Russia

1 ‘There was no law among them …’, Povest’ Vremennykh Let (St Petersburg: Biblioteka Literatury Drevnei Rusi, 1997). English translation of passages from The Russian Primary Chronicle in Serge A. Zenkovsky (ed.), Medieval Russia’s Epics, Chronicles and Tales (New York: Dutton, 1963), 49–50.

2 ‘So they went overseas …’, ibid., 51.

3 ‘I think that Rurik …’, interviews recorded in September 2010.

4 ‘Upon arriving in the Bosporus strait …’, Novgorodskaya Pervaya Letopis, ed. B.M. Kloss (Moscow, 2000). English translation of passages from The Novgorod Chronicle in Zenkovsky, op.cit., 52.

5 ‘Of the prisoners they captured …’, ibid., 52.

6 ‘For lo, the Byzantine Emperor prayed …’, ibid., 51.

7 ‘They sailed along the Dnieper river …’, ibid., 50–1.

8 ‘So then did Oleg the Wise ride out …’, Alexander Pushkin (1799–1837), ‘Pesn’ o Veshchem Olege’ [Song of Oleg the Wise] (1822), A.S. Pushkin, Sochineniya v 3-kh tomakh (Moscow: Izd. Khudozhestvennaya Lit., 1987).

9 ‘Then in 911 Oleg set off …’, G. Vernadsky, Kievan Rus (New Haven: Yale, 1973), 26.

10 ‘In the month of June …’, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, ‘Of the coming of the Russians in monoxyla from Russia to Constantinople’, De Administrando Imperio, trans. and ed. Gyula Moravcsik and R.J.H. Jenkins (Washington, DC: Harvard, 1966), 57–63.

1 ‘This is the tale of bygone years …’, Povest’ Vremennykh Let (St Petersburg: Biblioteka Literatury Drevnei Rusi, 1997). English translation of passages from The Russian Primary Chronicle in Serge A. Zenkovsky (ed.), Medieval Russia’s Epics, Chronicles and Tales (New York: Dutton, 1963), Prolegomenon, 44.

2 ‘When the envoys returned …’, ibid., 67–8.

3 ‘Drinking is the joy of the Russians …’, quoted in Walter G. Moss, A History of Russia, i: To 1917 (London: Anthem, 2002), 64.

4 ‘All I possess are eight slim tomes …’, Vladislav Khodasevich, ‘Ya rodilsya v Moskve’ [In Moscow I was born], from Egipetskaya Noch [The Egyptian Night], in Stikhotvoreniya (Leningrad: Sovetsky Pisatel’, 1989), 294–5.

5 ‘So Vladimir did ordain …’, Primary Chronicle, op. cit., 70.

6 ‘For Vladimir now dwelled in the fear of God …’, ibid., 71.

7 ‘Svyatopolk secretly summoned his men …’, attrib. Nestor, Skazanie o Borise I Glebe [The Tale of Boris and Gleb] (St Petersburg: Biblioteka Literatury Drevnei Rusi, 1997). Partial English translation in Zenkovsky, op. cit., 87–91.

1 ‘If you look at the records …’, author’s interview, Novgorod, September 2010.

2 ‘I love you and you love me …’, birch-bark documents on display at the Novgorod State Museum. Museum website carries facsimiles of the birch barks: http://gramoty.ru/index.php?key=bb&date[]=all&city[]=all&excav[]=all&safety[]=all&cath[]=all

3 ‘And Prince Alexander’s men were filled …’, Povest’ Vremennykh Let (St Petersburg: Biblioteka Literatury Drevnei Rusi, 1997). English translation of passages from The Russian Primary Chronicle in Serge A. Zenkovsky (ed.), Medieval Russia’s Epics, Chronicles and Tales (New York: Dutton, 1963), 162–4.

4 ‘Then Igor gazed upon the sun …’, Slovo o Polku Igoreve [‘The Song of Igor’s Campaign’] (Moscow: Narodnaya Biblioteka). Partial English translation in Zenkovsky, op. cit., 54.

5 ‘And, brethren, Kiev began to groan from grief …’, ibid., 58.

1 ‘The accursed Batu …’, Povest’ o Razorenii Ryazani Batyem [The Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan by Baty] (St Petersburg: Biblioteka Literatury Drevnei Rusi, 1997). Partial English translation in Medieval Russia’s Epics, Chronicles and Tales, ed. Serge Zenkovsky (New York: Dutton, 1963), 175–85.

2 ‘When we passed through this region …’, Giovanni de Plano Carpini, envoy of Pope Innocent IV, Ystoria Mongalorum, ed. E. Hildinger (Boston: Branden Books, 1996), 48.

3 ‘In former times …’, N.M. Karamzin, Istoria Gosudarstva Rossiiskogo [History of the Russian State] (Rostov: Rostovskoe Knizhnoe Izdatelstvo, 1990), v: ch. 4, 178.

4 ‘Our history began in barbarity …’, Lettres philosophiques addressées à une dame [Philosophical Letters Addressed to a Lady], in P. Ya. Chaadayev, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii (Moscow: Nauka, 1991), 121.

5 ‘The princes crawled on their knees …’, Karamzin, op. cit., 179.

6 ‘Batu’s invasion brought destruction …’, ibid., 180.

7 ‘But Prince Dmitry said, ‘Fight on! …’, Zadonshchina [Beyond the Don] (St Petersburg: Biblioteka Literatury Drevnei Rusi, 1997). Partial English translation in Zenkovsky, op. cit., 191–2.

8 ‘O my Rus! My wife! …’, A. Blok, Na Pole Kulikovom [On Kulikovo Field] (1908), in Izbrannye Proizvedeniya (Moscow: Biblioteka Klassiki, 1988).

1 ‘For Kalita won the favour of …’, cited in S.M. Soloviev, Istoria Rossii s Drevneishikh Vremen (Moscow: Golos, 1993). Partial English translation in Medieval Russia’s Epics, Chronicles and Tales, ed. Serge Zenkovsky (New York: Dutton, 1963), 213.

2 ‘For the ancient city of Rome …’, Povest’ o Belom Klobuke [The Legend of the White Cowl] (St Petersburg: Biblioteka Literatury Drevnei Rusi, 1997). Partial English translation in Zenkovsky, op. cit., 270–1.

3 ‘AD 1471. The Grand Prince Ivan Vasilievich …’, The Novgorod Chronicles, R. Mitchell and N. Forbes (trans.), The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016–1471 (Camden, London: 1914), cited in W. Walsh, Readings in Russian History (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1948), 241.

4 ‘Thus did Great Prince Ivan advance …’, ibid., 242.

1 ‘Stalin: Have you studied history? …’, J.V. Stalin, Collected Works, cited in G. Maryamov, Kremlevskii Tsenzor [The Kremlin Censor] (Moscow, 1992), 84–91.

2 ‘For the first time …’, Ivan’s dialogue from the film Ivan Grozny [Ivan the Terrible] (1943–4), dir. S. Eisenstein.

3 ‘For what is our country now?’, ibid.

4 ‘The form of their government …’, Giles Fletcher, Of the Russe Commonwealth (1591), reprinted in facsimile (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966), 20.

5 ‘In the power which he holds …’, Baron von Herberstein, Rerum Muscoviticarum Comentarii [Notes on Muscovite Affairs], trans. R.H. Major, as Notes on Russia (London: 1851).

6 ‘We shall cut off heads without mercy …’, Eisenstein film, op. cit.

7 ‘Under orders from Ivan …’, G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001), 124.

8 ‘In his Kremlin interrogation of Eisenstein …’, Maryamov, op. cit., 87.

9 ‘To the Tsar, exalted by God …’, J.L. Fennell (ed.), The Correspondence between A.M. Kurbsky and Ivan IV, 1564–1579 (Cambridge: 1955), 2.

10 ‘To him who is a criminal …’, ibid., 180.

11 ‘I spit on you and on your palace …’, Ivan to Elizabeth. Poslanie Angliiskoi Koroleve Elizavete [Missive to the English Queen Elizabeth] (1570), quoted in Ivan IV Sochineniya (St Petersburg: Azbuka Klassiki, 2000), 101 et seq.

12 ‘The Muscovite state …’, V. Kliuchevsky, Kurs Russkoi Istorii (Moscow: 1937), iv: 352.

13 ‘Russia owes her salvation …’, N.M. Karamzin, Istoria Gosudarstva Rossiiskogo [History of the Russian State] (Rostov: Rostovskoe Knizhnoe Izdatelstvo, 1990), v: ch. 4, 182.

14 ‘To despotism Russia owes her greatness …’, G. Macartney, An Account of Russia MDCCLXVII, reprinted in facsimile (Elibron Classics, 2005), 63.

1 ‘Here is conspiracy, sedition …’, M. Mussorgsky, libretto to his opera Boris Godunov, after Pushkin. From the aria: Dostig ya vysshei vlasti … [I have attained the highest power …].

2 ‘What if the murdered …’, ibid.

3 ‘Let us act together of one …’, cited in S.M. Soloviev, Istoria Rossii s Drevneishikh Vremen (Moscow: Golos, 1993), viii: ch. 8, 143.

4 ‘Glory to you, my native Russian land …’, Glinka, Zhizn’ za Tsarya [A Life (laid down) for the Tsar). Chorus: Slavsya, slavsya, svyataya Rus!

5 ‘In 1612,’ it announced, ‘our enemies were the Poles and Lithuanians …’ Radio Liberty report, by Viktor Yasmann, 4 November 2005: ‘New Russian holiday has more behind it than National Unity’.

1 ‘On the Volga, on the Kama …’, Kak prokhodit, bratsy, leto teploe … [As summer goes, my brothers…], Don Cossack song, collected by Pyotr Krasnov, Kartiny Bylogo Tikhogo Dona [Scenes from the past times of the quiet Don] (1909).

2 ‘It was at the little stream …’, ibid.

3 ‘The native commodities of the countrie …’, Giles Fletcher, Of the Russe Commonwealth (1591), reprinted in facsimile (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966), 7.

4 ‘Mile after mile creeps by …’, Shostakovich, libretto to his opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, based on the novella by Nikolai Leskov.

5 ‘At least 7,000 men and 600 women were imprisoned here …’, archive file of the Soviet Interior Ministry, ref. Pr.0361MVD, dated 25.5.50, stored on the database of the Memorial organisation, www.memo.ru

6 ‘Bazhenov was finally closed …’, archive file of the Soviet Security Service, ref. Pr. 00329MGB, dated 23.5.52, stored on the database of the Memorial organisation, www.memo.ru

7 ‘These involuntary peasant settlers …’, Ye. Yevtushenko, Stantsiya Zima [Zima Junction], in Izbrannoe: Stikhotvoreniya i Poemy (Rostov: Vsemirnaya Biblioteka Poeta, 1997).

8 ‘What we need to do is spit …’, Avvakum Petrov, Zhitie Protopopa Avvakum Im Samim Napisannoe [The Life of the Archpriest Avvakum, Written by Himself] (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, 1960), 173.

9 ‘As they were beating me, I felt no pain …’, ibid., 185.

1 ‘… with one mighty blow …’, from the poem ‘Volga, Volga, Mat’ Rodnaya’ [Mother Volga] by Dmitry Sadovnikov (1883).

2 ‘By the autumn, his army was nearly 200,000 strong …’, N. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 197.

3 ‘Why, good folk, are you not celebrating …’, Ye. Yevtushenko, ‘Kazn’ Sten’ki Razina’ [The Execution of Stenka Razin], in Izbrannoe: Stikhotvoreniya i Poemy (Rostov: Vsemirnaya Biblioteka Poeta, 1997).

4 ‘… had a great regard for learning …’, P. Gordon, Passages from the Diary of General Patrick Gordon of Auchleuchries (Aberdeen: 1859), 168.

5 ‘No one who was acquainted …’, A. Gordon, The History of Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia (Aberdeen: 1755), i: xxiii.

6 ‘Soon after his arrival …’ ibid., vii–viii.

7 ‘… conversed with our English builders …’, John Perry, The State of Russia under the Present Czar (London: 1716), 164.

