The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture Volume 6: Ethnicity

Abihka, 199
Acadians, 11, 19, 47, 106, 107, 108, 111, 143
Acworth, Ga., 211
Ada, Okla., 121
African ethnicities, historic, 1, 10, 56–65, 152, 164–66, 252–53. See also individual ethnicities
Africans/African Americans, 1, 10, 11, 12, 18, 21, 89, 99–102, 111, 142, 152, 184, 185, 187, 197, 200, 205, 210, 218, 235, 236, 251;
- demographics of, 7, 9, 18;
- in Appalachia, 86, 96–98;
- and Afro-Cubans, 94;
- and Chinese, 122;
- in Salem, N.C., 197;
- in Ozarks, 205;
- and Juneteenth, 235. See also individual ethnicities
Afro-Cubans, 16, 93–94, 253
Ahoskie Blues, 14
Aiken, S.C., 43
Alabama, 7, 28, 188;
- demographics of, 9;
- Africans/African Americans in, 19, 58, 97;
- Mexicans in, 21;
- Asians in, 24;
- Mississippians in, 33;
- American Indians in, 39, 40, 95;
- English in, 43;
- French in, 43;
- Irish in, 49;
- Welsh in, 50;
- Cornish in, 51;
- Highlanders in, 51, 220;
- Greeks in, 54;
- Czechs in, 54, 139;
- Latinos in, 65–66;
- Guatemalan Mayans in, 88, 150;
- Cherokees in, 114, 117;
- Chickasaws in, 119–20;
- Coushattas in, 133;
- Germans in, 147;
- Italians in, 172;
- Hispanics in, 189;
- MOWA Choctaws in, 198;
- Muskogees in, 200;
- Poarch Creeks in, 206–8;
- Seminoles in, 224;
- Shawnees in, 226;
- Syrians and Lebanese in, 232;
- Turks in, 241
Alabama-Coushattas, 40, 94–96, 201
Alachua County, Fla., 99
Alamance County, N.C., 203
Albany, La., 163, 164
Alexander, Henry, 178
Alexandria, La., 240
Alexandria, Va., 28, 51
Algonkians, 34, 143
Algonquian language, 180, 208, 228
Allegheny-Cumberland, 82
Allman Brothers Band, 7
Alsatians, 144
American Indians, 1, 13–14, 33–40;
- demographics of, 7;
- cultural exchanges with, 7–9. See also Native Americans;
- individual ethnicities

American Revolution, 15, 34, 52, 100, 113, 118, 119, 130, 154, 176, 192, 217, 222
Amherst County, Va., 195
Amish, 48
Amite City, La., 172
Andarko, Okla., 106, 252
Andros Island, 100
Angola, 1
Angolans, 63
Anoatubby, Bill, 121
Anzaldúa, Gloria, 188
Apaches, 100, 236
Apalachees, 34, 83, 159
Appalachia, 124, 205–6;
- and mountain people, 82–88;
- religion of, 83;
- foodways of, 84;
- music of, 84;
- African Americans in, 96–98
Appalachian Regional Commission, 85, 97
Appalachian State University, 86
Arab Americans, 26–27, 29, 232–34
Arawak Indians, 10
Argyle, Fla., 51, 221
Arkansas: “American” ancestry in, 19;
- Mexicans in, 21;
- Japanese in, 26, 79;
- English in, 43;
- Italians in, 53, 172;
- Latinos in, 65–66, 187;
- Caddos in, 104;
- Chinese in, 124;
- Czechs in, 139;
- Germans in, 145, 147;
- Koreans in, 181;
- Hispanics in, 189, 229;
- Ozarkers in, 204;
- Quapaws in, 211, 212;
- Romanichals in, 213
Armenians, 29
Arpadhon, 162–63
Asheville, N.C., 24, 71, 78
Asian Indians, 24, 25, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 166–67
Asians, 20, 23–28, 72–82;
- religion of, 75, 76, 77, 79–81;
- foodways of, 77–78;
- music of, 78. See also individual ethnicities
Athens, Ga., 69, 181
Atlanta, Ga., 17, 18, 20, 27, 29, 47, 49, 50, 55, 68, 71, 73, 81, 148, 152, 167, 168, 169, 171, 173, 175, 178, 181, 182, 187, 214, 215, 216, 234, 238, 241, 242, 244, 245, 253
Atmore, Ala., 201, 206, 207
Atoka Agreement, 120
Augusta, Ga., 17, 24, 49, 181
Austin, Stephen F., 95
Austin, Tex., 25, 53, 78, 166, 253
Avoyel, 39, 239
Avoyelles Parish, La., 39, 240

Bahamas, 130–31, 250, 251
Baker, Etta, 86
Baldwin County, Ala., 206
Bamana, 58, 64
Bandini, Father, 172
Bangladesh, 25
Bantu, 9
Barataria, La., 111
Barbadians, 98–99
Barbados, 13, 98–99
Barbour County, W.Va., 14
Barbry, Earl J., Sr., 240
Barbry, Elijah, 240
Barth, Frederick, 2
Barton, Lew, 183
Batista, Fulgencio, 137
Baton Rouge, La., 25, 112, 144, 145
Bauza, Mario, 93
Bayou des Allemands, La., 47
Bayou Lafourche, La., 111, 112, 126
Bayou Teche, La., 126
Beaufort, S.C., 154
Beaumont, Tex., 232
Beaumont–Port Arthur, Tex., 244
Belvedere, Tenn., 48
Benenhaley, Joseph, 15
Benjamin, Judah P., 46, 176
Berea College, 86
Berkeley, William, 141
Berkeley County, S.C., 102
Bernstadt, Ky., 231
Bertie County, N.C., 184
Bethabara, N.C., 196
Bethania, N.C., 196
Bethlehem, N.C., 196
Bexar, Tex., 234
Bhutan, 25
Biafra, 164, 165
Biloxi, Miss., 54, 143
Biloxi-Chitimacha, 39, 160
Biloxi Indians, 39, 239, 240
Birmingham, Ala., 27, 53, 68, 86, 148, 172, 234
Bixby, Okla., 255
Black Dutch, 34
Black Mountain, N.C., 78
Black Seminoles, 11, 99–102
Blacks in Appalachia (Turner and Cabbell), 98
Blade, Edward, 184
Bladen, County, N.C., 246
Blassingame, Rose Fisher, 175
Bleynat, John, 249
Blue, Gilbert, 113
Bluegrass, 7, 84
Blue Ridge, 83
Blues, 7
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 5
Boca Raton, Fla., 215
Bohemians, 17
Boll, Jacob, 231
Boltzius, Johann Martin, 217
Boone, N.C., 86
Boston, Mass., 238, 251
Bouquet, Henry, 230
Brackettville, Tex., 100, 102
Brammer, William, 235
Brass Ankles, 14, 15, 102–4
Braveboy-Locklear, Barbara, 183
Brazil, 15, 253
Britain, 63
British, 119. See also English
British Caribbean, 63
British Florida, 63, 130
British West Indies, 130, 250
Brooks, Lela Hammond, 183
Broward County, Fla., 225
Brown v. Board of Education, 12
Brunswick County, Va., 194, 203
Bruskay, Julius, 162
Brutus, Phillip, 28
Bryan, Tex., 172
Buckhead, N.C., 247
Buffett, Jimmy, 131
Bulgarians, 55
Buncombe County, N.C., 87
Bunker, Chang and Eng, 76
Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S., 69
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 40, 115, 116, 130, 160, 213
Burma (Myanmar), 25
Burnett, Chester “Howlin’ Wolf,” 7
Burnett, John, 232
Bush, George W., 29, 234
Butler, Jon, 161, 162
Butler, Robert Olen, 78
Byrd, William, 219

