{1} July 1944 G3 After Action Report “30th Infantry Division After Action Reports,” 12, accessed October 28, 2012, http://www.oldhickory30th.com/index.htm.

{2}Ibid., 20.

{3}Peter R Mansoor, The GI Offensive in Europe: the Triumph of American Infantry Divisions, 1941-1945 (Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 1999); “30th Infantry Division After Action Reports.”

{4} S.L.A. Marshall, “S.L.A. Marshall Letter to MG Leland S. Hobbs,” March 16, 1946, http://www. 30 thinfantry.org/marshall_letter.shtml.

{5}See Appendix A for a listing of task organization changes during this period.

{6} For more information on the role of commanders in war: Martin Van Creveld, Command in War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985); Carl H Builder et al., Command Concepts: A Theory Derived From the Practice of Command and Control (Santa Monica, Ca.: Rand, 1999); Army Leadership, Army Doctrinal Reference Publications 6-22 (Washington D. C., USA: Department of the Army, 2012); Mission Command, Army Doctrinal Reference Publications 6-0 (Washington D. C., USA: Department of the Army, 2012); Command and Staff Functions, Special Text No. 12 (Fort Riley, KS: Army General School, 1948); Commander and Staff Guide, Army Technical and Tactical Publication 50. 1 (Washington D. C., USA: Department of the Army, 2011).

{7} For more information on the role of the modern staff: Command and Staff Functions, Special Text No. 12; Commander and Staff Guide ; Mission Command.

{8} Mark E Grotelueschen, The AEF Way of War: The American Army and Combat in World War I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 84-88, 234; American Armies and Battlefields in Europe, Center for Military History Publication 23-24 (Washington D. C., USA: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1938); Kenneth E. Hamburger, “Learning Lessons in the American Expeditionary Forces, “ CMH Publication 24-1 (Washington D. C., USA: Center for Military History, United States Army, 1997).

{9} Operations (Tentative) (1939), Field Manuals 100-5 (Washington D.C., USA: War Department, 1939), 5; Operations (1941), Field Manuals 100-5 (Washington D.C., USA: War Department, 1941); Operations (1944), Field Manuals 100-5 (Washington D.C., USA: War Department, 1944); Field Service Regulation (Washington D.C., USA: War Department, 1923).

{10} For background on the decision to only field 90 divisions, see Maurice Matlriff, “The 90 Division Question,” in Command Decisions, ed. Kent Roberts Greenfield, United States Army in World War II CMH Publication 70-7-1 (Washington D.C., USA: Center for Military History, United States Army, 1987); R. Elberton Smith, The Army and Economic Mobilization—CMH Publication 1-7, United States Army in World War II Publication 1-7 (Washington D.C., USA: Center for Military History, United States Army, 1959), 156; Mansoor, The GI Offensive in Europe; Russell F Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants: the Campaign of France and Germany, 1944-1945 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).

{11} Appendix A to this monograph provides an analysis of each division and corps task organization changes between June 1944 and October 1944.

{12}Weigley, Eisenhower's Lieutenants, xv.

{13}Peter J Schifferle, America's School for War: Fort Leavenworth, Officer Education, and Victory in World War II (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010); Michael R Matheny, Carrying the War to the Enemy: American Operational Art to 1945 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011); Carlo D'Este, Decision in Normandy (New York: Konecky & Konecky, 1994); Mansoor, The GI Offensive in Europe; David W. Jr. Hogan, A Command Post at War: First Army Headquarters in Europe, 1943-1945, United States Army in World War II CMH Publication 70-60 (Washington D.C., USA: Center for Military History, United States Army, 2000); Michael D Doubler, Closing with the Enemy: How GIs Fought the War in Europe, 1944-1945 (Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 1994); James Jay Carafano, After D-Day: Operation Cobra and the Normandy Breakout (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000); Edward G Miller, Nothing Less Than Full Victory: Americans at War in Europe, 1944-1945 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2007).

{14} Omar N Bradley, A Soldier’s Story (Toronto: Random House, 1951); Carlo D’Este, Patton: A Genius for War (New York: HarperPerennial, 1995); George S Patton and Paul D Harkins, War as I Knew It (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1995); J. Lawton Collins, Lightning Joe: An Autobiography (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1994); H. Paul Jeffers, Taking Command: General J. Lawton Collins from Guadalcanal to Utah Beach and Victory in Europe (New York: New American Library, 2009); P.N. Kaune, “General Troy H. Middleton: Steadfast in Command” (DTIC Document, 2011); Frank James Price, Troy H. Middleton: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1974).

{15} “First Army Headquarters—After Actions Report Initial Draft with Comments,” April 15, 1945, U.S. Army, 1st Army Headquarters: Records 1943-1955 (73-19) Box 2, Eisenhower Presidential Library; Hogan, A Command Post at War: First Army Headquarters in Europe, 1943-1945; Schifferle, America’s School for War; Matheny, Carrying the War to the Enemy; Collins, Lightning Joe, 56-57; Jeffers, Taking command, 23; Price, Troy H. Middleton, 91; Robert Berlin, “U.S. World War II Corps Commanders: A Composite Biography,” Journal of Military History 53 (April 1986): 4.