8 ‘… the Tsar of Muscovy worked with his own hands …’, cited in I. Grey, ‘Peter the Great in England’, in History Today, 6 (1956), 229.

9 ‘He spent most of his time …’, Perry, op. cit., 166.

10 ‘He now made those Englishmen …’, ibid., 186.

11 ‘… sold to America – for the derisory sum of $7 million …’ Riasanovsky, op. cit., 431.

12 ‘His epic poem “The Bronze” …’, A.S. Pushkin, ‘Mednyi Vsadnik’ [The Bronze Horseman], in Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii. v 10 tomakh (Leningrad: 1979), 372–3.

13 ‘He, who our city by the sea …’, ibid., 382.

14 ‘About the statue, at its base …’, ibid., 383.

15 ‘Not only that, each rank …’, Waliszewski, Peter the Great: His Life and Work (London: 1898), 454.

16 ‘The Russians had always worn …’, Jean Rousset de Missy, quoted in Readings in Modern European History, ed. J. Robinson and C. Beard (Boston: Ginn and Co, 1908), 61–3.

17 ‘The argument, says Feofan …’, Feofan Prokopovich, The Spiritual Regulation, quoted in T. Szamuely, The Russian Tradition (London: McGraw Hill, 1974), 106.

18 ‘Vasily Tatishchev, concurs. He advances the contention …’, ibid.

1 ‘The story has it that she turned up at the headquarters …’, B. Antonov, Russian Tsars: The Rurikids, the Romanovs (Moscow: Fedorov, 2005), 106.

2 ‘The woman history would know as Catherine the Great …’, S. Dixon, Catherine the Great (London: Profile, 2010), 4–6.

3 ‘Anything that was necessary …’, Zapiski Imperatritsy Yekateriny II [The Writings of the Empress Catherine II], ed. A.S. Suvorin (St Petersburg: 1907), 57.

4 ‘I understood very clearly that the Grand Duke did not love me …’, The memoirs of Catherine the Great, eds. M. Cruse and H. Hoogenboom (New York: 2006), 36.

5 ‘In government by women …’, Frederick II, quoted in S. Sebag-Montefiore, Potemkin, Prince of Princes (London: Phoenix, 2000), 118.

6 ‘I never saw in my life …’, George Macartney, quoted in S. Dixon, The Modernisation of Russia, 1676–1825 (Cambridge: 1999), 45.

7 ‘By chance your works fell into my hands …’, letter to Voltaire, included in Cruse and Hoogenboom, op. cit., 48.

8 ‘You are greater than the Aurora Borealis …’, letter from Voltaire to Catherine, quoted in W. Reddaway, Documents of Catherine the Great (New York: 1971).

9 A‘philosophe on the throne’, N. Pushkareva, Women in Russian History, trans. E. Levin (New York: Sharpe, 1997), 142.

10 ‘For it is the wish of all worthy members …’, Nakaz Yekateriny II, full text included in Imperatritsa Yekaterina II, ‘O Velichii Rossii’ (Moscow, EKsmo: 2003).

11 ‘There is no true sovereign except the nation …’, D. Diderot, quoted in The Enlightenment: A Source Book and Reader, ed. Paul Hyland (London: Routledge, 2003), 153.

12 ‘At first you doubt …’, G. Derzhavin, Opisanie Torzhestva … [A Description of the Celebration at the House of Field Marshal Potemkin in the Presence of Her Majesty the Empress Catherine II] (St Petersburg: 1808).

13 ‘My dear friend, I love you …’, Catherine to Potemkin, quoted in Sebag-Montefiore, op. cit., 102.

14 ‘Oh, Monsieur Potemkin, what sorcery have you used …’, ibid., 127.

15 ‘A new scene has just opened …’, Robert Gunning dispatch, quoted in ibid., 117–22.

16 ‘At that moment great crowds …’, A.S. Pushkin, Kapitanskaya Dochka i Drugie Rasskazy [The Captain’s Daughter and Other Tales] (Moscow: AsT, 2007), 63.

17 ‘Those who rally to me …’, manifesto of Yemilian Pugachev. Original in History Museum, Yekaterinburg.

18 ‘The possessions of the Russian Empire …’, Nakaz Yekateriny II, op. cit., 77.

19 ‘In the very nature of things …’, ibid., 80.

20 ‘Since the honourable title …’, Charter of the Nobility, ibid., 127.

1 ‘Paul I’s years in power …’, For Paul I, see N. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 302 et seq.

2 ‘The fundamental principle …’, M.M. Speransky, Proekty i Zapiski [Projects and Notes] (Moscow-Leningrad: 1961), 43–4.

3 ‘Under Catherine, the government wished …’, ibid., 65.

4 ‘Under autocratic rule there can be …’, ibid., 118.

5 ‘What is the use of laws …’, ibid., 140–2.

6 ‘I would then happily retire …’, G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001), 247.

7 ‘A shell tore up the earth …’, L. Tolstoy, War and Peace, trans. R. Edmonds (London: Penguin, 1957), 943–7.

8 ‘For Napoleon’s generals …’, ibid., 977.

9 ‘So the French army flows on to Moscow …’, Comte de Ségur, Histoire de Napoléon et de la Grande Armée pendant l’année 1812 [History of Napoleon and of the Grand Army during the Year 1812] (Paris: 1839), 47–8.

10 ‘According to the eyewitness testimony …’, ibid., 48–9. For French casualty figures, see Riasanovsky, op. cit., 345 et seq.

11 ‘He consulted oracles …’, F. Gribble, Emperor and Mystic: The Life of Alexander I of Russia (Montana: Kessinger, 2007).

12 ‘See the crowds are running …’, N. Nekrasov, Russkie Zhenshchiny [Russian Wives] (Russian Women) (Moscow: Russkaya Klassika, 2009), 28.

13 ‘Crowds of civilians gathered around them …’, A. Mazour, Russia’s First Revolution, 1825 (Stanford: 1937), 67.

14 ‘Oh unhappy country …’, C. de Grunwald, Tsar Nicholas I (New York: Macmillan, 1955), 69.

15 ‘In far Siberia’s deepest land …’, A.S. Pushkin, Sochineniya, v 3-kh tomakh (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, 1987), 178.

16 ‘A desert landscape with a jail …’, Saltykov-Shchedrin, quoted in T. Szamuely, The Russian Tradition (London: McGraw Hill, 1974), 134.

17 ‘Never to stir … never to show …’, Uspensky, quoted in ibid.

18 ‘Experience teaches us that …’, A. de Tocqueville, L’Ancien Régime et la Révolution [The Old Regime and the French Revolution] Paris: Adamant, 2002), 259.

1 ‘The bodies of Russian servicemen …’, author’s reports for BBC News, 1995–7.

2 ‘So shall I sing that glorious hour …’, A. Pushkin, Kavkazskii Plennik [A Captive of the Caucasus], op. cit. 109.

3 ‘Yermolov said his aim …’, G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001), 239.

4 ‘… destroy their towns, hang hostages and slaughter their women and children …’, ibid.

5 ‘Awake, you braves …’, Chechen folk song, quoted in M. Gammer, The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule (London, 2006), 36–7.

6 ‘Yesterday, I arrived in Pyatigorsk …’, M. Lermontov, A Hero of Our Time, trans. P. Longworth (New York: Signet, 1962), 85.

7 ‘No one spoke of hatred …’, Tolstoy, Hadji Murat (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, 1969), 89.

8 ‘This flood [of revolutionary pressure] …’, S. Witte, The Memoirs of Count Witte, trans. A. Yarmolinsky (New York: Doubleday, 1921), 210.

1 ‘So tell me, madam …’, N. Gogol, Mertvye Dushi [Dead Souls] (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, 1972), 92.

2 ‘One may buy a slave …’, Russkaya Pravda. Full text in A.M. Kamchatnov, Khrestomatiya po Istorii Russkogo Yazyka (Pamyatniki X–XIV vekov) (Moscow, 2009).

3 ‘The figures involved were stupendous …’ For the figures of bonded serfs in Russia, see T. Szamuely, The Russian Tradition (London: McGraw Hill, 1974), 116 et seq.

4 ‘The setting was idyllic …’, ibid., 118.

5 ‘Today I read in the newspaper …’, Tolstoy, Ne Mogu Molchat’ [I Cannot Remain Silent], in Sobranie Sochinenii v 20 tomakh, tom. 14 (Moscow: 1960).

6 ‘By the Grace of God …’, ‘Manifesto on the Emancipation of the Serfs’. Full text available online at http://schoolart.narod.ru/1861.xhtml

7 ‘… better to liberate the peasants from above …’, quoted in N. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 411.

8 ‘We count on the nobles to reach …’, See ‘Manifesto on the Emancipation of the Serfs’, op. cit.

9 ‘I was still in bed …’, Kropotkin, Memoirs of a Revolutionist (Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1899), part 2, ch. 8, 142.

10 ‘We ran, rather than marched …’, ibid., 143.

11 ‘I was deafened by the blast …’ quoted in E. Radzinsky, Alexander II: The Last Great Czar (New York: Freepress, 2006), 415.

12 ‘… spoke of “inviting society” …’, ibid., 374 et seq.

13 ‘The policies of Count Loris-Melikov …’, diary of V. Figner, quoted in Five Sisters: Women against the Tsar, ed. Alpern Engel (New York: B. Knopf, 1975), 50–1.

1 ‘Zhelyabov died smiling …’, A. Camus, L’Homme révolté [The Rebel] (Paris: Gallimard, 1951), 86.

2 ‘… just another year of life’. Police records of Rysakov’s interrogation in online database: http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_r/rysakov.php

3 ‘Don’t cry over the corpses …’, ‘Hymn of the Revolutionary’ (1865). An early recorded performance and lyrics available at http://www.sovmusic.ru/text.php?fname=ne_plach

4 ‘Our history began in …’, Lettres philosophiques addressées à une dame [Philosophical Letters Addressed to a Lady], in P. Ya. Chaadayev, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii (Moscow: Nauka, 1991), 121.

5 ‘All classes and groups …’, K. Aksakov, On the Internal State of Russia (1855), quoted in N. Riasanovsky, Russia and the West in the Teaching of the Slavophiles (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952).

6 ‘Our land may be destitute …’, F. Dostoevsky, The Diary of a Writer, trans. B. Brasol (New York: Scribner, 1954), 980.

7 ‘Suffering land of the Russian people …’, F.I. Tyutchev, Stikhotvoreniya (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, 1972), 208.

8 ‘With the mind alone …’, ibid., 259.

9 ‘A storm is approaching …’, A. Herzen, ‘The Russian People and Socialism: A Letter to Michelet’ (1851), in The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen (London: Chatto & Windus, 1968), iv: 1649.

10 ‘I shall speak frankly with you …’, N. Chernyshevsky, Chto Delat’? [What Is to Be Done?], Klassiki Mirovoi Literatury (Moscow: Feniks, 2002), 287.

11 ‘All these sores and foul contagion …’, F. Dostoevsky, Besy [The Possessed], trans. Constance Garnett (New York: Heritage Press, 1959), 563. Also S. Nechaev, Catechism of a Revolutionist (1869). Quoted in T. Szamuely, The Russian Tradition (London: McGraw Hill, 1974), 252. Full text available in archives of Marxist.org: http://www.marxists.org/subject/anarchism/nechayev/catechism.htm

12 ‘In 1878, one of its members …’, diary of Vera Zasulich, reproduced in Five Sisters: Women against the Tsar, ed. Alpern Engel (New York: B. Knopf, 1975), 61–94.

1 ‘The times are terrible …’, letter from Konstantin Pobedonostsev to Alexander III, in K.P. Pobedonostsev, Pis’ma Pobedonostseva k Aleksandru III (Moscow: 1925–6), i: 331.

2 ‘Your Majesty, if you …’, ibid., 332.

3 ‘Yes… Today’s meeting …’, letter from Alexander III to Pobedonostsev, in K.P. Pobedonostsev i ego korrespondenty: Pis’ma i zapiski (Moscow: 1923), i: part 1, 49.

4 ‘Thank God this over-hasty …’, ibid., 92.