Caballo, Juan, 100
Cabbell, Edward J., 98
Caddoan language, 34
Caddo County, Okla., 106, 252
Caddos, 104–6, 212, 226, 252
Cajuns, 7, 11–12, 19, 43, 106–8, 125, 132–33, 135, 143–44, 160
Calcasieu Parish, La., 103
Caldwell, Tex., 54, 139
California: farms in, 17;
- foreign-born whites in, 18;
- “American” ancestry in, 19;
- Vietnamese in, 26, 78;
- Arabs in, 27;
- Mexicans in, 67;
- Chinese in, 80;
- Hmong in, 157;
- Russians in, 215
Calusa, 34
Cambodia, 108
Cambodians, 29, 73, 75, 78, 80, 108–10
Campbell, Carroll, 113
Campbell, James, 220
Campbell, John Charles, 83
Canada, Highland Scots in, 220
Canary Islanders, 42, 110–12
Cantonese, 123
Cape Fear Valley, N.C., 51, 220
Capp, Al, 181
Cardozo, David Nunez, 178
Caribbean, 11, 16, 59, 165
Carmel Indians, 187
Carolina: 98, 145, 147, 223;
- Greater Senegambians in, 58–59;
- slave trade in, 61, 63–64. See also North Carolina; South Carolina
Carrollton, Md., 170
Carter, Jimmy, 29
Carteret, John Lord, 196
Cary, N.C., 81, 241
Cash, W. J., 6
Castro, Fidel, 23, 66, 93, 94, 137
Castroville, Tex., 144
Catalan, 193
Catawbas, 34, 40, 112–14, 219, 243, 246
Cavelier, René-Robert, Sieur de La Salle, 43, 104, 143
Cayuga, 195
Celaya, Mexico, 69
Celestin, Josaphat (Joe), 28
Census Bureau, U.S., 3–4
Chambers, Douglas B., 64–65
Chapel Hill, N.C., 215
Charenton, La., 125
Charlesfort, S.C., 161, 230
Charleston, S.C., 7, 10, 13, 17, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50, 51, 75, 98, 119, 143, 146, 154, 161, 162, 168, 170, 171, 175, 176, 177, 178, 223, 250
Charlotte, N.C., 29, 48, 55, 66, 69, 75, 81, 148, 169, 173, 189, 232, 244
Chattanooga, Tenn., 53
Cheraws, 203
Cherokees, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 45, 83, 112–13, 119, 127, 202, 203, 226, 242;
- Eastern Band, 114–16;
- prior to Removal, 116–19;
- matrilineal clans of, 118
Chesapeake, 63, 141
Chesapeake, Va., 240
Chicago, Ill., 124, 248
Chicanos, 187. See also Latinos
Chickahominy Indians, 157, 209
Chickasaws, 34, 36, 94, 119–20, 127, 202, 212;
- in the 20th century, 120–22;
- language of, 121
Chief Hekathon, 212
Chief Tuscaloosa, 127
China, 79
Chinese, 6, 17, 25, 26, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 122–24
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 122
Chitimachas, 40, 125–26, 159
Chitto, Joe, 128
Choctaws, 11, 34, 35, 39, 40, 94, 119, 120, 126–28, 198–99, 240, 251
Choong Soon Kim, 79
Church Act, 161
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 181
Civil War, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 35, 46, 50, 52, 53, 76, 86, 90, 95, 107, 111, 115, 135, 142, 145, 171, 172, 173, 176, 181, 195, 199, 200, 215, 218, 222, 228, 230, 231, 235
Clark, William, 180
Clayton County, Ga., 191
Clearwater, Fla., 148
Clinton, Bill, 29, 113
Clinton, N.C., 129
Cobb County, Ga., 191
Coharies, 129–30
Cohen, Henry, 177
Cohen, Ralph, 178
Coligny, Gaspar, 161
Colleton, John, 98
Colleton County, S.C., 102
Collier County, Fla., 225
Colombia, 68
Colombians, 65
Colored People: A Memoir (Gates), 86
Columbia, S.C., 25, 54
Columbia, Tenn., 49
Columbus, Christopher, 213
Columbus, Ga., 181
Columbus County, N.C., 246
Comanches, 100
Conchs, 130–31
Congo, 63, 64
Considérant, Victor, 144
Coonasses, 132–33
Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 98
Cooper, Vernon, 183
Coral Gables, Fla., 138
Cornish, 51
Coronado, Karen, 183
Costa Ricans, 24, 68
Courteau, Houma (Iacalobe), 159
Coushattas, 40, 95, 133–35;
- handcrafts of, 134
Coweta, 199, 200
Crab Orchard, Ky., 231
Craven County, N.C., 165
Creeks, 34, 35, 36, 40, 44, 94, 99, 100, 119, 127, 133, 177, 199–201, 202, 203, 224, 226, 255;
- Poarch Creeks, 206–8
Creel, Margaret Washington, 57
Creoles, 10, 11–13, 23, 43, 64, 104, 106, 135–37, 144
Creolization, 6, 11, 12, 15
Cruz, Celia, 93, 138
Cuba, 64, 93, 94, 122, 154, 179, 228, 251, 253
Cubans, 16, 19, 21–23, 65, 66, 67, 72, 137–38, 173, 187, 188, 229
Cullman, John G., 145
Cullman County, Ala., 145, 147
Cumberland County, N.C., 182
Cummins, Ga., 216
Curtis Act, 120
Cusseta, 199
Czechs, 17, 54–55, 138–41, 235

Dade County, Fla., 23
Dahlonega, Ga., 51
Dallas, Tex., 25, 27, 54, 66, 76, 144, 166, 231, 238, 241, 244
Daphne, Ala., 17, 53
Darien, Ga., 222
Daughter of the Legend (Stuart), 186
Da Verrazzano, Giovanni, 171
Davidson County, N.C., 218
Davion, Antoine, 239
Dawes Act, 35, 174
Dawes Commission, 120, 121
Debakey, Michael, 234
De Gálvez, Bernardo, 111
Dehahuit, 105
DeKalb County, Ga., 191
Delacroix Islands, La., 228
De la Motta, Emmanuel, 178
Delaware tribes, 226, 252
Deloria, Ella C., 183
De Lyon, Abraham, 178
Dementev-Demens, Peter, 215
De Montigny, François, 239
Demopolis, Ala., 144
De Moscoso, Luis, 104
De Narváez, Pánfilo, 228
Denton, Tex., 231
De Soto, Hernando, 33, 41, 94, 104, 127, 133, 212, 228, 239
De Valera, Eamon, 171
Dhegiha Sioux, 211
D’Iberville, Miss., 147
Dickinson, Tex., 172
Di Tonti, Henry, 172
Dobie, J. Frank, 235
Dominican Republic, 72
Dominicans, 66, 67–68
Donaldsonville, La., 112
Doraville, Ga., 75, 80
Dorchester County, S.C., 102
Douglas, Stephen, 171
Dover, Fla., 55
Drake, Richard, 86
Dubina, Tex., 139
Ducktown, Tenn., 51
Durham, N.C., 69, 211
Dutch, 48
Dzialynski, Morris A., 46

