1 United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, “Preliminary Study of the Impact on Indigenous Peoples of the International Legal Construct Known as the Doctrine of Discovery,” New York, April 19–30, 2010.
2 Eric Hanson, “UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,” First Nations Studies Program at the University of British Columbia, indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca.
3 “The Memorial to Sir Wilfrid Laurier,” Shuswap Nation Tribal Council, shuswapnation.org.
4 Shuswap Nation Archives.
5 Ibid.
6 Brian Titley, A Narrow Vision: Duncan Campbell Scott and the Administration of Indian Affairs in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986), 50.
7 “Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy” (The White Paper, 1969), presented to the First Session of the Twenty-Eighth Parliament by the Honourable Jean Chrétien, Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development.
8 Prime Minister Trudeau, Remarks on Indian Aboriginal and Treaty Rights, Vancouver, British Columbia, August 8, 1969.
9 Harold Cardinal, The Unjust Society (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1999).
10 House of Commons Debates, July 11, 1969, 6310.
11 Harold Cardinal interview, 1991.
12 Indian Chiefs of Alberta, “Foundational Document: Citizens Plus” (June 1970), 230. Subsequent quotes drawn from pp. 189, 190, 197.
13 Indian News, June 1970, 7.
14 Harold Cardinal interview, 1991.
15 The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement (JBNQA), electronic version obtained from gcc.ca.
16 Sean McCutcheon, Electric Rivers: The Story of the James Bay Project (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1991), 43.
17 “George Manuel’s Response to Recent Federal Position Regarding James Bay,” press release, January 1974.
18 Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs, “Aboriginal Title and Rights Position Paper,” 1978.
19 “Constitution Report of the UBCIC,” October 1981, cited in speaking notes of Louise Mandell, QC, UBCIC Chiefs Council, November 22, 2011.
20 Cited in Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs, “The Substance of Great Britain’s Obligations to the Indian Nations,” presented at the Fourth Russell Tribunal, Rotterdam, Netherlands, November 1980.
21 George Manuel’s address to the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs’ 13th Annual Assembly, October 1981.
22 Constitution Express poster (April 11, 1981), Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs Archive.
23 Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs, “Constitutional Express,” ubcic.bc.ca.
24 Cited in Melvin H. Smith, Q.C., “Some Perspectives on the Origin and Meaning of Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982,” Public Policy Sources, 41 (Vancouver: The Fraser Institute, 2000).
25 Government of Canada, Draft Cabinet Memorandum (The Nielsen Report), April 12, 1985.
26 Cited in Mary C. Hurley, Settling Comprehensive Land Claims (Library of Parliament Research Publications, Social Affairs Division, September 21, 2009).
27 United Nations Human Rights Committee, “Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant, Fifth Periodic Report, Canada [27 October 2004],” International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, General, CCPR/C/CAN/2004/5, November 18, 2004.
28 “Canada’s First Nations: More Pow Than Wow: Global Talks about Land Rights,” The Economist, August 25, 2012.
29 “Interview with a Defender: Wolverine Speaks to John Shafer,” Source of Resistance 3 (Summer 1997), ssis.nativeweb.org.
30 “U.S. Judge Critical of Canada’s Aboriginal Policy,” Windspeaker 18.9 (2001), 17.
31 Cited in Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development 2.2 (2002), 112.
32 Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Volume 1, Looking Forward Looking Back (Government of Canada, 1991), Sec. 1.16.
33 Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Summary of Recommendations, Volumes 1–5, chapter 3 Governance, recommendations 7 and 8.
34 Published on turtleisland.org, June 17, 2003.
35 “Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: Canada, 07/04/99,” CCPR/C/79/Add.105.Sec.C, Principal Areas of Concern and Recommendations, para. 8.
36 KAIROS letter to the Hon. Geoff Plant, November 13, 2001.
37 The official, tortuously long title of the submission was: “Comments Regarding US and Canadian Tribal Interests Submitted by the Indigenous Network on Economies and Trade on the Proposed Policies Regarding the Conduct of Changed Circumstances Reviews under the Countervailing Duty Order on Softwood Lumber from Canada” (C 122 839); available online at enforcement.trade.gov.
38 Al Price, Advisor, Intergovernmental Affairs, B.C. Region DIAND, letter to Chief Dan Wilson, May 2, 2002.
39 Naomi Klein, “The Olympics Land Grab,” The Guardian, July 16, 2003.
40 High Court of Australia, Mabo v. Queensland (No. 2) (“Mabo case”) [1992] HCA 23; (1992) 175 CLR 1 (June 3, 1992).
41 Bruce Elliott Johansen, The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998), 84.
42 George Manuel and Michael Posluns, The Fourth World: An Indian Reality (Toronto: Collier-Macmillan Canada, 1974).
43 Quotations regarding the WCIP founding meeting taken from Douglas Sanders, “The Formation of the World Council of Indigenous Peoples,” April 1980.
44 Ibid.
45 United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 11th Session, New York, May 7–18, 2012, item 3, Discussion on the special theme for the year.
46 Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future (Brundtland Report) (United Nations, 1987), para. 46.
47 Statement by Maurice F. Strong, Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, June 3–14, 1992.
48 Grace Visconti, “Jessica Clogg WCEL Explains Bill C-45, First Nations Rights, and FIPA,” Digital Journal (March 5, 2013).
49 No. 30 Bulletin of the Canadian Indigenous Biodiversity Network Summer 2002, UNEP/CBD/COP/6/L.25, para. 16–18, April 2002.
50 Claudia Sobrevila, The Role of Indigenous Peoples in Biodiversity Conservation: The Natural but Often Forgotten Partners (The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, May 2008).
51 Cited in “Shadow Report in Response to Canada’s 19th and 20th Periodic Report to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD),” January 30, 2012, 10.
52 The Report of the British Columbia Claims Task Force, June 28, 1991, fns.bc.ca.
53 Justine Hunter, “Head of BC Treaty Commission Suggests Shutting It Down,” The Globe and Mail, October 12, 2011.
54 “On 20th Anniversary of Treaty Negotiations in BC; First Nations Summit Leaders Call for Renewed Commitment from Governments,” press release, September 21, 2012.
55 Bill Gallagher, Resource Rulers: Fortune and Folly on Canada’s Road to Resources (On Demand Publishing, LLC–Create Space, 2012).
56 Tim Groves and Martin Luckacs, “Assembly of First Nations, RCMP Co-operated on Response to Mass Protests in 2007,” Toronto Star, February 15, 2013.
57 Defenders of the Land, “Who We Are,” defendersoftheland.org.
58 Ibid., “Declaration of Non-Indigenous Support for Defenders of the Land.”
59 “Idle No More Solidarity Spring: A Call to Action from Idle No More and Defenders of the Land,” March 13, 2013.