5 ‘A proclamation to all Our …’, Alexander III, ‘The Tsar’s Manifesto on Unshakable Autocracy’. Full text (in Russian) available online at http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/1881.htm

6 ‘From this day I shall be …’, Coronation speech of Ivan IV (1547). See Chapter Six, p. 46 note (p. 541).

7 ‘It is a gross delusion to regard …’, Pobedonostsev, Reflections of a Russian Statesman by K.P. Pobyedonostseff, trans. C.R. Long (London: Grant Richards, 1898), 53.

8 ‘These deplorable results …’, ibid., 48.

9 ‘The so-called May Laws …’, quoted in L. Errera, The Russian Jews: Extermination or Emancipation?, trans. B. Loewy (London: 1894), 18; and in S. Dubnow, History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, trans. I. Friedlaender (Philadelphia: 1916–20), iii: 10.

10 ‘I left college with my instruction …’, A. Mikhailov, diaries of student volunteers recorded in Arkhiv ‘Zemli i Voli’ [Archive of Land and Freedom] (Moscow: 1932). Available online at http://narovol.narod.ru/origin.htm

11 ‘Of course the peasants hated …’, S. Lion, ibid.

12 ‘The peasants reacted to all …’, P. Ivanovskaya, ibid.

13 ‘The people are incapable …’, Lion, ibid.

14 ‘The concept of the “invisible dictatorship” …’ Pyotr Tkachev, Zadachi Revolyutsionnoi Propagandy v Rossii [The Tasks of Revolutionary Propaganda in Russia], April 1874. Full text archived at http://az.lib.ru/t/tkachew_p_n/text_0060oldorfo.shtml

15 ‘The belief that a party …’, Pyotr Lavrov, ‘To the Russian Social Revolutionary Youth’, in Izbrannye Sochineniya (Moscow: 1934), iii: 360–1.

1 ‘The crowd was pushing …’, V. Gilyarovsky, Sochineniya v 4-kh tomakh (Moscow: Biblioteka Shkolnika, 1999), iii: 24 et seq. Full text available at http://tululu.ru/read74996/24/

2 ‘no good will come from the reign of this tsar …’, ibid., 27.

3 ‘What shall become of me …’, quoted in E. Feinstein, Anna of All the Russias (London: Weidenfeld, 2005), 3.

4 ‘I understand that some people …’, A. Mosolov, At the Court of the Last Tsar: Being the Memoirs of A.A. Mosolov, the Head of the Court Chancellery, 1900–1916 (London: Methuen, 1935), Part One – The Tsar, 25.

5 ‘I fear the Tsar’s speech …’, Robert F. Byrnes, Pobedonostsev: His Life and Thought (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1968).

6 ‘When he called our hopes …’, V. Obninsky, Poslednii Samoderzhets, ocherk zhizni Nikolaya II [The Last Autocrat: An Outline of the Life of Nicholas II] (Moscow: Respublika, 1992), 142.

7 ‘Von Plehve was the pillar …’, leaflet issued by the Central Committee of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, July 1904. Full text available (in English) at http://www.uea.ac.uk/his/webcours/russia/documents/plehve1.shtml

8 ‘The most infamous of them …’ For details of the Evno Azef affair, see R. Rubenstein, Comrade Valentine: The True Story of Azef the Spy (London: Harcourt Brace, 1994).

9 ‘Sire! We the workers …’ Full text of workers’ petition to the tsar available at http://www.hrono.info/dokum/190_dok/19050109petic.php

10 ‘From my balcony…’, S. Witte, The Memoirs of Count Witte, trans. A. Yarmolinsky (New York: Doubleday, 1921), 252.

11 ‘He pretended to be the people’s …’, recorded performance and lyrics available at http://www.sovmusic.ru/text.php?fname=peterbrg

12 ‘The government began to …’, Witte, op. cit., 251.

13 ‘Early in 1906, he returned to Russia and approached …’, R. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra (New York: Tess Press, 2004), 107–11.

14 ‘Before the uprising …’, V.I. Lenin, ‘The Beginning of Revolution in Russia’, in Lenin: Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1997), viii: 98.

15 ‘At heart, His Majesty …’, Witte, op. cit., 186. See also von Plehve’s alleged remark: ‘We need a victorious little war to stem the tide of revolution,’ quoted by Witte, op. cit., 250.

16 ‘Their commander mistook …’, Report of the International Commission of Inquiry: Incident in the North Sea (The Dogger Bank Case), 22 February 1905.

17 ‘Our ships were crowded together …’, V. Kostenko, Na Orle v Tsushime [On Board the Orel at Tsushima: Memoirs of a Participant in the Russo–Japanese War of 1904–5] (Leningrad: Sudpromgiz, 1955), 423.

18 ‘While there is no …’, ibid., 538.

19 ‘Our Tsar is Tsushima …’, K. Balmont, in Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii (Moscow: 1976), ii: 97.

1 ‘Citizens! We’ve got the ruling clique …’, L. Trotsky, 1905, trans. A. Bostock (London: Allen Lane 1972), 116.

2 ‘Citizens! If anyone among you believes …’, ibid., 116.

3 ‘As the October strike …’, ibid., 110–11.

4 ‘I have asked you here …’, Nicholas’s speech to workers delegation published in Pravitel’stvennyi Vestnik [Government Gazette], no. 15, on 20 January 1905, 1. See also S. Witte, The Memoirs of Count Witte, trans. A. Yarmolinsky (New York: Doubleday, 1921), 252–3.

5 ‘… a good, religious, simple Russian …’, quoted in R. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra (New York: Tess Press, 2004), 214–15.

6 ‘When in trouble or assailed …’, ibid.

7 ‘When in the course of my official …’, Witte, op. cit., 246.

8 ‘Such a contrivance was typical …’, ibid., 230.

9 ‘We, Nicholas the Second …’, ‘October Manifesto’. Full text (in Russian) available at http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/oct1905.htm. Quoted in full (in English) in Witte, op. cit., 232–3.

10 ‘In the years 1903–1904 …’, Witte, op. cit., 217.

11 ‘The onslaught of the revolutionary …’, Trotsky, op. cit., 96–7.

12 ‘His Majesty is afflicted …’, Witte, op. cit., 224.

13 ‘A stupid delegation is coming …’, Nicholas’s letter to his mother, quoted in Massie, op. cit., 238.

1 ‘Information arrived that …’, A. Solzhenitsyn, August 1914, trans. H. Willetts, (London: Penguin, 1990), 335–6.

2 ‘Only now did Vorotyntsev notice …’, ibid., 336.

3 ‘I shall never forget …’, General A.I. Denikin, The Russian Turmoil: Memoirs, Military, Social, and Political (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1922), 30.

4 ‘This regime does not have the wisdom …’, Khrestomatiya po otechestvennoy istorii, 1914–45 [Textbook on National History], ed. A.F. Kiselev and E.M. Shchagin (Moscow: Vlados, 1996).

5 ‘The craze of occultism …’, The Memoirs of Count Witte, trans. A. Yarmolinsky (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1921), 195.

6 ‘Rasputin stood before me motionless …’, F. Yusupov, Lost Splendor: The Amazing Memoirs of the Man Who Killed Rasputin, trans. A. Green and N. Katkov (New York: Helen Marx Books, 2003), ch. 23.

1 ‘A revolution in Russia?’, A. Solzhenitsyn, Lenin in Zurich, trans. H. T. Willetts (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1976), 201.

2 ‘As the masses approached …’, Osip Yermansky, quoted in E. Burdzhalov, Vtoraya russkaya revolyutsiya: vosstanie v Petrograde [Russia’s Second Revolution: Uprising in Petrograd] (Moscow: Nauka, 1967), 138.

3 ‘The working women took the initiative …’, Gordienko, quoted in ibid., 124.

4 ‘Military Headquarters, 24 February …’, N. Romanov, Dnevniki Nikolaya II, 1913–1918 [The Diaries of Nicholas II] (Moscow: Zakharov, 2007), 199.

5 ‘The monarchist system is tottering …’, Burdzhalov, op. cit., 276–7.

6 ‘My information is completely different …’, R. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra (New York: Tess Press, 2004), 425.

7 ‘The situation is growing worse …’, Burdzhalov, op. cit., 289.

8 ‘Not to sign any paper or constitution …’, ibid., 293.

9 ‘There is no sacrifice I would not bear …’, ibid.

10 ‘In the days of the great struggle …’, ibid., 296–7.

11 ‘Mikhail stressed his resentment …’, The Memoirs of Vladimir D. Nabokov: V.D. Nabokov and the Provisional Government, 1917, ed. V.D. Medlin and S.L. Parsons (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976), 49.

12 ‘Nicholas the Second has abdicated …’, Burdzhalov, op. cit., 304.

13 ‘Guchkov had been addressing …’, Account by Shul’gin in his memoirs, Dni (Belgrade, 1925), quoted in Burdzhalov, op. cit., 302.

14 ‘As long as it didn’t hinder …’, Burdzhalov, op. cit. 239–40; N. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 506.

1 ‘Bern, 23 March 1917’, W. Hahlweg, ‘Lenins Reise durch Deutschland im April 1917’, in Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (Munich: 1957), 315.

2 ‘… Send Lenin into Russia …’, Churchill to the House of Commons, 5 November 1919, Hansard, Fifth Series (Commons), vol. 120, col. 1633.

3 ‘The Russian revolution created by you …’ quoted in Pravda, no. 24, 5 April 1917; included in Lenin: Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1997), xli: 399.

4 ‘The first stage of the revolution …’, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Biograficheskaya Khronika, tom 4, Mart–Oktyabr 1917 (Moscow: Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, 1973), 60–1.

5 ‘Yest takaya partiya!’ Lenin speech to First All Russian Congress of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies.

6 ‘The man was gifted …’, The Memoirs of Vladimir D. Nabokov: V.D. Nabokov and the Provisional Government, 1917, ed. V.D. Medlin and S.L. Parsons (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976), 75.

7 ‘I expressed my opinion …’, ibid., 87.

8 ‘Armoured cars and vehicles …’, ibid., 148.

9 ‘He would be gripped by a state of rage …’, N. Valentinov, Encounters with Lenin, trans. P. Rosta and B. Pearce (London: Oxford University Press, 1968), 149–50.

10 ‘Lenin and Co are spies!’, Nabokov, op. cit., 137.

11 ‘The Provisional Government could have …’, Nabokov, op. cit., 83.

1 ‘The whole world is turning to revolutionary struggle …’, the Third Communist International, 4 March 1919, in Lenin: Collected Works, (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1997), xxix: 240–1.

2 ‘I unreservedly recommend …’, introduction by V.I. Lenin to J. Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World (London: Penguin, 1977), 7.

3 ‘On both sides of the main gateway …’, Reed, op. cit., 108–11.

4 ‘Even to the very end …’, The Memoirs of Vladimir D. Nabokov: V.D. Nabokov and the Provisional Government, 1917, ed. V.D. Medlin and S.L. Parsons (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976), 78.

5 ‘And there was Lenin …’, Reminiscences of V.I. Lenin, in 5 Volumes, ii: 457.

6 ‘Comrades! The revolution of workers …’, ibid.

7 ‘There was a tremendous tension of course …’, BBC Radio archive recording, no date given.

8 ‘You’re finished …’, I. Thatcher, Trotsky (London: Routledge, 2002), 92.

9 ‘The Bolsheviks make no fetish of democracy …, speech, 23 December 1918, in Lenin: Collected Works, op. cit. xxviii: 368–72.

10 ‘… ruthless contempt, worthy of an aristocrat …’, quoted in O. Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996), 386.

11 ‘She did not like the Russian Communist Party …’, M. Philips Price, My Three Revolutions (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1969), 160.

12 ‘Dozens, perhaps hundreds …’, V. Grossman, Everything Flows, trans. R. and E. Chandler (New York: New York Review Books, 2009), 177–82.

1 ‘Everything was fermenting, growing, rising …’, B. Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago, trans. M. Hayward and M. Harari (London: Collins Harvill, 1988), 132.

2 ‘It just seems to me that …’, ibid., 151.

3 ‘Everyone expected the Bolsheviks …’, The Memoirs of Vladimir D. Nabokov: V.D. Nabokov and the Provisional Government, 1917, ed. V.D. Medlin and S.L. Parsons (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976), 166.

