (Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1993), 271. See also Kate Richards O’Hare, “Suffragists and Slaves,” Rip-Saw 10 (Apr. 1913): 24–25; and Kate Richards O’Hare, “The Unwritten Law,” Rip-Saw 8 (Aug. 1911): 3.
212. Sally Miller, “Kate Richards O’Hare: Progression toward Feminism,” Kansas History 7 (Winter 1984–85): 273, 274.
213. Kate Richards O’Hare to Fred Warren, Aug. 5, 1906, fol. 40, H-JC.
214. O’Hare quoted in Miller, From Prairie to Prison, 270; Peter Buckingham, Rebel against Injustice: The Life of Frank O’Hare (Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1996), 65–66.
215. Basen, “Kate Richards O’Hare,” 174n17, 175n19, 193.
216. Accounts of her wording differ, as noted by Kathleen Kennedy, “‘Casting an Evil Eye on the Youth of the Nation’: Motherhood and Political Subversion in the Wartime Prosecution of Kate Richards O’Hare, 1917–24,” American Studies 39 (Fall 1998): 108–9.
1. John Reed, “Militarism at Play,” Masses 9 (Aug. 1917): 18–19.
2. “The No Conscription League,” ME 12 (June 1917): 113.
3. “The Trial and Conviction of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman,” ME 12 (July 1917): 129–31.
4. “Does the American Woman Want War?” PW 2 (Apr. 1909): 3. See also “Women of America Unite for Colossal Peace Statue,” PW 5 (Nov. 1911): 4.
5. George Allan England, The Story of the Appeal, “Unbeaten and Unbeatable”: Being the Epic of the Life and Work of the Greatest Political Newspaper in the World (Fort Scott, Kansas: n.p., 1915), 226; and James E. West, Chief Scout Executive, to Editor, Aug. 24, 1914, fol. 106, H-JC. See also “The Boy Scouts,” ME 5 (July 1910): 148; George Kirkpatrick, “The Boy Scout Movement,” PW 4 (Mar. 1911): 5; “Boy Scouts and the Labor Movement,” PW 5 (Nov. 1911): 3, 15; “The American Boy Scout Movement,” Call, Nov. 21, 1910, 6; “The Boy Scout Movement of a Military Nature?” Call, Oct. 12, 1911, 6; “The Boy Scouts,” Solidarity, June 24, 1911, 2; “The Boy Scouts,” IW, Feb. 15, 1912, 2; and “From Foetus to Trench,” ISR 16 (Mar. 1916): 552–54.
6. England, Story of the Appeal, 226.
7. “The Curse of War,” Call, Mar. 20, 1910, 8. See also editorials, “Preparing for Peace and War,” Call, Dec. 16, 1910, 6; “The Outcry against War,” Call, Nov. 10, 1911, 6; “War against War,” Call, Nov. 26, 1911, 6; and “America’s Opportunity,” Call, Mar. 11, 1913, 6.
8. IW, Oct. 19, 1910, 1.
9. “War or Peace?” Wilshire’s 13 (Feb. 1909): 4. See also Upton Sinclair, “War: A Manifesto against It,” Wilshire’s 13 (Sept. 1909): 7; “Militarism: A Tragedy,” Wilshire’s 13 (1909): 3; and “Is War Impossible?” Wilshire’s 14 (Nov. 1910): 5.
10. “Militarism and Socialism,” Wilshire’s 17 (May 1913): 7.
11. See “Down with Militarism! Up with the Rights of Man!” ME 9 (Aug. 1914): 185–87; “Insurrection Rather than War,” ME 9 (Aug. 1914): 188–89; “War on War,” ME 9 (Aug. 1914): 178–79; and “Anti-Militarist Propaganda,” ME 9 (Sept. 1914): 237.
12. Untitled, Masses 5 (Nov. 1914): cover.
13. Untitled, Alarm, Apr. 1916, 1.
14. ISR 15 (June 1915): 708 (reprinted from Columbus Dispatch). See also The Christian Nations, ISR 14 (Sept. 1914): 136 (reprinted from the Chicago Tribune); While War Lasts—Children Are Raised for This, ISR 15 (June 1915): 718 (reprinted from St. Louis Post);—And I Got Life, ISR 16 (May 1916): 656; The Master Strategist, ISR 17 (May 1917): cover; and untitled, ISR 18 (July 1917): cover.
15. ISR 15 (Dec. 1915): 329.
16. Untitled, Masses 6 (Sept. 1914): 3.
17. Editorial, “The Anti-Military Demonstration,” Call, Apr. 7, 1913, 6.
18. Meyer London, “There Must Be an End,” Masses 6 (May 1915): 18.
19. Max Eastman, “Knowledge and Revolution,” Masses 5 (Sept. 1914): 1. See also “To American Socialists,” Masses 6 (Nov. 1914): 1; and “Is Socialism Lost?” Masses 6 (Oct. 1914): 1.
