Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
abortion, 64–65. See also family planning
Achaea, 91
Achaean League, 91
adultery, 18, 66, 74–75, 122n.74, 132. See also husband-doubling
Aegina, 5n.11
Aenesimbrota, 29
Agesilaus II, 8n.16, 20, 23, 57, 93, 133, 158
Agesippia, 119
Agesistrata, 76, 76n.7, 87, 88, 93, 151
Agiatis, 74, 76, 87, 88, 92, 98, 133, 151
Agis IV
beginning of reign of, ix
death of, 88
and dowries, 83
family and upbringing of, 83n.31, 87
grandmother of, 16
reforms of, 42, 76, 83, 87–88, 90, 90n.53, 93, 161
son of, 88
agoge (boys’ program), 4, 27, 88, 97, 102, 158n.77
agriculture, 51, 79, 80, 82, 84, 96, 97
Alcibia, 127
Alcippus, 49n.47
Alcman
on beauty, 132
biographical information on, 4, 141, 142, 142n.7
and education of Spartan girls, 3–8, 107
on female swimmers, 13n.38
on horses, 20
interest of, in women, 4n.3
on Megalostrata, 10
on music, 12
performance and preservation of works by, 144–46, 144n.13
on physical education, 14
poetry by, 6–7, 77, 106, 140, 141, 142–46, 144, 157
on sexual behavior, 29
tomb of, 114
Alexander, 86
Alexis, 147
Amastris, 82
Amycla, 99
Anaxandridas II, 66, 74, 75, 146, 158
andragathia (manly virtue), 23
Andromache (Euripides), 26, 83n.31, 146–47
anesis (licence), 58n.31
Anthesteria, 150n.32
Anthousa, 125n.91
anthropoi, 67
Antinous, 129
Antiochus IV, 128
Aotis, 106
Apelleas (Apelles), 22, 23n.87
Aphrodite, 34n.4, 81, 122–23, 122n.74, 125, 156
Aphrodite Areia (Warrior), 19, 122n.72
Aphrodite Morpho, 19
Apollo of Amyclae, 30, 30n.122, 123, 157–58, 168
Apollo Temple at Delphi, 82
archaeological evidence, 77, 99, 114, 119–20, 139–40, 161–70
Archagathus, 64
Archelaus II, 21
Archidamia, 16, 76, 76n.8, 87, 88, 93, 151
Archidamus V, 74
Archippia, 124
Arete, 157
arete (virtue), 126–27. See also virtues of Spartan women
Areus II, 76n.6
Argileonis, 58
Argonauts, 123
Argos, 123n.76
Aristides, 70
Aristippus of Argos, 89
Aristophanes, 10, 12, 53, 54, 133–34, 143, 147, 149
Aristotle
biographical information on, 150
on constraints on men versus women, 63
on dowries, 84
and Epitadeus, x
on inheritance of acquired characteristics, 34
on land tenure, 80–82, 90n.53, 140
on luxury, 83
on military defense by women, 16
and Plutarch, 153
on polis, 69
as source on Sparta, 58n.31, 150–51, 159, 160
on wealthy women, 73
on women’s influence, 67, 92, 132, 151
Armed Aphrodite, 122, 122n.73, 122n.75, 123, 125
army. See military; and specific wars and battles
Arrephoroi, 30
Arria, 155
Arrigoni, Giampiera, 12n.37
Arsinoë, 118
Arsinoë II, 151
Artemis Corythalia, 99, 107, 108
Artemis Limnatis, 108
Artemis Orthia: archaeological findings on, 162–63; clothing for figure of, 30–31; compared with cult of Helen, 115; dancing at sanctuary of, 108–9; jewelry in sanctuary of, 77, 77n.12, 135; meanings of “Orthia,” 106–7; priestesses of, ix, 109, 111, 119, 125, 129, 137; religious worship of, 106–11, 110, 163–65n.106; sanctuary of, 77, 77n.12, 107–9, 127, 135, 162; terracotta figurines of, on horseback, 19–20, 20n.65; and whipping ceremonies, 58n.30, 109, 111, 137, 153
Artemis Patriotis, 125
Asclepiades of Samos, 152
Asclepius Schoinatas, 125
Astaphis, 157
Astrobacus, 75
Atalanta, 18
Athena, 19, 21n.71, 30, 31, 32, 121–22, 122n.72
Athena of the Bronze House (Chalkioikos), 19, 58, 87–88, 121, 122
Athena Poliouchos, 121
Athenaeus, 10, 12, 29, 143, 155, 162
Athens
adultery in, 75
Anthesteria in, 150n.32
cruelty of women of, 134
divinities of, 19
heiresses in, 84
inferior position of women in generally, 93
inheritance in, 85
land ownership in, 77
marriage and family in, 26, 51, 64, 69–70, 78, 140
monument of Philopappus in, 129
polis of, 69
property ownership by women in, 77–78
sources on history of, 140
speaking by women in, 9
travel by women in, 21
vase painting from, 170
wives of citizens in, 51
women of, during Peloponnesian War, 86
young girls in, 26
athletic nudity, 14–16, 15, 25–27, 29, 34