4 ‘To relinquish the Soviet Republic won by the people …’, V. I. Lenin, ‘Draft Decree on the Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly’, 6 January 1918, in Lenin: Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1997), xxvi: 434.

5 ‘The Right Socialist Revolutionary …’, ibid., 435.

6 ‘For almost a hundred years …’, M. Gorky, articles from Novaya Zhizn’, 9 and 11 Jan 1918, in Sobranie Sochinenii v 30 tomakh (Moscow, 1956), xxvii: 98.

7 ‘Everything has turned out for the best …’, H. Shukman, The Russian Revolution (Stroud: Sutton, 1998), 67. See also L. Trotsky, in Lenin, Notes for a Biographer (New York: Putnam, 1971), ch. 8 (‘Breaking up the Constituent Assembly’), who reports Lenin as saying, ‘The breaking up of the Constituent Assembly by the Soviet power is the complete and public liquidation of formal democracy in the name of the revolutionary dictatorship. It will be a good lesson.’

8 ‘Lenin and Trotsky do not have …’, M. Gorky, ‘Untimely Thoughts’, in Novaya Zhizn’, no. 177, 7 November 1917. In English in Untimely Thoughts: Essays on Revolution, Culture and the Bolsheviks, 1917–18, trans. H. Ermolaev (New York: Paul Eriksson, Inc., 1968), 85–6.

9 ‘Lenin’s intolerance, his contempt for freedom …’, V. Grossman, Everything Flows, trans. R. and E. Chandler (New York: New York Review Books, 2009), 177–83.

10 ‘We cannot, will not and must not …’, L. Trotsky, ‘Announcement of Russian Withdrawal from Brest-Litovsk Peace Negotiations, 10 February 1918’, in Source Records of the Great War, vol. VI, ed. C. Horne (New York: National Alumni, 1923). Full text reproduced (in English) at http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1918/commissar/gov.htm

11 ‘Either we sign the peace terms …’, ibid.

1 ‘But Nicholas’s cousin, George V, refused …’, The Memoirs of Vladimir D. Nabokov: V.D. Nabokov and the Provisional Government, 1917, ed. V.D. Medlin and S.L. Parsons (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976), 71–2.

2 ‘Where they would be safer …’, extracts from statement of Ya. Yurovsky to Soviet commission of inquiry, quoted in R. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra (New York: Tess Press, 2004), 554–6. See also E. Radzinsky, The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II, trans. Marian Schwartz (London: Arrow, 1993), 8–9: Radzinsky fails to find Yurovsky’s statement in the Central State Archives of Moscow. The text of it is reproduced at http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/YurovskynoteRussian.xhtml

3 ‘The Tsar was carrying his young son …’, statement by Medvedev to Soviet commission of inquiry, quoted in R. Wilton, The Last Days of the Romanovs (London: Legion, 1920), 171 et seq.

4 ‘Nicholas had put Alexei on a chair …’, Yurovsky statement, op. cit.

5 ‘The field sways …’, M. Tsvetaeva, ‘The Swans’ Encampment’, trans. Elaine Feinstein, in Marina Tsvetaeva: Selected Poems (London: Penguin, 1994), 34.

6 ‘Comrade soldiers of the Red Army!’ Lenin: Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1997), xxix: 244–5.

7 ‘Our former masters …’, recorded performance and lyrics available at http://www.sovmusic.ru/text.php?fname=dubina

8 ‘One division sent to …’, J. Silverlight, The Victors’ Dilemma: Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War (London: Barrie & Jenkins Ltd, 1970), 171.

9 ‘While I was there I met …’, Miles Hudson, Intervention in Russia, 1918–1920: A Cautionary Tale (Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 2004), 79.

10 ‘Other British troops spent …’, Silverlight, op. cit., 185.

11 ‘Red Warriors! On all …’, L. Trotsky, My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography (London: Penguin, 1979), 449.

12 The Allies supplied …’ O. Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996), 652.

13 ‘By early 1919…’, ibid., 596–7.

14 ‘The Red Army has united …’, Lenin’s speech in Lenin: Collected Works, op. cit., xxix: 244–5.

15 ‘On that day, 22 July 1920 …’, I. Babel, from Konarmiya (Moscow: Pravda, 1990), 119. ‘Red Cavalry’ in Isaac Babel: Collected Stories (London Penguin, 1961), 135–6.

16 ‘Over the corpse of White Poland …’, quoted in N. Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), ii: 396.

17 ‘Gaping mouths, torn open …’, K. Paustovsky, Story of a Life: In That Dawn, trans. M. Harari and M. Duncan (London: Harvill Press, 1967), 218–19.

18 ‘What do you see out there …’, M. Bulgakov, Flight (London: Nick Hern Books, 1998), 49–51.

1 ‘My term of imprisonment …’, R. Bruce Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent: Being an Account of the Author’s Early Life and of His Official Mission to Moscow in 1918 (London: Putnam, 1932), 326.

2 ‘Lenin, shot twice …’, Pravda, 3 September 1918, quoted in L. Kirschenbaum, ‘Scripting Revolution: Regicide in Russia’, in Left History, 7, no. 2 (2001), 50.

3 ‘At six in the morning a woman was …’, Bruce Lockhart, op. cit., 320.

4 ‘Merciless mass terror …’, decree on Red Terror published in Krasnaya Gazeta, 1 September 1918, and Izvestiya, 3 September 1918.

5 ‘I shall never forget …’, M. Philips Price, My Three Revolutions (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1969), 136.

6 ‘Don’t go looking …’, cited in Ye. Albats, KGB: State Within a State, The Secret Police and its Hold on Russia’s Past, Present and Future, trans. C. Fitzpatrick (London: I.B.Tauris, 1995), 93.

7 ‘We stand for organised terror …’, interview with Dzerzhinsky in Novaya Zhizn’, 14 July 1918.

8 ‘A city of icebergs …’, G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001), 409.

9 ‘With a clank, a squeal and a groan …’, V. Rozanov, Izbrannoe (Selected Works) (Munich: Neimanis, 1970), 494. Also quoted in M. Heller and A. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, trans. M. Carlos (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 255.

10 ‘Down with Lenin …’, M. McAuley, Bread and Justice: State and Society in Petrograd, 1917–22 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 280.

11 ‘Once their power is consolidated …’, Golos Truda, November 1917.

12 ‘Lenin’s “purpose was to save …”’, N. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 527.

13 ‘The only work done by the Soviet …’, report by Colonel Kimens, acting British vice-consul in Petrograd, 12 November 1918, reproduced in The Russian Revolution, 1917 (London: The Stationery Office, 2001), 83.

14 ‘A wave of kulak revolts …’, Lenin: Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1997), xxviii: 53–7, trans. J. Riordan.

15 ‘The harvest had been annihilated …’, BBC archive interview with Sir Philip Gibbs, no date given.

16 ‘The insurrection of the kulaks …’, quoted in Robert Service, Lenin: A Biography (London: Macmillan, 2000), 365.

17 ‘We must put down all resistance …’, O. Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996), 749.

1 ‘I can’t listen to music …’, in a personal conversation with Maxim Gorky. quoted in Gorky, Lenin the Man (Berlin: Neue Rundschau, 1924).

2 ‘We, the representatives …’, G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001), 414.

3 ‘Since you are from Kronstadt …’, I. Getzler, Kronstadt, 1917–1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 212–13.

4 ‘The working class expected the Revolution …’, O. Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996), 763–4.

5 ‘… far more dangerous than …’, ibid., 758.

6 ‘The New Economic Policy we are introducing …’, Lenin speech to the Tenth Congress of The Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) in March 1921, in Lenin: Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1997), 93–5.

7 ‘They asked me if I love …’, V.I. Mayakovsky, Vy lyubite li NEP? [Do You Love the NEP?] (1922). In Mayakovsky, Sobranie Sochinenii v 13 tomakh (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, 1961), iii: 29–30.

8 ‘There must be an immediate dissolution …’, Hosking, op. cit., 415–16.

1 ‘Comrade Stalin, having …’, ‘Zavet Lenina’ [Lenin’s Testament] in Lenin: Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1997), xxxvi: 593–611.

2 ‘When the Congress met …’, Arthur Ransome, article in Manchester Guardian, 23 January 1924.

3 ‘The body of Lenin …’, ibid.

4 ‘… sitting on the steps …’, B. Haugen, Joseph Stalin: Dictator of the Soviet Union (Minneapolis, MN: Compass Point Books, 2006), 49.

5 ‘… the Russian people’s worst …’, Life Magazine, 3 February 1958, 81.

6 ‘The word Soviet has become known …’, Lenin speech, ‘What is Soviet Power?’, 30 March 1919, in Lenin: Collected Works, xxix: 248–9.

7 ‘We had a great big banner …’, Harry Young, BBC Radio archive interview, no date given.

1 ‘Oh yes, dear. It happened …’, recording of Masha Alekseevna, survivor of collectivisation in Tambov region.

2 ‘The solution to our problems lies …’, Stalin speech, 27 December 1929, in J.V. Stalin, Problems of Leninism (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1976), 451–2.

3 ‘We are turning the main mass …’, Pravda, no. 259, 7 November 1929, in J.V. Stalin, Works (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954), xii: 124–41.

4 ‘The peasants are joining the collective farms …’, ibid.

5 ‘The collective-farm movement is …’, Stalin speech, ‘On Agrarian Policy’, 27 December 1929, in Stalin, Works, op. cit., xii: 147–8.

6 ‘The exact number …’, see, inter alia, L. Hubbard, The Economics of Soviet Agriculture (London: Macmillan, 1939), 117–18.

7 ‘We went into the house …’, BBC Radio archive recording, no date given.

8 ‘Stalin had said, “The struggle for grain” …’, G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001), 453.

9 ‘Akh, brethren …’, quoted in L. Viola, Peasant Rebels under Stalin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 57–63.

10 ‘In the kolkhoz they will …’, ibid.

11 ‘Down with the Soviet commune …’, I.V. Klimkin, Nachalo Kollectivizatsii, 1929– 1930 [The Beginnings of Collectivisation, 1929–1930], in the local history section of the Pitelinsky District municipal website.

12 ‘Many elected to slaughter their …’, M. Heller and A. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, trans. M. Carlos (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 238.

13 ‘It was the big story …’, interview, BBC Radio archive recording, no date given.

14 ‘Between two and four …’, Famine in the Soviet Ukraine 1932–3: A Memorial Exhibition, catalogue (Harvard University, 1986), 31.

15 ‘This ruin I saw …’, Gareth Jones, Manchester Guardian, 29 March 1933. All Gareth Jones’s articles are available at http://www.garethjones.org/

16 ‘After Stalin, the most hated man in Russia …’, ibid.

17 ‘I see you are a good …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 238.

18 ‘In 1932 Mikhail Khataevich …’, R. Conquest, ‘Comment on Wheatcroft’, Europe–Asia Studies, University of Glasgow, 1999, vol. 51, no. 8, 1479.

19 ‘… for Stalin, the peasants …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 238.

20 ‘Unless we begin to straighten …’, The Stalin–Kaganovich Correspondence 1931–1936 ed. R. W. Davies, O. V. Khlevniuk and E. A. Rees (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2003), 179–81.

1 ‘The history of Russia is …’, R. Daniels, A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev (Hanover, New Hampshire: University of Vermont, University Press of New England, 1993), 181–2.

2 ‘… we have destroyed the country to defeat the Whites …’, M. Heller and A. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, trans. M. Carlos (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 118.

3 ‘All our spying operations …’, M. Sayers and A. Khan, The Great Conspiracy against Soviet Russia (New York: Boni & Gaer, 1946), 60.

4 ‘This is an ordeal …’, ibid., 60.

5 ‘They were extraordinarily …’, ibid.

6 ‘We live in an era of great fear …’, A. Afinogenov, ‘Strakh’ [Fear] (1930), in P’esy (Moscow: Izd. Iskusstvo, 1947), 72–3.

7 ‘… class enemies inside the USSR …’, from J.V. Stalin, Works (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954), vol. 1138.

