The Life of Greece

ontology, in philosophy of Thales, 137

of Anaximander, 138

of Heracleitus, 145–146

of Pythagoras, 165

of Anaxagoras, 339

of Parmenides, 350

of Empedocles, 357

of Plato, 515–517

of Epicurus, 646

of Stoics, 652–653

“On Wounds in the Head” (Hippocrates), 343

optics, 638

oracles, 197–199

oratory, 53–54, 256, 360, 430, 483–485

orchestra, 378

Orchomenos , 29, 35, 42, 88, 103, 543, 665

Oresteia (Aeschylus), 383, 384, 386–391, 411

Orestes , 61, 108, 195, 201, 311, 386, 388–389, 404, 409–411, 431

Orestes (Euripides), 401*

“Organon” (Aristotle), 526–527

Orientalization, 577–578

Oriental style (architecture), 219

Orontes River, 564, 572, 575

Oropus , 108

Orpheus (ôr’-fūs), 43, 69, 180–190, 191, 227, 303, 319

Orpheus among the Thractons, 315

Orphism, 68, 165, 190–192, 467, 523, 566, 668

Orthagoras (ŏr-thăg’-ō-răs), tyrant of Sicyon (fl. 676 B.C.), 89

Ortygia , 172, 470–471, 474, 475

Oscophoria, 199

Osiris , 68, 178, 187*, 432, 595, 668

Ossa , Mt., 106

Ostia (ôs’-tyä), 620

ostracism, 125–126, 237, 246, 247, 266

Othrys , Mt., 106

Otricoli , 624

Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), Latin poet (43 B.C.-A.D. 17), 155, 157

Oxus (ŏk’-sŭs) River, 575

Oxyrhynchus , 155

P

Paches (pā’-kēz), Athenian general (5th century B.C.), 443

Pacific Ocean, 3

pacifism, 406, 415

Paeonia , 238

Paeonius of Ephesus, architect (6th century B.C.), 143

Paeonius, architect, 618

Paeonius of Mende, sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 324, 328

Paestum (pěs’-tŭm), 168, 226, see also Poseidonia

Paetus (pě-ē’-tŭs) and Arria , 623

painting, in Crete, 17–18, 19–20

in Mycenae, 31

in 6th century, 223

in Periclean age, 315–318

in 4th century, 492–494

in Hellenistic age, 618–621

palaces, in Crete, 6–8, 11, 12, 18–20

in Tiryns and Mycenae, 27–30

in Homeric society, 53

Palace of Minos, The (Evans), 6*

palaestras, 212, 288–289, 567

Palaikastro (păl’-ī-kăs’-trō), 6, 7, 11, 12, 22

Palatine Hill, 493

Palermo, 170, 575, see also Panormus

Palestine, 21, 70, 234, 557, 572, 573, 579, 585, 594, 605, 667

Pallas , 182

Pallas Athene, see Athena

Pamphilus , painter (4th century B.C.), 492

Pamphylia , 245*

Pan (păn), 88, 177, 610, 616, 625

Panaenus (pă-nē’-nŭs), painter (5th century B.C), 317, 325

Panaetius of Rhodes, Stoic philosopher (ca. 185–110 B.C.), 652

Panathenaea , 122, 123, 199, 212–213, 334

Panathenaicus (Isocrates), 488

Panboeotia , 103

Pandora , 101

panegyreis, 200

Panegyricus (Isocrates), 486–487, 488

Panhellenic games, 91, 200, 211, 213, 216, 262

Panhellenism, 485

Panionia , 200

Panionium , 151

pankration, 214–215

Panormus (pä-nôr’-mŭs), 156, 170, 241, 575

pantheism, 414, 565

Panticapaeum , 157, 575

paper, 8, 206

Paphlagonia , 238, 275

Paphos (pă’-fŏs), 34

papyrus, 206, 591, 600

Paradise Lost (Milton), 386

paradox, in philosophy, 145, 351

parasites, 294

parchment, 206, 600

Paribeni, Italian archeologist, 6

Paris, son of Priam, 36, 53, 55, 56, 59, 171, 185, 404

parks, 592, 617

Parmenides of Elea, philosopher (6th century B.C.), 136, 139, 144, 168, 339, 349, 350–351, 352, 353, 356, 359, 367, 516*

Parmenides (Plato), 364, 513*, 514

Parmenio , Macedonian general (400-330 B.C.), 541, 549

Parnassus (pär-năs’-ŭs), Mt., 38, 39, 98, 104, 105

Parnes (pär-něs) Mts., 109

Parni, 578

Parnon Mts., 72, 107

Paros (pā’-rŏs), 131–132, 221, 236, 329

Parrhasian Mts., 88

Parrhasius , painter (fl. 400 B.C.), 317–318

Parthenon (pär’-thē-nŏn), 122, 199, 225, 266, 267, 290, 324–325, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332–335, 378, 494, 558, 618, 623, 628

Parthia , 578, 579

Parts of Animals (Aristotle), 526*

Parysatis , 547

Pascal, Blaise, French philosopher and mathematician (1623–1662), 657, 669

Pasiōn , banker (5th century B.C.), 274, 278, 464

Pasiphaë , 14, 22

Pasteur, Louis, French chemist (1822–1895), 165‡

pastorals, 171, 609–612

Pataikion (pă-tī-kē-ōn), thief (5th century B.C.), 201

Pater, Walter, English essayist and critic (1839–1894), 127*, 537

Patrae (păt’-rē), 89, 560

Patras, see Patrae

patrimony, 259, 281

patriotism, 201, 566

Patroclus , 46, 48, 58, 193, 208, 212, 220, 551, 620

Paul, Saint, Apostle to the Gentiles (?-67?), 91, 136, 595, 607, 658

Paul et Virginie (Bernardin de Saint-Pierre), 25*

Paullus, Aemilius, Roman general (229-160 B.C.), 326, 665

Pausanias , traveler and topographer (fl. 2nd century A.D.), 22*, 26, 28, 29, 73, 88, 89, 92, 159, 176, 215, 221, 226, 227, 295, 328, 496, 497, 559, 618

Pausanius, King of Sparta (fl. 479 B.C), 242, 246

Pausanias, Macedonian officer (fl. 336 B.C.), 481, 542

Pausias (pô’-sē-ăs) of Sicyon, painter (4th century B.C.), 492

Pax Romana, 577

Paxos (păk’-sōs), 159

Peace, The (Aristophanes), 423

Peace of Antalcidas, see King’s Peace

Peace of Nicias, 443, 445

Pedasus , 431

Pegasus , 98

Peisistratids, 123, 219, see also Hippias and Hipparchus, tyrants of Athens

Peisistratus , Athenian tyrant (605-527 B.C), 103, 110, 113, 119–123, 124, 188, 189, 200, 207, 208, 212, 223, 226, 233, 249, 265, 269

Pelasgi (pē-lăz’-jī), 30, 31, 37–38, 40, 64, 88, 108

Peleus (pē’-lūs), 43

Pelias , 43, 403

Pelion Mts., 106, 328

Pella , 70, 418, 437, 525, 542, 580, 651

Pellene , 89, 560, 569

Pelopidas , Theban general (d. 364 B.C.), 194, 462

Peloponnesian League, 86

Peloponnesian War, 80, 108, 118, 252, 253, 269, 295, 326, 365, 391, 399, 415, 420, 432, 437, 441–452, 455, 460, 480, 485, 572

Peloponnesus (pĕl-ō-pŏ-nē’-sŭs), 26, 27, 30, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 62, 63, 70, 72, 73, 86, 89, 92, 108, 128, 221, 231, 266, 320, 323, 432, 441, 446, 447, 462, 477, 553, 560, 568, 569, 621