athletics
co-ed competitions, 14, 14n.41, 17, 28
competitive racing and trials of strength for women, 24–25
as incitement for marriage, 34
nudity in, x, 14–16, 15, 25–27, 29, 34, 164, 166–67
and physical education, 12–29, 15, 17
and religion, 34, 105, 113–14, 118, 120–21
See also Cynisca; Euryleonis; horsemanship
Augustus, 55, 55n.19, 101, 124
Auletes, 80n.24
Aurelia Heraclea, 127
austerity of Sparta, 83, 146, 162, 162n.93
authority of Spartan women, 75–76, 81, 93, 120–21, 136–37
bachelors, 34, 41, 45, 69, 92, 137
Balbillus, Ti.Claudius, 128
baryllika, 108
bibasis, 12
biduoi (magistrates), 29
Boer, W. den, 161n.90
Bradford, A. S., 87n.44
bravery, 8, 37, 57–60, 95, 137, 156, 156n.64
Bremen, Riet van, 120n.62
Briscoe, John, 90n.54
bronze mirrors. See mirrors
bronze statuettes, 164–65, 164n.105
Byzantine dictionaries, 156–57
Calame, Claude, 121n.64, 142n.10, 145n.17
Callicles, 22
Callicrateia, 158
Callimachus, 24n.89
Callistonice, 123n.79
Campbell, D. A., 157n.72
Cartledge, Paul, 5, 78n.16, 159–61
Ceres, 120
chariot riding and racing, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28, 93, 121
Charision, 127
childbirth
deaths from, 52, 52n.3, 63, 68, 140, 157
Eileithyia as goddess of, 111–13
See also motherhood
childhood, 3–4, 52–54, 98–99. See also education; Spartan boys
childless Spartan women, 23, 47, 49, 63, 64, 66, 68–69
Chilon, 10
Chilonis, 10–11, 16, 57, 74, 75, 76n.6, 87–88, 151
chiton, 27, 30, 31, 32, 120, 123
chiton exomis (tunic with one sleeve), 31, 32
choruses, 6, 113–15. See also Alcman; mousike
Chrimes, K., 151n.36
Christien, J., 92n.60
Cicero, 49, 63–68, 71, 136, 156
Clark, Christina A., 145n.18
Claudius, 29
Cleanor, 11
Cleanthes, 11
Clearchus, 107n.9
Cleaver celebration, 99
Cleitagora, 10, 10n.25, 133–34
Cleomenes III
and agoge (boys’ program), 4
death of, 151
and dowries, 83
and freedom for helots, 97n.8
reforms of, 42, 76, 83, 87–90, 90n.53, 161
wife and concubine of, 74, 76, 87, 88, 98
cleruchies (land allotments), 56, 79–80
Cloelia, 21n.71
of Spartan men and boys, 31
of Spartan women, 30–32, 42, 43, 132–35
for statues, 30–31, 30n.122. See also weaving
competitiveness, 8, 24–25, 127, 132, 135. See also athletics
Confederate States of America, 62–63
Constitution of the Spartans (Aristotle), 150
contraception. See family planning
Corinth, 170
Coriolanus, 155
cowardice, 8, 37, 57–60, 95, 137, 152, 152n.40, 156n.64
Cratesiclea, 11
Cratesicleia, 11, 76, 88–89, 92, 93, 151, 155
Cratinus, 10
Crouwel, J., 163n.99
cryptoi (secret hunters of helots), 101, 102
Cynisca
birth year of, 21n.77
defiance of brother by, 23, 76
family of, 21
as Olympic victor, 21–23, 57, 135
shrine and sculptures of, 22–23, 23n.87, 105
wealth and vanity of, 22n.81, 23, 93
Cyrene, 24n.89
Damocrita, 49n.47
Damainetus, 125n.91
Damareta, 157
Damatrius, 59
dancing, 12, 13, 27, 107, 108–9, 115, 121
Deinis, 158n.75
Demetrius of Phalerum, 90n.51
demography, 67–69, 103. See also family planning; fertility; infanticide; life expectancy; marriage; polyandry; sex ratio
Dettenhofer, Maria H., 93
Dicaearchus, 158n.74
Didymus, 152
diet. See food and diet
Diogeitus, 99
Dionysiades, 29
Dionysus, 24, 29, 105, 118–19, 134, 163
Dionysus of the Hill (Colonatas), 119
Dioscorides, 152
Dioscuri, 48, 118, 120, 125, 126
divorce, 66. See also marriage
doriazein (to dress like a Spartan girl), 134
Dorieus, 158n.75
doulai (slave women), 30, 100–101
dowries, 35–36, 45, 77–78, 82–86
dramatic poetry, 146–48. See also specific playwrights
dress. See clothing
Driodones, 24
dromos (racecourse), 14
Droop, J. P., 77n.12
earthquake, 67, 67n.55, 80n.26
eating. See food and diet
economics of marriage and family, 45–46, 51, 56. See also dowries; wealth of elite women
education
and athletic competitions, 24–25
and learned Spartan women, 9–11
physical education, 12–29, 136
sources, vii
Egger, Émile, 143
