CHAPTER 1: The Legacy That Made the Sikhs Proud
1 Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab [originally published 1891], Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, 1989, p. 65.
2 Major H.M.L. Lawrence, Adventures of an Officer in the Punjab [1846], 2 vols, Panjabi University (Languages Department), Patiala, Vol. 1, 1970 reprint, pp. 30–31.
3 The name Punjab derives from the Persian words punj (five) and ab (rivers).
4 Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab, Preface, 1989, p. iii.
5 His father was an accountant for a Rajput landowner, a convert to Islam, and a Muslim midwife brought Nanak into the world.
6 Guru Granth Sahib, Raj Bhairon, p. 1136.
7 Included in the Guru Granth Sahib, Asa, p. 471.
8 This original edition was known as the Adi Granth, while the final edition, the Guru Granth, was given its form by the tenth and last Guru Gobind Singh who added to it the hymns of the ninth Guru, Tegh Bahadur.
9 In India the word ‘secular’ has its own special meaning, a ‘secular’ society being one in which each citizen believes firmly in his or her own religious faith, with no one being prevented from holding or practising his or her own faith, no majority faith imposed on anyone and no discrimination on grounds of faith or preference for co-religionists. The secular principle laid down by the Gurus was to be scrupulously followed by Ranjit Singh during his reign.
10 Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri or Memoirs of Jahangir, trans. Alexander Rogers, ed. Henry Beveridge, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1968, pp. 72–3.
11 Max Arthur Macauliffe, The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors [1909], 6 vols, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995, Vol. 3, p. 99.
12 Ibid.
13 Max Arthur Macauliffe, The Sikh Religion, Vol. 4, p. 305.
14 Saqi Mustad Khan, Maasir-i-Alamgir (A History of the Emperor Aurangzeb-Alangir, 1650-1707) [1947], trans. Jadunath Sarkar, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1986, pp. 51–2.
15 Duncan Greenless, The Gospel of the Guru Granth Sahib, Theosophical Publishing House, Madras, 1952, p. 87.
16 Akbarat-i-Darbari-Mualla [Persian], Royal Asiatic Society, London, Vol. 1: 1677-1695.
18 Harbans Singh, Guru Gobind Singh, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 1979, pp. 46–7.
19 Dalip Singh, Guru Gobind Singh and Khalsa Discipline, Singh Brothers, Amritsar, 1992.
20 Harbans Singh, Guru Gobind Singh, p. 58.
21 Harpreet Brar, ‘Guru Gobind Singh’s Relations with Aurangzeb’, pp. 17–33, The Punjab Past and Present (biannual journal), Panjabi University, Patiala, April 1983, 19.
22 Ganda Singh, ‘Guru Gobind Singh: The Last Phase’, ibid., p. 2.
23 K.S. Duggal, Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign, Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, 1989.
24 Khafi Khan, ‘Muntakhab-ul-Lubab’, in H. M. Elliot and J. Dowson (eds), The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians, Vol. VII, Kitab Mahal, Allahabad, 1972 (reprint), p. 415.
25 William Irvine, ‘Political History of the Sikhs’, The Asiatic Quarterly, January-April 1894, pp. 420–31, and ‘Guru Gobind Singh and Bandah’, Journal of the Asiatic Society, January-April 1894, pp. 112–43.
26 ‘Akhbar-i-Darbar-i-Mualla: Mughal Court News Relating to the Punjab, AD 1707-1718’, The Punjab Past and Present, Panjabi University, Patiala, October 1984, p. 141.
27 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, The Life and Times of Ranjit Singh: A Saga of Benevolent Despotism, V.V. Research Institute Book Agency, Hoshiarpur, 1977, p. 311.
28 These figures are extrapolated from census figures for 1881.
29 Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs (5 vols), Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, Vol. II, 1978, pp. 255–6.
30 These figures are taken from Bhagat Singh, A History of the Sikh Misals, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1993, p. 55.
CHAPTER 2: Drumbeat of a School Drop-out
1 C.H. Payne, A Short History of the Sikhs, Thomas Nelson and Sons, London, 1915, p. 114.
2 Captain Leopold Von Orlich, Travels in India including Sinde and the Punjab, 2 vols, [London, 1845], Usha Publications, New Delhi, 1985, Vol. 1, p. 172.