Pelops (pē’-lōps), 39, 42, 51, 61, 62, 86, 328, 386

Penelope (pē-nel’-ō-pē), 46, 48, 53, 59–60, 61, 210, 318

Peneus (pē-nē’-ŭs) River, 41†, 106

pentacosiomedimni, 115

Pentateuch, 595

pentathlon, 214

Pentelicus , Mt., 109, 320, 328, 329, 332, 464

Pentheus (pěn’-thūs), 418, 419

People of Athens, The (Parrhasius), 318

Peparethos (pě’-pär-ē’-thōs), 158

Perdiccas II, King of Macedonia (reigned 454–413 B.C), 343

perfumes, 291–292

Pergamene Library, 579, 602

Pergamum , 557, 559, 575, 578. 579, 600, 601, 602, 618, 623, 627, 639, 663, 664, 665

periaktoi, 379

Periander , tyrant of Corinth (625-585 B.C.), 89†-, 90–91, 92, 141

Periclean age, 50, 53, 109, 142, 172, 177, 188, 207, 226, 242, 248–456, 560, 566

Pericles , Athenian statesman (495?-429 B.C), 7, 10, 29, 40, 70, no, 119, 150, 157, 182, 188, 203, 207, 236, 245, 246, 247, 248–254, 255, 259, 264, 271, 272, 283, 295, 314, 325, 330, 332, 340, 341, 392, 420, 421, 430, 433, 434, 435, 437, 439, 440, 441–442, 444, 445, 448, 450, 468, 479, 535, 554, 594, 617

Periegesis (Pausanias), 26*

Perinthus, 157

Perioeci , 73–74, 77, 459

Peripatetic school, 525, 640, 641

Pernier, L., Italian archeologist, 6

Persaeus (pēr-sē’-ŭs), philosopher and writer (3rd century B.C.), 651

persecution, religious, 581, 582–583

Persephone (pēr-sěf’-ō-nē), 50*, 54*, 68, 69, 72, 73, 178, 182, 185*, 187, 189, 190, 231, 232, 426, 499

Persepolis , 545–546

Perseus (pûr’-sūs), 28, 38†, 39

Perseus, King of Macedonia (reigned 178–168 B.C.), 558, 613, 664–665

Perseus (in Works and Days), 100

Perseus, 321

Persia, 4, 55, 67, 69, 70, 71, 87, 95, 98, 103, 104, 130, 131, 135, 136, 141, 150, 194, 203, 234–236, 238, 245, 246, 294, 437, 439, 448, 459, 461, 468, 472, 477, 479, 486–487, 489, 491, 494, 525 545, 543, 544, 545–545, 547, 548, 572, 574, 575, 576, 578, 591, 592, 593, 606, 637, 660

Persian Gulf, 572

Persian War, 80, 88, 95, 149, 151, 168, 173, 216, 226, 238–242, 274, 276, 329, 375, 391, 430, 433

Persian Women, The (Aeschylus), 382*, 384*

Petra (pē’-tra), 576

Phaeacian (fē-ā’-shăn), 48, 49, 52

Phaedo (fē’-dō) of Elis, philosopher (5th-4th century B.C.), 369, 455

Phaedo (Plato), 364, 371, 513*, 514

Phaedra (fē’-dra), 22, 402–403

Phaedrus (fē’-drŭs), Athenian (5th century B.C.), 370

Phaedrus (Plato), 302, 513*, 514

Phaestus (fěs’-tŭs), 6, 7, 10, 11, 15, 21

Phaëthon (fā’-ē-thŏn), 177*, 501

Phainomena (Eudoxus), 501, 635

phalanx, 476–477

Phalaris , tyrant of Acragas (570-554 B.C.), 171, 172

Phalerum (fă-lē’-rŭm), 250

phallic worship, 13, 178, 199, 231

Phaon (fā’-ŏn), sailor (7th century B.C.), 155

Pharnabazus (făr’-nă-bä’-zŭs) Persian general (5th-4th century B.C.), 451

Pharos (fā’-rŏs), 134, 143*, 590*, 592, 595

Pharsalus (fär-sā’-lŭs), 106

Phasis , 157

Pheidias, , sculptor (ca. 490–432 B.C.), 52, 181, 199, 202, 221, 251, 252, 253, 291, 315, 316, 317, 320, 322, 323–327, 331, 332, 334, 397, 491, 496, 497, 498, 671

Pheidias, astronomer (4th-3rd century B.C.), 628

Pheidippides , courier (490 B.C.), 215

Pheidippides (in Clouds), 425–426

Pheidon (fī’-dŏn), King of Argos (748 B.C.), 72, 114

Pherae (fē’-rē), 106

Pherecrates , dramatist (fl. 438 B.C), 420

Pherecydes (fěr’-ě-sī’-dēz) of Syros, philosopher (fl. 6th century B.C.), 131, 140

Phigalea , 327, 328

Phliadelpheus, Alexandre, museum curator, 499*

Philadelphia, 580

Philae (fī’-lē), 618

philanthropy, 294, 563

Philataerus , founder of Pergamene kingdom (3rd century B.C.), 578

Philebus (fī-lē’-bŭs) (Plato), 513*

Philemon (fī-lē’-mŏn), dramatist (361-263 B.C.), 412, 419, 429, 606, 607, 608, 667, 668

Philip, physician (3rd century B.C.), 541

Philip II, King of Macedonia (382-336 B.C), 54, 70, 103, 104*, 157, 158, 213, 265, 266, 461, 463, 467, 471, 475–478, 479–481, 484, 486, 488, 491, 498, 503, 524, 525, 538, 540, 541, 542, 543, 548, 550, 554, 558, 641

Philip V, King of Macedonia (220-179 B.C.), 561, 568, 587, 662–663, 664

Philippica (Theopompus), 488

Philistion , physician (4th century B.C.), 501, 502

Philistius, historian (432-356 B.C.), 473

Philoctetes (Pythagoras), 322

Philoctetes (Sophocles), 294, 392, 397, 622

Philo Judaeus, Jewish philosopher (20 B.C-A.D. 54), 147, 595

Philolaus (fī-lō-lā’-ŭs) of Thebes, philosopher (b. 480 B.C.), 166, 339, 352

philologv, 359

Philomelus , Phocian general (4th century B.C.), 104

Philon (fī’-lŏn), architect (4th century B.C.), 491, 617

Philon of Byzantium, mechanician (fl. 146 B.C.), 633

Philopoemen , general and statesman (252?-183 B.C.), 570, 613

philosophy, of Anaxagoras, 330–341

of An-aximander, 138–139

of Anaximenes, 139

of Antisthenes, 505–506

of Aristippus, 503–505

of Aristotle, 524–537

of Diogenes, 506–509

of Empedocles, 355–358

of Epicureans, 644–649

of Heracleitus, 144–148

of Isocrates, 485–488

of idealists, 349–351

of materialists, 352–355

origins of, 135–136

of Parmenides, 350

of Plato, 500–524

of Pythagoras, 164–166

and return to religion, 657–658

of scientists, 500–503

of Skeptics, 640–644

of Socrates, 364–373

of Sophists, 358–364

of Stoics, 650–657

of Thales, 136–138

of Xenophanes, 167–168

of Zeno of Elea, 351

Philostephanus of Corinth, banker (5th century B.C), 274

Philotas (fī-lŏ’-tăs), son of Parmenio (330 B.C), 549

Philoxenus , painter (fl. 4th century B.C.), 620

Philoxenus, poet (435-380 B.C.), 472

Phintias , Pythagorean (4th century B.C.), 471*

Phlius (flī’-ŭs), 569

Phocaea (fō-sē’-ă), 150, 156, 169

Phocion , Athenian statesman and general (402-317 B.C.), 264, 479, 558

Phocis , 27, 104, 198, 441, 477, 542, 543

Phoebe (fē’-bē), 182

Phoebidas , Spartan general (4th century B.C.), 295

Phoebus (fē’-bŭs), 104

Phoenicia , 4, 5, 55, 68, 135, 161, 203, 275, 544, 557, 572, 573, 576, 578, 585

Phoenicians, 4, 8, 15, 31 47, 55, 67, 68, 70, 72, 109*, 133, 134, 170, 205, 238, 580

Phormio, banker (4th century B.C.), 278, 478

Phradmon, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322

phratries, 108, 175

Phreattys , 259

Phrixus , 42–43

Phrygia , 20, 30, 35, 39, 69, 178, 228, 238, 451, 559

Phrygian mode (music), 69, 228*, 518

Phryne (frī’-nē), courtesan (4th century B.C.), 300–301, 467, 495, 496, 641–642

Phrynichus , dramatic poet (fl. 6th-5th century B.C.), 382*

Phthiotis , 106, 128, 198

Phyla , 401

Phylakopi , 33

physics, 138, 341, 500, 527, 630–631, 633–634

Physics (Aristotle), 526, 527

physiology, 138, 345, 502–503, 531, 639

Pieria , 106

Pillars of Hercules, 41†, 551

Pinakotheka , 331, 579

Pindar , poet (522-448? B.C.), 72, 76*, 91, 103, 107, 196, 201, 216, 361, 374–377, 437.438, 543