Eileithyia, 105, 111–13, 113n.29, 113n.31, 165
elections, 92
Elis
Cynisca’s commemorative sculptures at, 23
Hera’s sanctuary at, 32
mirrors from, 170
Sparta’s attack on, 21
women’s races at, x–xi, 22n.79, 24–26, 30n.121, 113–14
and adultery and bigamy, 74–75
autonomy and social power of, 92–93, 136–37
as heiresses, 56, 68, 84–87, 140
honors and titles for, 70, 75–76, 125–26
and luxury, 82–83, 83n.31, 100
and reforms of Agis and Cleomenes, 87–89, 90n.53, 93
and reforms of Apega, Nabis and Chaeron, 89–92
wealth of, 23, 76–87, 90n.53, 92–93, 128–30
See also Spartan women; and specific women
Engels, F., 38
Enodia, 114n.36
Epaminondas, 16
epikleros (heiress), 44, 84–85. See also heiresses
Epiphanes, C.Antiochus, 128
Epitadeus, x, xn.11, 46, 47, 80, 85, 86
Epithalamium to Helen (Theocritus), 24, 115
equestrianship. See horsemanship
Esther, 151
Ethnicity, Spartan, vii, 53, 131–35
Etruscan painting, 169
eugenics, 33–37, 45, 48n.45, 74, 101–2, 133
Euripides, 26, 77, 83n.31, 146–47, 153, 154
Eurybanassa, 126n.93
Eurycrates, 157n.72
Euryleon, 158n.75
Eurysthenes, 74
euteknos (blessed with good children), 37
exomis (tunic), 114
extramarital intercourse, 40–42, 41n.23. See also sexual behavior; Timaea
family
father-daughter relationship, 56–57
of free noncitizens, 97
and interlocking public and private spheres, 69–70
men’s relationships within, 70
mother-daughter relationship, 52
mother-son relationship, 57–62, 61, 69
as oikos, 31, 39–41, 46, 51, 66, 69–70
women’s dominance in, 60, 69, 92, 135
women’s influence in, 67, 71, 93, 137, 151
See also fatherhood; marriage; motherhood; oikos (family, household, estate)
family planning, 63–66, 71, 80, 96, 136
Fates, 125
father-daughter relationship, 56–57
fatherhood, 37–39, 52, 55, 55n.18, 56–57, 69, 140
feasting, 99–100, 106, 118, 121, 125, 127
female infanticide, 35–36, 35n.8, 47–49, 102
“Female Swimmers” (Alcman), 13n.38
fertility, 54–55, 64, 65n.46, 66, 105, 109, 120, 129, 136
Figueira, Thomas J., 80n.26
Finley, M. I., 159–60, 160n.82
Flamininus, ix
food and diet, 18, 33–34, 52–54, 52n.5, 99–100, 106, 133–34, 150, 150n.33. See also feasting; syssitia; wine-drinking
Förtsch, R., 163n.99
free noncitizens, 58, 93, 96–98, 161
genitor (biological father), 38, 45, 47n.38
gennaia (well born), 37
gold, 6, 76–77, 77n.12, 79, 83, 98
Gorgo, 8, 57, 58, 60, 74, 76, 92, 135, 146
Gortyn, 84–85, 92n.60, 102, 140
grave markers, 52, 52n.3, 63, 68, 140, 157
Gymnopaidia (Festival of Nude Youths), 34, 41, 158, 158n.77
gymnos (nude, lightly dressed), 25
gynaikonomos (regulator of women), 4, 118, 118n.45, 127–28
Hagesichora, 6, 7, 132, 145, 157
Hagnon of Tarsus, 29
hair, 6, 7, 41, 42–43, 42, 42n.26, 132
Hall, Edith, 146n.22
health and healing, 64–65, 68, 136
Hecate, 114n.36
Heilotes (Eupolis), 147
heiresses, 44, 56, 68, 82, 84–86, 87, 140. See also inheritance
Helen
bronze votive of, on horseback, 20
children presented to, 98, 132
compared with cult of Artemis Orthia, 115
cult of, at Therapne, 115n.42, 132
families claiming descent from, 48
Herodotus on, 146
meaning of name, 115
Menelaion as sanctuary of, 22n.78, 98, 114–18, 162–63
Pausanias on, 155
priesthoods of, 126
races in honor of, 24, 113, 132
rape of, by Theseus, 107
religious worship of, 98, 105, 105n.1, 114–18, 115n.42, 123n.77
as spinner and weaver, 31, 31n.125, 76
and wrestling, 28
Heleneia, 115
Hellenistic period, 27–28, 77, 87–88, 92, 103, 151–52
helots
children born of Spartans and, 64, 91, 97, 102
definition of, 95
marriage between Spartan women and, 90–91, 90n.52, 91nn.56–58
Nabis and citizenship for, 90–91
population of, 101
procreative unions between Spartan men and, 64, 70, 102–3
procreative unions between Spartan women and, 48, 48n.45, 64, 91, 97, 102
rebellion of, in 460s, 97
roles and duties of, 51, 79, 95–96
slaves compared with, 95–96, 100
sources of information on helot women, 163
and Spartan songs, 143
and weaving, 96