3 Sir Gokul Chand Narang, Transformation of Sikhism, New Book Society, Lahore, 1912, p. 317.
4 Joginder Singh Kapur, ‘Birthplace of Maharajah Ranjit Singh – Gujranwala or Badrukhan?’, www.sikhstudies.org/periodicals.
5 District and State Gazetteers of the Undivided Punjab (prior to independence) (4 vols) [Gujranwala District, 1935], Low Price Publications, New Delhi, 1993, Vol. 1, p. 342.
6 General Sir John J.H. Gordon, The Sikhs [1904], Panjab University (Languages Department), Chandigarh, 1988, p. 84.
7 Sir Gokul Chand Narang, Transformation of Sikhism, p. 317.
8 Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol. 5, 1991, p. 14.
9 Teja Singh (ed.), Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial [1939], Deepak, Amritsar, 1993, p. 100.
11 Major G. Smyth, A History of the Reigning Family of Lahore [1847], Nirmal Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1987, p. 14.
12 Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol. 5, p. 10.
13 Sir Lepel Griffin, Rulers of India: Ranjit Singh [1911], S. Chand and Co., New Delhi, 1967, p. 98.
14 Ibid. pp. 79–80.
15 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, The Life and Times of Ranjit Singh: A Saga of Benevolent Despotism, V.V. Research Institute Book Agency, Hoshiarpur, 1977, p. 35.
16 Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol. 5, p. 16.
17 Henry T. Prinsep, The Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab and Political Life of Muha-Raja Runjeet Singh [1834], Military Orphan Press, Calcutta, 1965, p.180.
18 Ibid.
19 Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab, p. 352.
20 Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol. 5, p. 448.
21 K.K. Khullar, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Prominent Printers, New Delhi, 1980, p. 184.
22 Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol. 5, p. 22.
23 Based on 1881 census figures which placed Punjab’s population at 22 million.
24 Baron Charles Hugel, Kashmir and the Punjab [1845], Light and Life Publishers, Jammu, 1972, p. 288.
25 General Sir John J.H. Gordon, The Sikhs [1904], Panjab University (Languages Department), Chandigarh, 1988, pp. 86–7.
26 Harbans Singh, Guru Gobind Singh, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 1979, pp. 46–7.
27 Fauja Singh and A.C. Arora, Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Politics, Society and Economy, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1984, p. 316.
28 K.K. Khullar, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, p. 50.
CHAPTER 3: Emergence of the Sikh Kingdom
1 Teja Singh (ed.), Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial, p. 218.
2 Henry T. Prinsep, Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab, p. 179.
3 W.G. Osborne, The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing, Henry Colburn, London, 1840, pp. 113–14.
4 K.K. Khullar, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, p. 201.
5 G.L. Chopra (quoting from the Risala-i-Sahib Numa by Ganesh Das), Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial, p. 121.
6 Hardit Singh Dhillon, Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial, p. 123.
7 W.L. McGregor, History of the Sikhs [1846], 2 vols, Rupa, New Delhi, 2007, Vol. 1, p. 220.
8 Sir Alexander Burnes, Cabool: A Personal Narrative of a Journey to, and Residence in That City, the Years 1836-1838 [1841], Indus Publications, Karachi, Vol. 2, 1986, p. 28.
9 Captain Leopold Von Orlich, Travels in India Including Sinde and the Punjab [1845], 2 vols, Vol. 1, Usha Publications, New Delhi, 1985, pp. 171–2.
10 Charles Metcalfe, Despatch No. 25, 1 October 1808, quoted in Bikrama Jit Hasrat, The Life and Times of Ranjit Singh: A Saga of Benevolent Despotism, V.V. Research Institute Book Agency, Hoshiarpur, 1977, p. 314.
11 Philip Woodruff, The Men Who Ruled India, Jonathan Cape, London, Vol. 1: The Founders, 1953, p. 200.
12 S.S. Thorburn, The Punjab in Peace and War [1883], Panjab University (Languages Department), Chandigarh, 1989, p. 3.
13 Ibid., p. 4.
14 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Life and Times of Ranjit Singh, p. 320.