Pindaric odes, 375–377

piracy, 10, 30–31, 47, 48–49, 54, 171, 262, 275

Piraeus (pī-rē’-ŭs), 11, 106, 109, 129, 237, 246, 250, 255, 275, 285, 290, 299, 329, 451, 452, 464, 491, 501, 506, 560, 561, 562, 571, 607

Pirithous , 328

Pitane , 578

Pittacus , tyrant of Mytilene (650-570 B.C.), 141, 151, 153

Plain (political party), 119–120, 124

Plataea , 79, 98, 103, 171, 203, 234, 235, 239, 240, 242, 312, 383, 455, 462, 543, 545

Plato (plā’-tō), philosopher (427?-347 B.C.), 3, 68, 86, 87, 107, 118, 136, 152, 162, 166, 167, 168, 176, 191, 197, 202, 205, 206, 211, 226, 228*, 229, 249, 252, 267, 278, 280, 282, 287, 288, 293, 297, 300, 302, 310, 311, 324, 349, 353, 358, 359, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366, 367, 368, 369, 373, 382, 392, 401, 417*, 426, 453, 454, 455. 465, 467, 468, 469, 472–474 483, 485, 486, 490, 491, 492, 500, 501, 508, 509–524, 526, 533, 554, 562, 601, 628, 629, 631, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 650, 656, 670, 671

Plautus, Titus Maccius, Roman dramatist (254?-184 B.C.), 606, 668

Pliny the Elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), Roman naturalist and encyclopedist (23–79), 55, 143, 205, 223, 316, 317, 323, 492, 498, 528, 592, 619, 621, 622

Plotinus (plō-tī’-nŭs), Egyptian philosopher (205?-27o?), 136, 657

plumbing, 22, 52

Plutarch , historian (46?-120?), 26, 68, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 103, 104, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118–119, 129, 130, 142, 237, 240, 242*, 248, 249, 251, 252, 291*, 300, 305, 312, 370*, 419, 434, 435, 442, 444, 455, 474, 478, 483–484, 488, 492, 500, 538, 539, 541, 548, 549, 553, 629, 632, 633, 634, 645, 660, 661

Pluto , 96, 178, 179, 189, 312

Plutus , see Pluto

Flutus (Aristophanes), 283

Pnyx , 255

Po River, 159

Poems and Ballads (Swinburne), 154*

Poetics (Aristotle), 526*

poetry, of Alcaeus, 151–152

of Anacreon 149

of Apollonius of Rhodes, 608–609

of Archilochus, 132

of Callimachus, 608

contests, 216

in early Greece, 139–140

of Hesiod, 98–103

of Homer, 44, 52, 207–211

of Jews, 603

in Megara, 92–95

of Mimnermus, 148

and music, 226

origin of, 193

of Pindar, 375–377

of Sappho, 153–156

of Simonides, 130–131

in Sparta, 74–77

of Stesichorus, 171

of Theocritus, 609–612

police, 466

Polis , 580

politics, Pythagorean, 166

of Plato, 519–521

of Aristotle, 534–537

Politics (Aristotle), 526*, 533*

Polity of the Athenians, The (Old Oligarch), 279

Pollias, potter, (6th century B.C.), 220

Pollux (pŏl’-ŭks) (mythology), 105*

Pollux, Julius, grammarian (2nd century A.D.), 212

Polyaegos , 158

Polybius , historian (ca. 202–120 B.C.), 79, 157, 172, 564, 568, 572, 593, 598, 600, 613–615, 632, 643–644, 659, 663, 665, 666

Polycleitus , sculptor (fl. 430 B.C.), 72, 217, 322–323, 498

Polycleitus the Younger, sculptor (4th century B.C.), 96

Polycrates , tyrant of Samos (r. 535–515 B.C), 141–143, 149, 161, 206

Polydorus , 40

Polydorus, mythological King of Thebes, 406

Polydorus, sculptor (1st century B.C.), 622

polygamy, in Troy, 36; in Sparta, 81–82; in Athens, 304–305.

Polygnotus of Thasos, painter (fl. 465 B.C.), 316, 324, 331, 491, 669

Polymedes , sculptor (archaic period), 68*

Polymnestor , 406

Polymnestus, poet and musician (7th century B.C.), 75

Polymnia , 186

Polynices , 41, 394, 496

Polyphemus , 60

polytheism, 175–177

Polyxena , 36, 406

Pompeii, 18, 178, 618, 620, 669

Pompey the Great (Cneius Pompeius Magnus), Roman general (106-48 B.C), 67, 106

Pontica, 156

Pontus (pōn’-tŭs), 275, 578

Pope, Alexander, English poet (1688–1744), 106*

Popilius, see Laenas, Caius Popilius

population, of Crete, 11

of Carthage, 67

of Sparta, 73

of Corinth, 91

of Aegina, 95

of Chios, 150

of Sybaris, 160

of Syracuse, 172

of Athens, 254–255, 561

of Alexandria, 592–593

Population of Athens in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C., The (Gomme, A. W.), 255†

porcelain, see ceramics

pornai, 299, 300

pornography, 428–429

Portland, Duke of, see Bentinck, William Henry

Portland Vase, 616

Porus (pôr’-ŭs) King of India (ca. 325 B.C.), 546

Poseidippus , dramatist (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 567

Poseidippus, epigrammatist (ca. 270 B.C.), 577

Poseidon (pō-sī’-dōn), 22, 43, 58, 109, 113, 168, 175, 181, 185, 186, 216, 329, 331, 334, 403, 510

Poseidonia , 160, 168, 175, 300, 327. 333

Poseidon, Thetis, Achilles, and Nereids (Sco-pas), 498

postal service, 273, 589–590

Posterior Analytics (Aristotle), 526*

Potidaea , 158, 365, 441, 444, 470, 477

pottery, see ceramics

poverty, in Athens, 110–112, 465; in 4th and 3rd centuries, 563

Pozzuoli, 169, see also Puteoli

Praesus (prē’-sŭs), 11

Prasiae , 108

Pratinas , tragic poet (fl. 500 B.C.), 377

Praxagora , 283, 427

Praxagoras, physician (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 638

Praxinoa , 609

Praxiteles , sculptor (fl. 340 B.C.), 132, 184, 185, 217, 300, 302, 323, 324, 397, 467, 491, 492, 495–497, 498, 501, 621, 625, 671

prayer, 14, 193, 195

Praying Youth (Boëthus), 625

premarital relations, in Sparta, 84; in Athens, 299–301

Priam (prī’-ăm), 25, 26, 27, 35, 36, 43, 45, 48, 56, 58–59, 406, 407

Priapus (prī-ă’-pŭs), 178, 299

Priene (prī-ē’-nē), 141, 151, 327, 564, 618

priests, 11, 13–14, 176, 192–195, 198, 595

printing, 15

Prior Analytics (Aristotle), 526*

probouleuma, 256

Proconnesus (prō’-kōn-nē’-sŭs), 156

Procrustes (prō-krŭs’-tēz), 40

Prodicus of Ceos, humanist (5th century B.C.), 358, 361, 363, 367, 401, 506

Proetus (prō-ē’-tŭs), 27–28

professionalism, in sports, 12–13, 468, 567

“Prognostic” (Hippocrates), 343

Promachus , Macedonian general (4th century B.C), 551

Prometheus (prō-mē’-thŭs), 42, 100, 101, 194, 317, 384–385

Prometheus Bound (Aeschylus), 376, 384–386, 390

Prometheus the Fire Bringer (Aeschylus), 384

Prometheus Unbound (Aeschylus), 384

Prometheus Unbound (Shelley), 386

property, community, in Homeric society, 46; in Athens, in; in Egypt, 588

Prophetic books, 595

Propontis, 4*, 128, 135, 156, 157, 276, 437

Propylaea , 325, 327, 329, 331

prose, 139–140, 430–436, 486–491, 612–615

prostitution, in Sparta, 83

in Corinth, 91

in Athens, 116, 299–301, 467–468

in 3rd century, 567

in Alexandria, 593

Protagoras (prō-tăg’-ō-răs), philosopher (481-411 B.C.), 136, 358–360, 361, 362, 363, 367, 368, 370, 373, 417, 437, 514, 642, 643, 657