{16} The term Regular Army officers is used to delineate those officers who served in the professional standing army, versus officers in the Army of the United States, which included the larger draftee forces and mobilized civilian officers. At this time, all West Point graduates and select Reserve Training Officer Course were Regular Army officers. Regular Army officers could hold dual ranks – one their permanent rank in the Regular Army and a second, higher, rank in the Army of the United States, which could be revoked at the end of the war. One of the first concerns when activating the National Guard was equalizing the peacetime Regular officer promotions with the National Guard rank system. Mark S. Watson, The War Department: Chief of Staff Prewar Plans and Preparations, The United States Is World War II CMH Publication 1-1 (Washington D.C., USA: Center for Military History, United States Army, 1950), 247, 263.

{17} Allan Reed Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America (New York; London: Free Press; Collier Macmillan, 1984), 363.

{18}Schifferle, America's School for War, 19.

{19}Ibid., 19-20.

{20}The Root reforms were in response to identified shortcomings in the Spanish-American War. Wide ranging, one component was the push for professional schooling. Millett and Maslowski, For the Common Defense, 310-312. The McGlachlin Report, or officially the "Report of Board of Officers Re-Study of Army School System" was published in 1922.This report drove the structure of the school system, including missions and roles for each level, student evaluations, tour length, and interval between courses. Major General Edward F. McGlachlin was a former commandant of the Fires School and future commandant of the War College. Schifferle, America's School for War, 33; Boyd L. Dastrup, "History of the US Army Field Artillery School from Birth to the Eve of World War II," Fires (February 2011); Judith Stiehm, The U.S. Army War College: Military Education in a Democracy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002).

{21}The War Department reduced the course to one year during those intervening years in an effort to increase the student throughput, and shifted some of the responsibility for senior staffs to the Army War College. Schifferle, America’s School for War; Matheny, Carrying the War to the Enemy.

{22} Schifferle, America’s School for War, 32, 79; Major General Edward F. McGlachlin, “The Army War College,” The Coast Artillery Journal 57, no. 4 (October 1922): 289; Stiehm, The U.S. Army War College: Military Education in a Democracy, 23; Matheny, Carrying the War to the Enemy; Gilbert Cook, “Officer Education System,” n.d., Gilbert R. Cook Papers 1908-1959 (A91-11 & A92-12) Box 1, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{23}Schifferle, America's School for War, 92.

{24} Dastrup, “History of the US Army Field Artillery School from Birth to the Eve of World War II,” 7.

{25} Stiehm, The U.S. Army War College: Military Education in a Democracy, 26.

{26} Collins, Lightning Joe, 36.

{27} Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Education of a General 1880-1939 (New York: Viking, 1963), 248-251.

{28}Ed Cray, General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman (New York, N.Y.; [Lanham, MD]: Cooper Square Press ; Distributed by National Book Network, 2000), 104-106; Charles F Brower, George C. Marshall: Servant of the American Nation (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 31-33.

{29}Dastrup, "History of the US Army Field Artillery School from Birth to the Eve of World War II," 8.

{30}Ibid., 10.

{31}Eisenhower would end up graduating first in his class. Schifferle, America's School for War, 129-130.

{32} Berlin, “U.S. World War II Corps Commanders: A Composite Biography,” 10.

{33} LTC Wade randomly selected twenty-five division commanders as the basis of his study based upon available personnel records. Lieutenant Colonel Gary Wade, “World War II Division Commanders, Combat Studies Institute Report #7” (Combat Studies Institute Press, N.D.), 6, Electronic File, Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library , Fort Leavenworth, KS.

{34}Hogan, A Command Post at War: First Army Headquarters in Europe, 1943-1945, 25.

{35}Schifferle, America's School for War, 35, 107-108, 191.

{36}Price, Troy H. Middleton, 91.

{37}"First Army Headquarters—After Actions Report Initial Draft with Comments," 6 (35).

{38}"First Army Headquarters—Summary of Operations September and October 1944," n.d., 16, U.S. Army, 1st Army Headquarters: Records 1943-1955 (73-19) Box 3, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{39}McGlachlin provides an extensive discussion on selection of students and how they are evaluated to ensure cooperation not competition. McGlachlin, “The Army War College”; Matheny, Carrying the War to the Enemy, 57.

{40} Stiehm, The U.S. Army War College: Military Education in a Democracy, 28.

{41}Matheny, Carrying the War to the Enemy, 262; Berlin, “U.S. World War II Corps Commanders: A Composite Biography,” 12.

{42}Schifferle, America’s School for War, 34

{43} “Army War College Command Course Lectures 1940,” n.d., Collins, J. Lawton Papers 18961975 (A71-19; 80-12; 80-12/1; 80-12/2; 82-6; 86-19) Box 1, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{44}McGlachlin, "The Army War College."

{45}Stiehm, The U.S. Army War College: Military Education in a Democracy, 30-31; McGlachlin, "The Army War College," 305.

{46}Cray, General of the Army, 106.

{47}Pogue, George C. Marshall: Education of a General 1880-1939, 248-249.