women’s discussion of financial matters with, 93
Hera, x–xi, 24–25, 25n.95, 30n.121, 31n.124, 32, 113–14
Heraea, x–xi, 24–25, 26, 30n.121, 113–14, 155
Herculanus, 128
Herington, J., 144n.13
Hermippus, 45
Herodotus
on bigamy, 75
biographical information on, 146
on cult of Helen at Therapne, 115n.42, 132
on heiresses, 85
on Menelaion, 114
as source on Sparta, 84, 146, 153
on ugly girl turned beautiful by Helen, 132–33
on wives of Anaxandridas, 74, 146, 158
on wives of Minyae, 123
Hesiod, 103
Hestia Poleos (Hestia of the City), 125, 126
hetairai, 98, 109, 119, 122, 165, 169
himatia (outer dresses), 32
Himerius of Prusa, 156
Hippocrates, 64n.44
Hippocratics, 64
Hippomedon, 74
Hodkinson, Stephen J., xn. 11, 35n. 6, 69n.60, 78n.16, 92–93, 92n.60, 97n.7, 158n.75, 161
Homer, 23n.83, 76, 132, 133, 157
homoioi (men of equal status or similars), 73, 82, 83, 87
homosexuality
between men, 29, 34, 43, 54–55, 81
between women, 16, 16n.44, 29, 56, 129, 136, 160, 160n.88, 165
See also sexual behavior
Horace, 42n.26
horsemanship, 19–24, 19n.61, 20n.62, 24n.89, 82, 83, 114, 121, 123–24, 158, 161
Hume, David, 101
hunting, 18
husband-doubling and wife-sharing, 37–42, 37n.12, 39n.18, 40n.21, 45, 46, 47n.40, 66, 69, 79, 123, 136–37, 160. See also marriage
Hyacinthia, 20, 100, 106, 120–21, 120n.62, 121n.64, 124, 158. See also Apollo
hypogamy, 48–49, 90–91. See also Tarentum
hypomeiones (demoted citizens), 97
hyporcheme, 12
hypostatria (dresser of the cult image), 125
ilotae (helots), 90. See also helots
infanticide, 34–37, 39, 47–49, 68, 102
inheritance, 40–41, 46, 56, 68, 71, 78n.17, 84–85, 86, 87, 140. See also heiresses
Ionia, 57
Iphigenia, 106
ius trium liberorum (law of three children), 55, 55n.19
Judith, 151
Julia Balbilla, the Pious, 128–30
Julia Domna, 126
Julianus, 156
Justin, 83
kallabides, kallabidia, 108
kleronomos (heir apparent), 85
kleros (plot of land), x, 35, 46, 53, 54, 56, 71, 77–82, 84, 86, 92, 93, 96. See also land tenure
komos (revel), 109
kopis (Cleaver celebration), 99
Kore, 54n.13
kosmiotes (orderliness), 126
Krone, Julie, 19n.61
Kunstler, Barton, 93
kyrioi, 92n.60
kyrittoi, 108
Laconia, 48, 77, 78, 81, 82, 95, 96, 99, 163–64, 165
Laconian hounds, 21n.75
Lactantius, 122
Lagrenée the Elder, Louis Jean François, 61
Lakaina (Apollodorus Carystius or Apollodorus Gelous), 148
Lakainai (Sophocles), 147
Lakonika (Polycrates), 152
lambano (man who takes a wife), 47, 137
Lampito, 27, 74, 147, 149, 149n.29
land tenure, 77–82, 92–93, 96, 140. See also kleros (plot of land)
Larson, Deborah, 118n.46
Latin authors, 156. See also specific authors
Laws (Plato), 27, 83, 148, 149, 151
laws of Sparta, x, 46, 47, 90, 92n.60, 103, 140, 149, 151
Leda (Eupolis), 147
Leonidas, 57, 58, 74, 85, 87–88, 87n.44
Leotychidas, 75
Leotychidas II, 74, 149n. 29, 157, 157n.72
lesbianism. See homosexuality
Lesbos, 5n.10
Leucippides, 108, 113, 118, 118n.46, 123
Leuctra, battle of, ix, 47, 58, 66, 66n.49, 86, 100, 143, 150
Lex Oppia, 21
life expectancy, 68
Life of Lycurgus (Plutarch), 74, 140, 153, 154, 159
literacy, 4–9, 5n.10. See also education
lower classes
in Athens, 78
helots, 48, 48n.45, 51, 58, 60, 64, 70, 95–96, 163
mothakes (mixed-blood children), 64, 91, 96n.4, 97
perioikoi (free noncitizens), 58, 93, 96–98, 161
prostitutes, 98
Luraghi, Nino, 95n.1
luxury, 82–83, 83n.31, 100. See also austerity; wealth of elite women
Lycurgus
Constitution attributed to, ix, x, 81, 154
cosmetics outlawed by, 132
dowries outlawed by, 83
economic system of, 78n.16
historical existence of, x, 159
and land tenure, 79
laws of, x, 78n.16, 87, 90, 98, 103, 140, 151
Plutarch on, 78n.16, 79, 92, 140, 154
prostitution outlawed by, 109
on weaving, 30
Xenophon on, x, 13, 30, 33, 34, 40, 100, 140, 149, 150
Lysander
chitons for daughters of, 32
engagements of daughters of, and lack of wealth, 45–46, 49, 66, 84–86, 133
and Ephorus, 150