15 Ian Heath, The Sikh Army 1799-1849, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2005, p. 7.
16 Sita Ram Kohli, ‘The Army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’, Journal of Indian History, Vols 1-5, 1921-6; cited by Heath, ibid., p. 14.
17 Quoted in Ian Heath, The Sikh Army 1799-1849, p. 34.
18 W.G. Osborne, The Court and Camp of Runjeet Singh, p. 54.
19 Henry Steinbach, The Country of the Sikhs [1846], KLM Book House, New Delhi, 1978, p. 69.
20 W.G. Osborne, The Court and Camp of Runjeet Singh, p. 55.
21 Records of the Ludhiana Agency (Punjab Government Press) [1911], Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 2006, Preface, p. i.
22 Victor Kiernan, Metcalfe’s Mission to Lahore (1808-1809), Punjab Government Record Office, Lahore, Monograph No. 1, 1950, p. 4.
23 Patwant Singh, The Sikhs, John Murray, London, 1999, pp. 111–12.
24 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, The Life and Times of Ranjit Singh, pp. 80–81.
25 Gurmukh Nihal Singh, ‘A Note on the Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Towards the British’, Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial, p. 163.
26 Quoted in K.K. Khullar, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, p. 119
27 Patwant Singh, The Sikhs, p. 119
28 Monisha Bharadwaj, Great Diamonds of India, India Book House, Mumbai, 2002, p. 24.
29 Iradj Amini, Koh-i-Noor, Roli Books, New Delhi, 1994, p. 27.
30 Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol. 5, p. 102.
31 ‘This gun was made in 1757. It is 14 ft long and of 9-in. bore, and was forged under the orders of Ahmad Shah Abdali, after collecting brass & copper vessels from the homes of the Hindus of Lahore as a punishment …’ Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People (1469-1978), World Sikh University Press, New Delhi, 1979, p. 452.
32 Ahmed Nabi Khan, Multan: History and Architecture, Institute of Islamic History, Culture and Civilization, Islamabad, 1983, p. 141.
33 J.S. Grewal, ‘From the Treaty of Amritsar to the Conquest of Multan: The Evidence of Umdat-ut-Tawarikh, in Fauja Singh and A.C. Arora (eds), Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Politics, Society and Economy, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1984, pp. 15–16.
34 Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol. 5, p. 128.
35 Charles Baron Von Hugel, Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh [1845], Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1984, p. iv.
36 Gazetteer of the Peshawar District 1897-98, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1989, p. 65.
37 Ibid., p. 73.
38 Ahmad Hasan Dani, Peshawar: Historic City of the Frontier, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1995, p. 15.
CHAPTER 4: Campaigns, Conquests and Consolidation
1 Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol. 5, pp. 387–8.
2 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs: From the Origins of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej [1849], S. Chand and Co. New Delhi, 1966, p. 153.
3 Sir Lepel Griffin, Rulers of India: Ranjit Singh, p. 127.
4 Ibid., p. 115.
5 Sir Lepel Griffin, The Punjab Chiefs [1890], Civil and Military Press, Lahore, Vol. 1, 1909, p. 260.
6 W.G. Osborne, The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing, pp. 74, 75.
7 Sir Lepel Griffin, The Punjab Chiefs, Vol. 1, p. 296.
8 K.K. Khullar, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, pp. 39–40.
9 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p.185.
10 Ibid., p. 184.
11 R.R. Sethi, The Mighty and the Shrewd Maharaja, S. Chand and Co., New Delhi, p. 136.
12 Henry T. Prinsep, Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab, pp. 166, 167-8.
13 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, The Life and Times of Ranjit Singh, p. 150.
14 Ibid., p. 168.
15 Teja Singh (ed.), Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial, p. 40.
16 Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol. 5, p. 262.
17 Henry T. Prinsep, Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab, p. 183.
18 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, The Life and Times of Ranjit Singh, p. 364.