Protagoras (Plato), 364, 368, 513*

Protestantism, 658

Protogenes (prō-tōj’-ě-nēz), painter (fl. 330–300 B.C.), 493, 619

proverbs, 141, 607

Proverbs, 603

Provençal madrigals, 171

prytaneum, 175, 197

prytanies, 125, 257

Psalms, Book of, 603

Psamtik I, King of Egypt, Prince of Saïs (663-609 B.C.), 173

Pseira , 11, 22

Psyche (sī’-kē) (Rohde), 532*

psychology, 145–147, 531–532, 647

Psychro (sī’-krō), 6

Ptolemies, 544, 575, 579, 582, 588, 589, 590, 592, 596, 597, 601, 602, 608, 609, 618, 623, 627, 638

Ptolemy I Soter, King of Egypt (367-285 B.C.), 550, 558, 572, 579, 585, 586, 593, 595, 601, 607, 6l2, 624§

Ptolemy II Philadelphus, King of Egypt (309-247 B.C.), 585–587, 589, 590*, 591, 593, 594–595, 596, 601, 609, 624§, 657*

Ptolemy III Euergetes I, King of Egypt (reigned 246–221 B.C.), 570, 571, 587, 601, 618, 636

Ptolemy IV Philopator, King of Egypt (reigned 221–204 B.C), 573

Ptolemy V Epiphanes, King of Egypt (reigned 204–181 B.C), 581, 597

Ptolemy VI Philometor, King of Egypt (181-145 B.C.), 594, 597, 600

Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus), Greco-Egyptian astronomer, geographer, and geometer at Alexandria (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 635, 669

public baths, 90

public works, in Corinth, 90

in Athens, 121, 250, 251

in Samos, 142

in Egypt, 588–589 Punic Wars, 661

punishment, in Sparta, 83–84

in Athens, 112, 116–117, 261

in religion, 290–291

purdah, 306

purification rites, 194, 196, 201

Puritan Reformation, 191

Puritans, 196, 390, 523, 581, 656

Puteoli, 169

Pyanepsia , 199

Pyanepsion , 199

Pydna , 70, 470, 477, 558, 665

Pygmalion , 133

Pylades , 388–389, 410

Pylus (pī’-lŭs) in Elis, 58, 60

Pylus in Messena, 442

Pyramids, 143*

Pyrrha , 39, 153

Pyrrho , philosopher (365-275 B.C), 351, 503, 640, 642–643, 644, 657

Pyrrhus , King of Epirus (318-272 B.C), 160, 568, 598, 612, 660–661

Pythagoras , philosopher (6th century B.C), 68, 69, 131, 136, 142, 144, 161–166, 167, 191, 202, 204, 303, 338, 355, 357, 500, 511*, 523, 628*, 669

Pythagoras of Rhegium, sculptor (5th century B.C), 322

Pythagorean society, 166

Pytheas of Massalia, navigator and geographer (4th century B.C.), 637

Pythian games, 104*, 105, 179, 200, 216, 317, 477, 525

Pythian oracle, 124, 161, 198, see also Delphic oracle

Pythias, wife of Aristotle (4th century B.C), 524–525

Pythocleides , musician and poet (5th century B.C.), 248

Q

Quadrature of the Parabola, The (Archimedes), 629–630

quarrying, 133, 271, 464

Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus), Roman rhetorician and critic (35?-100?), 326, 526

R

Rabelais, Francois, French physician and writer (1490?-1553), 420, 428

race origins, of Cretes, 20

of Mycenaeans, 29–30

of Trojans, 35

of Achaeans, 39–40

of Macedonians, 69–70

of Argives, 72

of Athenians, 107–108

common to all Greeks, 203

Raging Maenad, 498

rainfall on Mediterranean coasts, 3; in Attica, 107, 268

Rameses (răm’-ē-sēz) III, King of Egypt (reigned 1204-1172 B.C), 55, 432

Ransom of Hector, The (Dionysius), 473

Rape of the Leucippidae (Polygnotus), 316

Raphael Sanzio, Italian painter (1483–1520), 400

Raphia , 573, 580, 587

Ras-et-Tin, 590*

rationalism, 70, 414

red-figure ware, 220, 315

Red Sea, 576, 589

redistribution of land, under Lycurgus, 79

under Peisistratus, 121

in Athens, 466

in Sparta, 569

Reggio, 167, see Rhegium

“Regimen in Acute Diseases” (Hippocrates), 343, 345

religion, in Crete, 13–14

in Mycenae, 32

in Cyprus, 33–34

in Homeric society, 54

in Sparta, 79

in Athens, 124, 467

and philosophy, 135–136

in social structure, 175–202

in art, 217–218

in law, 258

as protection, 262

in 4th and 3rd centuries, 565–566;

in Judea, 580

in Egypt, 595

in Epicureanism, 646

in Stoicism, 653–654

return to, 657–658

Rembrandt van Rijn, Dutch painter (1606–1669), 333

Renaissance, 203, 296, 349, 558, 576, 622, 667, 670

Renan, Ernest, French Orientalist, author, and critic (1823–1892), 604

Reproduction of Animals (Aristotle), 526*, 527*

reproduction worship, 13, 177, 178, 179

Republic (Plato), 206, 490, 509, 513*, 514

Republic (Zeno), 563, 651

Revelation, Book of, 604*

revenge, in Homeric society, 54

in Athens, 112

revenue, 265–266, 439, 466

revolution, in Sicyon, 89

of Solon, 112–119

of Aristogeiton, 124

in Samos, 284

in Leontini, 284

in Corcyra, 285–286

in Sparta, 568–570

in Egypt, 597

Rhacotis , 592

Rhadamanthus , 14

Rhamnus, 108

rhapsodes, 207, 229

Rhea , 20, 32, 99; see also Cybele

Rhegion, 167, see Rhegium

Rhegium, 160, 169, 322, 472

rhetoric, 356, 430, 485–486

Rhetoric (Aristotle), 526*

rhetors, 260–261, 469

Rhodae (rō’-dī), 169

Rhodes (rōdz), 33, 62, 70, 128, 133, 134, 177, 219, 374, 437, 470, 493, 558, 562, 564, 566, 567, 570–571, 575, 580, 585, 609, 6l9, 621, 623, 627, 663, 665

Rhoecus (rē’-kŭs), architect and sculptor (fl. 640 B.C.), 68, 143, 221

Rhone River, 169

rhyme, 207

Ridgeway, William, Sir, English archeologist, 37

Rita, 258

rituals, 13–14, 175, 177, 187, 188–189, 190–191, 192–195, 199–200, 201

roads, in Arcadia, 88

in Athens, 121, 272

in Seleucid Empire, 575

Rome, 11, 14, 33, 35†, 44, 68, 70, 80, 86, 106, 109, 155, 169, 170, 197, 198, 205, 255, 266, 274, 280, 298, 314, 323, 470, 472, 499, 526, 557, 558, 561, 5&l, 566, 570, 571, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 584, 587, 589, 591, 592, 593, 594, 598, 599, 601, 613, 614, 618, 626, 632, 637, 643, 649, 656, 658, 659–666, 667, 668

Room of the Virgins, 335

Rosas, 169, see Rhodae

Rosetta Stone, 597

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, French philosopher (1712–1778), 18, 280, 308, 372, 509, 670

Roxana, wife of Alexander the Great (d. 310 B.C.), 547

Rubens, Peter Paul, Flemish painter (1577–1640), 620

Runner (Parrhasius), 317–318

Ruskin, John, English author and art critic (1819–1900), 626

Russell, Bertrand, English philosopher and writer, 351*

Russia, 25, 26, 75, 157, 219, 590

S

Sabazius , 186

Sacae (sā’-sē), 238

Sack of Troy (Polygnotus), 316

Sacred Band, 462, 480, 541

“Sacred Disease, The” (Hippocrates), 344

Sacred Wars, 104, 477

Sacred Way (Athens to Eleusis), 188, 272

Sacred Way (of temple of Apollo), 105

sacrifice, in Crete, 13–14

in Homeric society, 54

at Delphi, 105

in religious structure, 193–195

Saffron Picker, 18

St. Elias, Mt., 96, 181†

Saute (sā’-īt) Age (Egypt), 68

Sakkara , 68

Salaminia , 447

Salamis , 34, 56, 95, 109, 113, 173, 194, 233, 237, 239–241, 242, 245, 246, 247, 248, 271, 319, 383, 392, 401, 431, 448, 455, 560