marriage of, 45n.32, 133, 133n.3
Plutarch on daughters of, 158
Lysander (general), 102
Lysandridas, 133
Lysistrata (Aristophanes), 10, 53, 147, 149
male infanticide, 34–37, 39, 68
Malicha of Cytheria, 99
Marcus Aurelius Teisamus, 127
Mardonius, 155
Mariette, Auguste F. F., 143
abduction myths as metaphor for, 107–8, 118, 123
age at marriage, 44, 54, 56, 56n.22, 136
and bride capture, 41, 42, 45, 137
and dominance of men by women, 18, 60, 69, 92, 135
Engels on, 38
and extramarital intercourse, 40–42, 41n.23, 70
of heiresses, 85
of helots and Spartan women, 48, 90–91, 90n.52, 91nn.56–58
husband-doubling and wife-sharing in, 37–42, 37n.12, 39n.18, 40n.21, 45, 46, 47n.40, 66, 69, 79, 123, 136–37, 160
and husband’s rights, 38
and illegitimacy, 41
and infanticide, 34–37, 39, 47–49
of older man and younger woman, 40, 44, 45
reproduction as goal of, 44, 51, 69–70, 71
residences of bride and groom following, 41–42, 56
in Rome, 154
secret marriage, 41–42, 55, 56, 66, 71
and selection of spouse, 39, 45–46, 73–74, 132–33
sex ratio and polyandry, 46–47
sexual behavior in, 34, 40, 41, 43, 44–45, 55
and shortage of husbands, 68–69
Spartan laws on, 140
wedding customs, 18, 41–44, 114, 137
women’s influence in, 67, 71, 93, 137, 151
See also family; motherhood
Marxism, 159
McClure, Laura, 135n.16
Megalopolis, 58
Megistonous, 88
Menelaion, 20, 20n.65, 98, 114–18, 163, 169
Menelaus, 24, 114, 116–17, 147, 162–63, 169, 170
menstruation and menarche, 27, 27n.107, 54, 120
Messenia, ix, 78, 80, 86, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 164
Messenian War, Second, 18, 42, 48, 57, 65, 91, 107
military, 8, 37, 57–60, 90–91, 95, 97, 101, 102, 137, 156, 156n.64. See also specific wars and battles
military defense by Spartan women, 16, 18, 122–23, 122n.75
Miller, Margaret C., 108n.17
Mimnermus, 157
Minyae, 123
mirage, Spartan, viii, 40, 48, 70, 83, 159–61
mirrors, 122, 132, 163, 164–65, 166–68, 170
monochitones (tunic), 32
Moralia (Plutarch), 153
mothakes (mixed-blood children), 64, 91, 96n.4, 97, 97n.7, 102–3
mother-daughter relationship, 52
mother-son relationship, 57–62, 61, 69
motherhood
athletics as preparation for, 33, 34
and bravery/cowardice of sons, 8, 37, 57–60, 95, 137, 156, 156n.64
as bridge between private and public spheres, 69–70
in Confederate States of America, 62–63
demographic speculations on, 68–69
and dominance of men by women, 18, 60, 69, 135
and educational goals for girls, 4, 33, 52
and family planning, 63–66, 71, 136
and food and diet for females, 52–54, 150
as fulfilling experience for women, 60, 62
grave markers for mothers who died in childbirth, 52, 52n.3, 63, 68, 140, 157
importance of, in Sparta, 52
and infanticide, 34–37, 39, 47–49
killing of cowardly sons by mothers, 59–60, 137, 152, 152n.40, 156n.64
and literacy of women, 8
mother-daughter relationship, 52
mother-son relationship, 57–62, 61, 69
and number of children, 55, 60
oikos and family economy, 56
and refusal of Spartan women to bear children, 49, 63–64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 156
and religion, 52
Roman interest in, 156
and the Spartan polis, 33, 51–52, 57–58
See also eugenics; husband-doubling; marriage; oliganthropia
mourning, 57, 58, 100, 105, 121
mousike (music, dancing, poetry), 5, 9, 12, 13, 115, 136, 168
Murray, Julia Sargent, 62
music, 5, 9, 10, 12, 107, 115, 121, 133–34, 164
Myllias of Croton, 11
Myrto, 70
Nabis, 89–91, 90n.53, 102, 152, 162
nakedness. See nudity
names of Spartan women, 21, 52, 52n.3, 63, 68, 123–24, 140, 145, 157–58
Nanno (Mimnermus), 157
Nausicaa, 133
neodamodeis (freed helots), 97
Neoptolemus, 83n.31
Neo-Pythagoreans, 11
Nepos, 58n.29
Nero, 29
Nicander, 152
Nicolaus of Damascus, 46, 47, 152
nudity
athletic nudity, 14–16, 15, 25–27, 29, 34, 147
and choice of spouse, 132
erotic nudity, 14–16, 15, 34, 136
of females in front of bachelors, 34, 45, 132