8 ‘The underlying causes …’, from J.V. Stalin, Problems of Leninism (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1976), 526.

9 ‘Trotsky boasted …’, G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001), 434–5.

10 ‘Ships sail and bridges rise …’, ‘Rabochii Chelovek’ [The Working Man], song by Yu. Levitin and M. Matusovsky, text and performance available at http://www.sovmusic.ru/text.php?fname=rabochiy

11 ‘Onwards, shock brigades …’, V.I. Mayakovsky, ‘Marsh Udarnykh Brigad’ [March of the Shock Brigades] (1930), Polnoe Sobrenie Sochinenii v 13 tomakh (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, 1961), x: 162.

12 ‘Here, sitting at this table …’, J.V. Stalin, Works, op. cit., xiv: 174–5.

13 ‘We live so well …’, archive recording of Tatiana Fyodorova in PBS Radio documentary, People’s Century. Available at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/peoplescentury/about/index.xhtml

14 ‘A few days ago …’, Gareth Jones in Evening Standard, Friday, 31 March 1933.

1 ‘Russia is the place where poetry …’, O. Mandelstam, quoted in O. Lekmanov, Osip Mandelshtam (Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 2009), 97.

2 ‘We are living, but the ground …’, Mandelstam, ‘My zhivem, pod soboyu ne chuya…’ (1933), Mandelshtam, Stikhotvorenia (Tbilisi: Merani, 1990), 196.

3 ‘Not a word …’, Mandelstam in conversation with Emma Gerstein, quoted in E. Gerstein, Moscow Memoirs, trans. J. Crowfoot (London: Harvill, 2004), 61.

4 ‘Stalin wanted to know if my father …’, author’s interview with Yevgeny Pasternak, 2006.

5 ‘I am practising a new genre …’, I. Babel, speech to First Congress of Soviet Writers’ Union, quoted in H. Rappaport, Josef Stalin: A Biographical Companion (London: ABC-CLIO, 2000), 16.

6 ‘In the car, one of the policemen …’, Antonina N. Pirozhkova, At His Side: The Last Years of Isaac Babel, trans. A. Frydman and R. Busch (South Royalton, Vermont: Steerforth Press, 1996), 113.

7 ‘… died of cardiac arrest …’, V. Shentalinsky, The KGB’s Literary Archive, trans. J. Crowfoot (London: Harvill Press, 1995), 71.

8 ‘A typed submission …’, ibid., 67–71.

9 ‘The knowledge of free poetry …’, author’s interview with Yevgeny Pasternak, 2006.

10 ‘Leave that cloud-dweller …’, quoted in R. Tucker, Stalin in Power (New York: Norton, 1990), 445. Stalin was showing his knowledge of Pasternak’s work: his remark is a reference to Pasternak’s collection of poems The Twins in the Clouds.

11 ‘Muddle instead of Music’, Pravda, 28 January 1936.

12 ‘It’s terrible when an artist is persecuted …’, author’s interview with Irina Shostakovich, 2006.

13 ‘Are we entitled …’, M. Heller and A. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, trans. M. Carlos (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 139.

14 ‘Not under foreign skies …’, Anna Akhmatova, Rekviem [Requiem], in Anna Akhmatova: Sochineniya v dvukh tomakh (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, 1991), i: 107.

15 ‘We will preserve you …’, ibid., 109.

16 ‘Opening before me …’, Akhmatova, Poema Bez Geroya [Poem Without a Hero], ibid., i: 273–98.

17 ‘He was delighted and happy …’, author’s interview with Yevgeny Pasternak, 2006.

18 ‘What tears in eyes now … measure of death’, M. Tsvetaeva, Poems to Czechia, No. 8, ‘O Slezy na glazakh …’, in Marina Tsvetaeva: Stikhotvoreniya (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, 1989), 127.

19 ‘When I left Russia …’, S. Rakhmaninov, quoted in A. Wehrmeyer, Rakhmaninov (London: Haus Publishing, 2004), 102.

20 ‘Imitated in foreign cities…’, V. Nabokov, Speak Memory (London: Penguin, 2009), 223.

21 ‘The revolution was blood …’, Nabokov, BBC Radio archive interview, no date given.

22 ‘At first, the quiet and the snowy coolness …’, Nabokov, ‘A Visit to the Museum’, in The Stories of Vladimir Nabokov (London: Penguin, 1995), 284–5.

23 ‘He blamed the vandalism …’, author’s interview with Sviatoslav Prokofiev, 2006.

24 ‘In the beginning he was just very happy …’, ibid.

25 ‘They are torturing me …’, Shentalinsky, op. cit., 27.

26 ‘People like to say …’, author’s interview with Sviatoslav Prokofiev, 2006.

27 ‘Something very bad …’, ibid.

28 ‘Listen. I love …’, author’s interview with Yevgeny Pasternak, 2006.

29 ‘People who had voices had their tongues cut out …’, N. Mandelstam, Hope against Hope (New York: Modern Library, 1999), 204.

30 ‘So, it seems Alexander Alexandrovich …’, author’s interview with Yevgeny Pasternak, 2006.

31 ‘Well yes, we had the decree …’, author’s interview with Tikhon Khrennikov, 2006.

32 ‘My word was law …’, ibid.

33 ‘Khrennikov’s defence evokes …’, author’s interview with Irina Shostakovich, 2006.

34 ‘The song and the verse …’, V.I. Mayakovsky, Razgovor s fininspektorom o poezii [A conversation with the tax inspector about poetry] (1926), in Mayakovsky, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii v13 tomakh (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, 1961), iii: 141–9.

35 ‘It is time for bullets …’, G. Suny, The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR and the Successor States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 203–4.

36 ‘Nonsense, stupidity …’, ibid., 205.

37 ‘It’s past one o’clock …’, V.I. Mayakovsky, Lyubovnaya lodka razbilas’ o byt [The boat of love has smashed on the rocks of life], in Mayakovsky, op. cit., viii: 237.

38 ‘I want to be a poet …’, S. Yesenin, Rus’ Ukhodyashchaya [Russia Departing], in Yesenin, Sobranie Sochinenii v 7 tomakh (Moscow: 1988), ii: 158.

39 ‘I am not your tame canary!’, Yesenin, [Stanzas], ibid., iii: 25.

40 ‘Art must move organically …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 194.

41 ‘I’m no good at art …’, V.I. Lenin, Conversation with Yuri Annenkov, quoted in I. McGilchrist, The Master and His Emissary (New Haven: Yale, 2009), 412.

1 ‘There is a danger…’, Stalin report to Seventeeth Party Congress (‘Congress of the Victors’), 26 Jan 1934, in J.V. Stalin, Works (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954), xiii: 203.

2 ‘In all areas of …’, Kirov speech at ‘Congress of the Victors’, in Stenograficheskii Otchet, zasedanie 10-oe, utrom, 31 January, 1934 (Moscow: Izd. Partizdat, 1934).

3 ‘The foul murder …’, Stalin speech on death of Kirov, in pamphet The Defects in Party Work and Measures for Liquidating Trotskyite and Other Double Dealers, report to the Plenum of the Central Committee of the RKP(b), 3 March 1937 (parts 1–3 of 5), published by the Cooperative Publishing Society of Foreign Workers in the USSR, Moscow, 1937.

4 ‘The enemy is cunning …’, A. Vaksberg, Vishinski: Le Procureur de Staline, les grands procès de Moscou (Paris: Albin Michel, 1991), 83.

5 ‘Overcoming blood …’, M. Heller and A. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, trans. M. Carlos (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 286.

6 ‘Numbers were fixed for arrests …’, R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia (London: Penguin, 1997), 221.

7 ‘The weed and thistle …’, quoted in Vaksberg, op. cit., 127.

8 ‘This murderer of millions …’, A. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918–1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation, Part I, trans. T. Whitney (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1974), 411.

9 ‘At one stage …’, F. MacLean, Eastern Approaches (London: Penguin, 1991), 120.

10 ‘If one were to die …’, N. Bukharin, Last Plea – Evening Session, 12 March 1938, quoted in Zh. and R. Medvedev, The Unknown Stalin, trans. E. Dahrendorf (London: I.B.Tauris, 2006), 294.

11 ‘… become a slaughterer …’, A. Koestler, Darkness at Noon, trans. D. Hardy (London: Penguin, 1983), 122.

12 ‘… one reason for his preposterous confession …’, A. Larina, This I Cannot Forget: The Memoirs of Anna Larina, Nikolai Bukharin’s Wife (Pandora, 1994), 72.

13 ‘Know comrades, that the banner you bear …’, S. Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888–1938 (London: Wildwood House, 1974), 371.

14 ‘I address this appeal …’, Larina, op. cit., 344–5.

15 ‘Stalin’s trial against me …’, L. Trotsky, television interview, recorded in Mexico, 1938, for broadcast on US television.

16 ‘I know I shall not survive this …’, Trotsky’s dying words, quoted in J. Gorkin, L’Assassinat de Trotsky (Paris: Julliard, 1970), 141.

17 ‘According to the NKVD …’, R. Pipes, Communism: A History of the Intellectual and Political Movement (London: Phoenix Press, 2001), 66–7.

18 ‘The hungrier we were…’, G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001),468.

19 ‘All were convicted …’, D. Volkogonov, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Political Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev, trans. H. Shukman (London: Harper Collins, 1998), 109.

20 ‘God disturbed him …’, Service, op. cit., 226–7.

21 ‘The deaths of the vanquished …’, ibid., 226.

1 ‘Of the areas belonging to the Polish state …’, W. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (USA: Nationwide Book Service, 1960), 541.

2 ‘The sinister news …’, G. Roberts, Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939– 1953 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 30.

3 ‘In view of the changed…’, Shirer, op. cit., 541–2.

4 ‘Hitler wanted to trick us …’, R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia (London: Penguin, 1997), 257.

5 ‘… in order to aid and protect the Ukrainians …’, Roberts, op. cit., 37.

6 ‘I cannot forecast …’, ibid., 38.

7 ‘The head of the NKVD …’, Beria report to Stalin, 5 March 1940, marked ‘top secret’, among documents released by Russian government in April 2010. Facsimile of original Beria report available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8649435.stm

8 ‘We have conquered …’, A. Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives (London: Harper Collins, 1991), 730.

9 ‘Stalin confided to Molotov that they would “not be ready” …’, R. Service, Stalin: A Biography (London: Macmillan, 2004), 406.

10 ‘This is all a panic …’, M. Heller and A. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, trans. M. Carlos (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 361.

11 ‘The sparrows were chirping …’, Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes, trans. J. L. Schecter and V. V. Luchkov (Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1990), 50.

12 ‘On the very eve of the invasion …’, R. Braithwaite, Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War (London: Profile Books, 2006), 67; and Service, Russia, op. cit., 260.

13 ‘With 4 million men …’ Service, Russia, op. cit., 261.

14 ‘Hitler described the Soviet Union as a rotten building …’, Roberts, op. cit., 85.

15 ‘Do not give in to any provocations …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 371.

16 ‘Citizens of the Soviet …’, Braithwaite, op. cit., 75.

17 ‘Heavy counterattacks …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 371.

18 ‘Everywhere the Russians …’, Service, Russia, op. cit., 264.

19 ‘Comrades! Citizens …’, Stalin speech, 3 July 1941, from The World’s Great Speeches: 292 Speeches from Pericles to Nelson Mandela, ed. L. Copeland, L. Lamm and S. McKenna (New York: Dover Publications, 1999), 495–6.

20 ‘Conditions in the …’, Braithwaite, op. cit., 310.

21 ‘Hey comrades …’, quoted in P. Lidov, Geroi Sovetskogo Soyuza Zoya Anatolevna Kosmodemyanskaya (Moscow, 1942), 14–15. But M. Gorinov, in ‘Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, 1923–1941’ in Otechestvennaya Istoriya, no. 1 (Moscow, 2003), reproduces the transcript of the Nazi interrogation of Zoya and suggests that her ‘last words’ might be the subsequent invention of Soviet propaganda.

22 ‘… pikes, swords …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 375.

23 ‘… the war with Russia …’, Roberts, op. cit., 84.

