An Encouragement of Learning

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abolition of the han (domain) 廃藩, 123

Asano Naganori 浅野長矩 (Asano Takumi-no-kami 浅野内匠頭, 1667–1701), 46, 46n

Ashikaga Takauji 足利尊氏 (1305–58)

Asia, xxvii–xxviii, 17, 20, 80, 110

assassination, 17, 47–48, 95, 98, 136

Bakin, Kyokutei (a.k.a. Takizawa Bakin; 滝沢馬琴, 1767–1848), 126, 126n

Britain: Great Britain 92; British Parliament, xx

Buddhism, Buddha, xxiv, 17, 109–10, 115

China, Chinese, the: xxiv, xxviii–xxix, 6, 64, 69, 71, 80–82, 104

Chinese Learning 漢学, xiv–xv, 31, 76

Chōya shinbun 朝野新聞 (Chōya Times), 135n, 138

Christianity, xxv, 115, 143–44

civilization: in India, 91; and enlightenment 文明開化, 19, 62; definition of, xxiii, xxv, 57; in France, 130; Japanese, xxiv, 27, 30, 32, 38, 71; modern, 9, 28–29, 38–39, 72, 138–40; progress of, 30, 70, 109, 142; and scholar’s role, 41–42; spirit of, 39–40; in Turky, 92; Western, xiv, xviii, xxiii–xxv, 74, 109–113, 116, 138

Clarkson, Thomas (1760–1846), 110

company, 51–53, 97

credulous, credulity (wakudeki 惑溺), 110

despotism, 33, 82, 84, 143–44

Diet, the, xxvii, 70, 76, 97

duty 職分: as citizens 46, 51; of the government 43; of scholars 27, 89;

education, 5, 31, 63, 68, 102, 117

England, 6, 22, 27, 97, 107, 110, 116, 142

equal rights, 32, 77, 144

Europe, xiii, xviii–xix, 20, 138

feudalism, 13–15, 47, 71–73; feudal censors (metsuke 目付), 125; feudal lords, 13–15, 83, 96

foreign relations 外国交際 (外交), 5–6, 19, 24, 111, 140, 143

foreigners 27, 38, 53, 75, 81, 140; expulsion of (Jōi 攘夷), xix, 6; intercourse with, 23–25, 71

Franklin, Benjamin (1706–90), 102, 102n

freedom: and independence: xxi, xxiv, 5, 12, 74, 85, 137, 199; of the nation xxii, 8, of press 97

Fudō Myō-ō 不動明王, 109

Galvani (1737–98), 109

gentlemen: pseudo gentlemen 偽君子, 33

government: Japanese, 6, 33; officials 3, 15, 28, 30–32, 48, 53, 68, 131; service xx, 8, 41, 104; tyrannical 17, 54–56, 82, 136. See also Tokugawa shogunate

Guizot, François (1787–1874), 144

Heaven 天, xx, 3–4, 12–13, 19, 47, 58; the principle of, xxi, 6–7, 55–56, 60, 62

Hōjō clan 北条, 137, 139, 142

human rights, 13–16,

human sentiment, 56, 96, 139

Imperial House 王室, 139–41

independence: of Britain, 27; of Japan, 27–28, 34, 38, 42; national, xxiii, xxv, xxii, 6, 32, 41; personal, xxi, 20; spirit of, 22, 39, 42

Inoue Kakugorō 井上角五郎 (1860–1938), xxviii

international law, 6, 70

Itagaki Taisuke 板垣退助 (1837–1919), 87n

Japan, Japanese: foreign relations, 5–6. 19, 24, 111, 140, 143; independence, 27–28, 34, 38, 42

Jitsugo-kyō 実語教, 3, 3n

Jōdo sect 浄土真宗(Pure Land Buddhism), 95

Keio-gijuku 慶應義塾 (Keio University), xiii, xx, xxv, 10, 38, 42, 48–49, 135

Kim Ok–kyun 金玉均 (1851–94), xxviii

Kira Yoshihisa 吉良芳央 (Kira Kōzukeno-suke 吉良上野介, 1641–1702), 46, 46n, 47

Kojiki 古事記 (Record of Ancient Matters), 11, 11n

learning: practical learning 実学, xxi, 74. See also Chinese Learning, Japanese Learnig, Western Learning

Luther, Martin (1483–1546), 110

master, and guest 主客, 51, 57–59

Meiji government, 40, 45n, 136

Mencius 孟子, 64–65

middle class, 32–33, 41, 112: women, xxix

Mill, John Stuart (1806–73), 110

Ministry of Education 文郫省, 49

Mongol Court, the, 142

moral subservience (meibun 名分), 84–85

national seclusion 鎖国, 5–6

newspaper, xiv, xxvii–xxviii, 32, 76, 111, 127, 142

Newton (1642–1727), 109

Oda Nobunaga 織田信長 (1534–82), 22, 22n

Okehazama 桶狭間, 22, 22n

Onna daigaku 女大学 (Great Learning for Women), 62

opening of the ports, xvi–xix, 5, 111

Ōshū Highway 奥州街道, 131, 131n

patriotism, 9, 22–23, 47, 83, 104, 136, 142, 144

peasant, 4, 8, 13–16, 47, 61, 104

physics, xvii, 4, 11, 73

political enermy, 46–47

popularity 人望, 125

private punishment 私裁, 44–47

relief laws (England), 107

religion, 115, 143; Roman, 110, 115

retainer: forty-seven retainers of the Akō 赤穂の義士, 46, 84, 138; loyal retainer, 忠臣義士, 57–58, 83, 136–38

scholars, 11, 42, 72, 76, 88–89; belonged to the middle class, 41; of Chinese Learning, 31, 62; of Confucian Learning, 4; and government, 31, 35, 49; of Japanese Learning, 4, 31, 62; of Western Learning, 31–32, 73–74, 88, 144

science, xv, xxiv, 4–5

Shinran 親鸞, 115–16

Smith, Adam (1723–90), 41

society, 14, 16, 76–77, 93–96, 125, 127: classes of, 4, 8, 28; in Japan, xxix–xxx; and nation, 19; and people, 68–69, 98, 119; reforms in, 32; uncivilized, 57

speech 演説, 87, 123, 128–30

spirit: of civilization, 38–40; of independence, 22, 39, 42; of the times, 41–42

Stephenson, George (1781–1848), 41

Sugita Genpaku 杉田玄白 (1733–1817), 71, 71n

Suruga 駿河, 22, 22n, 23

terakoya 寺子屋 (temple school), xxi, xxiv, 3n

Tōkaidō 東海道, 7, 7n, 88

Tokugawa shogunate 徳川幕府, xx, xxiv, 7, 14–15, 24–25, 46

Tokyo prefecture, the, 49

townsfolk 町人, 4, 14–16, 24, 33, 47, 83, 85

trend of the times, x, 41

Wayland, Francis (1796–1865), xxn, 59, 136

Western Learning, xvi, 31–32, 71–74, 88–89, 104, 144; Fukuzawa’s commitment to, xix, xxiv

women: Fukuzawa on, xiv, xxvii, xxix, 5, 62–63, 114–16; Mill on, 110