Gymnopaidia (Festival of Nude Youths), 34, 41, 158, 158n.77
in Spartan art, 163–65, 166–68
nutrition. See food and diet
Oeconomicus (Xenophon), 9, 101, 135, 150
oiketai (household slaves), 100, 100n.24
oikos (family, household, estate), 31, 39–41, 46, 51, 66, 69–70, 78, 79, 85, 90, 91, 93, 137, 151. See also family
oligandria, 67
oliganthropia (sparse population), 42, 66–71, 86, 149
Ollier, F., 159. See also mirage
Olympia and Olympiads, 12, 21–23, 22n.79, 24–26, 25n.95, 32, 57, 82, 93
Olympio, 28
On Alcman (Sosibius), 152
On Mimes in Laconia (Sosibius), 152
On the Sacrifices in Lacedaemon (Sosibius), 152
Orestes, 106
Orthia, 106. See also Artemis Orthia
Orthia sanctuary, ix, 19–20, 20n.65, 30–31, 58n.30, 106–11, 127, 135, 153, 162–63. See also Artemis Orthia
paidika (young boyfriends), 29
Palladas, 156
Panathenaea, 31
Panthalida, 29n.115
Partheneion (Alcman), 6–7, 12, 14, 20, 29–31, 106, 132, 143–46, 144, 145nn17–18, 157
Partheniai, 48n.44
parthenoi (virgins, unmarried women), 22, 114
partible paternity, 38
pater (legal father and husband), 38
Patterson, Cynthia B., 40n.21
Pausanias
on Aphrodite, 122
on Artemis, 106
on Cleomenes, 88
and Ephorus, 150
on Leucippides, 123
on physical education, 12
on religion of helots, 99
as source on Sparta, 155
Pausanias (traitor), 58, 58n.29, 121, 150
Pax Romana, 124
Peloponnesian League, 147
Peloponnesian War, x, 42, 47, 70, 79, 86, 147, 148, 150
Pelops, 113n.33
Penelope, 118
peplos (tunic), 25, 26, 30n.121, 31, 32, 134–35
Percalus, 74
perfume, 28
perioikoi (free noncitizens), 58, 93, 96–98, 161
Perithoos, 115
Persepolis, 52n.5
Pettersson, Michael, 121n.64
phalli, 108, 108nn.15, 17. See also transvestism
Philip V ofMacedon, 89
Philo, 140
Philopappus, 129
Philopator, 88
philosophers, 10–11. See also specific philosophers
Phylarchus, 11n.34, 151, 151n.36
Physcoa, 113
physical education, 12–29, 15, 17. See also athletics
physicians, 64
Piper, Linda, 91n.56
Plataea, battle of, 101
Platanistas, 23
Plato
on age for parenthood, 56
and Critias, 148
on dowries, 83
on military defense by women, 16
on sexuality, 41
as source on Sparta, 148, 149, 151
on weaving, 30
on wine drinking by Spartan women, 134
Plutarch
on abortion, 64
on adultery, 74
on agoge, 27
biographical information on, 153
compared with Xenophon, 153–54
on Cynisca, 23
Degas and, 16
on dowries, 84
on Epitadeus, x, xn.11
on extramarital intercourse, 41–42
on family, 70
on female infants, 36
on food and diet, 53
on helots, 96
on heterosexual intercourse, 44–45, 136
on infanticide, 35
on land tenure, 79
on luxury, 83n.31
on Lycurgus, 78n.16, 79, 140, 154
on marriage, 37, 40–42, 42n.26, 44–47, 56n.22, 66, 137, 154
on motherhood, 37, 51, 58–60, 65, 66
on Panteus, 133
on Philopoemen, 91
on physical education, 13, 18, 28
Pomeroy’s research on, vii
as priest at Delphi, 124
on religion, 124
as source on Sparta, 89n.48, 137, 140–42, 151–61, 161n.90
and Sparta chronology, ix
on Spartan divinities with weapons, 18–19
on wealthy women, 73, 75, 88, 89
on women’s ability to defend themselves, 18
Pollux of Naucratis, 156
poloi (fillies), 118
polos (head-dress), 31
Polyaenus, 58n.29
Polybius, 46, 47–49, 67, 89, 90, 90n.52, 152
Pompeius Trogus, 16n.49
Pomponia Callistonice, 119, 120n.63, 125
Pomponia Callistonice Arete, 157
Poralla Paul, 58n.29, 158n. 76
Poseidon, 14
pottery, 163. See also vase painting
Powell, A., 87n.43
priestesses, ix, 109, 111, 118, 119, 123–28, 129, 137
principes iuventutis, 90
private property, 32, 45, 46, 70–71, 78, 86, 96, 100. See also property ownership
Proauga, 21
Procles, 74
Procris, 18
property ownership
private property, 32, 45, 46, 70–71, 78, 86, 96, 100
by Spartan women, 80–82, 87, 90n.53, 92–93, 92n.60, 136–37
See also dowries; inheritance; land tenure; wealth
prosopography, 123, 157–58. See also names of Spartan women
prostitutes, 98, 109, 119, 133
Ptolemy III Euergetes, 88
