Aaron, Hank, 83
Abbott Laboratories, 87
abstract thinking, 156–58
Access International Advisors and Marketers, 11
accountability, 159
Adelphia Communications, 139
adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs), 57–58
agnotology, 131–32
American Enterprise Institute (AEI), 142
American Insurance Group (AIG), 100
American Medical Association (AMA), 132, 134
American Philosophical Association, 28
Anderson, Jack, 132
Arthur Andersen, 161, 162; Ethics and Responsibilities Business Practices services of, 122; failure to fx corruption at, 134–35, 138, 139, 149; ignoring unethical behavior at, 81–82, 92, 134–35, 136, 138, 139, 149, 161, 162
Aspen Institute, survey by (2008), 4
auditing industry, 81–83, 97–98, 134–40, 147–50
Auschwitz, 80
Banaji, Mahzarin, 45, 46, 146, 153
Banting, Frederick, 49
Barrionuevo, Alexei, 122
Beaton, Robin, 107
beer summit, 47
behavior: gap between actual and intended, 1–23; prediction of, 68–69
behavioral ethics: defnition of, 4; unethical behavior and, 2–5
behavioral forecasting errors, 62–66
Belichick, Bill, 91
billable hours reporting, 75–76, 108, 124
Blagojevich, Rod, 40, 61, 62, 68
bluefin tuna dilemma, 53–54
Boettger, Richard, 106–7
Boisjoly, Roger, 14–15
Bonilla, Henry, 138
bounded ethicality, 5, 9, 22, 29, 43, 49, 60, 103, 150; cognitive limitations of, 30–31; individual and, 19–21; organization and, 16; society and, 21–22; transfer of 82–83
Brandt, Allan, 133
Brennan, Edward, 106
British Medical Research Council, 131
British Petroleum (BP), 142, 184n55
Browne, Lord John, 184n55
Burger, Chief Justice Warren, 135
Bush, President George W., 6, 19, 59–60, 77, 97, 139
business decisions, 30–31, 110–11, 112, 164
cancer, 130–32, 149–50; drug for, 87–88; tobacco use and, 129, 130–34, 147, 149–50; treatment dilemma for, 19–21
Carlin, George, 123
Carnegie Mellon University, 137
Caruso, Eugene, 49
Catholic Church scandals, 85–86
Center for Responsive Politics, 136, 183n23
Challenger space shuttle, 13–16, 145
change: blindness during, 93–94; defaults for, 167–68; individual and, 153–59; organization and, 160–66; resistance to, 145–46; society and, 166–72
charitable misbehavior, 114–17
Cheney, Dick, 18–19
China, 52–53
Chu, Steven, 52
Chugh, Dolly, 35–36
Citigroup, 30
Civil War, 105
cleansing, psychological, 72–73
Clemens, Roger, 83
climate change, 52–53, 140–44, 150; cause and existence of, 184n55; technologies to address, 59
clinical trials, 64–66
Clinton, Bill, 61, 62, 74, 104–5, 140
Clinton, Hillary, 143
codes of conduct, 117–18, 119, 122
Coffman, Luke, 89–90
cognitive bias, 19–22, 150; culmination of, 62; exacerbation of, 138; judgment and training to correct for, 159
cognitive systems, 34–36
Columbus, Christopher, 130
commitment, escalation of, 156
compliance: initiatives for, 101–2, 103; officers for, 101; system failures in, 109–13
conflicts of interest, 20–21, 81–82, 115–16; 137
consequential approach, 25
Coopers & Lybrand, 135
corruption, intentional, 19, 21; institutional, 128, 144–50
Cosmegen, 87
Coy, Peter, 104
Credit Suisse First Boston, 30
credit-rating agencies, 77–79, 81
Cushman, Fiery, 96–97
Daly, Herman, 59
de la Villehuchet, Rene-Thierry Magon decision making, 70–71; behavior in, 68–69; ethics and, 29, 32, 33–34, 70–71; feedback in, 159; modes of, 34–36; planning stage of, 155; side effect of, 33
deontological approach, 25, 27
Department of Justice, 105
Deshpande, Rohit, 72
dictator game, four-player, 89–90
Diekmann, Kristina, 62
discount rate, 56–60
diversity programs, 3
Duke University, 55
Duncan, David, 136
egocentrism, 48–56
energy industry, 140–44, 147, 150
Enron, 27, 61, 75; business ethics statement of, 121; ethical organization and, 118, 134, 136, 139; unethical behavior ignored at, 78, 81–82, 92, 97–98