20. “International Socialism and the War,” Call, Aug. 22, 1914, 6.
21. “War on War,” ME 9 (Aug. 1914): 178.
22. “Observations and Comments,” ME 9 (Dec. 1914): 307. See also “The Revolutionist and War,” ME 10 (June 1915): 137.
23. Ad, Rip-Saw 11 (Sept. 1914): 12.
24. David Paul Nord, “The Appeal to Reason and American Socialism, 1901–1920,” Kansas History 1 (Summer 1975): 78.
25. Editorial, “War and Our Editorial Policy,” Call, Aug. 11, 1914, 6; and “War as a Socialist Opportunity,” Call, Aug. 26, 1914, 6. See also editorials, “Where We Stand,” Call, Aug. 16, 1914, 6; and “Socialist Horrors Anticipated,” Call, Sept. 22, 1914, 6.
26. “Thousands Homeless Babies in Holland,” and Victor Berger, “This Is Only War to Stop the War!” both in Call, Oct. 27, 1914, 1.
27. “Women of World in Peace Demand,” Call, Apr. 29, 1915, 1.
28. Dorothy Day, “East Side Women Starving, Will Keep Children from School,” Call, Feb. 21, 1917, 2.
29. “A Letter from a Trenchful of Dead,” Call, Feb. 8, 1917, 3 (emphasis in original).
30. Max Eastman, “The Uninteresting War,” Masses 6 (Sept. 1915): 7.
31. “A Letter from Bob Minor,” Masses 7 (Mar. 1916): 18.
32. John Reed, “The Worst Thing in Europe,” Masses 6 (Mar. 1915): 17.
33. Mabel Dodge, “The Secret of War,” Masses 5 (Nov. 1914): 8.
34. “Hysterians Busy; Here Are Their Headlines,” Call, May 2, 1915, 1.
35. “Concerning Atrocities,” ME 10 (July 1915): 173. See also “The Lusitania and War,” Masses 6 (June 1915): 15.
36. Masses 7 (Dec. 1915): 19. See also “Editorial,” Masses 7 (Mar. 1916): 16.
37. H. C. Peterson and Gilbert C. Fite, Opponents of War, 1917–1918 (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1957), 93–94. See also “Observations and Comments,” ME 11 (June 1916): 499; “Why Labor Is Against ‘Preparedness,’” Masses 7 (May 1916): 6; and John Reed, “At the Throat of the Republic,” Masses 8 (July 1916): 7.
38. See Oscar Ameringer, “Socialism and War,” Rip-Saw 11 (Oct. 1914): 20; Eugene Debs, editorial, “The War Devil,” Rip-Saw 11 (Nov. 1914); Kate Richards O’Hare, “I Denounce!” Rip-Saw 12 (Mar. 1915): 20; Rosika Schwimmer, “Stop the War!” Rip-Saw 12 (Mar. 1915): 18; “To the People of the United States,” Rip-Saw 12 (June 1915): 1; and Kate Richards O’Hare, Shall Red Hell Rage?” Rip-Saw 12 (June 1915): 6.
39. Charles Press, The Political Cartoon (Madison, N. J.: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, 1981), 25; and Chris Lamb, “Drawing Power: The Limits of Editorial Cartoons in America,” Journalism Studies 8 (2007): 722. See also Blast covers: War, 1 (Feb. 19, 1916); Behold the Enemy! Prepare! 1 (Feb. 26, 1916); The Mask of Patriotism, 2 (Mar. 15, 1916); The True Spirit of Preparedness! 1 (May 1916); The Real Purpose of Preparedness, 1 (July 15, 1916); and Worshipping the God of Dynamite, 1 (Aug. 15, 1916).
40. The Deserter, Masses 7 (July 1916): 18–19. See also Boardman Robinson, Our Lord, Masses 9 (Jan. 1917): 22–23; Boardman Robinson, God, Masses 7 (Aug. 1916): 9; Art Young, The God of War, Masses 6 (Sept. 1915): 7; and John Sloan, At the End of the War, Masses 6 (Nov. 1914): 7.
41. Blast 2 (Mar. 15, 1917): cover.
42. “Death or Deliverance? Shall the Christian Socialist Perish Now as a Martyr to World Democracy, or Shall It Live to Help Reconstruct the World?” Christian Socialist, July 1918, 1.
43. “Socialist Convention in Strong Debate Over War,” Appeal, Apr. 14, 1917, 1.