24 ‘… no Soviet prisoners …’, quoted in R. Brakman, Sekretnaya Papka Iosifa Stalina [Stalin’s Secret File] (Moscow: Ves’ Mir, 2004), 297. Discussed by Yu. Teplyakov in ‘Stalin’s war against his own troops: The tragic fate of Soviet prisoners of war in German captivity’, in slightly amended form in The Journal of Historical Review, Jul– Aug 1994, xiv, no. 4, 4–10.

25 ‘Of the 3 million …’, Roberts, op. cit., 85.

26 ‘A Jew is a Bolshevik …’, ibid., 87.

27 ‘Yids of the city …’ Photograph of original newspaper cutting at http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/B-Yar/?88

28 ‘We had expected only five to six thousand …’, Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Einsatzgruppen Trial judgment; transcript quoting exhibit NO-3157, 426.

29 ‘It was all done so quickly …’, M. Berenbaum, The World Must Know; the History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Museum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 97–8.

30 ‘The whole situation makes it …’, Braithwaite, op. cit., 180.

31 ‘The Führer has decided …’, Roberts, op. cit. 104.

32 ‘By the end of the operation …’, Braithwaite, op. cit., 276.

33 ‘Borodino! Your ground stands firm …’, Moskva za nami! [Moscow stands behind us], words and music by B. Vasilev (1942), quoted in G. Alferova, Borodino, pole russkoi slavy [Borodino, the field of Russian glory] (State Museum of Borodino, 2002).

34 ‘The villages were small …’, Braithwaite, op. cit., 102.

35 ‘All the peoples …’, Stalin speech, 7 Nov 1941. Full text available at http://cccp.narod.ru/work/book/stal_parad.xhtml

36 ‘Russia is a country …’, C. Ailsby, Images of Barbarossa: The German Invasion of Russia, 1941 (London: Ian Allan Publishing, 2001), 50.

1 ‘The German army is …’, G. Roberts, Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 114.

2 ‘The Soviet forces …’, G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001), 495.

3 ‘Wait for me …’, K. Simonov, ‘Zhdi menya i ya vernus’, tol’ko ochen’ zhdi …’, in Simonov, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, 1987), ii: 90.

4 ‘By mid 1943 …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 376

5 ‘They dragged out …’, Hosking, op. cit., 502.

6 ‘Praising American … far north and east.’, M. Heller and A. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, trans. M. Carlos (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 376–81.

7 ‘The Wehrmacht had ventured …’, Roberts, op. cit., 126.

8 ‘For all the love …’, Ni shagu nazad [Not one step backwards], Order No. 227 of the People’s Commissar for Defence (J.V. Stalin), 28 July 1942. Full text available at http://postrana.narod.ru/PR_227.HTM

9 ‘Those who have been …’, ibid.

10 ‘More than 150,000 …’, D. Volkogonov, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Political Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev, trans. H. Shukman (London: Harper Collins, 1998), 118.

11 ‘If you leave …’, R. Service, Stalin: A Biography (London: Macmillan, 2004), 453.

12 ‘The home of the Russian is also your home …’, R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia (London: Penguin, 1997), 283.

13 ‘An indestructible union …’, new Soviet anthem (1944), words by A. Alexandrov, music by S. Mikhalkov. Performance and full text available at http://www.sovmusic.ru/text.php?fname=ussr44

14 ‘All of us are soldiers …’, A. Axell, Russia’s Heroes, 1941–45 (London: Constable, 2001), 93–4.

15 ‘Our common father …’, Hosking, op. cit., 503.

16 ‘For us, the war …’, ibid., 505.

17 ‘The defence of Stalingrad …’, Roberts, op. cit., 134.

18 ‘The battle had been …’, pencil-written notes by W. Churchill and A. Harriman. Original document facsimile available at http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/interactive/_html/wc0176.xhtml

19 ‘We will save this …’, V. Chuikov, Srazhenie Veka [The Battle of the Century], (Moscow: Izd. Sov. Rossiya, 1975), 48.

20 ‘A voice boomed …’, J. Bastable, Voices from Stalingrad (London: David & Charles, 2006), 41–2.

21 ‘Stalingrad is no longer …’, ibid., 136.

22 ‘Mila Pavlichenko …’, Axell, op. cit., 110.

23 ‘A German carrying …’, V. Grossman, ‘An Everyday Stalingrad Story’, in Krasnaya Zvezda, 20 November 1942.

24 ‘The Soviets suffered …’, Roberts, op. cit., 147.

25 ‘At the end of the attack …’, Axell, op. cit., 172.

26 ‘Two great hammers …’, Bastable, op. cit., 152.

27 ‘By 23 November …’ The figure is approximate and impossible to verify accurately. Antony Beevor suggests 290,000 in Stalingrad (London: Penguin, 2007), 281.

28 ‘Army starving and frozen …’, ibid., 320.

29 ‘By 2 February 1943 …’, William Craig, Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad (New York: Penguin, 1973), 369.

30 ‘Of the approximately 2.5 million residents …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 401–2.

31 ‘On 4 July 1943, some 900,000 German soldiers …’, D. Glantz and J. House, The Battle of Kursk (London: Ian Allan Publishing, 1999), 64–5.

32 ‘Fifty-seven thousand captured Germans …’, Roberts, op. cit., 202.

33 ‘Know this, you cannot harm us …’, quoted by Andrzej Wajda as inspiration for his film Kanal. Wajda carries the English translation of Szczepanski’s poem on his website: http://www.wajda.pl/en/filmy/film02.xhtml

34 ‘By February 1945 it was …’ Again the figures are of necessity approximate. In the final assault on Berlin, an estimated 80,000 Red Army men died and 300,000 were wounded. Roberts, op. cit., 262.

35 ‘I take it you have read Dostoevsky …’, ibid., 264.

36 ‘The Germans are not human …’, Bastable, op. cit., 64–5.

37 ‘… pounding the Nazi capital …’, A. Beevor, Berlin: The Downfall, 1945 (London: Viking, 2002), 217.

38 ‘The famous photo …’, Roberts, op. cit., 263.

39 ‘Comrades, I would …’, D. Brandenberger, National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2002), 131.

40 ‘Stalin had been …’, Service, Stalin, op. cit., 480.

1 ‘The Soviet Union lost …’, M. Heller and A. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, trans. M. Carlos (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 443.

2 ‘The Soviet Union has proved …’, speech by Stalin at a meeting of voters of the Stalin electoral district of Moscow on 11 December 1937, reported in Pravda, 12 December 1937; quoted in R. McNeal, Stalin: Man and Ruler (New York: New York University Press, 1988), 208.

3 ‘Approximately 400,000 people …’, R. Conquest, The Nation Killers (London: Macmillan, 1970), 60.

4 ‘Typical is Stalin’s confidential …’, D. Koenker and R. Bachman (eds), Revelation from the Russian Archives (Washington: Library of Congress, 1997), 205–7. Also W. Fuller, ‘The Great Fatherland War and Late Stalinism, 1941–1953’, in G. Freeze (ed.), Russia: A History, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 337.

5 ‘The chairman of one of …’, A. Nekrich, The Punished Peoples: The Deportations and Fate of Soviet Minorities at the End of the Second World War, trans. G. Saunders (New York: Norton & Company, 1978), 59.

6 ‘The journey eastwards …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 379–80.

7 ‘Point five: “nationality” …’, V. Grossman, Life and Fate (Moscow: Knizhnaya Palata, 1998), 577.

8 ‘In 1943, Jews were …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 486.

9 ‘Approximately half of the …’, G. Hosking, Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006), 265.

10 ‘The ties its members…’, J. Rubenstein and V. P. Naumov (eds), Stalin’s Secret Pogrom: The Post-War Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, trans. L. E. Wolfson (London: Yale University Press, 2001), 2–10.

11 ‘The Jews are foul, dirty…’, J. Rubenstein, ‘The Night of the Murdered Poets’, in New Republic, 25 August 1997.

12 ‘All the peoples …’, D. Brandenberger, National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2002), 43.

13 ‘He was certain that …’, Grossman, op. cit., 316.

14 ‘Stalin feared a new Decembrist movement …’, R. Conquest, Stalin, Breaker of Nations (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991), 271.

15 ‘Vlasor said his aim …’, G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001), 499.

16 ‘No one was trusted …’, D. Volkogonov, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Political Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev, trans. H. Shukman (London: Harper Collins, 1998), 123.

17 ‘France, for instance …’, P. Polian, ‘Le Rapatriement des citoyens soviétiques depuis la France et les zones françaises d’occupation en Allemagne et en Autriche’, in Cahiers du Monde Russe, Editions de l’Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, 41/1, janvier–mars 2000, 176.

18 ‘The NKVD was allowed …’, S. Courtois and J.-L. Panne, ‘The Comintern in Action’, in M. Kramer (ed.), The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 320.

19 ‘For the civilian population too …’, Hosking, Rulers and Victims, op. cit., 222.

20 ‘Instead of making proper …’, ibid., 239.

21 ‘In 1946 …’, ibid., 241.

1 ‘On 22 May … not been consulted.’ Documents from UK Public Records Office: CAB 120/691/109040/002. Photographic facsimile available at http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/pages/002.htm and see J. Lewis, Changing Direction: British Military Planning for Post-War Strategic Defence (London: Routledge, 2008), xxix-xxxix.

2 ‘From Stettin …’, Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtain’ Speech Fifty Years Later, ed. J. Muller (Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1999), 9–10.

3 ‘Mr Churchill and his allies …’, Robert McNeal (ed.), Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev: Voices of Bolshevism (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc., 1963), 120.

4 ‘Mr Churchill speaks …’, ibid., 121–3. Full text available at http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1946/03/x01.htm

5 ‘The news [of Hiroshima and Nagasaki] …’, T. B. Cochran, R. S. Norris and O. A. Bukharin, Making the Russian Bomb: From Stalin to Yeltsin (Oxford: Westview Press, 1985), 24.

6 ‘Werth was permitted …’, D. Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956 (London: Yale University Press, 1994), 171.

7 ‘The total eventually provided …’, A. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945–51 (London: Methuen, 1984), 46.

8 ‘Stalin was always suspicious …’, V. Yerofeev, interview for PBS radio documentary, no date given.

9 ‘The governments of the United States …’, R. Bideleux and I. Jeffries, A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change (London: Routledge, 1998), 528.

10 ‘I have only one demand …’, Cochran, Norris and Bukharin, op. cit., 10.

11 ‘Trofim Lysenko, largely because …’, M. Heller and A. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, trans. M. Carlos (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 482.

12 ‘They were shielded …’, ibid., 440.

13 ‘An exclusion zone …’, Holloway, op. cit., 201–2.

14 ‘There are secrets …’, ibid., 202.

15 ‘We believed that our work …’, ibid., 204; also G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001), 522.

16 ‘I regard myself …’, Holloway, op. cit., 207.

17 ‘You remember that Peter…’, ibid., 186.

18 ‘In 1950 a report…’, ibid., 194.

19 ‘All this remained…’, Hosking, Russia, op. cit., 513.

20 ‘On top of the tower…’, Holloway, op. cit., 217.

21 ‘We felt relief …’, ibid., 216.

22 ‘We wanted to exert …’, ibid., 259.

23 ‘At the same time, the British and US …’, R. Miller, To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000), 201.

24 ‘I will shake my little finger …’, S. Sebag-Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003), 511.

25 ‘According to the Soviet …’, article in the Independent, Saturday, 12 June 1993: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/stalin-planned-to-kill-tito-by-infecting-him-with-the-plague-1491079.xhtml

26 ‘While we study …’, article in Time magazine, Monday, 23 August 1948: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0, 9171, 799003-3,00.xhtml

27 ‘As early as 1945…’, S. Ramet, The Three Yugoslavias: State Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005 (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2006), 176.

28 ‘In Prague …’, A. London, On Trial, trans. A. Hamilton (London: Macdonald, 1968), 315–16.

29 ‘Khrushchev recalled …’, D. Halberstam, The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War (New York: Hyperion, 2007), 352.

30 ‘I have come here …’, ibid., 352–3.

31 ‘What of it …’, Holloway, op. cit., 280.

32 ‘The Americans are not …’, G. Roberts, Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 370.