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 168
Epley, Nick, 49
Ernst & Young, 140
ethical blinders, 22
ethical decision-making, 29, 32–34, 70–71
ethical fading, 16, 22, 30–31; causes of, 71–72; compliance systems and, 111, 112; decision making and, 68, 69–70; and Ford Pinto decision, 70–71
ethical gaps, individual, 6–13; organizational, 13–16; societal, 16–19
ethical sinkholes, 164–66
ethical standards adjustment, 75–76
ethicality: overestimation of, 1, 173n1; personal belief in, 62; self ratings of, 1, 4
ethicists, 27–28
ethics: educational programs and training for, 3–4, 27–28, 117; gap narrowing in; 152–72; interventions for, 4; talk about, 163
euphemisms, 123–24
experimental philosophy, 34
ExxonMobil, 141–42
Facebook, 156
fairness, 56
False Claims Act, 105–6
Fastow, Andrew, 75
favors, 38–39
financial crisis (2008), 2–3, 77–78
Financial Services Authority (FSA), 126
fines, 111–12
fishing crisis, 53–56
Fitch, 77
Foley, James, 85
Ford, 161
Ford Pinto, 70–71, 160–62, 164–65
formal ethics, 103, 104, 117, 119, 122, 163
Fridell, Lorie, 48
fuel effciency, 168–69
future concerns, 56–60, 169–72
Game of Death, 13
Garland, Robert, 138
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. 46–47, 48
General Electric, 81, 108, 165
Gentile, Mary, 155
Geoghan, John J., 85
Gladwell, Malcolm, 36
Goldman Sachs, 98–99
Goodell, Roger, 91
Government Accounting Office, 135
Graham, Evarts, 133
Grassley, Sen. Charles, 20
greenhouse gas emissions, 143
group decision making, 159
groupthink, 16
Grove, Andy, 20
Haidt, Jonathan, 31–32
Hardin, Garrett, 52
Harrington, Noreen, 98–99
Hartman, Laura, 13
Harvard Business School, 100
Harvard University, 46–47, 133; Green Campus Initiative at, 58; Safra Center for Ethics at, 144
Health-South, 81
Hitler, Adolf, 31
Holley, Scott, 100
homeownership, 104–5
House of Representatives, Appropriations Committee, 138; Oversight and Government Reform Committee, 77
identifiable victim effect, 98
implementation delay, 170, 172
Implicit Association Test (IAT), 45–46, 48
incentive systems, 109
indirect blindness, 86–91
individual: change and, 153–59; ethical gaps and, 6–13; interventions for, 5
informal values, 160–63; culture and, 117–20, 122, 126, 127; and sanctions, 125; systems in, 127
information: processing of, 50–51; structure of, 168–69
in-group favoritism, 39–42, 43, 99
Intel, 20
intentions, 96
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 142
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), 53–54
International Union for Conservation of Nature, 54
intuitionists, 31–32
intuitive thinking, 35–36
Investors Overseas Services, 81
isolation, 164–65
Johnson & Johnson, 118, 181n29; Credo of, 120
Johnson, Ben, 75
Jost, John, 146
JPMorgan Chase, 30
Kant, Immanuel, 25
Kern, Mary, 35–36
Kilminster, Joe, 14
Knobe, Joshua, 32–33
Korean War, 123
Krugman, Paul, 140
Kyoto Protocol (1997), 143
language sanitation, 123–24
Larrick, Rick, 168–69
Larsen, Ralph, 118
late trading, 98–99
Law, Cardinal Bernard F., 85–86
Lay, Kenneth, 61, 62, 75, 122, 136
leadership, 162
Lehman Brothers, 140
Lessig, Larry, 144
Levitt, Arthur, 135–37, 138, 147
Lincoln Savings & Loan, 81
logic, utilitarian, 182n6
London Royal College of Physicians, 131
Macleod, John, 49
Madigan, Michael, 42
Madoff, Bernard, 10–11, 68, 76, 92, 100
Major League Baseball (MLB), 83–84, 106
market timers, 98
Markopolos, Harry, 92
Marshall (George C.) Institute, 141
MBA Oath, The, 100–101
McGill, Ann, 21
McWane, 125
Medicaid, 59
Medicare, 59–60
Merck, 87–88
Messick, David, 31, 39–40, 69, 93, 109–10, 164
Milgram, Stanley, 11–13
Milkman, Katy, 67
mission statements, 117
Moberg, Dennis, 13
Moody’s, 77
Moore, Don, 137