19 Records of the Ludhiana Agency [1911], Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 2006, pp. 279–82.
CHAPTER 5: The Unabashed Sensualist
1 Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, The Real Ranjit Singh, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1981, p. 171.
2 Henry T. Prinsep, Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab, pp. 84–5.
3 Baron Charles Hugel, Kashmir and the Punjab, p. 311.
4 Captain Leopold von Orlich, Travels in India Including Sinde and the Punjab, Vol. 1, p. 173.
5 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 159.
6 Ibid., p. 160.
7 Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, The Real Ranjit Singh, pp. 170, 171, 172.
8 Ibid., p. 169.
9 Lala Sohan Lal Suri, Umdat-Ut-Tawarikh (Chronicle of the Reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh) [1889], Daftar-III, Parts 1-5, S. Chand and Co. New Delhi, 1961, p. 99.
10 Syad Mohammad Latif, Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1892, pp. 249, 250.
11 W.G. Osborne, The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing, pp. 96–7.
12 Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, The Real Ranjit Singh, p. 175.
13 W.G. Osborne, The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing, pp. 85–6.
14 Ibid., pp. 198, 199.
15 Henry Edward Fane, Five Years in India [1842], Deepak, Gurgaon, Vol. 1, 1989, p. 170.
16 Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol. 5, pp. 537, 538.
17 Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, The Real Ranjit Singh, p. 165.
18 Sir Lepel Griffin, The Punjab Chiefs, Civil and Military Gazette Press, Lahore, 1890, p. 388.
19 C.H. Payne, A Short History of the Sikhs, Thomas Nelson and Sons, London, 1915, p. 99.
20 Syad Mohammad Latif, History of the Punjab, p. 423.
21 Ibid.
22 A gold coin then worth 15 rupees.
23 Lala Sohan Lal Suri, Umdat-ut-Tawarikh, pp. 331–2.
24 Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab, p. 480.
25 Ibid., p. 481.
26 Harbans Singh (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (4 vols), Panjabi University, Patiala, Vol. 2, 1996, p. 9.
27 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 193.
28 K.K. Khullar, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, p. 151.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid., p. 154.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
CHAPTER 6: Patron of the Arts and Minter Extraordinary
1 W.G. Archer, Paintings of the Sikhs, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, 1966, pp. 19, 26.
2 Mulk Raj, Anand (ed.), Maharaja Ranjit Singh as Patron of the Arts, Marg Publications, Bombay, 1981, p. 96.
3 Lieutenant William Barr, Journal of a March from Delhi to Cabul [1844], Panjabi University (Languages Department), Patiala, 1970, p. 57.
4 Mulk Raj, Anand (ed.), Maharaja Ranjit Singh as Patron of the Arts, p. 54.
5 Patwant Singh, The Golden Temple, Time Books International, New Delhi, 1989, pp. 102–3.
6 Lala Sohan Lal Suri, Umdat-Ut-Tawarikh, Daftar-III, Parts 1-5 [1839], S. Chand and Co. New Delhi, 1961, p. 435.
7 T.S. Randhawa, The Sikhs: Images of a Heritage, Prakash Books, New Delhi, 2000, p. 23.
8 F.S. Aijazuddin, Sikh Portraits by European Artists, Sotheby Parke Bernet Publications, London, 1979, p. 21.
9 Lieutenant William Barr, Journal of a March from Delhi to Cabul, p. 65.
10 Ganda Singh, The Punjab in 1839-40, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1952, p. 17.
11 W.G. Archer, Paintings of the Sikhs, p. 9.
12 W.L. McGregor, The History of the Sikhs [1846], Rupa, New Delhi, 2007, Vol. 1, p. 223.
13 Baron Charles Hugel, Kashmir and the Punjab, pp. 302–3.
14 Ibid., p. 304.
15 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, December 1909, Vol. 5 (new series).
16 Syad Muhammad Latif, Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities, p. 224.
17 British Parliamentary Papers, Report Relating to a Gold Currency for India, Resolution No. 1325, Financial Department, Government of India, Simla, 12 July 1864 (published 1865).