33 ‘I’m finished …’, Holloway, op. cit., 273.

34 ‘They perish one after another …’, Sebag-Montefiore, op. cit., 515.

35 ‘During the investigation …’, K. Gottwald, Selected Speeches and Articles, 1929–1953 (Prague: Orbis, 1954), 230–1.

36 ‘This terrorist group …’, Pravda, 13 January 1953, cited in Ya. Rapoport, The Doctors’ Plot of 1953, trans. N. Perova and R. Bobrova (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).

37 ‘Stalin called the judge …’, Sebag-Montefiore, op. cit., 558.

38 ‘See! You are like blind …’, Holloway, op. cit., 292.

39 ‘… go and get some sleep …’, S. Devyatov and V. Zhilyayev, Blizhnyaya Dacha Stalina [Stalin’s Near Dacha] (Moscow: 2008), 42 et seq.

40 ‘What are you looking at …’, ibid.

41 ‘For the last twelve hours …’, R. Conquest, Stalin, Breaker of Nations (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991), 312.

42 ‘Dear Comrades …’, Soviet radio announcement, 6 March 1953. For a contemporary Western account by the Guardian’s correspondent Victor Zorza, see http://century.guardian.co.uk/1950-1959/Story/0, , 105154,00.xhtml

43 ‘Leader and Teacher …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 507.

44 ‘Only a kindly neighbour …’, S. Morrison, The People’s Artist: Prokofiev’s Soviet Years (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 388.

45 ‘The Soviet people …’, A. de Jonge, Stalin and the Shaping of the Soviet Union (London: Collins, 1986), 508.

46 ‘The breath of tens …’, Y. Yevtushenko, A Precocious Autobiography (New York: Dutton, 1963), 85–6.

1 ‘He warned Malenkov …’, N. Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, Volume 2: Reformer, ed. Sergei Khrushchev (University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006), 186.

2 ‘What’s going on …’, C. Andrew and O. Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (London: Sceptre, 1991), 423–4.

3 ‘Beria was killed …’, N. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 598

4 ‘They had no idea …’, A. L. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, Part V, trans. H. T. Willetts (London: Collins & Harvill, 1978), 289.

5 ‘After 42 days …’, M. Heller and A. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, trans. M. Carlos (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 520.

6 ‘He had begun life …’, R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia (London: Penguin, 1997), 348.

7 ‘In his memoirs …’, W. Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (London: Free Press, 2003), 334–5. Also V. Molotov, Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics – Conversations with Felix Chuev (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1993), 161.

8 ‘If we don’t tell…’, G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001), 529.

9 ‘Comrades, it is foreign …’, M. Charlton, Footsteps from the Finland Station: Five Landmarks in the Collapse of Communism (New Brunswick: Transaction Publ., 1992), 35 et seq. Full text of the speech in an English translation available at http://www.marxists.org/archive/khrushchev/1956/02/24.htm

10 ‘Comrades! Stalin was …’, ibid.

11 ‘He was a coward …’ Taubman, op. cit., 273.

12 ‘The foreign communists …’, Hosking, Russia, op. cit., 530.

13 ‘Years of propaganda …’, Taubman, op. cit., 287.

14 ‘He praised Khrushchev’s …’, ibid., 282.

15 ‘In East Germany …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 538.

16 ‘Perhaps mindful of Stalin’s acerbic conclusion …’, S. White, Communism and Its Collapse (London: Routledge, 2001), 36.

17 ‘On 23 October …’, Hosking, op. cit., 531.

18 ‘What option do we have?’, Taubman, op. cit., 297.

19 ‘On 4 November …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 542.

20 ‘Pockets of resistance …’, Service, op. cit., 343.

21 ‘Treacherous revisionist …’, L. Luthi, The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 219 et seq.

22 ‘Granddad, are you …’, Service, op. cit., 349.

23 ‘… the impending vote …’, Hosking, op. cit., 531.

24 ‘Your words yet…’, Service, op. cit., 345.

1 ‘I heard a whistle …’, J. Doran and P. Bizony, Starman: The Truth Behind the Legend of Yuri Gagarin (London: Bloomsbury), 103

2 ‘Before the launch …’, ibid., 110.

3 ‘Arrogant commentators …’, W. Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (London: Free Press, 2003) 492.

4 ‘When he met Queen …’, Doran and Bizony, op. cit., 139.

5 ‘His identity, and that …’, F. French, Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers of the Space Era, 1961–65 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007), 26.

6 ‘There is no record …’, S. Gerovitch, ‘“New Soviet Man” Inside Machine: Human Engineering, Spacecraft Design, and the Construction of Communism’, from OSIRIS, vol. 22, no. 1 (University of Chicago Press, 2007), 141. Also French, op. cit., 370.

7 ‘As [Komarov] was seeing …’, Doran and Bizony, op. cit., 196.

8 ‘This devil ship …’, ibid., 199.

9 ‘They knew they had …’, ibid., 200.

10 ‘Now the arrested …’, Akhmatova, quoted in Taubman, op. cit., 285.

11 ‘In the course of the 1970s …’, W. Tompson, Khrushchev: A Political Life (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1997), 238.

12 ‘The party solemnly …’, R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia (London: Penguin, 1997), 363.

13 ‘Much has changed in …’, M. Gorbachev, Report to the Twenty-Seventh Party Congress of the CPSU, 1986.

14 ‘As a result, Khrushchev …’, M. Heller and A. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, trans. M. Carlos (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 590.

15 ‘… a dead herring …’ Service, op. cit., 356.

16 ‘catch up and overtake …’, S. Khrushchev, ‘The Cold War through the Looking Glass’, in American Heritage Magazine, October 1999, vol. 50, no. 6.

17 ‘To use the words …’, N. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, trans. S. Talbott (London: André Deutsch, 1974), 423.

18 ‘… Soviet city dweller …’, J. Sillince, Housing Policies in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (London: Routledge, 1990), 16.

19 ‘Moral Code of the Communist Worker …’, N. Khrushchev, Report to the Twenty-Second Congress of the CPSU (1961).

20 ‘The local party boss …’, R. and Zh. Medvedev, Khrushchev: The Years in Power, trans. A. Durkin (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1978), 97–101.

21 ‘By 1960 …’, Service, op. cit., 350.

22 ‘Bad weather in the spring …’, G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001),539.

23 ‘Garst was invited to …’, S. Khrushchev, ‘The Cold War …’ op. cit.,

24 ‘At the Novocherkassk …’, S. Baron, Bloody Saturday in the Soviet Union: Novocherkassk, 1962 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001), 66–7.

25 ‘Father didn’t understand …’, Taubman, op. cit., 608

26 ‘Like it or not …’, S. Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower (University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001), 242.

27 ‘Sergei Khrushchev recalls …’, S. Khrushchev, ‘The Cold War …’ op. cit.

28 ‘Who would have guessed …’, Taubman, op. cit., 420–3.

29 ‘I think this slogan …’, N. Khrushchev, Memoirs (University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006), ii: 101.

30 ‘Washington declared that …’, F.G. Powers, Operation Overflight: The U-2 Spy Pilot Tells His Story for the First Time (London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd, 1970), 132–3.

31 ‘Things were going well …’, Taubman, op. cit., 447.

32 ‘He seemed pleased …’, ibid., 466–7.

33 ‘I remember President …’, N. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, op. cit., 530.

34 ‘We had to have a commitment …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 577.

35 ‘Khrushchev’s aim …’, ibid., 575.

36 ‘How can I deal …’, Taubman, op. cit., 566.

37 ‘Comrades, forgive me …’, Service, Russia, op. cit., 377.

38 ‘The Pravda editorial …’, Taubman, op. cit., 620.

39 ‘I am old and tired …’, ibid., 13.

1 ‘At a modern art exhibition …’, M. Heller and A. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, trans. M. Carlos (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 589.

2 ‘I write myself …’, G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001),556.

3 ‘When the Leningrad poet …’, Brodsky obituary in the New York Times, 29 January 1996.

4 ‘I am different …’, in On Trial: The Soviet State versus ‘Abram Tertz’ and ‘Nikolai Arzhak’, trans. Max Hayward (London: Harper & Row, 1966), 182.

5 ‘As if to prove …’, Hosking, op. cit., 557.

6 ‘In the early hours …’ The figures for troops and tanks deployed are the subject of debate. It is clear that the numbers of both rose quickly. K. Williams, The Prague Spring and Its Aftermath: Czechoslovak Politics, 1968–1970 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 112, gives figures of 165,000 troops and 4,600 tanks, rising to 500,000 and 6,000 within the week.

7 ‘I believed you …’, D. Volkogonov, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Political Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev, trans. H. Shukman (London: Harper Collins, 1998), 291.

8 ‘A Pravda editorial …’, Hosking, op. cit., 547.

9 ‘Since taking office …’, M. Sandle and E. Bacon (eds), Brezhnev Reconsidered (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 90.

10 ‘Nobody lives on …’, R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia (London: Penguin, 1997), 384.

11 ‘When Brezhnev hailed …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 644–5.

12 ‘Collectivised agriculture …’, Service, op. cit., 401.

13 ‘As living standards …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 664.

14 ‘In 1959 ethnic …’, Service, op. cit., 422.

15 ‘A Permanent Commission …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 670.

16 ‘A Jew approaches …’, N. Sharansky, Fear No Evil: A Memoir, trans. Stefani Hoffman (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988), 61.

17 ‘The name they adopted …’, R. Boobyer, Conscience, Dissent and Reform in Soviet Russia (London: Routledge, 2005), 75.

18 ‘All Soviet citizens …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 662.

19 ‘In 1973 he wrote …’, A. Solzhenitsyn, Letter to Soviet Leaders, trans. H. Sternberg (London: Collins & Harvill, 1974), 28, 31, 47.

20 ‘For an unprepared …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 684.

21 ‘The anti-democratic traditions …’, Boobyer, op. cit., 91, 223.

22 ‘Brezhnev would later dismiss …’, Heller and Nekrich, op. cit., 651.

23 ‘Western technology and foreign expertise …’, ibid., 649.

24 ‘People are writing to me …’, Volkogonov, op. cit., 303.

25 … ‘by the early 1980s …’ Hosking, op. cit., 542.

26 ‘How am I supposed to get anyplace …’, M. Dowd, ‘Where’s the Rest of Him?’, in the New York Times, 18 November 1990.

1 ‘Raisa Gorbachev was…’, M. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (London: Harper Collins, 1993), 460–1.

2 ‘Mr Gorbachev insisted…’, ibid., 462.

3 ‘We both believe in…’, ibid.

4 ‘We cannot go on…’, A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 336; D. Volkogonov, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Political Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev, trans. H. Shukman (London: Harper Collins, 1998), 445. Gorbachev repeated the remark in public interviews, including Der Spiegel, reprinted in Izvestiya, 25 March 1991.

5 ‘Our party has…’, Volkogonov, op. cit., 438.

6 ‘Three weeks after the new…’, J. Matlock, ‘Washington’s view of Gorbachev’s Perestroika’, speech to ICCEES, Stockholm, 26 July 2010.

7 ‘Mikhail Gorbachev had been born…’, Volkogonov, op. cit., passim, and Brown, passim; also M. Gorbachev, Memoirs (New York: Random House, 1997), passim.

8 ‘In April 1985 he…’, Volkogonov, op. cit., 450.

9 ‘Many of you see the solution…’, S. Bialer and J. Afferica, ‘The Genesis of Gorbachev’s World’, in Foreign Affairs, 64, no. 3 (1985), 605–44.

10 ‘A new clan of people…’, Volkogonov, op. cit., 455.

11 ‘The widening of glasnost…’, M. Gorbachev, report to Twenty-Seventh Party Congress of the CPSU, 1986.

12 ‘Chernobyl, he said…’, R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia (London: Penguin, 1997), 447

13 ‘How could you fail to…’, Volkogonov, op. cit., 521; Brown, op. cit., 409–500.

14 ‘Public ownership unites…’, Ye. Ligachev, speech to Twenty-Eighth Party Congress, July 1990. See also Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin (New York: Pantheon, 1993), 321, for Ligachev’s views on private ownership.