Salerno, 168

Salonika, 575, see also Thessalonica

Samaria , 579, 580

Samarkand (săm’-ēr-kănd’), 550

Samos (sā’-mōs), 68, 85, 90, 91, 133, 140, 141–143, 149, 151, 161, 169, 175, 219, 226, 231, 235, 253, 284, 327, 342, 439, 449, 470, 585, 644

Samothrace (săm’-ō-thrās), 156, 222, 498, 508, 505

Sand-Reckoner, The (Archimedes), 630, 634

Sanskrit, 204

sapphic meter, 154

“Sapphics” (Swinburne), 154*

Sappho (săf’-ō), poet (7th century B.C.), 36, 75, 76*, 149, 151–156, 159, *86, 193, 302, 603

Saracens, 170, 622*

sarcophagi, 6, 16, 18, 623

Sarcophagus of Alexander, 623

Sardinia , 67, 661

Sardis , 69, 76, 118, 234, 235, 447, 461, 587

Saros (sä’-rŏs), Gulf of, 89

Sarton, George Alfred Leon, historian of science, 638

Sassanid Dynasty, 576

Satan, 581, 605

Saturnalia , 199

Satyr (Praxiteles), 495

satyr plays, 231, 384, 420

satyrs, 178, 180

Savignoni, Italian archeologist, 6

Scamander River, 35

Scandile , 158

Scepsis , 601

Schlegel, August Wilhelm, critic (1767–1849), 386

Schliemann, Heinrich, German archeologist (1822–1890), 5, 6, 22*, 24–29, 32, 34, 35, 159

Scholastics, 523, 667, 670

schools, 288–289, 567, 604

Schopenhauer, Arthur, German philosopher (1788–1860), 357, 657, 670

science, in Crete, 15

origins of, 135–136

in 7th and 6th centuries, 136–139

of Pythagoras, 164

in Periclean age, 337–348

in 4th century, 500–503

of Aristotle, 526–531

in Hellenistic age, 627–639

scientific method, 527

Scillus in Elis, 489, 504

Scione (sī-ō’-nē), 158

Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, Publius Cornelius, Roman general (185-129 B.C.), 602, 613, 614, 643, 666

Scipio Africanus Major, Publius Cornelius, Roman general (237-183 B.C.), 663, 664

Scipio family, 575

Scodra, 661

Scopas (skō’-păs), sculptor (4th century B.C), 492, 494, 497–498, 623

Scotland, 637

scribes, in Crete, 8, 11

in Homeric society, 52

in Egypt, 588, 591

Scriptures, 604, see Bible

sculpture, in Crete, 17

in Mycenae, 28, 31

in Troy, 34

Egyptian and early Greek, 68

in 7th and 6th centuries, 221–223

in Peri-clean age, 318–327

in 4th century, 492, 494–499

in Hellenistic age, 621–625

Scutari, 156, see Chrysopolis

Scylax (skī’-lăks) of Caria, historian (6th-5th centuries B.C.), 341

Scylla , 61, 167

Scyllis, Cretan sculptor (fl. 580 B.C), 23, 221, 322

Scyros (skē’-iōs), 40, 158, 461

Scythia , 157, 234, 238, 276

Scythopolis, 580

Seager, Richard B., American archeologist, 6

secret ballot, 256

secret police, in Sparta, 74, 80–81

Segesta , 171, 327, 446

Seisachtheia (sī-zäk’-thī-ä’) (Solon), 113–114

Selene (sē-lē’-nē), 177, 611

Seleucia , 557, 559, 562, 572–573, 575, 576, 577, 587

Seleucid Empire, 548, 572–578, 579, 581, 587, 664

Seleucus (sē-lū’-kūs) I Nicator, King of Syria (365-281 B.C.), 558, 559, 572–573, 576, 612

Seleucus III Soter, King of Syria (reigned 227–223 B.C.), 571

Seleucus IV Philopator, King of Syria (reigned 187–176 B.C.), 573, 665

Seleucus, astronomer (3rd century B.C), 577, 634

Selinus (sē-lī’-nŭs), 170, 171, 172, 327, 356, 438, 471

Sellasia , 570

Selymbria, 157, 343

Semele (sěm’-ě-lē), 187, 432

Semites, 15, 34, 35, 170, 205, 297

Semonides of Amorgos, poet (fl.650B.C), 131, 305

Senate (Athens), 110, 112, 115, 116, 121, 247

Senate (Rome), 613, 643, 600, 663, 664, 665, 666

Senate (Sparta), 70–80

senate of elders (Crete), 23

Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, Roman philosopher and writer (4 B.C.-A.D. 65), 645, 658

separatism, 203–204.

Serapis , 566, 595, 601

Serbia, 543

serfdom, in Homeric society, 46

in Sparta, 73–74

in Athens, III

in Sybaris, 160

Seriphos (sě-rē’-fōs), 131

Seven against Thebes, 41

Seven Against Thebes (Aeschylus), 383, 384*

Seven Wise Men, 91, 118, 137, 141

Seven Wonders of the World, 143, 326, 494, 590, 621

sexagesimal system, 69, 338

Shakespeare, William, English poet and dramatist (1564–1616), 132*, 374, 390, 419, 428

Shantung, 168

shaving, 539–566

Shaw, George Bernard, Irish dramatist and critic, 323

Shechem, see Neapolis (Shechem)

shekel, 20

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, English poet (1792–1822), 245, 386, 412

shipping, in Aegean, 4

at Troy, 36

at Athens, 273, 275–276

ships and shipbuilding, in Phoenicia, 4

in Athens, 273

in Syracuse, 471, 598–599

Shore (political party), 119–120, 124

shorthand, 600

“Should Old Men Govern?” (Plutarch), 130

sibyls, 169, 197

Sicans, 170

Sicels , 170, 172

Sicily, 3, 4, 21, 22, 67, 71, 90, 92, 106, 128, 153, 161, 169–173, 197, 226, 231, 241–242, 275, 276, 342, 360, 376, 391, 419, 420, 438–439, 443, 445–446, 448, 471–475, 486, 510, 557, 566, 576, 598–599, 609, 612, 660–661

Sicinos , 131

sickness, theory of, 195–196

Sicyon , 23, 64, 79, 89, 90, 105, 160, 219, 221, 231, 322, 497, 560

Sidon (sī’-dōn), 4, 68, 544, 623

Sigeum , Cape, 544

sileni, 178, 180

Silenus (sī-lē’-nŭs), 365, 510

Silloi (Timon of Phlius), 642

Silver Race (Theogony), 102

Simaetha , 197, 567, 611

Simmias, philosopher and poet (5th-4th centuries B.C.), 400, 506

Simon Maccabeus, Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583, 584

Simon, disciple of Socrates 5th-4th centuries B.C.), 513

Simonides of Ceos, poet (ca. 556–468 B.C.), 76*, 123, 129–131, 149, 211, 216, 228, 267, 374, 375, 438, 533

