Underground Warfare 1914-1918

Notes

Chapter 1

1.	Kenneth Wiggins, Siege Mines and Underground Warfare, (Shire, Princes Risborough, 2003), pp. 10–11.
2.	Wiggins, ibid., pp. 18–19.
3.	R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History, (Jane’s Publishing Company, London, 1980), pp. 524–5.
4.	Captain Genez, Histoire de la Guerre Souterraine, (Librairie Militaire Berger Levrault, Paris, 1914) (translated in Royal Engineers Journal, Vol. XX, 1914), p. 321.
5.	Bruno Zschokke, Handbuch der militärischen Sprengtechnik für Offiziere aller Waffen, (Verlag von Veit & Comp., Leipzig, 1911), p. 162.
6.	Mark Grimsley ‘Siege of Petersburg’ in John Whiteclay Chambers II (Ed.), Oxford Companion to American Military History, (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999), p. 546; ‘V L’, ‘The Engineers in Grant’s Campaigns of 1864–5’, Royal Engineers Journal, Sept. 1938, p. 131.
7.	Zschokke op. cit., p247–249.
8.	Dupuy op. cit.
9.	Extracts from the old mining regulations Issued by the General of Pioneers, Army Headquarters, Laon, April 1915. SS461 General Staff 1916.
10.	Zschokke, op. cit., p. 163; [anon.] Instruction allemand sur le service du pionier dans la guerre de siège (1913), (Ministère de la Guerre Paris 1915); [anon.] Sprengvorschrift von 1911, (Georg Bath, Berlin, 1918).
11.	Col. G.H. Addison, ‘The German Engineer and Pioneer Corps,’ The Royal Engineers Journal, Vol. LVI Dec. 1942, p. 313.
12.	Toepfer (Captain), ‘Technics in the Russo-Japanese War’, (from the Kriegstechnische Zeitschrift, 1906), Professional Memoirs. Corps of Engineers, United States Army and Engineer Department at Large. Vol. II, No.6 (1910) pp. 192–3; 201.
13.	Anon., ‘German regulations for field fortifications and conclusions reached in Russia from the battles in defensive positions in Manchuria’ [Translation from The Militär Wochenblatt], Professional Memoirs. Corps of Engineers, United States Army and Engineer Department at Large, Vol. II, No.7 (1910), pp. 365, 369.
14.	Major De Pardieu, A Critical Study of German Tactics and of the New German Regulations, (trans. Captain Charles F. Martin), (United States Cavalry Association, Kansas, 1912), p. 117.
15.	Écoles du Génie, Instruction Pratique, École de Mines, Livre de l’Officier (approbation ministérielle du 25 Juillet 1908), (Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 1916); Écoles du Génie, École de Mines, approbation ministérielle du 16 Juillet 1901, Édition mis à jour jusqu’au 30 avril 1909, (Imprimerie Nationale Paris 1918).
16.	La Butte Meurtrie Vauquois La guerre des mines 1914–1918, (Les Amis de Vauquois et de sa Région, 2004), p. 180.
17.	Report of the Siege Operations held at Chatham July and August 1907, (Chatham: School of Military Engineering, 1907), p. 7.
18.	Ibid., p. 27.
19.	Ibid., p. 31.
20.	Ibid., p. 45.
21.	Ibid.
22.	Ibid., p. 30.
23.	Mining in France 1914–1917 by Major-General R.N. Harvey, late Inspector of Mines, p. 1, National Archives (NA), WO106/387.
24.	First Report of the committee on Siege and Fortress Warfare, 1908, p. 3, NA, WO33/2986.
25.	Major G.R. Pridham, RE, Siege Operations carried out by the 20th and 42nd Companies, Royal Engineers, June, 1913, p. 11, NA WO279/50.
26.	Op. cit., p. 12.
27.	Op. cit., p. 11.
28.	Interim Report of Major-General Hickman’s Siege Committee, November 1914, NA, WO33/699; Report of the Committee on Siege Artillery Material, December 1914, NA, WO33/701.
29.	Military Engineering (Part II.) Attack and Defence of Fortresses, General Staff, War Office, 1910. (London: HMSO 1910), p. 5.
30.	Major General H.L. Pritchard RE (Ed.), History of the Corps of Royal Engineers, Vol. V., (Chatham, The Institution of Royal Engineers, 1952), p. 454.
31.	Genez, op. cit., p. 394.
32.	Lt Col R.N. Harvey, ‘Obstacles. Their tactical use, construction, and methods of destruction or surmounting them,’ The Royal Engineers Journal, Vol. XX, No. 4, October 1914, p. 217.
33.	Harvey, Mining in France, op. cit., pp. 1–2.
34.	Colonel Toepfer, ‘Minenkämpfe’ in M. Schwarte (Ed.) Die Militärischen Lehren des Großen Krieges, (Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, Berlin, 1920), p. 211.
35.	Op. cit., p. 212.