15 ‘Dr Sakharov has…’ article in L’Humanité, Paris, 7 February 1986; M. Sixsmith, Moscow Coup: The Death of the Soviet System (London: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 66.

16 ‘“Recently”, he said…’, Sixsmith, op. cit.,104–5; see also Volkogonov, op. cit., 471–2, 505.

17 ‘In March 1988…’, Sixsmith, op. cit., 68; Brown, op. cit., 504–5. Full text of Nina Andreeva letter available at http://www.revolucia.ru/nmppr.htm

18 ‘By the way, comrades…’, Brown, op. cit., 515; Sixsmith, op. cit., 69.

19 ‘I am doomed to go…’, A. Chernyayev, My Six Years with Gorbachev, trans. R. English and E. Tucker (University Park Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 272. See also Service, Russia, op. cit., 486.

20 ‘Followers of the Lithuanian…’, Sixsmith, op. cit., 71–2.

21 ‘A multiparty system…’, ibid., 72.

22 ‘Eighty-six per cent…’, ibid.

23 ‘Their statements, he said…’ ibid., 75.

24 ‘Some people say…’, author’s interview with Boris Yeltsin, 1989.

25 ‘Multiparty democracy…’, ibid.

26 ‘The leading and guiding…’, text taken from Soviet constitution of 1977; Article Six ‘on the leading role of the party’.

27 ‘The Soviet Union must decide…’, D. Murray, A Democracy of Despots (Oxford: Westview, 1995), 71–80; Sixsmith, op. cit. 75.

28 ‘If necessary we shall…’, Sakharov on perestroika; Murray, op. cit.

29 ‘“He was,” he said…’, Yevtushenko on Sakharov in Paul Quinn-Judge, Boston Globe, 19 December 1989.

30 ‘The Communist Party of the Soviet Union…’, report from RIA Novosti, 14 March 1990.

31 ‘Having been elected…’, Yeltsin speech to Twenty-Eighth Congress of the CPSU, July 1990; Sixsmith, op. cit., 77.

32 ‘The conservative and …’, Alexander Yakovlev article in Moskovsky Komsomolets, 14 December 1990; Sixsmith, op. cit., 79.

33 ‘The reformers have gone into hiding …’, Sixsmith, op. cit., 79.

34 ‘We need a new Hitler …’, author’s interview with Alexander Yakovlev, December 1990; Sixsmith, op. cit., 88.

35 ‘Surrounding the president with …’ Sixsmith, op. cit., 80.

36 ‘To act to protect the unity …’, ibid., 97.

37 ‘I warned in 1987 that …’, ibid., 99.

38 ‘We never wanted this to …’, ibid.

1 ‘Our information …’, Popov press conference, 28 September 1990; cited in M. Sixsmith, Moscow Coup: The Death of the Soviet System (London: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 90.

2 ‘As early as June 1988, he told …’, Sixsmith, ibid., 68.

3 ‘Twenty pro-independence …’, A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 560–1.

4 ‘The people are full of gratitude …’, Sixsmith, op. cit., 104.

5 ‘I have felt a discernible …’, ibid., 104–5.

6 ‘After the humiliation he suffered …’, ibid., 106.

7 ‘I was thinking to myself …’, ibid., 107.

8 ‘But we have the strength …’, ibid., 109.

9 ‘I had a whole series of …’, ibid., 122–3. See also M. Ebon, KGB: Death and Rebirth (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1994), 3 et seq. for details of events in Foros.

10 ‘I told them that they and the …’, Sixsmith, op. cit., 123.

11 ‘You are wrong to think …’, ibid.

12 ‘Our motherland is in …’, ibid., 11.

13 ‘Citizens of Russia …’, ibid., 15.

14 ‘I joined the Communist …’, author’s interview with Gennady Yanayev, July 1991.

15 ‘This country is disintegrating …’, Yanayev press conference, 19 August 1991; Sixsmith, op. cit., 23.

16 ‘If Yeltsin is calling …’, ibid., 24.

17 ‘This day will be glorified …’, Yevtushenko poem; cited in Sixsmith, op. cit., 16–17; also in author’s interview with Yevtushenko, August 1991.

18 ‘Yes. And when I compare …’, author’s interview with Yevtushenko, July 2008.

19 ‘I’m glad this coup …’, Sixsmith, op. cit., 34.

20 ‘The shadows of darkness …’, ibid., 36.

21 ‘A group of tourists …’, ibid., 118–19.

22 ‘All the work we have …’, ibid., 121.

23 ‘They turned out to be men …’, ibid., 122–5.

24 ‘All those involved in the coup …’, ibid., 126.

25 ‘You should read what …’, ibid., 130–1.

26 ‘There can be no …’, G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001), 589.

27 ‘The USSR as a subject of international …’, ibid.

28 ‘I leave my post with trepidation …’, R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia (London: Penguin, 1997), 507.

29 ‘An orthodox communist who …’, D. Volkogonov, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Political Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev, trans. H. Shukman (London: Harper Collins, 1998), 474.

1 ‘Good evening, and Merry Christmas …’, full text of George Bush speech available at G. Bush Presidential Library: http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3791&year=1991&month=12

2 ‘One era of history …’, M. Sixsmith, Moscow Coup: The Death of the Soviet System (London: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 165.

3 ‘This was a society …’, ibid.

4 ‘In August 1991…’, ibid., 166.

5 ‘In the first month inflation …’, G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History (London: Penguin, 2001),589.

6 ‘Alexander Rutskoi, who had shown …’, R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia (London: Penguin, 1997), 512.

7 ‘Boris Berezovsky would later …’, M. Sixsmith, Putin’s Oil: The Yukos Affair and the Struggle for Russia (New York: Continuum, 2010), 30–1.

8 ‘Food production in …’, Service, Russia, op. cit., 517.

9 ‘The President issues decrees …’, Izvestiya, 13 August 1993. See also J. Carey and M. Shugart, Executive Decree Authority (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 76.

10 ‘Boris Yeltsin denounced …’, presidential press statement, 4 October 1993.

11 ‘… wash their boots …’, speech by Zhirinovsky during the campaign for the Russian parliamentary election in December 1993.

12 ‘Two leading oligarchs …’, Sixsmith, Putin’s Oil, op. cit., 34.

13 ‘Potanin picked up the country’s leading nickel and aluminium company …’, ibid., 35.

14 ‘Yeltsin had suffered …’, author’s report for BBC News, June 1993.

15 ‘As casualties mounted …’, author’s reports for BBC News, passim.

16 ‘Russia is not a country …’, Yeltsin, remarks at meeting with officials at Russian Foreign Ministry, 27 October 1992. cited in International Affairs, Moscow, no. 11, vol. 38 (1992), 1–2. See also Hosking, Russia, op. cit., 609.

17 ‘“Yesterday,” he said …’, M. Laris, ‘Yeltsin Lashes Out at Clinton: Criticisms of Chechen War Are Met with Blunt Reminder of Russian Nuclear Power’, Washington Post, 10 December 1999.

18 ‘Inflation hit 88 per cent …’, Moscow Times, September 1998.

19 ‘Dear friends, my dears …’, Yeltsin speech on Russian television, 31 December 1999.

1 ‘There will be no power …’, V. Putin, New Year’s message, broadcast on Russian television, 1 January 2000.

2 ‘I was a hooligan …’, V. First Person: An Astonishingly Frank Self-Portrait by Russia’s President Vladimir Putin, with N. Gevorkyan, N. Timakova and A. Kolesnikov, trans. C. Fitzpatrick (London: Hutchinson, 2000), 18.

3 ‘A KGB officer never …’, A. Jack, Inside Putin’s Russia (London: Granta, 2005), 67.

4 ‘On 17 September …’, M. Sixsmith, The Litvinenko File: Politics, Polonium and Russia’s War with Itself (London: Macmillan, 2007), 152.

5 ‘… pursue the terrorists …’, ibid.

6 ‘Putin’s ratings soared to …’, ibid., 153.

7 ‘When a journalist from the …’, ibid., 153–4.

8 ‘The neighbourhood had …’, ibid., 155.

9 ‘At a gathering of FSB …’, Jack, op. cit., 14.

10 ‘Russia cannot become a version …’, Putin, First Person, op. cit., 214.

11 … ‘modern Russia does not identify …’, ibid.

12 … ‘the biggest geo-political …’, BBC News report, Monday, 25 April 2005.

13 ‘Our country is building an …’, Jack, op. cit., 157.

14 ‘Russia is in the midst of …’, Putin, First Person, op. cit., 219.

15 ‘There have been hard times …’, Putin, New Year’s message, broadcast on Russian television on 1 January 2001.

16 ‘One newspaper, Komsomolskaya …’, Komsomolskaya Pravda, 22 August 2007.

17 ‘The most vocal critic of the Kremlin’s …’, M. Sixsmith, Putin’s Oil: The Yukos Affair and the Struggle for Russia (New York: Continuum, 2010), 46–7 and 106.

18 … ‘liquidate the oligarchs as a class’, ibid., 45. See also R. Sakwa, Putin: Russia’s Choice, (Oxford: Routledge, 2008), 143.

19 ‘In a bitter showdown …’, Sixsmith, Putin’s Oil, op. cit., 59–63.

20 ‘Putin put his friend Igor Sechin …’, Jack, op. cit., 314.

21 ‘By 2002, former KGB …’, Sixsmith, Putin’s Oil, op. cit., 115. p.

22 ‘Our whole generation died …’, A. Babchenko, One Soldier’s War in Chechnya, trans. N. Allen, proof copy (London: Portobello Books, 2007), 143, 162.

23 ‘Fighting rages on in Grozny …’, ibid., 143.

24 ‘Torture, rape and looting …’, ibid., 305.

25 ‘Budanov’s lawyer complained that …’, G. Chazan, ‘Russian Colonel Hailed as Hero for Killing of Chechen Woman’, in Daily Telegraph, 15 April 2001.

26 ‘One Russian officer estimated …’, Jack, op. cit., 121.

27 ‘Andrei Babitsky, who contradicted …’, Putin, First Person, op. cit., 172.

28 ‘The Committee to Protect …’ Figures for journalist deaths available at http://cpj.org/killed/europe/russia/

29 ‘In 2002, around 40 terrorists …’, Jack, op. cit., 88.

30 ‘According to Movladi Baisarov …’, the Independent, 4 January 2007; also interview in Russian GQ, October 2005.

31 ‘We have shown weakness …’, J. McAllister and P. Quinn-Judge, ‘Defenseless Targets’, Time magazine, Sunday, 5 September 2004.

32 ‘At a press conference in 2006 …’, joint US–Russian news conference, 15 July 2006, at G8 summit in St Petersburg.

33 ‘The United States has overstepped …’, Putin speech at conference on security policy, Munich, 10 February 2007.

34 ‘They tell us we should change our constitution …’, D. Nowak, ‘Putin Lashes out at Nashi Gathering’, St Petersburg Times, Friday, 27 July 2007.

35 ‘He ridiculed the suggestion …’, author’s interview with Dmitry Peskov, February 2007.

36 ‘In 2008 Memorial had its entire…’, C. Bass and T. Halpin, ‘Gulag Files Seized during Police Raid on Rights Group’, The Times, 13 December 2008.

37 ‘A low flat tax …’, ‘Trouble in the Pipeline’, The Economist, 8 May 2008.

38 ‘Economic success maintained …’, Putin poll ratings available at the Levada Opinion Research Center, http://www.levada.ru/prezident.xhtml

39 ‘I believe my most…’, M. Stott and O. Shchedrov, ‘Russia’s Medvedev Takes Power and Pledges Freedom’, Reuters, Wednesday, 7 May 2008.

40 ‘The former Kremlin insider, Stanislav …’, author’s interview with Belkovsky in January 2008

41 ‘The fact that he addressed …’, A. Osborn, ‘Dmitry Medvedev’s Russia Still Feels the Cold Hand of Vladimir Putin’, Sunday Telegraph, 7 March 2010.

42 ‘Instead of the primitive raw material …’, M. Tkachenko, ‘Medvedev Wants Russia to Go Hi-Tech’, CNN, 12 November 2009.

NOTES