Eagle Pass, Tex., 179
East Asians, 72–82. See also Asians
East Bernstadt, Ky., 231
Eastern Europeans, 29, 54
Ebenezer, Ga., 217, 254
Eberle, Edward W., 231
Ecuadorians, 29, 65
Edict of Nantes, 44, 161, 162
Egyptians, 27
Eleutheran Adventurers, 130
Elgin Air Force Base, Fla., 244
Elizabethtown, Ky., 215
Ellison, Ralph, 6
El Paso, Tex., 123, 236
El Salvadorans, 65, 67
Elton, La., 133
Emancipation Proclamation, 235
Emmanuel, David, 46
England, 1
England, John, 170
English, 19, 42–43, 141–42, 187
English language, 107–8, 188, 191, 226
Eno Indians, 203, 218
Epps, Diotrion W. and Mary, 219
Epps, William, 219
Equiano, Olaudah, 165
Erin, Tenn., 50
Eritreans, 29
Escambia County, Ala., 206
Estefan, Gloria and Emilio, 138
Estonians, 55
Ethiopians, 29
Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (Barth), 2
Ethnicity: concept of, 2, 4–5, 89–90;
- “symbolic” or “convenience,” 3;
- as a political identity, 5
Ethnogenesis, 2
Europeans, 1, 10, 11, 34, 41–56, 197;
- demographics of, 7, 9
Evangeline (Longfellow), 11

Falls Church, Va., 245
Fante, 10
Fayette County, Ga., 191
Filipinos, 24, 25, 26, 75, 79
Filippakis, Ioannis, 149
Filmer, Robert, 142
Finns, 29
First Seminole War, 100
Fischer, David Hackett, 142
Fitzhugh, George, 142
Flatonia, Tex., 139
Florence, Ala., 43, 50
Florida: demographics of, 9;
- Seminoles in, 11, 224;
- Afro-Cubans in, 16, 93;
- farms in, 17;
- foreign-born whites in, 18;
- “American” ancestry in, 19;
- foreign-born residents in, 20;
- Cubans in, 21–23, 66, 137–38;
- Nicaraguans in, 23–24;
- Puerto Ricans in, 23, 66, 210;
- Indians in, 25, 166;
- Koreans in, 25, 181;
- Filipinos in, 26;
- Arabs in, 27;
- Haitians in, 28, 154, 155;
- Nigerians in, 29;
- American Indians in, 34, 35, 40;
- Spanish in, 41, 42;
- French in, 43, 144;
- Jews in, 46–47, 175, 176;
- Germans in, 48, 147;
- Irish in, 50;
- Welsh in, 50;
- Cornish in, 51;
- Italians in, 53, 173;
- Greeks in, 54, 149;
- Russians in, 55, 215;
- Greater Senegambians in, 58, 59;
- Mexicans in, 66;
- Latinos in, 69;
- Asians in, 73;
- Alabama-Coushattas in, 95;
- Black Seminoles in, 99, 100;
- Cambodians in, 109;
- Conchs in, 131;
- Czechs in, 139;
- Guatemalan Mayans in, 150;
- Minorcans in, 192–93;
- Moravians in, 198;
- Muskogees in, 200;
- Turks in, 241;
- West Indians in, 250, 251;
- Yorubas in, 253
Florida Keys, 130–31
Fon, 1, 10, 63, 64
Foodways, southern, 8, 9, 11, 12, 90. See also individual ethnicities
Forsyth County, N.C., 196
Fort Bragg, N.C., 79
Fort Chaffee, Ark., 244
Fort Charles, S.C., 143
Fort Christanna, Va., 194, 203
Fort Lauderdale, Fla., 47, 155, 169, 173, 253
Fort Maurepas, 43, 143
Fort Myers, Fla., 225
Fort St. Louis, La., 143
Fort Worth, Tex., 24, 54, 55, 69, 71, 238
Frank, Leo, 17, 177, 178
Fredericksburg, Va., 43, 50
Freeman, W. J., 247
Free Moors, 15
French, 1, 11, 29, 43, 104, 119, 143–45, 202, 212, 213, 239, 240
French and Indian War, 196
French Creoles, 135, 136
French Haitians, 64
French language, 7, 106–8, 132, 133, 144, 162
Frenenu, Ézé Nri, 164
Friedberg, N.C., 196
Friedland, N.C., 196
Friedman, Kinky, 235
Fulbe, 58, 63
Furman University, 79

Gaelic, 1, 7, 170, 220, 237
Gainesville, Fla., 46
Galveston, Tex., 177, 229, 231
Galveztown, La., 111
Gambia, 1
Gastonia, N.C., 244
Gates, Henry Louis, 86
Gates County, N.C., 184
Gatschet, Albert, 173
Geechee, 10–11, 152
Genealogy, 3
Georgia, 46;
- demographics of, 9;
- Geechee/Gullahs in, 10, 152, 153;
- annual income in, 17;
- farms in, 17;
- Africans/African Americans in, 18, 19, 57, 58, 59;
- “American” ancestry in, 19;
- foreign-born residents in, 20;
- Indians in, 25, 166;
- Koreans in, 25, 181;
- Nigerians in, 29;
- Mississippians in, 33;
- English in, 43;
- Europeans in, 44;
- Irish in, 49;
- Welsh in, 50;
- Cornish in, 51;
- Scottish in, 51;
- Greeks in, 54;
- Czechs in, 54, 138–39;
- slave trade in, 61;
- Latinos in, 65–66, 69, 187;
- Asians in, 73;
- Guatemalan Mayans in, 88, 150;
- Black Seminoles in, 99, 100;
- Cambodians in, 109;
- Cherokees in, 114, 117;
- Germans in, 145, 147;
- Haitians in, 154;
- Hmong in, 157–58, 159;
- Jews in, 178;
- Hispanics in, 189, 229;
- Moravians in, 198;
- Muskogees in, 200;
- Puerto Ricans in, 210;
- Romanichals in, 213;
- Gypsies in, 214;
- Russians in, 215;
- Salzburgers in, 216–18;
- Highland Scots in, 222;
- Seminoles in, 224;
- Shawnees in, 226;
- Syrians and Lebanese in, 232;
- Travellers in, 239;
- Turks in, 241;
- West Indians in, 251;
- Yuchis in, 254
Germans, 1, 4, 15, 16, 19, 44–45, 47–48, 52, 84, 142, 145–47, 159, 205, 235;
- Dunkers, 45
Germany, 213
Ghana, 1, 59
Gibbes, Robert, 99
Gignilliat, Jean François, 230
Gillespie, Dizzy, 93
Glenpool, Okla., 255
Globalization, 29
Gola, 58, 64
Gold Coast, 59
Gold Hill, N.C., 51
Gomez, Michael A., 57
Gonzales, Elian, 23
Goodman, Andrew, 177
Goodwine, Marquetta L., 153–54
Gordon County, Ga., 189
Gore, Okla., 203
Grant, James, 192
Granville County, N.C., 219
Great Appalachian Valley, 83
Greater Senegambians, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 116
Greeks, 19, 54, 147–50, 172, 192
Greene, Jack, 98
Greensboro, N.C., 45, 183
Greenville, S.C., 78, 79, 81
Greenwood, Miss., 73
Grounau, Israel Christian, 217
Grümheim, Ky., 231
Grundy County, Tenn., 230
Guatemala, 150–51
Guatemalan Mayans, 87–88, 150–51
Guatemalans, 4, 24, 65, 67, 68
Guineas, 14, 187
Guiness Book of World Records, 50
Gujaratis, 73, 76
Gulf Shores, Ala., 54
Gullahs, 10–11, 64, 100, 152–54
Guyana, 251
Gwinett County, Ga., 191
Gypsies, 213–14, 237