Ptolemy IV, Philopator, 88
Ptolemy XII Auletes, 80n. 24
puberty, 54, 54n.12. See also menstruation and menarche
public sphere, 32, 92–93. See also althletics; royal women
Pyrrhus, 16, 32, 75, 122n.75, 151
Pythagoras and Pythagoreans, 10–11
Pythagoras of Argos, 89
Pythia, 111
quadriga (four-horse chariot), 22, 28
races. See chariot riding and racing; running races
rape, 18, 60, 75, 107, 108, 108n.13, 118, 123, 170
Redfield, James, 93
religion
Aphrodite, 34n.4, 81, 122–23, 156
Artemis Orthia, ix, 19–20, 20n.65, 30–31, 58n.30, 77, 77n.12, 106–11, 153, 162–63, 164–65n.106
in Athens, 105
and athletics, 105, 113–14, 118, 120–21
Dionysus, 24, 29, 105, 118–19, 163
Eileithyia, 105, 111–13, 113n.29, 113n.31, 165
and feasting, 99–100, 106, 118, 121, 125, 127
Helen, 98, 105, 105n.1, 114–18
and Julia Balbilla, the Pious, 128–29
and nurses, 99
and priestesses, ix, 109, 111, 118, 119, 123–28, 129, 137
sources of information on, 105
See also specific gods and goddesses and specific festivals
reproduction. See family planning; fertility; infanticide; motherhood
Republic (Plato), 14, 26–27, 83, 148, 149
Republican motherhood, 62
rhetra (legislation), x, 46, 47. See also Epitadeus
Richer,Nicolas, 16n.47
Roman period, 28–29, 123–30, 153–55
Rome
chariot riding in, 21
childbearing among upper classes of, 55, 55n.19, 64, 120
equestrian statues in, 21n.71
marriage in, 154
motherhood in, 156
physicians in, 64
and Second Punic War, 86
wrestling match at, 29
Roussel, Pierre, 35
royal women
and reforms of Agis and Cleomenes, 87–88
and reforms of Nabis and Chaeron, 89–92
and succession, 74
See also elite women; and specific women
running races, x–xi, 12, 13, 22n.79, 24–26, 25n.95, 25n.97, 27, 29, 30n.121, 113–14, 118, 132, 155
Salamis, battle of, 170
Sayings of Spartan Women (Plutarch), 32, 37, 58–60, 65, 69, 137, 140, 142, 152, 153, 157
Scanlon, T., 14n.41
sculpture, 163–65, 164n.105, 169–70
Seleucus Nicator, 87n.44
Sellasia, 162
semnotes (dignity), 126
servi (slaves), 90
Serwint, N., 26n.102
sex ratio
demographic speculations on, 68–69
Sextus Empiricus, 156
sexual behavior
extramarital intercourse, 40–42, 41n.23
homosexuality, 16, 16n.44, 29, 34, 43, 54–55, 56, 81, 129, 136, 160, 160n.88
in marriage, 34, 40, 41, 43, 44–45, 55
in sculpture and vase painting, 163–64
of Spartan women and girls, 29, 40, 41, 44–45, 165
Shimron, B., 91n.57
Shipley, D. R., 153n.45
Shipley, G., 163n.99
silver, 77, 77n.12, 79, 83, 98
Simonides, 23
singing. See music
skolion (drinking song), 10
slave women, 30, 33, 78, 99n.13, 100–101, 103
soldiers. See military; and specific wars and battles
Sophists at Dinner (Athenaeus), 155
Sophocles, viii, 147, 153, 154
sophrosyne (modesty), 126, 127
Sosibius, 144n.13, 152, 152n.38, 155
Sparta
archaeological evidence on, 77, 119, 161–70
archaic period of, 92–93, 142–46
Hellenistic historians on, 151–52
Hellenistic Sparta, 27–28, 77, 87–88, 92, 103
Latin authors on, 156
laws of, x, 46, 47, 92n.60, 140, 149
population of and population decline in, 42, 64, 65, 66–71, 79, 86, 139n.1
population of helots in, 101
prosopographical problems of, 157–58
reforms of Agis and Cleomenes, 87–89, 90n.53, 93
and reforms of Apega, Nabis, and Chaeron, 89–92
Roman period of, 28–29, 123–30, 153–55
sex ratio in, 46–49, 68, 68–69
territory controlled by, 65–66, 66n.49
uniqueness of, 141
Spartan boys
and agoge, 4, 27, 88, 97, 158n.77
and athletic nudity, 14–16, 17, 34
clothing of, 31
and Gymnopaidia (Festival of Nude Youths), 34, 41, 158, 158n.77
and Hyacinthia, 121
infanticide of male babies, 34–36, 39, 68
modesty of, 127
and mother-son relationship, 57–62, 61, 69
and whipping ceremonies, 58n.30, 109, 111, 137, 153, 155
Spartan Constitution (Xenophon), 67, 100, 140, 148–50
Spartan men
and bachelorhood, 34, 41, 45, 69, 92, 137
clothing of, 114
dominance of, by women, 18, 60, 69, 92, 135
emigration of, after Peloponnesian War, 68