morality: action and, 29; awareness of, 29–31, 69–70; behavior and, 114–15; compensation for, 116–17, 127; disengagement and, 72; hypocrisy and, 4; intention and, 29, 32–34; judgment and, 29, 31–32; reasoning and, 31–32
Morgan, Kimberly P., 137
mortgage lenders, 30
motivated blindness, 79–86, 133
Mustargen, 87
National Football League (2007), 91
negotiation, 50–51, 69, 143, 155
Neisser, Ulric, 78–79
New England Patriots, 91
New York Jets, 91
New York Stock Exchange, 3
Obama, Barack, 2, 46–47, 61, 107, 140
organizations: ethical gaps in, 13–16, interventions for, 5; rating ethicality in, 1; systems designs for ethics in, 127; talk in, 161
Ortiz, David, 83
outcomes, 164; bias and, 94–99; personal and political interplay in, 150–51
Ovation, 87
overclaiming: of credit, 48–56; of resources, 51–52
Oxfam, 10
Paharia, Neeru, 72
Panhematin, 87
Pareto-optimal change, 129
Parmalat, 82
Parmar, Budhan, 13
Pearson, Drew, 132
Pentagon, 165
Pless, Paul, 41
precommitment devices, 155–56
prediction errors, 62–66
prejudice, ordinary, 43–48
Price Waterhouse (PricewaterhouseCoopers), 136
Proctor, Robert, 131–32
psychological reactance, 113
Ramirez, Manny, 83
Ratzinger, Cardinal Joseph, 86
Rawls, John, 56
The Reader (film), 79–81
reasonable doubt, 146–48
revisionist historians, 73
Reynolds (R. J.) Tobacco Company, 141
Rezko, Antoin “Tony,” 40
San Francisco Giants, 83–84
Sants, Hector, 126
Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 3, 101, 115, 139
Scalia, Justice Antonin, 18–19, 20
Schelling, Thomas, 142
Schlink, Bernhard, 79–80
Schmidt, Peter, 42
Schwitzgebel, Eric, 27–28
Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, 134–35, 137
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 92, 108, 135–38, 147–48
Seitz, Frederick, 141
self-awareness, 37
self-interest, 8, 37, 50, 52, 53, 64, 68, 81, 154–55, 171
self-serving bias, 73–74
Shell (Royal Dutch), 142
“should self” and decision making, 66–72, 155–59, 164–65
Shu, Lisa, 72
Sierra Club, 19
Singer, Peter, 9–10
Social Security, 59
society: ethical gaps in, 16–19; interventions in, 5
Soll, Jack, 168–69
Sosa, Sammy, 83
special-interest groups, 60, 128, 129, 145, 146, 166
Speer, Albert, 31
Standard & Poor’s, 77; 500 Index, 119
Stanford University, 141
Staw, Barry, 106–7
stealing, 27–28
Stiglitz, Joseph, 129
Strange, Terry, 138
Summers, Lawrence, 140
Sun Microsystems, 101
Sunstein, Cass, 167
System 1 and 2 thinking, 34–36, 154, 164
Thaler, Richard, 166–67
Tillerson, Rex W., 142
time: delays, 170; pressures, 36, 164–65
tobacco: health risks of, 129, 130–34; industry for, 147, 149–50
Toffler, Barbara, 162
transparency, 116
trolley dilemma, 25–26
TRW Automotive, 105
Tubben, Lou, 162–63
Turner, Lynn, 135
Tyco International, 81, 82, 139
Tylenol recall, 118
Umphress, Elizabeth, 118
uncertainty, 53, 141, 147, 164
unethical behavior, 91–94; examples of, 9–10; ignoring, 77–99; labeling, 163; obligations to authority and, 11–12; Ponzi scheme as, 10–11
UNICEF, 10
Union of Concerned Scientists, 141–42
University of California at Berkeley, Haas School of Business at, 137
University of California at Riverside, 27
University of Chicago, 21
University of Illinois shadow admissions
system, 40–42
University of Notre Dame, 123
University of South Florida, 47–48
University of Virginia, 42
utilitarianism, 25, 26, 27, 182n6
vaccinations, 8–9
Vietnam War, 123
visual percXerox,eption research, 93–94
Wachovia, 30
Wade-Benzoni, Kimberly, 55, 62
“want self” and decision making, 66–72, 153–56, 164
war crimes, 79–80
Waste Management, 149
Waxman, Rep. Henry, 77
Werhane, Pat, 13
Wethekam, Tom, 42
whistleblowers, 98, 105–6, 162
Winslet, Kate, 80
World War I, 123
Xerox, 139
Xinhau, 52–53
Yale University, 32