Hainai, 106
Haiti, 10, 63, 154, 251, 253
Haitians, 19, 24, 28–29, 144, 154–55
Haldimand, Frédéric, 230
Haley, Alex, 3
Halifax County, N.C., 156, 157
Halifax County, Va., 218
Haliwa-Saponis, 155–57
Hammond, La., 172
Harlan County, Ky., 96
Harnett County, N.C., 129
Harper, Jared, 239
Harrington, M. R., 95
Harvard University, 240
Hasinai, 105, 106
Hausa, 29
Haya, Ignacio, 229
Hazouri, Tommy, 234
Hedgepeth, John C., 156
Hemings, Sally, 13
Henry IV, 161
Herder, Johann, 5
Hermann, George H., 231
Hernandez, Casimiro, Sr., 21
Hernando County, Fla., 99
Herodotus, 2
Herrmann, John, 78
Herskovits, Frances and Melville, 57
Hertford County, N.C., 14, 184, 185
Hialeah, Fla., 23, 138, 210
Hickory, N.C., 87, 158
Highland Scots (Highlanders), 1, 51, 220–22
Hillsboro, N.C., 204
Hispanics, 20, 87, 206, 229, 235. See also Latinos; Mexicans
Hmong, 24, 28, 80, 87, 157–59
Hoke County, N.C., 182
Holly Hill, S.C., 102
Hollywood, Fla., 225
Hondurans, 19, 24
Honduras, 67, 68, 251
Hong Kong, 79
Hope, N.C., 196
Horton, Miles, 86
Hotze, Henry, 230
Houmas, 14, 159–60
Houston, Sam, 95, 179, 234, 235
Houston, Tex., 25, 27, 54, 55, 66, 73, 76, 77, 81, 123, 139, 148, 166, 167, 214, 215, 216, 232, 234, 244, 245
Huguenots (Calvinists), 43–44, 86, 142, 143, 161–62, 230
Hungarians, 17, 55;
- of Livingston Parish, La., 162–64
Hunter, Kermit, 186
Hypodescent, 12, 15

Iceland, 29
Ieyoub, Richard, 234
Igbo, 1, 29, 63, 64, 65, 164–66
Illinois: foreign-born whites in, 18
Immigration and Nationality Act (1965), 72, 76, 166, 181
Immigration and Naturalization Service, 29
Immigration Reform Bill (1965), 20
Independence, La., 172
India, 213
Indiana: Shawnees in, 226
Indian Claims Commission Act of 1946, 225
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 116
Indian Nonintercourse Act of 1790, 113, 126
Indian Removal Act of 1830, 35
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, 95, 128
Indians (East), 25, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 166–67
Indian Territory, 35, 36, 106, 113, 116, 120, 173, 174, 179, 200, 202, 206, 212, 225, 254
Indiantown, Fla., 150
Iowa, farms in, 17
Iranians, 29
Ireland, 1, 237–38
Irish, 1, 16, 17, 19, 49–50, 223, 235, 238;
- contemporary, 168–69;
- historic, 170–71
Iroquoian language, 117, 184, 242
Iroquois, 194, 195, 219, 226, 243
Isleños, 228. See also Canary Islanders
Isleta Pueblo, N.M., 236
Italians, 17, 20, 52–53, 171–73, 192, 229
Italy, 249
Ivins, Molly, 235

Jackson, Andrew, 35, 100, 200, 224
Jackson, Miss., 168
Jacksonboro, S.C., 102
Jacksonville, Fla., 27, 46, 54, 66, 69, 93, 94, 148, 234, 253
Jamaica, 59, 72, 154, 165
Jamaicans, 24, 29
Jamestown, Va., 1, 42, 48, 141, 171, 230
Japan, 80
Japanese, 26, 73, 79
Jefferson, Thomas, 13, 154, 172
Jefferson County, Ala., 86, 172
Jefferson Parish, La., 122
Jena, La., 173
Jena Band Choctaws, 173–75
Jews, 17, 20, 46–47, 175–77;
- Hispanic, 23;
- Sephardic, 177–79;
- Russian, 215, 216
Jim Crow, 6, 14, 15, 16, 35, 39, 53, 76, 94, 156, 186, 247
Joe, Wally, 78
John, Chris, 234
Johnson, Lyndon B., 19, 85, 235
Jolliet, Louis, 211
Jones, Mary Jackson, 175
Jordanians, 27
Joyner, Charles, 6
Jupiter, Fla., 151

Kadohadacho, 105, 106
Kanawha County, W.Va., 96
Kanga, 58
Kansas: Kickapoos in, 179;
- Ozarkers in, 204;
- Shawnees in, 226;
- Wichitas in, 252
Kaplan, La., 175
Karlin, Wayne, 78
Katsaros, Elias, 149
Kaw (Kansa), 211
Keechi, 251–52
Kellersberger, Getulius, 231
Kellyville, Okla., 255
Kenner, La., 172
Kentucky: “American” ancestry in, 19;
- Asians in, 24;
- English ancestry in, 43;
- French in, 43;
- Dutch in, 48;
- Germans in, 48;
- Cornish in, 51;
- African American miners in, 96;
- Chickasaws in, 119–20;
- Irish in, 170;
- Melungeons in, 185;
- Romanichals in, 213;
- Shawnees in, 226;
- Syrians and Lebanese in, 232;
- Turks in, 241
Kephart, Horace Sowers, 83
Key West, Fla., 16, 93, 94, 131, 137, 228
Khayat, Robert C., 234
Khmer, 108, 110
Khmer Rouge, 108–9
Kickapoos, 40, 179–81, 226
Kinder, La., 134
King, Larry L., 235
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 86
King Hagler, 113
Kiowas, 236
Knoxville, Tenn., 50, 69, 86, 230
Koasati. See Coushattas

Kolin, La., 55
Kongo, 9
Korea, 79
Koreans, 4, 24, 25, 73, 79, 80, 181–82
Koroa, 212
Krio, 152
Ku Klux Klan, 17, 79, 183, 245
Kurds, 27
Kwa language, 253