father-daughter relationship, 56–57
and fatherhood, 37–39, 52, 55, 55n.18, 56–57, 69, 140
grave markers for men who died in war, 52, 52n.3, 63, 68, 140, 157
greed of, 79
and homosexuality, 29, 34, 43, 54–55, 81
and lack of wealth, 82
life expectancy of, 68
procreative unions between helots and, 64–70, 102–3
rewards for fathers, 55, 55n.18, 140
See also marriage; sexual behavior; syssitia
Spartan women
archaeological evidence on, 77, 161–70
clothing for, 30–32, 42, 43, 132–33
elite women, 70
exclusion of, from state administration, 70
homosexuality of, 16, 16n.44, 29, 56, 129, 136, 160, 160n.88
life expectancy for, 68
and motherhood, 4, 8, 33–37, 39, 47–49, 51–71, 135
physical education for, 12–29, 136
procreative unions between helots and, 48, 48n.45, 64, 91, 97, 102
recording of names of, 52, 52n.3, 63, 68, 140, 157, 157–58
and reforms of Agis and Cleomenes, 87–89, 90n.53, 93
and reforms of Apega, Nabis, and Chaeron, 89–92
refusal of, to bear children, 49, 63–68, 71, 156
sexuality of, 29, 40, 41, 44–45
unmarried and childless women, 23, 47, 49, 49n.47, 53, 59, 63, 64, 66, 68–69, 70
wealth of, 23, 76–87, 90n.53, 92–93, 128–30
See also specific women
Spartans (Eupolis), 147
Spawford, A. J. S., 118n.45, 159
Spendon, 143
sports. See athletics
stathmos (billet or dwelling place), 79–80
Ste Croix, G. E. M. de, 93
Stehle, Eva, 106n.5
Stewart, Andrew, 170
Strabo, 24n.89
succession and royal women, 74
Suda, 156
Sura, M. Palfurius, 29
synoikein (marry, cohabit), 46–47, 46n.38
syssition (mess group), 18n.53, 52, 82, 88, 97
Tarentum, 11, 16n.47, 48, 48n.45, 91, 102
Taygetus Mount, 14, 15, 17, 16, 18, 35, 39, 119
Teiresias, 44
teknopoiia (child production), 67
Teles, 152
Telesilla, 123n.76
Terpander, 143
Texier, J.-G., 90n.53
Thebans, 16
Theocritus, 14, 14n.39, 24, 115, 132
Theopompus, 82
Thermopylae, battle of, 68, 85
Third Social War, 82
thoinarmostria (mistress of the banquet), 125
Thylacis, 158
Tiberius, 29
Timareta, 108
Timasimbrota, 133, 157, 157n.72
Timycha, 11
Tisamenus, 127
Tissaphernes, 107n.9
traitors, 58
transvestism, 108, 114, 123, 135. See also phalli
Tregaro, J. Christien, 41n.23
Triptolemus, 54n.13
trophimoi, 97n.7
Tsakona, 65n.46
Tyndares, 126n.93
Tyndareus, 14n.43, 114, 122, 122n.74, 123, 123n.78
Tyrtaeus, 96n.3
ugliness, 98, 132–33. See also beauty
unmarried Spartan women, 23, 49, 49n.47, 53, 59, 63, 66, 68–70
upper classes. See elite women; Spartan women
utopia. See mirage
Valerius Maximus, 156
Various Histories (Aelian), 140
vase painting, 13n. 38, 163–65, 169–70
Vespasian, 128
virginity, 63, 119. See also parthenoi; rape
virtues of Spartan women, 126–30
Vitruvius, 155n.55
warfare, women and, 16, 18–19. See also military; and specific wars and battles
Wasps (Aristophanes), 10
wealth of elite women, 23, 76–87, 90n.53, 92–93, 128–30
weaving, 30–32, 51, 60, 100, 120, 123, 162, 170
wedding. See marriage
whipping ceremonies, 58n.30, 109, 111, 137, 153, 155
wife-sharing. See husband-doubling and wife-sharing; marriage
wine drinking, 33, 106, 109, 110, 125, 133–34, 150, 150n.32
wrestling, 14–16, 15, 28, 29, 63
xenelasia (strangers), 76
Xenophon
biographical information on, 148–49
compared with Plutarch, 153–54
on Cynisca, 23
on education, 27
on extramarital intercourse, 40–41, 41n.23
on family, 70
on fatherhood, 37
on heterosexual intercourse, 44–45, 136
on hunting, 18
on kleroi, 35
on luxury, 83
on Lycurgus, x, 13, 30, 33, 34, 100, 140, 149
on marriage, 37, 39–41, 44–47, 49, 56, 66, 136–37, 160
on modesty, 127
naming of women by, 158
on nothoi (bastards), 102
on physical education, 13, 14, 33
Pomeroy’s research on, vii
on reproduction, 46–47, 67, 71, 103, 152
on slaves, 33, 100, 100n.24, 101, 103
as source on Sparta, 124, 140, 141, 148–50, 160, 161
xoanon (wooden image), 31
Zeus, 25n.95, 32, 123, 123n.78
Zeus Messapeus at Tsakona, 65n.46
Zeuxidemus, 21
Ziehen, Ludwig, 67