44. “The Convention’s Stand on War and Militarism,” Call, Apr. 14, 1917, 6.
45. Howard Quint, introduction to Wilshire’s, reprint ed. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1970), unnumbered pages.
46. “Attacking Free Speech,” Appeal, Apr. 14, 1917, 1. See also “The First Casualties in War: Free Speech and Free Press Must Not Be Destroyed,” Call, Apr. 22, 1917, SM6.
47. Max Eastman, “Syndicalist-Socialist Russia,” Masses 9 (Aug. 1917): 5 (reprinted in ISR 18 [Aug. 1917]: 77). See also “America and the Russian Revolution,” ME 12 (May 1917): 76; “On Attaining Liberty,” IW, Mar. 19, 1918, 2; “The Russian Revolution,” ISR 17 (Apr. 1917): 619–20; and Henry Slobodin, “The Russian Revolution,” ISR 17 (May 1917): 645–47.
48. “The Russian Revolution,” Blast 2 (May 1, 1917): 3.
49. Solicitor to Postmaster, Chicago, May 6, 1916, file 44949, box 59, entry 36, RPOD.
50. “A Suggestion,” Alarm 1 (June 1916): 1. See also “Freedom Only to Be Conquered,” Blast 1 (July 1, 1916): 2; and “Observations and Comments,” ME 11 (July 1916): 532.
51. “To Hell with the Government,” Blast 1 (May 1, 1916): 2.
52. “The Bloodhounds,” Blast 1 (Apr. 15, 1916): 2.
53. “More Suppression,” Blast 1 (July 1, 1916): 2.
54. Both were pardoned in 1939. See Henry Hunt, The Case of Thomas J. Mooney and Warren K. Billings (New York: Da Capo, 1971).
55. “Comments” and “Preparedness,” both in Blast 1 (Jan. 15, 1916): 4, 5; “The Awakening,” Blast 1 (Jan. 22, 1916): 6; “The Rabbits and the Goats” and “The Red Feast,” both in Blast 1 (Feb. 19, 1916): 2.
56. “The Blast Raided,” ME 11 (Jan. 1917): 726–27.
57. “The Press Censorship Bill,” ISR 17 (Mar. 1917): 567 (emphasis added).
58. James Mock, Censorship 1917 (1941; repr., New York: Da Capo, 1972), 131.
59. “Sedition,” Call, Feb. 6, 1917, 6. See also “The Shadow of Coming Suppression,” Call, Feb. 8, 1917, 6; and “Where Is Free Speech?” Call, Apr. 3, 1917, 6.
60. Espionage Act of June 15, 1917 40 Stat. 583 (1917), 18 USC.
61. Montana senator Thomas Walsh introduced the sedition bill, modeled on his state’s anti-sedition law, which was enacted after a Butte mob lynched IWW organizer Frank Little. See Clemens Work, Darkest before Dawn: Sedition and Free Speech in the American West (Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 2006).
62. Quoted in Donald Johnson, “Wilson, Burleson, and Censorship in the First World War,” Journal of Southern History 28 (Feb. 1962): 47.
63. Attachment to William Lamar War Service Record, Maryland Council of Defense, Historical Division, file “Excluding Publications from the Mail,” box 1, entry 47, RPOD.
64. “The Messenger,” reprinted in Messenger, Aug. 1919, 29.
65. Oscar Ameringer, If You Don’t Weaken: The Autobiography of Oscar Ameringer, 2d ed., (Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1983), 322.
66. Albert Sidney Burleson to Publisher and Editor, World Building, Oct. 3, 1917, file “Excluding Publications from the Mail,” box 1, entry 47, RPOD.
67. Attachment to William Lamar War Service Record, RPOD.
68. Reuben Fink, “The Two Real Censors in Washington,” Day, Nov. 14, 1917, 4, in file “Lamar, Nov. 1917,” box 2, entry 47, RPOD.
69. “War Activities of the United States Post Office,” file B-588, box 60, entry 40, RPOD.
70. Max Eastman, “The Post Office Censorship,” Masses 9 (Sept. 1917): 24.
71. See Rebecca Zurier, Art for The Masses: A Radical Magazine and Its Graphics, 1911–1917 (Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press, 1988), 59, 61.
72. Marvin Schick, Learned Hand’s Court (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1970), 177–78.
73. “The Insolence of Office and the Law’s Delay,” Masses 9 (Oct. 1917): 3; and Masses Publication Co. v. Patten, 244 F. 535 (1917).