{48}Wade, "World War II Division Commanders, Combat Studies Institute Report #7," 4 and Appendix; Charles E. Kirkpatrick, "'The Very Model of a Modern Major General' Background of World War II American Generals in V Corps," in The U.S. Army and World War II: Selected Papers, ed. Judith Bellafaire, United States Army in World War II CMH Publication 68-4 (Washington D.C., USA: Center for Military History, United States Army, 1998), 268.

{49}For a detailed analysis of selection of instructors during the interwar period, see Criterion 2a from: James D. Sisemore, "Fort Leavenworth and Its Education Legacy; Recommendations for ILE" (Monograph, School of Advanced Military Studies, Command and General Staff College, 2012), 65, Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library , Fort Leavenworth, KS.

{50}Schifferle, America's School for War, 110.

{51}Watson, The War Department: Chief of Staff Prewar Plans and Preparations, 187.

{52}Schifferle provides discussion on the role of Leavenworth in training. For a more complete discussion of training new divisions, see Palmer. Schifferle, America's School for War, 150; Robert R Palmer, Bell I. Wiley, and William R. Keast, The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops, The United States Is World War II CHM 2-2 (Washington D.C., USA: Center for Military History, United States Army, 1948), 454.

{53}Watson, The War Department: Chief of Staff Prewar Plans and Preparations, 237.

{54}Schifferle, America's School for War, 156.

{55}Bradley commanded 82nd and 28th Divisions during training and would go on to command II Corps, First Army, and 12th Army Group. Terrell commanded 8th Infantry Division, 90th Infantry Division, and finally XXII Corps during World War II. Eichelberger commanded 77th Infantry Division, I Corps, and Eighth United States Army in the Pacific during World War II. Ibid., 157.

{56} See Russell F Weigley, The American Way of War: a History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973), chap. 10; Millett and Maslowski, For the Common Defense, chap. 11; Matheny, Carrying the War to the Enemy, chap. 2; Schifferle, America’s School for War, chap. 1; Pogue, George C. Marshall: Education of a General 1880-1939, 253.

{57} Operations (1941), 22.

{58} Eben Swift, Field Orders, Messages, and Reports (Washington D.C., USA: Government Printing Office, 1906), 15.

{59}Ibid., 13.

{60} Ibid., 15.

{61} Operations (1941), 31.

{62} Staff Officers Field Manual: The Staff and Combat Orders, Field Manuals 101-5 (Washington D C., USA: U.S. War Department, 1940), 49.

{63} Operations (1941), 24, 33.

{64} Staff Officers Field Manual: The Staff and Combat Orders, 42, 96.

{65} Lesley J. McNair, “Comments on the First Phase of the LA Maneuvers,” November 21, 1941, Hodges, Courtney Hicks: Papers, 1904-65 (A70-86—Box 3), Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{66}"XII Corps Staff Operational Procedures 12 August 1944 to May 1945," October 29, 1945, 76, 127, Gilbert R. Cook Papers 1908-1959 (A91-11 & A92-12) Box 9, Eisenhower Presidential Library; "XIX Corps Standard Operating Procedures," November 1944, N-13681.2, Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library , Fort Leavenworth, KS; "XIII Corps Standard Operating Procedures, Change 1," August 21, 1944, N-13681, Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library , Fort Leavenworth, KS.

{67} "4th Infantry Division, Operations Orders and Transcripts of Oral Orders June to August 1944," 1944, sec. 181700 June 1944, U. S. Army, 4th Infantry Division After action reports, 1940-46 (RG 407) (Microfilm), Reel 67, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{68}Matheny, Carrying the War to the Enemy, 29; Hamburger, "Learning Lessons in the American Expeditionary Forces," 16.

{69}Hamburger, "Learning Lessons in the American Expeditionary Forces," 20.

{70}G O. 21 (August 13, 1917) and G O. 196 (November 5, 1917) Ibid., 21.

{71} Schifferle, America's School for War, 11-13; Matheny, Carrying the War to the Enemy, 42.

{72} Source: National World War I Museum, Kansas City, KS display on 1919 Military Olympics.

{73} Schifferle, America’s School for War, 31-32.

{74} Many veterans viewed the end of the war as incomplete because it ended before the Germans were defeated on the battlefield. Despite the harsh terms, they felt that the German military had not been defeated and would rise again.

{75}The Superior Board did make some bad recommendations. The clearest mistakes were its recommendations on the roles, organization, and functions of mounted cavalry and use of the airplane. United States Army American Expeditionary Forces; Superior Board on Organization and Tactics, AEF Report of Superior Board on Organization and Tactics, 1919, 18, 65, Electronic File, Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library, http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll7/id/808.

{76}Ibid., 107.

{77} Ibid., 30, 36, 47-48, 89, 96, 107

{78}Operations (Tentative) (1939), Cover Letter.

{79}Operations (1941); Operations (Tentative) (1939); Field Service Regulation; Operations (1944).

{80} Staff Officers Field Manual: The Staff and Combat Orders.

{81} Field Service Regulation, Intro; 11.

{82} Operations (1944), 2-3, 6; Operations (1941), 2, 5; Operations (Tentative) (1939), 3, 5; Field Service Regulation, 1.

