Acknowledgments
xi
INTRODUCTION
1
CHAPTER ONE: FIRE FROM HEAVEN
14
God’s Advocates: Leibniz and Pope
18
Newton of the Mind: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
36
Divided Wisdom: Immanuel Kant
57
Real and Rational: Hegel and Marx
84
In Conclusion
109
CHAPTER TWO: CONDEMNING THE ARCHITECT
113
Raw Material: Bayle’s Dictionary
116
Voltaire’s Destinies
128
The Impotence of Reason: David Hume
148
End of the Tunnel: The Marquis de Sade
170
Schopenhauer: The World as Tribunal
196
CHAPTER THREE: ENDS OF AN ILLUSION
203
Eternal Choices: Nietzsche on Redemption
206
On Consolation: Freud vs. Providence
227
CHAPTER FOUR: HOMELESS
238
Earthquakes: Why Lisbon?
240
Mass Murders: Why Auschwitz?
250
Losses: Ending Modern Theodicies
258
Intentions: Meaning and Malice
267
Terror: After September 11
281
Remains: Camus, Arendt, Critical Theory, Rawls
288
Origins: Sufficient Reason
314
Afterword to the Paperback Edition
329
Notes
351
Bibliography
361
Index
369