Simus (sī’-mūs), Phrygian (4th century B.C.), 505

sin, idea of, 196, 390

Sinai, 544, 589

Sinbad, 59*

singing, in Crete, 14

in Homeric society, 52

in Sparta, 74–77

in social structure, 228–230

Sinope , 135, 156, 213, 507, 508, 575

Sinuhe, 59*

Siphnian Treasury, 132

Siphnos (sēf’-nōs), 105, 132–133

Sirach, Joshua ben, Jewish philosopher (2nd century B.C.), 604

Sirens, 61

Sitting Maiden, 625

Siwa (sē’-wä), 544, 549

skene, 378, 379

Skepticism, 360, 369, 565, 640–644

Skirophoria , 200

Skirophorion , 200

sky worship, 13, 38, 177

slavery, in Crete, 10, 23

in Homeric society, 46, 48

in Sparta, 73–75

in Athens, II, 254–255, 271, 278–280

in Chios, 150

in Sybaris, 160

influence of oracles upon, 198

in 4th century, 562

in Judea, 580

in Egypt, 589

slave trade, 150, 279, 562

Slavonic, 204

Sleep, see Hypnoc

Sleeping Ariadne, 625

Smyndyrides of Sybaris (5th century B.C.), 160

Smyrna, 148, 150, 208, 575, 617

Snake Goddess, 17

socialism, 285–286, 587–592, 596

Social War (357), 470, 477

Social War (220), 561

Socrates , philosopher (469-399 B.C.), 4, 49, 131, 136, 142, 152, 178, 202, 229, 251, 253, 260, 267, 271, 282, 292, 304, 314, 3l6, 319, 337. 348, 349, 359, 362, 363, 364–373, 381, 401, 417, 419, 421, 424–426, 429, 444, 450, 451, 452–456* 460, 467, 489, 490, 491, 500, 503–509, 510, 511–512, 5*3, 5*4, 520, 523, 535, 625, 626, 644, 650, 651, 671

Socratic schools, 503–509

Soferim, 580, 603

Soffdiana , 238, 546, 578

soil, fertility of, in Crete, 3

in Attica, 107, 268–269, 463

in Sicily, 170

erosion of, 268, 562

Soli (sō’-lī), 118, 652

Solon (sō’-lōn), Athenian lawgiver (640-558 B.C), 23, 34, 68, 103, no, 112–119, 120, 121, 125, 126, 141, 142, 151, 152, 170, 188, 208, 232, 249, 255, 258, 269, 273, 281, 282, 306, 317, 365, 399, 449, 487, 510, 563, 671

Somaliland, 590

Song of Songs, 603

Sophism, 295, 337, 344, 351, 358–364, 367, 368–369, 413, 430, 434, 456, 503, 515, 657

Sophist (Plato),-513*

Sophist Reasonings (Aristotle), 526*

Sophocles (sōf’-ō-klēz), dramatist. (406?-406 B.C.), 201, 300, 303, 311, 317, 383, 391–400, 401, 404, 412, 601, 622

sophrosyne, 296

Sosias , potter (6th century B.C), 220

Sostratus (sŏs’-tră-tŭs) of Cnidus, architect (4th-3rd centrry B.C), 134, 590*, 592

Sosus (sō’-sŭs) of Pergamum, painter, 620

Sotades (sō’-ta-dēz), potter (5th century B.C.), 315

soul, 137, 139, 144, 146, 165, 190, 311–312, 416–417, 516–517, 531–532, 654

South America, 24

Spain, 3, 4, 21, 33, 67, 71, 128, 169, 170, 219, 234, 562, 575, 612, 613, 614, 617, 637, 666, 667

Sparta , 23, 29, 32, 39, 56, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67–97, 98, 109, 124, 127, 133, 138, 177, 180, 194, 195, 203, 215, 218, 229, 235, 236, 238, 239–240, 245, 246, 247, 250, 251, 266, 271, 276, 280, 283, 289, 295–296, 298, 301, 306, 349, 365, 421, 440, 441, 442–443, 446, 447, 448–452, 459–463, 469, 477, 479–480, 487, 489, 515, 523, 542, 543, 548, 560, 561, 565, 567, 568–570, 666

Spartacus, Thracian revolutionary (fl. 71 B.C), 150

Spartan code, 78, 81–85, 87

Spear Bearer (Polycleitus), 323

Spencer, Herbert, English philosopher (1820–1903), 138, 145, 147, 357, 529, 657, 670

Spengler, Oswald, German philosopher, 20

Spercheus River, 106, 177

Sperthias , Spartan (5th century B.C), 238

Speusippus , philosopher (4th century B.C), 486, 601, 641

Sphacteria , 86, 442

Sphere and the Cylinder, The (Archimedes), 629, 630

Sphinx, 326, 393–394

spinning, in Crete, 6

in Homeric society, 46

in Athens, 272

see also textiles

Spinoza, Baruch, Dutch Jewish philosopher (1632–1677), 145*, 165, 516*

Spintharus of Corinth, architect (6th century B.C), 226

Sprades Islands, 33, 133, 156

spring festivals, 13, 187–188, 199–200

Stadium (Athens), 491

stadiums, in Crete, 12

in Epidaurus, 96

in Delphi, 105

in Smyrna, 150

in Olympia, 214

Stageirus , 158, 524, 525

Stamatakis, Greek archeologist, 27

Statesman (Plato), 513*

Statira , sister and wife of Darius III (d. 331 B.C.), 547

statuary, see sculpture

stelae, 318–319

Stensen, Nicolaus, Danish anatomist (1638–1686), 529†

Stesichorus , poet (ca. 640–555 B.C.), 55* 76*, 103*, 171, 230, 303, 404,-610

Stesilaus of Ceos (5th century B.C.), 237

Sthenelus (stěn’-ē-lŭs), 39

Stilpo , philosopher (380-300 B.C.), 467, 503–504, 509, 651

Stirner, Max, German individualist (1806–1856), 295

Stoa Poecile , 316, 651

Stobaeus, Joannes, compiler of ancient writings (A.D. 500), 152

Stoicism, 139, 147, 192, 280, 369, 416, 504, 509, 640, 644, 650–658

stonework, in Crete, 16, 18–19

in Troy, 34–35

Strabo (strā’-bō), geographer (63? B.C.-A.D. 24?), ?5, 73, 89, 91, 129, 138, 152–153, 155, 156, 159, 401, 431, 570, 592, 619

Strangford Apollo, 222

strategoi, 125, 249, 264

strategos autokrator, 264

Strato (strā’-tō) of Lampsacus; Peripatetic philosopher (fl. 288 B.C), 633

Stratonice , wife of Seleucus I (4th-3rd century B.C.), 572, 619

Stratonice (city), 576

streets, in Crete, 12

in Smyrna, 150, 617

in Alexandria, 592

Strepsiades , 424–425

strikes, 596–597

Styx , 311

Sublime Porte, 26

Suez, 576, 589

suicide, 655, 657

Suidas, lexicographer (ca. A.D. 970), 155, 278*, 343, 377, 455, 511

Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, Roman dictator (138-78 B.C.), 601

Sumeria , 203, 572

sundial, 69, 138

Sung Dynasty, 220

Sunium, 109, 129, 159, 329, 560

sun worship, 13

superstition, 13–14, 195–197, 467, 490, 566

Suppliant Women, The (Aeschylus), 384*

surgery, 346, 503

Susa , 342, 430, 545, 547

Susarion, comic poet (fl. 580 B.C), 231

swastika, 14

Swinburne, Algernon Charles, English poet (1837–1909), 105*, 154*

Sybaris , 160–161, 168, 169, 172, 203, 437.

Sybarites , 86, 159–161

Sycamina , 580

sycophancy, 260, 262

Syene (sī-ē’-nē), 636

Syennesis of Cyprus, physician (5th century B.C.), 345

Sylla, see Sulla, Lucius Cornelius

syllogism, 527, 642

symbolism, in religion, 13–14, 195, 199–200

symmories, 466

Symonds, John Addington, English man of letters (1840–1893), 154

symposion, 310

Symposium (Plato), 302, 356*, 513*, 514

Symposium (Xenophon), 310, 311

synoikismoSy 40

Syracuse, 122, 125*, 169, 170, 172–173, 184, 203, 272, 314, 327, 357, 378, 383, 406, 419, 420, 433, 438–439, 446–448, 470–475, 483, 491, 500, 507, 510, 562, 571, 575, 598–599, 600, 609, 616, 618, 627, 628, 629, 632, 639, 661

Syria, 33, 34, 68, 70, 161, 178, 234, 238, 275, 276, 557, 572, 573, 578, 579, 585. 593, 603, 667

Syrian Wars, 576

Syros (sī’-rŏs), 131

T

table manners, 309–310

taboos, 196

Tacitus, Publius Cornelius, Roman historian (A.D. 55–120), 377, 433

talent (weight), 47

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, Prince de Bénévent, French statesman (1754–1838), 541