{83}Field Service Regulation, 8; Staff Officers Field Manual: The Staff and Combat Orders, 42.

{84} Field Artillery Tactical Employment, Field Manuals 6-20 (Washington D.C., USA: Government Printing Office, 1944), 1; Field Service Regulation, 14.

{85} Field Service Regulation, 121; Quartermaster Field Manual: Quartermaster Operations, Field Manuals 10-5 (Washington D.C., USA: Government Printing Office, 1945).

{86}Signal Operations In Corps and Army, Field Manuals 11-22 (Washington D.C., USA: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945); Signal Corps Field Manual Signal Organizations and Operations in the Armored Division and Armored Corps, Field Manuals 11-17 (Washington D.C., USA: Government Printing Office, 1941); Field Service Regulation, 19

{87} Matheny, Carrying the War to the Enemy, chap. 4.

{88} Mansoor, The GI Offensive in Europe, 161; Doubler, Closing With the Enemy; Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 126.

{89}"General Board Report: Organization, Equipment, and Tactical Employment of the Armored Division, Study Number 48," n.d., Records of the U.S. Army, Reports of the General Board USFET1942-1946 (A69-1), Box 6, Eisenhower Presidential Library; "General Board Reports: Functions, Organization, and Equipment of Army Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Study Number 24," n.d., Records of the U.S. Army, Reports of the General Board USFET 1942-1946 (A69-1), Box 3, Eisenhower Presidential Library; "General Board Reports: Functions, Organization, and Equipment of Corps Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Study Number 23," n.d., Records of the U.S. Army, Reports of the General Board USFET 1942-1946 (A69-1), Box 3, Eisenhower Presidential Library; "General Board Reports: Mechanics of Supply in Fast Moving Situations, Study 27," n.d., Records of the U.S. Army, Reports of the General Board USFET 1942-1946 (A69-1), Box 4, Eisenhower Presidential Library; "General Board Reports: Organization, Functions, and Operations of G3 Sections in Theater Headquarters, Army Groups, Armies, Corps, and Divisions Study Number 25," n.d., Records of the U.S. Army, Reports of the General Board USFET 1942-1946 (A69-1), Box 3, Eisenhower Presidential Library; "General Board Reports: Organization, Equipment, and Tactical Employment of the Infantry Division, Study Number 15," n.d., Records of the U.S. Army, Reports of the General Board USFET 1942-1946 (A69-1), Box 3, Eisenhower Presidential Library; "General Board Reports: Supply Functions of Corps, Study Number 28," n.d., Records of the U.S. Army, Reports of the General Board USFET 1942-1946 (A69-1), Box 4, Eisenhower Presidential Library

{90}“General Board Report: Organization, Equipment, and Tactical Employment of the Armored Division, Study Number 48,” 22; “General Board Reports: Organization, Equipment, and Tactical Employment of the Infantry Division, Study Number 15,” 12.

{91}"General Board Reports: Supply Functions of Corps, Study Number 28," 1; 8; "General Board Reports: Field Artillery Operations, Study Number 61," n.d., 106-108, Records of the U.S. Army, Reports of the General Board USFET 1942-1946 (A69-1), Box 7, Eisenhower Presidential Library; "General Board Reports: Signal Corps Personnel, Training, and Command and Administrative Structure, Study Number 112," n.d., 17, Records of the U.S. Army, Reports of the General Board USFET 1942 1946 (A69-1), Box 11, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{92} Field Service Regulations, Larger Units, Field Manuals 100-15 (Washington D.C., USA: U.S. War Department, 1942), 93; Operations (1941), 278; Armored Command Field Manual: The Armored Division, Field Manuals 17-100 (Washington D.C., USA: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1944), 26

{93} “General Board Reports: Organization, Equipment, and Tactical Employment of the Infantry Division, Study Number 15”; “General Board Reports: Organization, Equipment, and Tactical Employment of Seperate Tank Battalions, Study Number 50,” n.d., Records of the U.S. Army, Reports of the General Board USFET 1942-1946 (A69-1), Box 6, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{94}"General Board Report: Organization, Equipment, and Tactical Employment of Tank Destroyer Units, Study Number 60," n.d., Records of the U.S. Army, Reports of the General Board USFET 1942-1946 (A69-1), Box 7, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{95} "General Board Report: Engineer Organization, Study Number 71," n.d., 5; 7, Records of the U.S. Army, Reports of the General Board USFET 1942-1946 (A69-1), Box 8, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{96} Frans P. B Osinga, Science, Strategy and War: The Strategic Theory of John Boyd (London; New York: Routledge, 2007), 56, http://site.ebrary.com/id/10155759. 

{97} Mansoor, The GI Offensive in Europe, 58, 71.

{98} Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope 1939-1942 (New York: Viking, 1965), chap. IV.

{99} Kent Roberts Greenfield, Robert R Palmer, and Bell I. Wiley, The Organization of Ground Combat Troops, United States Army in World War II (Washington D.C., USA: Historical Division, Department of the Army, 1947), 49. The Army did directly commission a number of civilians to fill critical roles in mobilization, transportation, personnel management, and research due to their special skill set. Many of the existing general officers were assigned positions in stateside training units or costal defense instead of being retired. Most served with great distinction and made huge contributions to the success of the entire Army.