Lafayette, La., 144
Lafourche Parish, La., 14, 39, 159
Lake Charles, La., 232
Lambeth, Ala., 17, 53
Lancaster County, Pa., 223
Lang, Benjamin, 231
Laos, 28, 157, 159
Laotians, 78, 80
LaSalle Parish, La., 173, 174
La Source, Jean-Baptiste, 239
Latin America, 20, 187–88
Latinos, 20, 21–24, 25, 65–72, 187–88, 191, 206;
- foodways of, 70;
- religion of, 71, 191;
- celebrations of, 71;
- music of, 71–72
Laurel County, Ky., 231
Laurens, Henry, 143
Laurens, John, 143
Laveau, Marie, 9
Lawson, John, 246
Le Moyne, Jean-Baptiste, Sieur de Bienville, 43, 126, 143, 240
Le Moyne, Pierre, Sieur d’Iberville, 43, 125, 143, 240
Lebanese, 26–27, 232–34
Lederer, John, 203, 218
Lee County, Tex., 54
Leon County, Fla., 99
Levy, Moses Elias, 46, 178
Levy County, Fla., 99
Lewis, Meriwether, 180
Lexington, S.C., 230
Lexington, Va., 28
Libuse, La., 55
Life Story of a People (Deloria), 183
Limba, 10
Lincoln County, Ky., 231
Lincolnton, N.C., 68
Linville, N.C., 222
Little Axe, Okla., 226
Littlefield, Daniel, 57
Little Havana, Fla., 23
Little Rock, Ark., 43, 54, 212
Livingston Parish, La., 55, 162–64
Locklear, Gene, 183
Locklear, Mary Sue, 183
Lombardi, Cesar M., 231
London, Ky., 48
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 11
Los Angeles, Calif., 124, 182
Los Lonely Boys, 188
Louisiana, 13, 228;
- demographics of, 9;
- francophone dialect in, 10;
- Acadians in, 11;
- Houmas in, 14, 159–60;
- Red Bones/Brass Ankles in, 14, 102, 103–4;
- Italians in, 17, 52–53, 172, 173;
- Africans/African Americans in, 19, 57, 58;
- Vietnamese in, 26, 79, 244;
- American Indians in, 34, 39, 40;
- Spanish in, 42;
- English in, 43;
- Germans in, 47, 145;
- Irish in, 49;
- Czechs and Hungarians in, 55, 139;
- slave trade in, 59, 64;
- foodways of, 78;
- Afro-Cubans in, 93;
- Alabama-Coushattas in, 95;
- Caddos in, 104–6;
- Cajuns in, 106–8, 132;
- Canary Islanders in, 110–12;
- Chinese in, 122;
- Chitimachas in, 125;
- Coushattas in, 133–34;
- Creoles in, 136;
- French in, 143–44;
- Haitians in, 154;
- Hungarians in, 162–64;
- Jena Choctaws in, 173–75;
- Jews in, 176, 178;
- Koreans in, 181;
- Romanies in, 213;
- Syrians and Lebanese in, 232;
- Tunica-Biloxi in, 239–40
Louis XIV, 161
Louisville, Ky., 146, 231
Lowery, Gloria Tara, 183
Lowland Scots, 51–52
Lowry, Henry Berry, 183
Lukumi, 253
Lumbees, 8, 36, 156, 182–83, 243
Lynch, Tilman, 156
Lynchburg, Va., 51, 218
Lynyrd Skynyrd, 7

MacDonald, Flora, 220
Maceo, Antonio, 16, 93
Machapunga, 184
Macon, Ga., 124, 181
MacRae, John, 220
Madison County, Ala., 86
Magnuson Act, 122
Malone, Bill C., 141
Manahoac, 194
Manakin, Va., 194
Mandarin, 123
Mandingo, 1, 58, 61
Mardi Gras Indians, 9
Marion, Francis “Swamp Fox,” 143
Maris, Kostas, 149
Marksville, La., 240
Marquette, Jacques, 211
Martí, José, 16, 93, 94
Martin, Bogan, and Armstrong (band), 86
Martin, Green, 219
Martin, Phillip, 128
Martin County, Fla., 225
Martínez, Mel, 138
Maryland: as part of southern region, 4;
- English in, 141–42;
- Irish in, 170;
- Moravians in, 198
Massachusetts: West Indians in, 250
Mastras, Nick, 149
Mattaponis, 208, 209
Maxton, N.C., 183
Maya, 87–88, 150–51
May-ling Soong (Madame Chiang Kaishek), 124
Mazzei, Phillip, 172
McDowell County, W.Va., 96
McEwen, Tenn., 50
McGhee, Calvin, 207
McGhee, Lynn, 206–7
McGylnn, Jim, 239
McIlhenny, Sara, 126
McIntosh, Ala., 199
McIntosh, William, 200
McIntosh County, Ga., 222
McKinnon, John, 221
McNeil, W. K., 205
Mebane, N.C., 203, 204
Mecklenburg County, N.C., 66, 189
Meherrins, 184–85, 242
Melungeons, 14, 15, 185–87
Memphis, Tenn., 17, 46, 68, 78, 146, 167, 238
Mende, 10
Mennonites, 38
Mercer County, Ky., 48
Mestizos, 23, 187–89
Mexicans, 20, 21, 25, 66, 102, 188, 189–92, 235
Mexico, 19, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 100–101, 234
Miami, Fla., 23, 27, 28, 47, 48, 54, 66, 70, 93, 94, 137–38, 148, 155, 181, 187, 210, 215, 216, 225, 234, 253
Miami, Okla., 226
Miami Beach, Fla., 179
Miccosukees, 40, 224–26
Michigan: foreign-born whites in, 18;
- Arabs in, 27;
- West Indians in, 250
Mikasuki language, 11, 100, 225
Miles, Emma Bell, 83
Mills, James, 156
Mina, 64
Minorcans, 42, 172, 192–94
Mississippi, 9;
- demographics of, 9;
- Italians in, 17, 53, 172, 173;
- Africans/African Americans in, 18, 19, 58, 97;
- Mexicans in, 21;
- Asians in, 24;
- Vietnamese in, 26;
- Mississippians in, 33;
- Choctaws in, 40, 126–28, 175;
- Irish in, 50;
- Highlanders in, 51, 220;
- Greeks in, 54;
- Czechs in, 54, 139;
- Alabama-Coushattas in, 95;
- Chickasaws in, 119–20;
- Chinese in, 122–23;
- Koreans in, 181;
- Quapaws in, 211;
- Gypsies in, 214;
- Syrians and Lebanese in, 232
Mississippian peoples, 33, 94, 199, 202
Mississippi Delta, 7;
- Chinese in, 25, 76, 122–23
Mississippi Masala (film), 73
Missouri: Germans in, 147;
- Irish in, 170;
- Ozarkers in, 204;
- Shawnees in, 226;
- Waldensians in, 248
Mobile, Ala., 13, 17, 27, 49, 135, 146, 178, 228, 229, 230
Mobile County, Ala., 198, 199
Mocsary, Adam, 162
Monacans, 194–96, 209
Moncks Corner, S.C., 102
Montagnards (Vietnamese), 78
Montana: farms in, 17;
- foreign-born whites in, 18
Monteagle, Tenn., 86
Montgomery, Ala., 95, 176, 178
Moore, James, 243
Moravians, 23, 44, 45–46, 196–98
Mordecai, Abraham, 176
Morganton, N.C., 68, 87, 151, 158
Mountain people. See Appalachia

Mount Airy, N.C., 28, 87
Mount Vernon, Ala., 198, 199
MOWA Choctaws, 198–99
Mozambique, 64
Multiculturalism, 6
Murfree, Mary Noialles, 83
Murphy, Joseph, 238
Murphy Village, S.C., 238
Muscogee, 225
Music, southern, 7. See also individual ethnicities
Muskogean language, 34, 94, 117, 119, 121, 133, 159, 207
Muskogees, 11, 39, 100, 199–201, 254