Talmud, 604

Talthybius , 406–409

Tammuz , 13, 69, 178

Tanagra , 107, 250, 492, 506

Tang (täng) Dynasty, 220

Tantalus , 39

Tao (dou), 258

Taormina , 378, 612, see also Tauromenium

Taranto (tä’-rän-tō), 160, see also Taras

Taranto, Gulf of, 160

Taras, 160, 161, 230, 500, 510, 575, 639, 660, 661, 663

Tarentum, 160, 272, 663, see also Taras

Targum (tär’-gŭm), 604

Tarsus (tär’-sŭs), 541, 575

Tartarus , 99, 385

Tartessus , 169

Tauri (tô’-rī), 410

Tauriscus of Rhodes, sculptor (2nd century B.C.), 623

Tauromenium , 378, 612

taxation, in Crete, 11; in Corinth, 90; in Athens, 115, 121, 265, 439, 466; in Rhodes, 571; in Egypt, 591

tax farming, 265, 591–592

Taygetus Mts., 72, 81

Taylor, Jeremy, English bishop and author (1613–1667), 488*

Techne Logon (Corax), 430

Tegea , 88, 195, 492, 497, 499, 574

Teiresias , 398

Telamon , 28

Telemachus , 46, 47, 48, 51, 59–60, 61, 210

Temenus (těm’-ě-nŭs), 72

Tempe (těm’-pē), Vale of, 106

temperature, along Mediterranean coasts, 3; of Attica, 107

Temple, 77, 574, 582, 584, 605, 606

temples, of Aphrodite, 90–91

of Apollo, 92, 104–105, 118, 328, 618

of Artemis, 142, 143, 226, 322, 492, 618

of Athena, 122, 327, 492; in Athens, 121

as banks, 274

of Branchidae, 222, 226

of Ceres, 168

of Concord, 172

in Crete, 14

Doric, origin of, 64

in Hellenistic age, 617–618

of Hera, 72, 88, 142, 172, 226, 322, 327

of Isis, 618

in Periclean age, 327–328

of Poseidon, 109, 168–169

in Selinus, 171

in 7th and 6th centuries, 224–226

of Theseus, 40

worship, 192–195

of Zeus, 88, 122, 172, 226, 325, 328, 617, 618

Tenedos , 156, 193, 218, 374

Tennyson, Alfred, Baron, English poet (1809–1892), 35, 611

Tenos (tē’-nōs), 96, 131

Ten Thousand, 91, 156, 193, 212, 460–461, 489

Teos , 142, 148–149, 150, 327, 567

Terence (Publius Terentius Afer), Roman comic dramatist (190–159 B.C.), 606, 607, 668

Terpander , musician and poet (fl. 7th century B.C.), 16, 74–75, 223, 230

Terpsichore , 186

terra cottas, 220, 492, 626

Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus), Latin Father of the Church (160–230), 455*

Teucrians , 35

Teuta , Queen of Illyria (fl. 230 B.C.), 661

textiles, in Crete, 12

in Megara, 92

in Miletus, 134

in Athens, 272

Thais , courtesan (4th century B.C.), 300, 585

Thales (thā’-lēz) of Miletus, philosopher and scientist (640–546 B.C.), 13, 68, 69, 71, 136–138, 141, 145, 151, 164, 657, 670

Thaletas , musician and poet (7th century? B.C.), 23, 75

Thalia , 186

Thamyris , 69

Thanatos , 186, 416

Thargelia (festival), 194, 200

Thargelia, courtesan, 300

Thargelion , 200

Thasos (thä’-sôs), 132, 157, 239, 275

Theaetetus (Plato), 513*

Theagenes , tyrant of Megara (fl. 630 B.C.), 92

Theagenes, athlete (6th century B.C.), 216

Theano , wife of Pythagoras (6th century B.C.), 163, 303

theaters, in Crete, 7, 15

in Argos, 72

in Corinth, 90

in Epidaurus, 96–97

in Delphi, 105

in Smyrna, 150

origins of, 232

of Dionysus, 377–379

in Syracuse, 438

Thebes (thēbz), 30, 31, 40–41, 94, 98, 102, 103, 105, 203, 207, 215, 280, 300, 301, 339, 352, 374, 461–463, 480, 497, 542, 543, 552, 620, 666

Themis , 182

themis, 257–268

Themistocles , general and statesman (527?-46o? B.C.), 109, 173, 193–194, 237, 240, 241, 242, 245–246, 247, 249, 274, 330, 430, 437, 560

Themistonoe , courtesan, 300

Theocritus , poet (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 134, 171, 197, 567, 598, 603, 609–612, 619

Theodoras of Cyrene, philosopher (4th-3rd century B.C.), 644–645

Theodoras of Samos, architect (6th century B.C.), 68, 87*, 142–143, 221

Theodoras of Taras (4th century B.C.), 540

Theodosia, 157

Theodota, courtesan, 366

Theognis of Megara, poet (fl. 6th century B.C.), 92–95

Theogony (Hesiod), 98–103

Theophrastus , philosopher (372–287 B.C.), 196–197, 218, 228*, 291, 500, 553, 601, 607, 633, 637–638, 640–641, 669

Theopompus of Chios, historian (b. 380 B.C.), 150, 467–468, 486, 488

theoric fund, 199, 249, 266, 469, 479*

Theoris , courtesan, 300, 400

Thera (thē’-rä), 62, 133, 173

Theramenes , statesman (d 403 B.C.), 449, 451

Thermopylae , 106, 198, 216, 239, 240, 559, 573

Thermus, 560

Theron , tyrant of Acragas (5th century B.C.), 130, 172, 375, 438

Thersites (thēr-sī’-tēz), 47

Theseum (thê-sē’-ŭm), 217, 327, 330

Theseus (thē’-sūs), 6, 23, 38†, 40, 41†, 43, 50*, 105*, 109, 195, 333, 395, 402–403

thesmoi, 258

Thesmophoria , 199

Thesmophoriazusae (Aristophanes), 417, 426–427

Thespiae , 41, 98, 239, 495, 543

Thespis , poet, originator of tragedy (fl. 535 B.C.), 122, 232, 233, 379, 383

Thespius , 41

Thessalonica , 575

Thessaly , 21, 27, 30, 33, 37, 38, 42, 43, 62, 96, 106, 128, 189, 198, 238, 360, 477

thetes, 110, 115, 125, 250

Thetis , 58

thiasoi, 195, 282, 511

Thoricus , 108

Thothmes III, King of Egypt (reigned 1515–1461 B.C.), 587

Thrace (thrās), 30, 36, 69, 106, 128, 129, 157, 158, 186, 189, 228, 234, 238, 239, 245, 275, 432, 437, 470, 477, 524, 542, 558, 559, 562

Thracian Sea, 106

Thrasybulus , patriot and military leader (fl. 411–391 B.C.), 451–452

Thrasybulus, tyrant of Miletus (6th century B.C.), 90, 134, 136

Thrasyllus , military leader (5th century B.C.), 353

Thrasymachus , Sophist and rhetorician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 50, 295, 361, 367, 434

Throne of Apollo, 222

Thucydides , historian (ca. 471–399 B.C.), 10*, 48–49, 79, 82, 107*, 123, 140, 160*, 206, 237, 264, 275, 284–285, 295, 305, 313*, 361, 362, 430 431, 432–435, 436, 439–440, 442, 443–444, 447, 449, 456, 489, 490, 491, 613, 614

Thurii , 161, 167*, 437, 447

Thyestes (thī-ěs’-tēz), 386

Tiber River, 659

Tieum , 156

Tigris River, 3, 460, 557, 564, 572, 575

Tilsit, Peace of, 157

Timachus , sculptor (4th-3rd century B.C.), 621

Timaea, Queen of Sparta (5th century B.C.), 447

Timaeus , historian (345–250 B.C.), 278*, 510, 612–613, 614

Timaeus (Plato), 513*

Timarchus, businessman (5th century B.C.), 272

Timochares , astronomer (3rd century B.C.), 636

timocracy, 115, 487, 536–537

Timocreon , lyric poet (fl. 5th century B.C.), 246

Timoleon , statesman and general (411–337 B.C.), 475, 598

Timon of Athens (fl. 5th century B.C.), 163, 355, 445, 503

Timon of Phlius, Skeptic philosopher (320–230 B.C.), 351, 642

Timophanes , revolutionary (4th century B.C.), 475

Timotheus , Athenian general (d. 354 B.C.), 470, 486, 487

Timotheus, poet and musician (447–357 B.C.), 75, 380*, 437, 482

Timotheus, sculptor (4th century B.C.), 494

Tiryns , 21, 26, 27–30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 44, 62, 72