{100} Steven E. Clay, US Army Order of Battle 1919-1941: The Arms: Major Commands and Infantry Organizations, 1919-41, vol. 1 (Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2010), 199.

{101} Millett and Maslowski, For the Common Defense, 365–367 

{102} Kirkpatrick studied the careers of 22 V Corps General Officers. Their average time with troops was 9.8 years versus 10.58 years in school (3.9 as students and 6.68 as instructors). Kirkpatrick, “‘The Very Model of a Modern Major General’ Background of World War II American Generals in V Corps,” 268; Wade, “World War II Division Commanders, Combat Studies Institute Report #7”; Berlin, “U.S. World War II Corps Commanders: A Composite Biography”; Schifferle, America’s School for War.

{103} Watson, The War Department: Chief of Staff Prewar Plans and Preparations, 187

{104}Mansoor provides information on 30{104}th Infantry Division. Palmer provides officer strength of a fully trained and over-strength infantry division as 796. Bradley gives the officer strength of a 1944 Infantry Division as 781. Mansoor, The GI Offensive in Europe, 70-71; Palmer, Wiley, and Keast, The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops, 454; Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, 564.

{105}Greenfield, Palmer, and Wiley, The Organization of Ground Combat Troops, 53-54.

{106}Hogan, A Command Post at War: First Army Headquarters in Europe, 1943-1945, 25

{107}Carafano, After D-Day, 38; Miller, Nothing Less Than Full Victory, 20.

{108} Palmer, Wiley, and Keast, The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops, 92. 

{109} Kirkpatrick, “‘The Very Model of a Modern Major General’ Background of World War II American Generals in V Corps,” 267.

{110}Pogue, George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope 1939-1942, 89.

{111}Mansoor, The GI Offensive in Europe, 23.

{112}Bradley, A Soldier's Story.

{113}Patton and Harkins, War as I Knew It.

{114}McNair, "Comments on the First Phase of the LA Maneuvers."

{115}Courtney H. Hodges, “Comments on Carolina Maneuvers, November 1941,” n.d., 34, Hodges, Courtney Hicks: Papers, 1904-65 (A70-86—Box 7), Eisenhower Presidential Library. Lawton Collins served as an observer at an earlier, Third Army exercise. His comments are reflective upon the larger organizational and performance issues, as the exercise was intended to evaluate the concepts rather than certify a unit for combat. His base conclusion is that the exercise was very useful in providing lessons learned, the basic doctrine was fundamentally correct although needed refinement, and the Army was not yet prepared to fight German blitzkrieg battle. J. Lawton Collins, “Draft Notes on Comments on Third Army Maneuvers Louisiana,” May 28, 1940, Collins, J. Lawton Papers 1896-1975 (A71-19; 80-12; 80-12/1; 80-12/2; 82-6; 86-19) Box 47, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{116} Kirkpatrick, “‘The Very Model of a Modern Major General’ Background of World War II American Generals in V Corps,” 270.

{117} Chapter VIII of Watson provides detailed analysis of the considerations, deliberations with Congress, and the policies of officer promotion and selection. Watson, The War Department: Chief of Staff Prewar Plans and Preparations, 241–247; Pogue, George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope 1939-1942, 93. 

{118}Between June and November 1941, 165 Regular Army Officers (1.3% of the officer corps) were removed under this policy. The National Guard and Reserve officers were also removed, however at a much lower rate and more typically reassigned rather than retired. Watson, The War Department: Chief of Staff Prewar Plans and Preparations, 245; Pogue, George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope 1939-1942, 98.

{119} Watson, The War Department: Chief of Staff Prewar Plans and Preparations, 250.

{120}Ibid., 260-261.

{121}Palmer, Wiley, and Keast, The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops, 94.

{122} Greenfield, Palmer, and Wiley, The Organization of Ground Combat Troops, 50.

{123} Reclassification procedures were initiated for 3 colonels, 5 lieutenant colonels, 5 majors, 14 captains, and 62 lieutenants prior to D-Day. Of these, 1 lieutenant colonel, 1 major, 3 captains, and 37 lieutenants received discharges. Hogan, A Command Post at War: First Army Headquarters in Europe, 1943-1945, 43.

{124} "General Board Reports: Reclassification and Demontions of Officers in European Theater of Operations Study Number 7," n.d., 6-10, Records of the U.S. Army, Reports of the General Board USFET 1942-1946 (A69-1), Box 2, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{125} Watson, The War Department: Chief of Staff Prewar Plans and Preparations, 247; Greenfield, Palmer, and Wiley, The Organization of Ground Combat Troops, 48.

{126}Watson, The War Department: Chief of Staff Prewar Plans and Preparations, 250.

{127} Mansoor, The GI Offensive in Europe, 22.

{128} Ibid., 81.