Nacogdoches, Tex., 234
Nago (Yoruba), 58, 64
Nansemond, 156, 209
Napoleonville, La., 172
Nash, R. C., 161
Nashville, Tenn., 19, 25, 27, 29, 43, 68, 146, 173, 231, 253
Natchez, Miss., 201
Natchez Indians, 103, 119, 126, 201–3, 212, 239
Natchitoches, La., 11, 122
Natchitoches Indians, 105, 106
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 240
Native American Housing and Self Determination Act, 130
Native Americans, 7–9, 99. See also individual ethnicities Nativism, 16–17
Neiman and Marcus, 176
Nepal, 25
Neusioks, 129
New Bern, N.C., 43, 48, 165, 230
New Bethel, N.C., 129
New Braunfeis, Tex., 47
New Ebenezer, Ga., 217
New Iberia, La., 228
New Inverness, Ga., 222
Newman’s Ridge, Tenn., 186
New Mexico: foreign-born whites in, 18;
- Pueblos in, 236, 237
New Orleans, La., 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 26, 27, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 64, 75, 93, 111, 119, 126, 141, 145–46, 148, 154, 155, 168, 171, 172, 177, 178, 187, 212, 228, 229, 244–45;
- founding of, 43, 143;
- Creoles in, 135–36, 144
Newport, Christopher, 194
Newport, Ky., 241
New Smyrna, Fla., 172, 178, 192
Newton County, Miss., 173
New York: Arabs in, 27;
- Kickapoos in, 179;
- Romanies in, 213;
- Tuscaroras in, 242, 243;
- West Indians in, 250
New York City, 29, 124, 152, 215, 229, 238, 248, 251
Nicaraguans, 23–24
Nigeria, 164, 165, 210, 252, 253
Nigerians, 29
Norfolk, Va., 148, 181
North Africans, 27
Northampton County, N.C. 184, 185
North Augusta, S.C., 238
North Carolina, 10;
- Lumbees in, 8, 182–83;
- Ahoskie Blues in, 14;
- Melungeons in, 14, 15;
- annual income in, 17;
- African Americans in, 18;
- “American” ancestry in, 19;
- foreign-born residents in, 20;
- Latinos in, 21, 65–66, 68, 69, 187;
- Roman Catholics in, 23, 191;
- Asian Indians in, 26;
- Filipinos in, 26;
- Japanese in, 26;
- Chinese in, 26, 76;
- Koreans in, 26, 181;
- Vietnamese in, 26, 245;
- Arabs in, 27;
- Nigerians in, 29;
- Mississippians in, 33;
- Cherokees in, 36, 40, 114, 115, 117;
- American Indians in, 39, 40;
- English in, 43;
- French in, 43;
- Moravians in, 45, 196–97;
- Swiss in, 48;
- Cornish in, 51;
- Scottish in, 51;
- Greeks in, 54;
- Asians in, 73;
- Montagnards in, 78;
- Hmong in, 87, 157–58;
- Cambodians in, 109;
- Germans in, 147;
- Guatemalan Mayans in, 150;
- Haitians in, 154;
- Haliwa-Saponis in, 155–56;
- Igbo in, 165;
- Italians in, 173;
- Meherrins in, 184;
- Hispanics in, 189, 229;
- Monacans in, 194;
- Occaneechi in, 203–4;
- Puerto Ricans in, 210;
- Sapponys in, 218–10;
- Highland Scots in, 51, 220, 222;
- Turks in, 241;
- Tuscaroras in, 242–44;
- Waccamaw-Siouans in, 246;
- Waldensians in, 247, 248–49;
- West Indians in, 251;
- Yorubas in, 253
North Charleston, S.C., 24
North Little Rock, Ark., 79
North Miami, Fla., 28
Northwestern State University, 11
Nottoway, 242
Nova Scotia, 11, 106
Nubians, 29
Nunez, Moses, 178
Nunez, Samuel, 177

Occaneechi, 218
Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Indians, 203–4
Odum, Howard, 17–18, 20
Ofo, 39, 239
Oglethorpe, James, 51, 222, 254
Ohio: Kickapoos in, 179;
- Shawnees in, 226
Oklahoma: as part of southern region, 4;
- Seminoles in, 11, 225;
- foreign-born whites in, 18;
- American Indians in, 35;
- Cherokee in, 39, 114;
- Alabama-Quassarte in, 95;
- Black Seminoles in, 100–101;
- Caddos in, 104, 106;
- Catawbas in, 113;
- Chickasaws in, 120, 121;
- Choctaws in, 127, 175;
- Czechs in, 139;
- Kickapoos in, 179;
- MOWA Choctaws in, 198;
- Muskogees in, 200;
- Natchez in, 201, 202;
- Ozarkers in, 204;
- Creeks in, 208;
- Shawnees in, 226;
- Wichitas in, 252;
- Yuchis in, 255
Okmulgee, Okla., 201
Omaha, 211
Orangeburg County, S.C., 102
Orange County, N.C., 68, 203, 218
Orlando, Fla., 18, 54, 55, 66, 148, 181, 210, 211, 244
Orleans Parish, La., 64
Ortiz, Fernando, 57, 93
Osage, 105, 204, 211
Osceola, 100
Owsley, Frank Lawrence, 85
Oxendine, Loretta, 183
Oxford American, 78
Oyo language, 253
Oyo-Yoruba, 252

Paca, William, 172
Pakistan, 25
Palatines, 44
Palestinians, 27
Palm Bay, Fla., 211
Palm Beach, Fla., 27
Pamunkey, 208, 209
Parker’s Ferry, N.C., 184
Parks, Rosa, 86
Paul, Benjamin, 125
Pavee, 237
Pawnees, 252
Peacock, James, 29
Pee Dee (Pedee), 39, 246
Pembroke, N.C., 156
Pennington Gap, Va., 98
Pennsylvania: Germans from, 145;
- Kickapoos in, 179;
- Romanies in, 213;
- Shawnees in, 226;
- Tuscaroras in, 243
Pensacola, Fla., 13, 135, 178, 228, 229
Perez, Selena Quintanilla, 71
Person County, N.C., 218, 219
Peruvians, 65
Philippines, 26, 79
Phipps, Susie, 12
Piedmont, W.Va., 86
Piedras Negras, Mexico, 179
Pierite, Joseph, 240
Pinelas Park, Fla., 211
Pineville, S.C., 102
Pittsburgh, Pa., 238
Plaçage, 13
Plaisance, La., 137
Pleasant Grove, N.C., 203
Plecker, Walter, 186
Plessy v. Ferguson, 12
Pluralism, 6
Poarch, Ala., 201
Poarch Creeks, 206–8
Pocahontas, 16
Poland, 29
Polish, 17, 55
Ponce de León, Juan, 33, 41, 178, 228
Port Royal, S.C., 161
Portugal, 177
Portuguese, 135
Powhatan language, 157
Powhatans, 194, 208–9
Prévost brothers, 230
Pueblo Indians, 236
Puente, Tito, 93
Puerto Rico, 72, 253
Puerto Ricans, 23, 65, 66, 72, 210–11
Punjabi Sikhs, 76
Punta Gorda, Fla., 48
Purry, Jean Pierre, 230
Purrysburg, Ga., 230

Quakers, 45
Qualla Boundary, 116
Quapaw, Okla., 213
Quapaws (Kappas), 211–13

Race, concept of, 4–5
Racial Integrity Law of 1924, 16
Rahal, Bobby, 234
Rahall, Nick, 234
Raleigh, N.C., 71
Raleigh-Durham, N.C., 68
Rapides Parish, La., 103, 240
Rappahannock, 209
Reagan, Ronald, 47
Reconstruction Treaty, 201
Red Bones, 14, 102–4
Red Stick War, 200
Reed, George, 199
Reed, John Shelton, 39, 89–90
Removal, 11, 34, 35, 100, 113, 114, 116, 120, 127, 156, 173, 174, 198, 200, 202, 212, 225
Ribault, Jean, 143
Richards, Ann, 235
Richardson, Alfred, 156
Richardson, Jerry, 156
Richardson, Lonnie, 156
Richardson, W. R., 156
Richmond, Va., 17, 25, 27, 43, 47, 69, 146, 148, 181
Richmond-Rosenburg, Tex., 139
Ridgeville, S.C., 102, 103
Rights, Douglas, 203, 246
Riviera, Fla., 131
Roanoke, Va., 181, 232
Robbie, Joe, 234
Robeson County, N.C., 182–83, 243, 246
Rockbridge County, Va., 223
Rockdale County, Ga., 191
Rock Hill, S.C., 112, 244
Rodgers, Jimmie, 7
Rodriguez, Albita, 138
Rodriguez, Nina, 57
Rogers, Ark., 205
Rolfe, John, 16
Romanians, 55
Romanichals, 213, 214
Romanies, 213–14, 237
Roots (Haley), 3
Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana, 138
Rosenberg, Henry, 231
Rosenberg, Tex., 175
Ross, Thomas, 246
Rouge, Eugenia Soulier, 126
Rucker, “Sparky,” 86
Ruff, Willie, 7
Russell, Julia Lowry, 183
Russia, 29
Russians, 55–56, 215–16