74. Charles W. Wood, “Our Crimson Sin,” Masses 9 (Sept. 1917): 26.
75. John Reed, “One Solid Month of Liberty,” Masses 9 (Sept. 1917): 5.
76. George West, “A Talk with Mr. Burleson,” ISR 18 (Nov.–Dec. 1917): 284 (reprinted from the Public).
77. Donald Johnson, The Challenge to American Freedoms: World War I and the Rise of the American Civil Liberties Union (Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1963), 58.
78. Burleson to John Moon, July 21, 1917, file “Excluding Publications from the Mail,” box 1, entry 47, RPOD.
79. “Would Investigate P.O. Department,” World, July 1, 1917, n.p.
80. Burleson to Senator John Bankhead, Aug. 21, 1917, “Exclusion of Second-Class Mail Matter, etc., Under the Espionage Act,” file “Excluding Publications from the Mail,” box 1, entry 47, RPOD.
81. Woodrow Wilson to Max Eastman, Sept. 18, 1917, in The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, ed. Arthur Link, vol. 44, Aug. 21–Nov. 10, 1917 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1983), 210–11.
82. “War Activities of the United States Post Office.” See also “List of Newspapers and Publications Which Have Been Declared Nonmailable by the Post Office Department Under Section 19, Trading with the Enemies Act, and Espionage Act,” file B-350, box 60, entry 40, RPOD.
83. “War Activities of the United States Post Office.”
84. File, “List, Permit Papers,” box 3, entry 47, RPOD.
85. The July 1917 Mother Earth devoted thirty-four pages to trial coverage, including full text of the defendants’ long speeches.
86. “The Immutable,” ME 12 (July 1917): 167.
87. Emma Goldman, Living My Life, vol. 1 (New York: Knopf, 1931), 642.
88. Leonard Abbott, “The War Hysteria and Our Protest,” ME 11 (Aug. 1917): 202. See also “Observations and Comments,” ME 12 (Aug. 1917): 194–96.
89. “A Letter to Pearson’s Subscribers,” Masses 9 (Sept. 1917): 41.
90. The raids were named after their overseer, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. See Robert K. Murray, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1955).
91. Nancy Caldwell Sorel, “J. Edgar Hoover and Emma Goldman,” Atlantic Monthly 127 (Jan. 1993): 105.
92. The federal government also suppressed the December 1917 Mother Earth Bulletin, an abbreviated version of the magazine published by Goldman’s followers until April 1918, because of an article about the military’s hanging of black soldiers.
93. “To Our Readers,” Social Revolution, Aug. 1917, 1.
94. Allen Ruff, We Called Each Other Comrade: Charles H. Kerr and Company, Radical Publishers (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1997), 194.
95. See Ericka Kuhlman, “Women’s Ways in War”: The Feminist Pacifism of the New York City Woman’s Peace Party,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 18 (Spring 1997): 80–100.
96. C. Vann Woodward, Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (New York: Macmillan, 1938), 395–96. Burleson listed the Jeffersonian alongside the Masses as leading violators of the act.
97. Third Assistant Postmaster General WCW to The Solicitor, Jan. [?] 1918, file 47606, box 44, entry 40, RPOD. Additionally, telegrams and letters announcing search warrants at post offices in search of first-class letters suspected of violating the Espionage Act fill seven boxes at the National Archives. Many letters were opened, inspected, and held while the post office ruled on them. See file 47596, boxes 37–43, entry 40, RPOD.
98. Sally M. Miller, Victor Berger and the Promise of Constructive Socialism, 1910–1920 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1973), 195.
99. “Punishment for the Disloyal,” New York Times, Apr. 3, 1918, 12.
100. John Stevens, “Press and Community Toleration: Wisconsin in World War I,” Journalism Quarterly 46 (Summer 1969): 256.
101. F. E. Van Cleave to Postmaster General, Apr. 21, 1916, file 45217, box 59, entry 36, RPOD.
102. “The Freedom of Speech, the Freedom of the Press, and the Right to Public Assembly in Times of War,” file 49307, box 132, entry 40, RPOD.
103. William Maxwell Jr. of Bureau M-1 to William Lamar, Feb. 14, 1918, file 47748, box 78, entry 40, RPOD.
104. William Maxwell Jr. to William Lamar, Apr. 29, 1918, file 47748, box 78, entry 40, RPOD.
105. Quoted in Miller, Victor Berger, 119.
106. “Phases of the European War,” Leader, Sept. 5, 1914, 6.
107. Miller, Victor Berger, 182.
108. “National Service,” Leader, Jan. 11, 1916, 10.
109. Victor Berger, The Voice and Pen of Victor L. Berger: Congressional Speeches and Editorials (Milwaukee: Milwaukee Leader, 1929), 70.