{129} Mark W. Clark, Senior Officers Debriefing Program: Conversations Between General Mark W. Clark and Lieutenant Colonel Forest S. Rittgers, Jr, interview by Forest S Jr. Rittgers, Tape Transcript, October 27, 1972, sec. I page 120-123, USAMH1; Mansoor, The GI Offensive in Europe, 21.

{130}Watson, The War Department: Chief of Staff Prewar Plans and Preparations, 260-261.

{131} Mansoor, The GI Offensive in Europe, 58.

{132} Major General Robert S. Beightler, commander of the 37th Infantry Division who served in the Pacific was the only National Guard commander to serve the duration of the war in command. Ibid.

{133}Wade, "World War II Division Commanders, Combat Studies Institute Report #7," 2.

{134} Officers included in Wade’s study: Terry de la Mesa Allen, Edward M. Almond, Clift Andrus, A. V, Arnold, Paul W. Baade, Raymond O. Barton, Harold W. Blakeiey, Alexander R. Bolling, Charles L. Bolte, Withers H. Burress, C. H. Corlett, Norman D. Cota, John B. Coulter, Louis A. Craig, John E. Dahlquist, Robert T. Frederick, James M. Gavin, Charles H. Gerhardt, William H. Gill, George W. Griner, Jr., Robert W. Grow, George P. Hays, Leland S. Hobbs, Stafford L. Irwin, Walter E. Lauer, Robert C. Macon, Harry J. Malony, William M. Miley, William H. H. Morris, Jr., Verne D. Mudge, Chbarles L. Mullins, John W. O’Daniel, Walter M. Robertson, Maurice Rose, Charles W. Ryder, Albert Smith, Donald A. Stroh, Innis P. Swift, Joseph M. Swing, Maxwell D. Taylor, Harry L. Twaddle, Orlando Ward, Issac D. White, John S. Wood, and Ira T. Wyche. Ibid., 12.

{135} Kirkpatrick’s study included the V Corps commander, division commanders assigned to V Corps, commanders of V Corps artillery, and Corps Chief of Staff: Leonard T. Gerow, Clarence R. Huebner, Clift Andrus, Edward H. Brooks, Waller M. Robertson, Raymond O. Barton, Stafford L. Irwin, Lunsford E. Oliver, Robert W. Hasbrouck, Donald A. Stroh, Louis A. Craig, John W. Leonard, Norman Cota, Charles H. Gerhardt, Leland S. Hobbs, Paul W. Baade, William W. Eagles, Emil F. Reinhardt, Waller Lauer, William C. Lee, Charles G. Helmick, and Henry J. Malchell. Kirkpatrick, “‘The Very Model of a Modern Major General’ Background of World War II American Generals in V Corps,” 261.

{136} Wade, “World War II Division Commanders, Combat Studies Institute Report #7,” 3, 5

{137} Kirkpatrick, “‘The Very Model of a Modern Major General’ Background of World War II American Generals in V Corps,” 261, 268.

{138}Wade, "World War II Division Commanders, Combat Studies Institute Report #7," 6; Kirkpatrick, "'The Very Model of a Modern Major General' Background of World War II American Generals in V Corps," 264.

{139} Kirkpatrick, “‘The Very Model of a Modern Major General’ Background of World War II American Generals in V Corps,” 265.

{140} Ten were assistant division commanders, three were division artillery commanders, four were combat command commanders, four were brigade commanders, and one was a regimental commander. The other two came from staff assignments. Wade, “World War II Division Commanders, Combat Studies Institute Report #7,” 7.

{141}Berlin, "U.S. World War II Corps Commanders: A Composite Biography," 3, 8.

{142} James A. Van Fleet was the only corps commander who did not attend CGSC, he claimed because he was needed at the University of Florida where he was professor of military science and tactics and the football coach. McLain attended the three-month National Guard course instead of the year long course. Corlett and Griswold graduated in the bottom half of their CGSC class. Ibid., 10.

{143}Between the two world wars, eleven officers served as instructors at the military academy, fourteen were instructors at the Infantry School, five taught at the Cavalry School, three served at the Field Artillery School, and two were on the faculty of the Coast Artillery School, fourteen were instructors at the Command and General Staff School, fifteen had tours at colleges and universities as R.O.T.C. professors of military science and tactics, and one was an instructor at the Army War College. Ibid., 12.

{144}Ibid., 14.

{145}Griswold commanded the XIV Corps and Swift commanded I Corps in the Pacific. Ibid., 15.

{146}Hogan, A Command Post at War: First Army Headquarters in Europe, 1943-1945, 53-56.

{147}The seven relieved from command were: Lloyd R. Fredendall, Ernest J. Dawley, John J. Lucas (possible medical), Gilbert R. Cook (medical), Charles H. Corlett (possible medical), General John  Millikin, Manton S. Eddy (medical). The four promoted to higher commander were: Bradley, Eichelberger, Patton, and Truscott. Berlin, "U.S. World War II Corps Commanders: A Composite Biography," 16.