Sabine Parish, La., 103
St. Augustine, Fla., 41, 42, 44, 54, 147, 172, 192–94, 228
St. Bernard Parish, La., 42, 111, 112
St. Charles Parish, La., 47, 64
St. Cosme, Jean Francois, 125
Saint-Domingue, 63, 154
St. Helena Island, S.C., 154
St. John Parish, La., 47
St. Johns Island, S.C., 153
St. Joseph Day alters, 53
St. Louis, Mo., 212
St. Mary Parish, La., 125
St. Patrick’s Day, 50, 168
St. Petersburg, Fla., 215
Salem, N.C., 196–98
Salvador, Francis, 176
Salvadorans, 24
Salzburgers, 44, 216–18, 254
Sampson County, N.C., 129
San Antonio, Tex., 26, 27, 66, 123, 172
San Miguel de Gaundape, S.C., 41
Santa Anna, 234
Santees, 9, 14, 15, 103
Santeria, 210
Sapelo Island, Ga., 153, 154
Saponi, 156, 157, 184, 194, 203, 218, 219
Sapponys, 218–20
Sarasota, Fla., 48, 232
Savannah, Ga., 17, 43, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 75, 168, 170, 171, 172, 176, 177, 178, 196, 217, 223, 230, 253, 254
Schwerner, Michael, 177
Scotland, 1
Scotland County, N.C., 182
Scots, 34, 44, 51–52, 220–22, 238
Scots, Highland, 220–22
Scots-Irish, 19, 47, 52, 84, 142, 204, 222–24
Scott County, Miss., 173
Scott County, Va., 185
Seadrift, Tex., 79
Sea Islands, 10–11, 57, 64, 152
Secada, John, 138
Second Seminole War, 100, 225
See You down the Road (Whitney), 239
Seminoles, 11, 34, 35, 36, 40, 94, 127, 200, 224–26, 254;
- Black Seminoles, 99–102
Senegal, 1, 58, 64
Senegambia, 1, 59, 61, 63
Sequoyah, 119
Sequoyah County, Okla., 203
Séraphin, Fred, 28–29
Seven Years’ War, 119
Shawnee, Okla., 226
Shawnees, 226–27
Sheftall, Mordecai, 176
Shenandoah Valley, 147, 223
Sherman, William T., 218
Sicilians, 17, 172
Sierra Leone, 1, 58, 59, 61, 64
Singer’s Island, Fla., 131
Siouans, 34, 112, 194, 203, 218, 240
Slave trade, 57–64, 98–99, 152, 164, 253
Slavonians, 17
Smith, Delores O., 204
Smith, John, 194
Smith, Lee, 83
Smoaks, S.C., 102
Sneedville, Tenn., 186
Socorro, Tex., 237
Somali, 19
Somalians, 29
Southampton County, Va., 165
South Asia, 25
South Asians, 72–82. See also Asians
South Carolina, 14;
- demographics of, 9;
- Gullahs in, 10, 152, 153;
- Brass Ankles, Santees, and Turks in, 14, 15, 102–3;
- annual income in, 17;
- Africans/African Americans in, 19, 57, 63;
- American Indians in, 34, 39, 40;
- Huguenots in, 44, 161–62;
- Irish in, 49;
- Cornish in, 51;
- Scottish in, 51;
- slave trade in, 63–64;
- Latinos in, 65–66;
- Asians in, 73;
- Indians in, 73;
- foodways of, 78;
- and Barbadians in, 98, 99;
- Black Seminoles in, 100;
- Catawbas in, 113;
- Cherokees in, 117;
- French in, 143;
- Guatemalan Mayans in, 150;
- Haitians in, 154;
- Hmong in, 157–58;
- Naturalization Act of 1697, 161;
- Jews in, 176;
- Hispanics in, 189;
- Muskogees in, 200;
- Puerto Ricans in, 210;
- Shawnees in, 226;
- Swiss in, 230;
- Turks in, 241;
- Tuscaroras in, 243;
- Waccamaw-Siouans in, 246;
- Yorubas in, 253
Southern Appalachia: and mountain people, 82–88;
- religion of, 83;
- foodways of, 84;
- music of, 84
Southern Baptist Convention, 79
Southerners, 89–91
Southern Highlander and His Homeland, The (Campbell), 83
Southern Regions of the United States (Odum), 17
Spain, 93, 137, 177, 192, 213, 228
Spanglish, 188
Spanish, 1, 11, 41–42, 100, 135, 161, 173, 213, 228–29
Spanish-American War, 41, 248
Spanish language, 65, 70, 94, 111–12, 188, 189, 191, 192, 228, 235
Spartanburg, S.C., 230, 232
Speck, Frank, 209
Springdale, Ark., 205
Sri Lanka, 25
Stanly, John Carruthers, 165
Staub, Peter, 230
Staunton, Va., 47
Stone Mountain, Va., 186
Strike at the Wind! (outdoor drama), 183
Stuart, Jesse, 186
Stuart, Nancy, 219
Sudanese, 19
Summerville, S.C., 102
Sumter, Thomas, 15
Sunny Isles Beach, Fla., 215
Sunnyside, Ark., 172
Supernaw, Maude, 213
Supreme Court, U.S., 12
Swadesh, Morris, 125
Swahili language, 58
Swanton, John, 125, 159, 246
Sweetwater, Fla., 138
Swiss, 1, 17, 44, 48–49, 230–32
Switzerland, 247
Syrians, 26–27, 179, 232–34