110. Ameringer, If You Don’t Weaken, 316, 306.
111. Edward J. Muzik, “Victor L. Berger: Congress and the Red Scare,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 47 (Summer 1964): 311.
112. Ibid., 315–16.
113. “Cases of International Importance,” IW, Nov. 3, 1917, 2. See Melvyn Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Worker of the World, 2d ed. (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1988), 406, 431–32.
114. William Maxwell to Solicitor, Dec. 14, 1917, file 47578, box 33, entry 40, RPOD.
115. “A Scissorbill Bill,” IW, Aug. 18, 1917, 2.
116. “Were You Drafted?” Solidarity, July 28, 1917, 8.
117. “National Anthem,” Solidarity, Apr. 14, 1917, 1.
118. Editorial, “An Explanation,” Solidarity, Sept. 22, 1917, 2; and Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, 407. See also John Lindquist and James Fraser, “A Sociological Interpretation of the Bisbee Deportation,” Pacific Historical Review 37 (Nov. 1968): 421n105.
119. “Behind the Jail Bars,” IW, Oct. 20, 1917, 4; and “Attorney Advises Surrender,” IW, Dec. 1, 1917, 1.
120. IW, Nov. 10, 1917, 4.
121. “Industrial Worker Answers to Charges,” IW, Apr. 20, 1918, 1. See William Haywood, The Autobiography of Big Bill Haywood (New York: International Publishers, 1929), 290–325; Ralph Chaplin, Wobbly: The Rough-and-Tumble Story of an American Radical (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1948), 219–83; Richard Brazier, “The Mass IWW Trial of 1918: A Retrospect,” Labor History 7 (Spring 1966), 178–92; John Reed and Art Young, “The Social Revolution in Court,” Liberator 1 (Sept. 1918); Preston, Aliens and Dissenters, 118–51; Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, 423–44; Philip Foner, Labor and World War I: vol. 7 of History of the Labor Movement in the United States (New York: International Press, 1987), 292–314; Philip Taft, “The Federal Trials of the IWW,” Labor History 3 (Winter 1962): 52–65; and Philip S. Foner, “United States of America vs. Wm. D. Haywood et al.: The IWW Indictment,” Labor History 11 (Fall 1970): 500–530.
122. “The IWW Trial at Chicago,” Trial Bulletin, May 13, 1918, 1.
123. Jon Bekken, “Los Trabajadores Industriales del Mundo: The IWW’s Spanish-Language Press,” unpublished paper presented at American Journalism Historians Association convention, Tucson, Ariz., Oct. 7, 2010.
124. Haywood, Autobiography, 305.
125. Solicitor to New York Postmaster, Sept. 24, 1917, file 47732, box 77, entry 40, RPOD.
126. Lawyer W. W. Searcy of Brennan, Texas, Chairman, Social Council of Defense, to Burleson, Apr. 18, 1918; and Etta Bullock White to Addison Smith, Sept. 8, 1917, both in file 47732, box 77, entry 40, RPOD.
127. “The Crisis,” Crisis, Sept. 1919, 235.
128. Solicitor to New York Postmaster, Mar. 19, 1918, and Memorandum for Solicitor, May 17, 1918, both in file 47732, box 77, entry 40, RPOD.
129. “Close Ranks,” Crisis, July 1918, 111.
130. Editorial, “The Pickets of the White House,” Messenger, Jan. 1918, 8 (italics in original).
131. Editorial, “Free Speech,” Messenger, Jan. 1918, 9. See William Jordan, Black Newspapers and America’s War for Democracy, 1914–1920 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2001), 96, 112–13.
132. Report, July 8, 1919, fol. B-240, entry 40, RPOD.
133. Inspector Robert Bowen to James Horton, Office of Solictor, July 28, 1919, fol. B-240, entry 40, RPOD. See also Robert Bowen to William Lamar, Oct. 1, 1919, in the same folder; and Robert Bowen, “Reports on the Radical Press of New York City for Apr. 1921,” 38–39, File “Reports on the Radical Press,” box 4, entry 47, RPOD. See also Theodore Kornweibel Jr., “Seeing Red”: Federal Campaigns against Black Militancy, 1919–1925 (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1999).
134. The New Crowd Negro Makes America Safe for Himself, Messenger, Sept. 1919, 17.
135. Richard Digby-Junger, “The Guardian, Crisis, Messenger, and Negro World: The Early-Twentieth-Century Black Radical Press,” Howard Journal of Communications 9 (July 1998): 266.
136. Robert A. Hill, “‘The Foremost Radical among His Race: Marcus Garvey and the Black Scare, 1918–1921,” Prologue: Journal of the National Archives 16 (Winter 1984): 215.