{148} Ibid., 2

{149} Two information papers completed by Dr. Drea from DAMH-RA studied the question of relief of division and corps commanders during and before World War II. His conclusion is that National Guard commanders were relieved at a higher rate than Regular Army counterparts. The driving factor was however not component, but age and educational background. Regular Army officers were younger and had the advantage of the professional school system. However, once in combat, relief was directly related to the performance of the unit, regardless if the circumstances were responsible. A new commander was deemed able to restore the morale and drive of the unit better than any other measure. Drea and Wise, “DAMH-RA Information Paper: Historical Circumstances Surrounding the Relief of National Guard Commanders in World War II Mobilization,” November 1, 1990, U. S. Center for Military History; Drea, “DAMH-RA Information Paper: Relief of Commanders Before and During World War II,” August 14, 1991, U. S. Center for Military History.

{150}Watson, The War Department: Chief of StaffPrewar Plans and Preparations, 250.

{151}Kirkpatrick, "'The Very Model of a Modern Major General' Background of World War II American Generals in V Corps," 260.

{152}Hogan, A Command Post at War: First Army Headquarters in Europe, 1943-1945, 100-101.

{153}Weigley, Eisenhower's Lieutenants, 134.

{154}Hogan, A Command Post at War: First Army Headquarters in Europe, 1943-1945, 101.

{155}Courtney H. Hodges, "First Army War Diary Maintained by His Aides," n.d., sec. 22 July, 11 August, 30 September, Hodges, Courtney Hicks: Papers, 1904-65 (A70-86—Box 25), Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{156} Weigley, Eisenhower's Lieutenants, 363.

{157}Operations (Tentative) (1939), 34.

{158}Staff Officers Field Manual: The Staff and Combat Orders, 34.

{159}"XII Corps Staff Operational Procedures 12 August 1944 to May 1945," 3, 80-82; "XII Corps Artillery in Combat," n.d., 1, Gilbert R. Cook Papers 1908-1959 (A91-11 & A92-12) Box 8, Eisenhower Presidential Library; "XIII Corps Standard Operating Procedures, Change 1," 5, 7; "XIX Corps Standard Operating Procedures," 18, 24-25.

{160} George Marshall, ed., “Combat Lessons Number 1: Rank and File in Combat: What They Are Doing, How They Do It” (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1944), N-14362.1, Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library , Fort Leavenworth, KS; George Marshall, “Combat Lessons 2: Rank and File in Combat: What They Are Doing, How They Do It” (Office, Chief of Staff of the Army, September 30, 1945), N-14362.1, Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library , Fort Leavenworth, KS.

{161} “First Army Headquarters—After Actions Report Initial Draft with Comments”; ibid.; “First Army Headquarters—Summary of Operations September and October 1944”; LtCol Clarence Beck, “1st Infantry Division Memorandum ‘G3 Report of Operations 1 August to 31 August 1944, Inclusive’,” September 10, 1944, U. S. Army, 1st Infantry Division: After action reports, 1940-48 (RG 407) (Microfilm), Reel 69, Eisenhower Presidential Library; “4th Infantry Division, Division Artillery Unit History June to October 1944,” n.d., U. S. Army, 4th Infantry Division After action reports, 1940-46 (RG 407) (Microfilm), Reel 72, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{162}"General Board Reports: Field Artillery Operations, Study Number 61"; "General Board Reports: Organization, Functions, and Operations of G3 Sections in Theater Headquarters, Army Groups, Armies, Corps, and Divisions Study Number 25," 2-3.

{163}"General Board Report: Engineer Organization, Study Number 71," 7.

{164}Hogan, A Command Post at War: First Army Headquarters in Europe, 1943-1945, 60.

{165} Kirkpatrick, "'The Very Model of a Modern Major General' Background of World War II American Generals in V Corps," 260.

{166} Matheny, Carrying the War to the Enemy, 28-30.

{167} Greenfield, Palmer, and Wiley, The Organization of Ground Combat Troops, 273-278

{168} Operations (1941), 3; Field Service Regulations, Larger Units.

{169} Greenfield, Palmer, and Wiley, The Organization of Ground Combat Troops, 278.

{170} Fredrick H. Parkin, “Employment of the Tank Destroyer Battalion in an Infantry Division,” March 12, 1945, N8281, Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library , Fort Leavenworth, KS; Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, 77, 126; Mansoor, The GI Offensive in Europe, 161; “General Board Reports: Organization, Equipment, and Tactical Employment of the Infantry Division, Study Number 15”; “General Board Report: Organization, Equipment, and Tactical Employment of Tank Destroyer Units, Study Number 60”; “General Board Report: Organization, Equipment, and Tactical Employment of the Armored Division, Study Number 48.”

{171} “General Board Report: Engineer Organization, Study Number 71.” 

{172} While there were divisions and corps structures during the interwar years, they were rarely manned in any significant strength nor did they serve a tactical warfighting role

{173}Field Service Regulations, Larger Units, para. 146.

{174}Ibid., para. 146-148; Operations (1941), 2-3.