18 What Major Edwards does not make clear in his covering note to the resident at Lahore is that Raja Sher Singh Attariwala did not desert to the enemy (the remnants of Ranjit Singh’s army were by no means ‘the enemy’) and that ‘the real interests’ of Maharaja Dalip Singh were hardly served by the British exiling him from the land of his birth and his heritage.
19 Papers Relating to the Punjab, 1847-9, Inclosure No. 1 in No. 39, p. 376, Harrison and Son, London.
20 R. Bosworth Smith, Life of Lord Lawrence, Smith, Elder and Co., London, Vol. 1, 1883, pp. 307–8.
21 Press lists of old records in the Punjab Secretariat Supplementary, 5 April 1849-10 February 1853.
CHAPTER 7: Flouting the Republican Tradition
1 Bhagat Singh, A History of the Sikh Misals, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1993, p. 81.
2 Henry Steinbach, The Country of the Sikhs [1846], KLM Book House, New Delhi, 1978, p. 14.
3 General Sir John J.H. Gordon, The Sikhs, pp. 116–17.
4 C.H. Payne, A Short History of the Sikhs, pp. 133–4.
5 Henry T. Prinsep, Origins of the Sikh Power, p. 214.
6 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 200.
7 Max Arthur Macauliffe, The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors [1909], Oxford University Press, Oxford, Vol. 5, 1995, pp. 243–4.
8 Kapur Singh, Parasaraprasna or the Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh: An Exposition of Sikhism, Hind Publishers, Jullundar, 1959, p. 366.
9 Kapur Singh, Parasaraprasna, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 1989, pp. 59–60.
10 Ibid., p. 43.
11 Translation of a verse attributed to the Sikh historian Bhai Rattan Singh Bhangu, author of Pracin Panth Prakas, 1841, quoted in Kapur Singh, Parasaraprasna, p. 41.
12 Patwant Singh, The Sikhs, p. 148.
CHAPTER 8: The Decadent and Deceitful
1 Major G. Smyth, A History of the Reigning Family of Lahore, p. 25.
2 For example, Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab [1891], p. 498.
3 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Life and Times of Ranjit Singh, p. 217.
4 Fauja Singh, Maharaja Kharak Singh, Panjabi University, Patiala, 1977, p. xliv.
5 Major G. Smyth, A History of the Reigning Family of Lahore, p. 36.
6 Ibid., p. 36.
7 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 209.
8 Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab, p. 502.
9 Major G. Smyth, A History of the Reigning Family of Lahore, p. 38.
10 Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab, pp. 505–6.
11 Ibid, p. 506.
12 Ganda Singh, The Punjab in 1839-40, p. 17.
13 Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab, p. 507.
14 Hari Ram Gupta, Panjab on the Eve of the First Sikh War, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 1956, p. 39.
15 C.H. Payne, A Short History of the Sikhs, p. 114.
16 Ibid., p. 144.
17 Emily Eden, Up the Country [1930], Curzon Press, London, 1978, p. 22.
18 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Life and Times of Ranjit Singh, pp. 223–4.
19 Harbans Singh, The Heritage of the Sikhs, Manohar Publications, New Delhi, 1985, p. 199.
20 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Life and Times of Ranjit Singh, p. 201.
21 Michael Alexander and Sushila Anand, Queen Victoria’s Maharajah: Duleep Singh 1838-93, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, p. 2.
22 C.H. Payne, A Short History of the Sikhs, p. 146.
CHAPTER 9: Twilight of an Empire
1 S.S. Thorburn, The Punjab in Peace and War, p. 2.
2 Major Evans Bell, The Annexation of the Punjab and Maharajah Duleep Singh [1882], Nirmal Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1986, pp. 9–10.
3 Barbara W. Tuchman, Sand Against the Wind: Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911-45, Macmillan, London, 1971, p. 436.
4 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet: The First Sikh War, London, Jarrolds, 1968, p. x.
5 Viscount Hardinge, Rulers of India, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1900, p. 28.
6 Ibid., pp. 49–50.
7 S.S. Thorburn, The Punjab in Peace and War, p. 4.
8 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 279.
9 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Life and Times of Ranjit Singh, p. 251.
10 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Anglo-Sikh Relations, 1799-1849, V.V. Research Institute, Hoshiarpur, 1968, p. 189.