137. Robert Bowen, “Radicalism and Sedition among the Negroes as Reflected in Their Publications,” July 2, 1919, fol. B-240, entry 40, RPOD.
138. J. E. Curry to William H. Lamar, Feb. 11, 1918, file 47784, box 82, entry 40, RPOD.
139. William Maxwell to William Lamar and William Lamar to Sen. Henry Ashurst, both May 6, 1918, file 47748, box 78, entry 40, RPOD.
140. “On the Trail of the IWW,” New York Evening Post, no dates or pages, file 47784, box, 82, entry 40, RPOD.
141. J. E. Curry to William Lamar, Mar. 30, 1918, file 47784, box 82, entry 40, RPOD.
142. Memorandum for the Solicitor, May 3, 1918, file 47784, box 82, entry 40, RPOD.
143. J. Bond Smith to Solicitor, Nov. 3, 1917, file 49536, box 142, entry 40, RPOD. See also How to U.S. District Attorney, Apr. 16, 1918, and May 11, 1918, and William Lamar to New York Postmaster, Feb. 28, 1918, all in the same file.
144. See files 47578 and 47591, box 33, entry 40, RPOD.
145. James Oppenheim, “The Story of the Seven Arts,” American Mercury 20 (June 1930): 164.
146. See “Let Us Prepare for Peace While There Is War,” Appeal, Jan. 30, 1915, 1.
147. “Conscription Is Unconstitutional, Is Proved in Petition for Injunction,” Appeal, June 9, 1917, 1.
148. Appeal, June 16, 1917, 4.
149. “War of Democracy Cannot Be Based upon Aim of Conquest,” Appeal, May 19, 1917, 1. See also “Stand United!” Appeal, Apr. 28, 1917, 1.
150. See “Plutocratic Press Has Betrayed the People! Strike Back on 4th of July!” Appeal, June 30, 1917, 1; and “Join this Endless Chain for Peace and Democracy,” Appeal, June 16, 1917, 1.
151. “Shall It Be Peace without Victory or Victory without Peace?” Appeal, June 30, 1917, 1. The issue most likely was unmailable because another article, “This Happens Only in Germany,” implied the United States was becoming more like autocratic Germany.
152. “What the New Appeal Will Fight For,” New Appeal, Dec. 22, 1917, 1.
153. “Weekly People, The,” July 8, 1918, file 47787, box 82, entry 40, RPOD.
154. “Freedom of the Press in the United States,” Living Age, Sept. 28, 1918, 77.
155. Morris Hillquit, Loose Leaves from a Busy Life (New York: Rand School Press, 1934), 221.
156. President Warren Harding commuted Debs’s sentence to time served, effective Christmas Day 1921. “Harding Frees Debs and 23 Others Held for War Violations,” New York Times, Dec. 24, 1921, 1.
157. Hillquit, Loose Leaves from a Busy Life, 169.
158. U.S. v. Eastman, 255 Fed. 232 (D.C.). See Zechariah Chafee Jr., Free Speech in the United States (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1964), 42–51.
159. Kathleen Kennedy, “‘Casting an Evil Eye on the Youth of the Nation’: Motherhood and Political Subversion in the Wartime Prosecution of Kate Richards O’Hare, 1917–1920,” American Studies 39 (Fall 1998): 111, 107. See also Bernard J. Brommel, “Kate Richards O’Hare: A Midwestern Pacifist’s Fight for Free Speech,” North Dakota Quarterly 54 (Winter 1976): 5–19; and Sally Miller, From Prairie to Prison: The Life of Social Activist Kate Richards O’Hare (Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1993), 144–56.
160. O’Hare was released fourteen months later when Wilson commuted her sentence in response to pressure from radical groups. See Anita Block, “Kate Richards O’Hare,” Call, Dec. 23, 1917, 10; “Women to Fight Imprisonment of Kate O’Hare,” Call, June 27, 1919, 1; “Free Kate O’Hare! Is Women’s Appeal at Protest Meeting,” Call, June 29, 1919, 1; and “Kate Richards O’Hare: A Prisoner,” Call, Dec. 14, 1919, 4SM.
161. See Margaret Blanchard, Revolutionary Sparks: Freedom of Expression in Modern America (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992), 76–77; James Weinstein, The Decline of Socialism in America (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1986), 90–91; and Mock, Censorship 1917, 148.
162. Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S, 47 (1919), Frohwerk v. United States, 249 U.S. 204 (1919); Debs v. United States, 249 U.S. 211 (1919); and Abrams v. United States 250 U.S. 616 (1919).