{175} “History of VII Corps July 1944-October 1944,” n.d., Collins, J. Lawton Papers 1896-1975 (A71-19; 80-12; 80-12/1; 80-12/2; 82-6; 86-19) Box 5, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{176} Gilbert Cook, “War Diary July 1942-September 1945,” n.d., sec. August 12, 1944 Entry, Gilbert R. Cook Papers 1908-1959 (A91-11 & A92-12) Box 4, Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{177} Hodges, “First Army War Diary Maintained by His Aides,” sec. Entries for June 13th, June 15th, July 8th, August 1st, August 5th, August 11th, August 12th, August 17th, August 20th, August 24th, September 10th, September 24th.

{178}"General Board Reports: Functions, Organization, and Equipment of Corps Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Study Number 23," 10.

{179} Field Service Regulations, Larger Units, para. 131.

{180} Operations (1941), 2-3; Field Service Regulations, Larger Units, para. 132.

{181} “First Army Headquarters—After Actions Report Initial Draft with Comments,” sec. IV.E. Operations—26 June to 24 July.

{182} Interestingly, this AAR credits the Command and General Staff School with teaching the “pinch out” maneuver in the classroom exercises, despite the lack of historical examples. At the time, students apparently derided this maneuver as unrealistic, but the AAR gives multiple examples of its use in combat. Ibid., sec. VII—Comments.

{183} “First Army Combat Operations Data Europe 1944-1945,” n.d., 8, Hodges, Courtney Hicks: Papers, 1904-65 (A70-86—Box 25), Eisenhower Presidential Library.

{184} George Dyer, VII Corps Spearhead Patton’s 3rd Army (VII Corps Historical Association, 1947), iv.

{185}"General Board Reports: Functions, Organization, and Equipment of Army Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Study Number 24."

{186} Field Service Regulations, Larger Units, para. 127-128

{187} Ibid., para. 126

{188} “General Board Reports: Study of the Administrative Functions of the Army Group Headquarters, Study Number 29,” n.d., Records of the U.S. Army, Reports of the General Board USFET 1942-1946 (A69-1), Box 4, Eisenhower Presidential Library

{189}. Operations (1941), 3

{190} Carafano, After D-Day, 43; Dastrup, “History of the US Army Field Artillery School from Birth to the Eve of World War II,” 10.

{191} Operations (1941), 8

{192} Carafano, After D-Day, 43.

{193} “XIX Corps Standard Operating Procedures”; “XIII Corps Standard Operating Procedures, Change 1”; “XII Corps Staff Operational Procedures 12 August 1944 to May 1945.”

{194}Weigley, Eisenhower's Lieutenants, 151; "General Board Reports: Field Artillery Operations, Study Number 61."

{195}"General Board Reports: Field Artillery Operations, Study Number 61," 106.

{196}Ibid., 108.

{197}Matheny, Carrying the War to the Enemy, 255; "Army War College Command Course Lectures 1940"; Mansoor, The GI Offensive in Europe, 22.

{198}Field Service Regulations, Larger Units, 51.

{199} Quartermaster Field Manual: Quartermaster Operations; Quartermaster Service in Theater Operations, Quartermaster Field Manuals FM 10-10 (Washington D.C., USA: War Department, 1942); Ordnance Service in the Field, Ordnance Field Manual FM 9-5 (Washington D.C., USA: War Department, 1942). 

{200}Hogan, A Command Post at War: First Army Headquarters in Europe, 1943-1945, 27. 

{201}Carafano, After D-Day, 3.

{202}“General Board Reports: Supply Functions of Corps, Study Number 28,” 1; “XII Corps Staff Operational Procedures 12 August 1944 to May 1945”; “XIX Corps Standard Operating Procedures”; “XIII Corps Standard Operating Procedures, Change 1.” 

{203} “General Board Reports: Mechanics of Supply in Fast Moving Situations, Study 27”; “General Board Reports: Study of the Administrative Functions of the Army Group Headquarters, Study Number 29”; “General Board Reports: Supply Functions of Corps, Study Number 28.” 

{204}"Communications in France," Signal Corps Information Letters (1944): 2, 6.

{205}Operations (1941), 34-35.

{206}"First Army Signal Service," Signal Corps Information Letters (April 1945): 24-25.

{207}"Seventh Army Signals," Signal Corps Information Letters (December 1944): 14-15.

{208}"First Army Headquarters—After Actions Report Initial Draft with Comments"; "4th Infantry Division, Action Against Enemy After/After Action Reports," July 22, 1944, U. S. Army, 4th Infantry Division After action reports, 1940-46 (RG 407) (Microfilm), Reel 2, Eisenhower Presidential Library; Collins, Lightning Joe; Patton and Harkins, War as I Knew It; Bradley, A Soldier's Story.

{209} "General Board Reports: Signal Corps Personnel, Training, and Command and Administrative Structure, Study Number 112"; "General Board Report: Organization, Equipment, and Tactical Employment of the Armored Division, Study Number 48"; "General Board Reports: Organization, Equipment, and Tactical Employment of the Infantry Division, Study Number 15."

{210} David Perkins, "Doctrine 2015" (Presentation to School of Advanced Military Studies, Fort Leavenworth, KS, November 28, 2012).

{211} This appendix is a computation of the author's, drawn from Official Records, chronologies, operations reports, unit records, and secondary sources. Often there were noted discrepancies and the dates listed reflect when the preponderance of sources record the unit left the previous command.