Tissaphernes , Persian general (d. 395 B.C.), 447

Titans, 27†, 99, 181, 187, 190

Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, Roman emperor (40–81), 622

Tobit, Book of, 603

Tolstoi, Leo Nikolaevich, Count, Russian novelist (1828–1910), 365

tombs, in Mycenae, 29, 32

Tomi (tō’-mē), 157

tools, in Crete, 7, 12

in Troy, 34

Topics (Aristotle), 526*

Torah, 604

Torone (tôr-ō’-nē), 158

Tours (city), 56

Tower of the Winds, 482

toys, 288

Trachinian Women, The (Sophocles), 392

Trachis , 42, 240

trade, in Crete, 4, 11, 21

in Mycenae, 30–31

in Troy, 36

in Homeric society, 47

prohibition of, in Sparta, 79

in Corinth, 91

in Megara, 92

in Athens, 116, 121, 272–276, 464

in Miletus, 134–135

in Sybaris, 160

in Africa, 173

in 4th and 3rd centuries, 562–563

in Rhodes, 571

in Seleucid Empire, 575

in Egypt, 589–590

trade organizations, 195

trade routes, 4, 11, 160, 575–576

tragedy, 231–233, 384–391, 392–400, 401–416, 533

Tralles , 332, 623, 639

transport, 273

trapezite, 274

Trapezus , 135, 156, 460

Treasury of Priam, 26, 35

treaties, commercial, 121, 262

Treatise on Tactics (Polybius), 613

Treatise on Weights (Archimedes), 633

Trebizond, see Trapezus

trials, 260–261

tribes, of Attica, 108

in Athens, 124

and religion, 175

tribunals, 259

Tricca , 106

trigonometry, 635

Tripolis , 88, 156

Triptolemus , 319

Troad (trō’-ăd), 25, 35, 36, 327, 497

Troesmis (trēz’-mŭs), 157

Troezen (trē’-zěn), 240, 553, 569

Troglodytes , 590

Trolius , 36

Trojan Women, The (Euripides), 310, 401*, 406–409, 418, 419

Tros (trōs), 35‡

Troy (troi), 5, 21, 24–27, 33–36, 37, 38, 42, 44, 46, 51, 53, 55–59, 60, 62, 68, 77, 102, 127, 128, 151, 165, 171, 181, 207, 229, 242, 333, 387, 404, 406, 538, 544

Tsountas, C. T., Greek archeologist, 27

Turin, 591

Turkestan, 234, 575

Turkey, 25, 26, 150*

Tyche (tī’-kē), 186, 566

Tyche (Eutychides), 621

Tylissus , 6, 7, 10, 21

Tyndareus , 39, 55*

Tyrannicides (Antenor), 221

Tyrannicides (Nesiotes and Critius), 324

tyranny, see dictatorship

tyrant, derivation of ferm in Greek sense, 122*

Tyras (tī’-răs), 157

Tyre (tīr), 4, 68, 544, 571, 575

Tyrrha , 122*

Tyrtaeus , elegiac poet (fl. 7th century B.C.), 75–76, 113

U

Uffizi Museum (Florence), 624†

Universal History (Ephorus), 488

universities, 503, 510–511

Upanishads, 350*

Urania , 186

Uranus , 99, 177, 181

Uriel, 604

Utica , 67, 575

utopianism, 509, 519–521, 522–523

V

Valhalla, 308

Vaphio , 32

Varna, see Odessus

Varro, Marcus Terentius, Roman scholar (116-27 B.C.), 562

vases, see ceramics

Vasiliki, 6

Vatican, 142, 219, 315, 478, 495*, 498, 499, 620, 622†, 623, 624*, 625

Vedism, 177

Velchanos , 11, 13, 14, see also Zeus

Velia , 167

Venice, 159, 571

Venus Callipyge , 624

Venus de’ Medici, 624

Venus de Milo, see Aphrodite of Melos

Venus of Aries, 499

Venus of Capua, 499

Vesta , 186

Vesuvius, Mt., 168, 620

Victorian novel, 171

Victory, 326, 531

Victory (Callicrates), 331

Victory of Samothrace, 624

Vienna, 56, 639

Villa Medici (Rome), 497

Vinci, Leonardo da, see Leonardo da Vinci

Virchow, Rudolf, German pathologist (1821–1902), 26, 27*

Virgil (Publius Virgilius Maro), Roman poet (70-19 B.C.), 58, 100, 102, 609, 611, 622

viticulture, 3, 150, 269

Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus, Roman architect and engineer (1st century B.C.), 327, 332†, 630

vivisection, 502–503, 638

Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, French philosopher (1694–1778), 372, 401, 432, 509, 522, 657, 669

voting by lot, 116, 254, 257, 263, 264

Vulcan, 183, see Hephaestus

Vulgate, Roman Catholic, 604*

W

Wace, Alan John Bayard, English archeologist, 27

wages, 280–281, 563

Waldstein, C., English archeologist, 27

walls, in Tiryns and Mycenae, 27–29

in Troy, 34

in Athens, 246, 250

Walpole, Horace, 4th Earl of Orford, English author (1717–1797), 416

“Wanderer’s Night-Song” (Goethe), 76†

war, in Homeric society, 54–55

in Sparta, 74, 77, 81

in Athens, 262, 295–296, 468

Wasps (Aristophanes), 422

water clock, 69, 256

Waterman, Leroy, archeologist, 572*

water routes, see trade routes

water supply, 142, 576

Watteau, Antoine, French painter (1684–1721), 159

wealth, influence of trade on, 4

of Crete, 5, 11

of Troy, 36

concentration of, in Sparta, 74, 85, 459

of Athens, 110–112, 121, 464–465

concentration of, in Athens, 281–282

weapons, in Crete, 7, 12, 16

in Mycenae, 32

in Cyprus, 34

in Troy, 34

of Achaeans, 37, 46

in Syracuse, 471

weaving, in Crete, 6, 10

in Homeric society, 46

in Athens, 272; see also textiles

Wedgwood, Josiah, English potter (1730–1795), 616

weights and measures, in Crete, 20

in Homeric society, 47

origins of, in Greece, 69

in Argos, 72

in Aegina, 95

in Euboea, 106

in Athens, 273–274

Westmacott Ephebos (Polycleitus), 323

Wild Men, The (Pherecrates), 420

wills, 116, 259, 591

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, German archeologist and art historian (1717–1768), 296, 326, 328, 622†, 624, 626*

winds, around Aegean, 4

around Crete, 11

Winged Victory, 222

Wingless Victory, see Nike Apteros

woman, position of, in Crete, 10

in Homeric society, 50–51

in Sparta, 83–84

in Athens, 252, 253, 299–301, 302, 305–307

in 4th and 3rd centuries, 567

in Alexandria, 593

woodwork, in Crete, 18

World War, 441

Wordsworth, William, English poet (1770–1850), 166

Works and Days (Hesiod), 100

wrestling, 48, 214–215

writing, Cretan, 6, 15, 20

in Cyprus, 33

in Homeric society, 52

early Greek, 205–206

in schools, 289

Hellenistic Greek, 600

writing materials, in Crete, 6, 15

in Mycenae, 31

in Homeric society, 52

in early Greece, 205–206

in Hellenistic age, 600

X

Xanthippe , wife of Socrates (5th-4th century B.C.), 365, 455

Xanthippus, father of Pericles, Athenian general (fl. 479 B.C.), 240, 248

Xanthoudidis, S., Greek archeologist, 6

Xanthus (zān’-thŭs), historian (n. 450 B.C.), 140, 341

Xanthus (city), 575

Xanthus River, 58

xenelasia , 76, 263; see also hospitality

Xeniades of Corinth, merchant (fl. 4th century B.C.), 507

Xenocrates , philosopher (396-314 B.C.), 310, 500, 512, 641–642, 651

Xenophanes , philosopher and poet (fl. 536 B.C.), 136, 139, 144, 148, 167–168, 176, 350

Xenophon , historian and general (445-355 B.C.), 26, 86, 156, 193, 212, 277, 295, 302, 310, 313, 364, 366, 369, 371, 372, 373, 452, 453, 460–461, 463, 467, 488–491, 504, 650