Taiwan, 79
Tallahassee, Fla., 9
Tallchief, 213
Tampa, Fla., 16, 21, 27, 29, 41, 48, 53, 54, 71, 93, 94, 137, 138, 155, 172, 173, 181, 187, 211, 244
Tangipahoa Parish, La., 53
Tarpon Springs, Fla., 54, 148, 149
Tawakoni, 251
Taylor County, W.Va., 14
Tecumseh, 227
Tejano music, 71–72
Tejanos, 66, 187, 189, 192
Temne, 10, 58
Temple, Tex., 55
Tennessee: Melungeons in, 14, 15, 185–87;
- African Americans in, 18, 86;
- “American” ancestry in, 19;
- Mexicans in, 21;
- Amish and Mennonites in, 48;
- Swiss in, 48–49;
- Cornish in, 51;
- Highlanders in, 51, 222;
- Latinos in, 65–66, 69;
- Asians in, 73;
- Alabama-Coushattas in, 95;
- Redbones in, 103;
- Cherokees in, 114, 117;
- Chickasaws in, 119–20;
- Choctaws in, 126;
- Germans in, 147;
- Hmong in, 157;
- Koreans in, 181;
- Hispanics in, 189;
- Muskogees in, 200;
- Quapaws in, 211;
- Shawnees in, 226;
- Vietnamese in, 245
Terrebone Parish, La., 14, 39, 159
Texans, 234–36
Texarkana, Tex., 232
Texas, 228, 234;
- Italians in, 17, 53, 173;
- farms in, 17–18;
- African Americans in, 18;
- “American” ancestry in, 19;
- foreign-born residents in, 20;
- Indians in, 25, 76, 77, 166–67;
- Chinese in, 25, 76, 122;
- Filipinos in, 26;
- Japanese in, 26;
- Vietnamese in, 26;
- Arabs in, 27;
- Nigerians in, 29;
- American Indians in, 40;
- English in, 43;
- French in, 43, 144;
- Germans in, 48, 145, 147;
- Highland Scots (Highlanders) in, 51, 220;
- Greeks in, 54;
- Eastern Europeans in, 54;
- Czechs in, 54–55, 139;
- Latinos in, 65–66;
- Asians in, 73;
- Hindus in, 81;
- Alabama-Coushattas in, 94, 95;
- Black Seminoles in, 100;
- Caddos in, 104, 106;
- Cambodians in, 109;
- Cajuns in, 132;
- Hmong in, 157;
- Kickapoos in, 179–80;
- Mexicans in, 187, 189;
- Puerto Ricans in, 210;
- Romanichals in, 213;
- Russians in, 215;
- Swiss in, 231;
- Syrians and Lebanese in, 232;
- Turks in, 241;
- Waldensians in, 248;
- Wichitas in, 252
Theus, Jeremiah, 230
Thomas, William Holland, 114–15
Tigua, 40
Tigua Indians of Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 236–37
Tindall, George Brown, 89–90
Tinhiouen, 105
Tiwa language, 236, 237
Tobler, Johannes, 230
Tonitown, Ark., 17, 53, 172
Toth, Nick, 148
Touro, Judah, 177
Transnationalism, 28
Traveller (film), 239
Travellers, 237–39
Travis, William B., 234–25
Treaty of Augusta, 112, 113
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, 127, 198
Treaty of Doaksville, 120
Treaty of Middle Plantation, 208
Treaty of New Echota, 114
Treaty of Pontotoc, 120
Treutlen, John Adam, 217
Trinidad, 251, 253
Tsimouris, Nikitas, 149
Tuckabatchee, 199
Tullahoma, 9
Tunica, 14, 39, 212, 239
Tunica-Biloxi, 40, 239–40
Turchaninoff, Ivan Vasilevich, 215
Turkey, 14
Turks, 14, 15, 29, 179, 241–42
Turnbull, Andrew, 172, 178
Turner, William H., 98
Tuscaroras, 156, 184, 242–44
Tuscarora War, 7
Tutelo, 194, 203, 218, 219
Tutelo-Saponi, 195

Ukraine, 29
Ukrainians, 87
University of Florida, 25
University of Mississippi, 234
University of North Carolina at Pembroke, 182, 183
University of Texas at Austin, 214
University of the South, 141
Upper Mattaponi, 209
Urlsperger, Samuel, 216
Utah: Waldensians in, 248

Valdese, N.C., 45, 53, 87, 172, 247, 248–49
Valdosta, Ga., 232
Valentine, Tex., 237
Vardy, Tenn., 186
Vásquez de Ayllón, Lucas, 33, 41
Venice, Fla., 53
Vicksburg, Miss., 27, 232
Victoria, Tex., 55
Vietnamese, 24, 25, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 244–46;
- Montagnards, 78
Vietnam War, 108
Villatoro, Marcos McPeek, 188
Vinita, Okla., 226
Virginia: miscegenation laws, 13;
- eugenicists in, 15–16;
- Asians in, 24, 73;
- Koreans in, 25, 181;
- Filipinos in, 26;
- Arabs in, 27;
- American Indians in, 34, 39;
- English in, 42, 141–42;
- Germans in, 42, 47, 48, 145, 147;
- French in, 43, 143;
- Huguenots in, 44;
- Cornish in, 51;
- Scottish in, 51;
- Greeks in, 54;
- Africans in, 63;
- Igbo in, 65, 165;
- Latinos in, 69;
- Redbones in, 103;
- Cambodians in, 109;
- Indians in, 166;
- Italians in, 173;
- Meherrins in, 185;
- Melungeons in, 185–87;
- Monacans in, 194–95;
- Moravians in, 198;
- Powhatans in, 208–9;
- Puerto Ricans in, 210;
- Romanies in, 213;
- Russians in, 215;
- Sapponys in, 218;
- Scots-Irish in, 223;
- Syrians and Lebanese in, 232;
- Turks in, 241;
- Tuscaroras in, 243;
- Vietnamese in, 244
Vlach, John Michael, 10
Vlax Romanies, 213, 214
Von Erlach, Diebold, 230
Von Graffenried, Baron Christoph, 48
Von Zinzendorf, Nicholas Ludwig, 196
Voodoo (Vodou), 9, 28, 64, 155, 253

Waccamaw, 39
Waccamaw-Siouans, 246–47
Wachovia, N.C., 196
Waco, Tex., 54, 251
Wahunsenacawh, 208
Waldensians, 45, 87, 247–49
Walk toward the Sunset (Hunter), 186
Walloons, 43
Walterboro, S.C., 102, 103
Warren County, N.C., 156, 157
Washa, 125
Washington: foreign-born whites in, 18
Washington, D.C., 29, 68, 181, 234, 241, 244;
- as part of southern region, 4
Washington County, Ala., 198
Waxhaw, 113
Weber, Max, 5
Welsh, 29, 50, 86
Wends (Sorbs), 54
Wesleyan College, 124
West, Tex., 55
West Africa, 9, 10, 11
West Central Africa, 63–64
West Indians, 250–51
West Indies, 10, 98, 165, 250
West Palm Beach, Fla., 54, 148, 155, 181
West Tampa, Fla., 93
West Virginia: as part of southern region, 4;
- “American” ancestry in, 19;
- Germans in, 48;
- African American miners in, 96;
- Syrians and Lebanese in, 232
Whatley, Thomas, 173
White Oak, Okla., 226
Whitney, Kim Ablon, 239
Wichitas, 251–52
Wilkesboro, N.C., 78
Wilkins, Michael, 183
Williams, Carol, 230
Williams, Cratis, 85
Wilmington, N.C, 223
Winston, N.C., 184
Winston-Salem, N.C., 45, 198
Winyaw, 246
Wirt, William, 230
Wirz, Henry, 230
Wisconsin: foreign-born whites in, 18;
- Kickapoos in, 179
Wolof, 1, 58, 63
Wood, Peter, 7, 98
Wyoming, farms in, 17

Yamacraw, 44
Yamasee, 99
Yamasee War, 7, 254
Ybor, Vicente Martínez, 16, 173, 229
Ybor City, Fla., 16, 21, 53, 93, 137, 138, 173, 229
Yeamans, John, 99
York County, Pa., 223
Yoruba-Dahomeans, 253
Yorubas, 1, 29, 58, 64, 252–54
Yuchi (Euchee), 201, 226, 254–55
Yulee, David, 176, 178

Zboray, Theodore, 162
Zedillo, Ernesto, 68
Zollicoffer, Felix K., 230
Zubly, John J., 230
Zydeco music, 7, 136

INDEX