11 Hari Ram Gupta, Punjab, Central Asia and the First Afghan War, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 1943, p. 271.
12 Harbans Singh, Heritage of the Sikhs, p. 198.
13 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, The Punjab Papers (1836-1849), V.V. Research Institute, Hoshiarpur, 1970, p. 72.
14 Dewan Ajudhia Parshad, Waqai Jang-i-Sikhan [Events of the (First) Anglo-Sikh War – 1845-46], Punjab Itihas Prakashan, Chandigarh, 1975, pp. 11–12.
15 Patwant Singh, The Sikhs, p. 153.
16 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, pp. 257–8.
17 Sita Ram Kohli, Sunset of the Sikh Empire, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 1967, p. 103, n. 2.
18 Ibid., p. 106.
19 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 292.
20 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet, p. 46.
21 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 265.
22 Sita Ram Kohli, Sunset of the Sikh Empire, p. 106.
23 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 266.
24 Khushwant Singh, The Fall of the Kingdom of Punjab, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 1962, p. 99.
25 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 267.
26 W.L. McGregor, The History of the Sikhs, Vol. 2, p. 120.
27 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet, p. 90.
28 Sita Ram Kohli, Sunset of the Sikh Empire, p. 106.
29 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet, p. 101.
30 Quoted in Ian Heath, The Sikh Army 1799-1849, p. 13.
31 Quoted ibid., p. 22.
32 ‘The Return of Ordnance’, in Despatches of Lord Hardinge, Lord Gough and Sir Harry Smith and Other Documents, Oliver and Ackerman, London, 1846, p. 36.
33 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet, p. 99.
34 Major G. Smyth, A History of the Reigning Family of Lahore, p. xxvi.
35 Syad Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab, p. 544.
36 Sita Ram Kohli, Sunset of the Sikh Empire, p. 112.
37 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Anglo-Sikh Relations 1799-1949, p. 284.
38 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet, pp. 134–45.
39 Ibid., p. 143.
40 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Anglo-Sikh Relations 1799-1849, p. 284.
41 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet, pp. 145–6.
42 Ibid., p. 146.
43 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 284.
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid, p. 279.
46 Donald Featherstone, At Them with the Bayonet, p. 153.
47 Joseph Davey Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 289.
48 E. Dalhousie Login, Lady Login’s Recollections: Court Life and Camp Life 1820-1904, Panjabi University (Languages Department) Patiala, 1970, p. 95.
49 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Anglo-Sikh Relations 1799-1849, p. 359.
50 The Tribune, 25 October 1893.
51 W.L. McGregor, The History of the Sikhs, Vol. 2, p. 256.
52 Papers relating to the Punjab, 1847-9, Inclosure No. 32 in No. 38, Harrison and Son, London.
53 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Anglo-Sikh Relations 1799-1849, p. 323.
54 Patwant Singh, The Sikhs, pp. 168–9.
55 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Anglo-Sikh Relations 1799-1849, p. 328.
56 Ibid., p. 332.
57 Ibid., pp. 335–7.
58 S.S. Thorburn, The Punjab in Peace and War, p. 142.
59 Ibid., pp. 139–40.
60 Press lists of old records in the Punjab Secretariat: ‘From the Secretary to the Government of India to the Board of Administration for the affairs of the Punjab’, p. 277 (11 June 1851).
61 Ibid., p. 223.
62 Ibid., ‘From Captain J.M. Drake, to P. Melvill, Secretary to the Board of Administration, Punjab’, p. 130 (24 May 1849).
63 Ibid., Vol. XII, ‘Board of Administration, Punjab, 5 April 1849 to 10 February 1853’, p. 31.
64 Ibid., Vol. 11, ‘From the Secretary to the Board of Administration, Punjab, to the Secretary to the Government of India’, p. 180 (19 July 1850).
65 Lady Login, Sir John Login and Duleep Singh (1809-1886) [1889], Panjab University (Languages Department), Chandigarh, 1970, pp. 179–83.
66 Ibid., p. 548.
67 Patwant Singh, The Sikhs, p. 176.