163. Everett E. Dennis and Melvin L. Dennis, “100 Years of Political Cartooning,” Journalism History 1 (Spring 1974): 6; and Donald Dewey, The Art of Ill Will: The Story of American Political Cartoons (New York: New York Univ. Press, 2007), 49, 118. See also Lamb, “Drawing Power,” 723; David Armstrong, A Trumpet to Arms: Alternative Media in America (Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher, 1981); and Robert Glessing, Outlaws of America: The Underground Press and Its Context (New York: Penguin, 1973).
164. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 29. See also Chafee, Free Speech, 107.
1. See “Magazine,” Adbusters, https://www.adbusters.org/magazine; Laura Beeston, “The Ballerina and the Bull: Adbusters’ Micah White on ‘The Last Great Social Movement,’” Link, accessed July 25, 2013, http://thelinknewspaper.ca/article/1951; and Martin Kaste, “Exploring Occupy Wall Street’s Adbuster Origins,” NPR, accessed July 25, 2013, http://www.npr.org/2011/10/20/141526467/exploring-occupy-wallstreets-adbuster-origins.
2. Sally M. Miller, Victor Berger and the Promise of Constructive Socialism, 1910–1920 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1973), 201–2.
3. Milwaukee Socialist Democratic Publishing Co. v. Burleson, 255 U.S. 407, 424 (1921).
4. Burleson v. U.S. Workingmen’s Co-operative Publishing Association, 274 Fed. 749 (1921).
5. Joseph R. Conlin, introduction to The American Radical Press, 1880–1960, vol. 1, ed. Joseph R. Conlin (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1974), 6, 12.
6. Robert A. Bowen, Bureau of Translations and Radical Publications, “The Radical Press in the United States,” 6, submitted Dec. 22, 1920, fol. “Radical Press Nov. 1918–Jan. 1921,” box 1, entry 236: “Bimonthly General Intelligence Press Reports of the Justice Department, 1918–1922,” RPOD. See also “The Radical Press in the United States,” file “Reports on the Radical Press,” box 4, entry 47: Office of the Solicitor, Office Files of William H. Lamar, 1912–22, RPOD.
7. William Lamar, Memo to Postmaster General, May 14, 1921, file “Excluding Publications from the Mail,” Office Files of William H. Lamar, 1912–22, box 1, entry 47: Office of the Solicitor, Office Files of William H. Lamar, 1912–22, RPOD.
8. “The Freedom of the Press,” May 25, 1921, Office Files of William H. Lamar, 1912–22, box 1, entry 47: Office of the Solicitor, Office Files of William H. Lamar, 1912–22, RPOD.
9. Donald Johnson, The Challenge to American Freedoms: World War I and the Rise of the American Civil Liberties Union (Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1963), 83. Hays resigned in 1922 to head the forerunner of the Motion Picture Association of America, where he instituted the industry’s self-censorship system, known as the Hays Code. See Gregory D. Black, Hollywood Censored: Morality Codes, Catholics, and the Movies (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994).
10. See Harvey A. Levenstein, “The Worker, Daily Worker,” in Joseph R. Conlin, ed., The American Radical Press, 1880–1960 (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1974), 232–33; “Take It as Red,” On the Media, Jan. 11, 2008, accessed Mar. 16, 2014, http://www.onthemedia.org/story/129899-take-it-as-red/transcript/; and Henry D. Fetter, “The Party Line and the Color Line: The American Communist Party, the Daily Worker and Jackie Robinson,” Journal of Sport History 28 (Fall 2001): 375–402.
11. I. F. Stone, The Haunted Fifties (New York: Random House, 1963), xviii. See also Myra MacPherson, All Governments Lie: The Life and Times of Rebel Journalist I. F. Stone (New York: Scribner, 2006).
12. See Kevin McAuliffe, The Great American Newspaper: The Rise and Fall of the Village Voice (New York: Scribner: 1978); and Matthew Rothschild, ed. Democracy in Print: The Best of The Progressive Magazine, 1909–2009 (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 2009).
13. John J. Simon, “Sweezy v. New Hampshire: The Radicalism of Principle,” Monthly Review 51 (Apr. 2000): accessed Nov. 26, 2011, http://monthlyreview.org/2000/04/01/sweezy-v-new-hampshire.
14. James Weinstein, The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State, 1900–1918, reprint ed. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1981), xi.
15. David Armstrong, A Trumpet to Arms: Alternative Media in America (Los Angeles: Archer, 1981), 11.
16. John McMillian, Smoking Typewriters: The Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2011), 6–7.
17. See Peter Richardson, A Bomb in Every Issue: How the Short, Unruly Life of Ramparts Magazine Changed America (New York: New Press: 2009); and Robert Newman, “Interview: Dugald Stermer and Ramparts Magazine,” The Society of Publication Designers, Oct. 11, 2009, accessed Mar. 25, 2011, http://www.spd.org/2009/10/dugald-stermer-and-ramparts-ma.php.
18. See Jane Rhodes, Framing the Black Panthers: The Spectacular Rise of a Black Power Icon (New York: New Press, 2007); and Sam Durant, ed. Black Panther: The Revolutionary Art of Emory Douglas (New York: Rizzoli, 2007).
19. McMillian, Smoking Typewriters, 189. See also James Lewes, Protest and Survive: Underground GI Newspapers during the Vietnam War (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003); Raymond Mungo, Famous Long Ago: My Life and Hard Times With the Liberation News Service (Boston: Beacon Press, 1970); and “Voices from the Underground: Radical Protest and the Underground Press in the ‘Sixties,’” Univ. of Connecticut Libraries, Archives and Special Collections at the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, accessed Mar. 25, 2011, http://doddcenter.uconn.edu/exhibits/voices/; and “List of Underground Press in the United States,” Wikipedia, accessed Mar. 25, 2011, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_press#List_of_underground_press_in_the_United_States.
20. See David Cunningham, There’s Something Happening Here: The New Left, the Klan, and FBI Counterintelligence (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2004).
21. See Evan Smith, “The Alternative Press Grows Up,” Mediaweek 1 (June 21, 1991): 19–21.
22. Robert McChesney, “The U.S. Left and Media Politics,” Monthly Review 50 (Feb. 1999): 32–41.
23. Timothy Noah, “The United States of Inequality,” Slate, Sept. 3, 2010, accessed Jan. 9, 2013, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/the_great_divergence/features/2010/
the_united_states_of_inequality/introducing_the_great_divergence.html.
24. Paul Krugman, The Conscience of a Liberal (New York: Norton, 2009), 124–52.
25. Chris Atton, Alternative Media (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2001), 1.
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27. Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 2, The Power of Identity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), 79.
28. See official Web site, accessed Mar. 24, 2011, Enlace Zapatista, http://enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx/. See also Alexandra Halkin, “Outside the Indigenous Lens: Zapatistas and Autonomous Videomaking,” in Global Indigenous Media: Cultures, Poetics, and Politics, ed. Pamela Wilson and Michelle Stewart (Durham, N.C.: Duke Univ. Press, 2008), 160–80.
29. Charles Lindholm and Jose Pedro Zúquete, The Struggle for the World: Liberation Movements for the Twenty-First Century (Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 2010), 14. See also Jeffrey S. Juris, “The New Digital Media and Activist Networking,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 597 (Jan. 2005): 191–99; and Graham Meikle, Future Active: Activism and the Internet (New York: Routledge, 2002).
30. Lindholm and Zúquete, Struggle for the World, 14.
31. See Howard Rheingold, Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus, 2002), 160–61.
32. See David Solnit and Rebecca Solnit, The Battle of the Story of the Battle of Seattle (Edinburgh: AK Press, 2008).
33. See Lynn Owens and L. Kendall Palmer, “Making the News: Anarchist Counter-Public Relations on the World Wide Web,” Critical Studies in Media Communication 20 (Dec. 2003): 335–61.
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37. “Final Online Issue,” New Leader, May, June–July, Aug. 2010, accessed Jan. 13, 2013, http://www.thenewleader.com/.
38. Robert A. Bowen, Bureau of Translations and Radical Publications, “The Radical Press in the United States,” 3–4, submitted Dec. 22, 1920, fol. “Radical Press Nov. 1918–Jan. 1921, box 1, entry 236, RPOD.
39. Jason McQuinn, “The Life and Times of Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed: 25 Years of Critical Anarchist Publishing,” 2004–2006, The Anarchist Library, accessed July 26, 2013, http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/Jason_McQuinn__The_Life_and_times_of_Anarchy__
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40. See Bob Black, “No Match for Me,” Inspiracy, 2002, accessed July 27, 2013, http://www.inspiracy.com/black/nomatch.html.
41. Postmaster of Seattle to the Solicitor, received Mar. 8, 1920, file B-191, box 52, entry 40, RPOD.
42. Melvyn Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World, 2d ed. (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1988), 463.
43. Fol.: “Radical Newspaper List Apr. 1922,” box 2, Entry 40, RPOD.
44. See Ralph Chaplin, “Confessions of a Radical,” Empire Magazine of Denver Post, pt. 1, Feb. 17, 1957, 12–13, and pt. 2, Feb. 24, 1957, 10–11.
45. “About,” Wobbly City: Industrial Workers of the World New York General Membership Branch, accessed Mar. 16, 2014, http://wobblycity.org/about/.
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