Chapter 2

1.	[Anon.], 1er et 21e Régiments du Génie Historique, (Judas & Machard, n.d.), p. 67.
2.	Ministère de la Guerre, État-Major de l’Armée – Service Historique, Les Armées françaises dans la grande guerre, Vol. II, (Imp. Nationale, Paris, 1931), App. 427.
3.	Report of article by Col. Baills in Revue du Génie Militaire, June 1929, RE Journal December 1929 Vol. XLIII, p.189; August Lehmann, Das K. B. [Königliches Bayerisches] Pionier=Regiment (Max Schick, Munich, 1927), pp. 97, 99.
4.	General Staff, Handbook of the German Army at War, April, 1918, reprinted as German Army Handbook April 1918, (Arms and Armour Press, London, 1977), pp.97–100.
5.	Karl Witte, 3. Rheinisches Pionier=Bataillon Nr. 30 (Gerhard Stalling, Berlin, 1928), pp. 39–40.
6.	Ernst Schmidt, Argonnen, (Gerhard Stalling, Berlin, 1927), p.120.
7.	[Anon.], 1er et 21e Régiments du Génie Historique, op. cit., p.45.
8.	Witte, op. cit., pp. 41–42, 52–53.
9.	Quoted in Henry de Varigny, Mines et Tranchées, (Berger-Levrault, Paris, 1915), pp.64–65.
10.	Les Armées françaises dans la grande guerre, Vol. II, op. cit., p.114.
11.	Captain W. Grant Grieve and Bernard Newman, Tunnellers, (Herbert Jenkins, London, 1936), pp. 25–26.
12.	A German VII Corps report quoted by Grieve and Newman (ibid.) states all ten mines fired, but this is contradicted by the History of the 7th Pioneers which states that the charge in Sap 6 could not be used. W. Buhr, Die Geschichte des I. Westf. Pionier=Bataillons Nr. 7 und seiner Kriegsverbände im Weltkriege 1914/18, (Gerhard Stalling, Oldenburg, 1938), pp. 119–122.
13.	Buhr, ibid.
14.	VII Corps report, Grieve and Newman op. cit., p. 29.
15.	Brigadier General J.E. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1915, Vol. 1, (MacMillan and Co. Ltd, London, 1927), pp. 20–22.
16.	Les Armées françaises, op. cit., Vol.2, p. 212.
17.	Ibid., Appendix 510, Letter to armies 30/12/14.
18.	G.H. Addison, The Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War, 1914–1918 Miscellaneous (Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham 1927), p. 7.
19.	Mining in France 1914–1917 by Major-General R.N. Harvey, late Inspector of Mines,
20.	Interview with F.G. Hyland, Barrie Papers, Royal Engineers Museum (REM).
21.	Mining in France, op. cit., pp. 2–3, Harvey states that the GOC IV Corps wrote to GHQ on or about 3 December 1914 asking for a battalion of sappers and miners; Military Operations 1915 Vol. 1, op. cit., p. 33 and Tunnellers, op. cit., p. 25 probably following Harvey also date this letter to 3 December 1914; Tunnellers p. 25 also states that Rawlinson wrote to ‘Army headquarters’ and that his proposal was received ‘with approval, and forwarded to G.H.Q., with a strong recommendation that it should be adopted’, however, armies were not created in the BEF until 26 December 1914; [Anon.], The Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War, 1914–19. Military Mining (Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham, 1922), p. 1 states that the demand came from IV Corps at the end of December and that it was ‘warmly supported’ by the GOC 1st Army (i.e. Gen. Haig).
22.	Military Operations, 1915, Vol. 1, op. cit., p. 33, no date is given for the instruction but it is presumed to have come after 26 December.
23.	Tunnellers’ Old Comrades Association (TOCA) Bulletin No.2, 1927, p. 18.
24.	Sir John Norton Griffiths, ‘Memorandum on Moles’, TOCA Bulletin No.3, 1928, p. 58.
25.	Mining in France, op. cit.
26.	TOCA Bulletin No.2, 1927, p. 18–19. Norton Griffiths’s memory of the sequence of events was not perfect as the mining attack suffered by the 16th Lancers near Hill 60 took place on 21 February 1915.
27.	Friedrich Seesselberg, Der Stellungskrieg 1914–1918, (E.S. Mittler and Son, Berlin, 1926), p. 296.
28.	Hartenstein, Das Ruhrhessische Pionier=Bataillon Nr. 11 im Weltkriege 1914–1918, (Bernhard Sporn, Zeulenroda, 1936), p.128.
29.	Paul Heinrici [Ed.], Das Ehrenbuch der Deutschen Pioniere, (Verlag Tradition Wilhelm Rolf, Berlin [1931], p. 146.
30.	Quoted in Heinrici, op. cit.
31.	Seesselberg, op. cit., p. 309.
32.	Commandant R. de Feriet, La Crête des Éparges 1914–1918, (Payot, Paris, 1939), pp. 69–86.
33.	Maurice Genevoix, Les Éparges, (Pierre de Tartas, 1974), p. 99.
34.	Feriet, op. cit.

Chapter 3

1.	Capitaine [Hippolyte-Michel] Thobie, La Prise de Carency par le Pic et Par la Mine, (Berger-Levrault, Paris 1918), p. 142. Thobie commanded the 20/11 Engineer Company and this section is largely based on his detailed account of the assault on Carency.
2.	Ibid., p. 148.
3.	Ibid., p. 194.
4.	War Diary, French 70th Infantry Division, [SHAT].
5.	Thobie, op. cit., p. 229.
6.	Major General Belin, Note au sujet des travaux de mines, GQG, État-Major, 3e Bureau, No. 820 3/3/15, Annexe 1055, Ministère de la Guerre, État-Major de l’Armée – Service Historique, Les Armées françaises dans la grande guerre, Vol. II, (Imp. Nationale, Paris, 1931).
7.	This section is drawn from the detailed recent study by Jean-Jacques Gorlet, La Guerre de Mines dans l’Oise 1914–1917 en secteur calme, (Société Archéologique Historique et Scientifique de Noyon, 2005).
8.	Gorlet, op. cit., p. 173.
9.	Gorlet, op. cit., p. 167.
10.	Gorlet, op. cit., p. 172.
11.	Commandant R. de Feriet, La Crête des Éparges 1914–1918, (Payot, Paris, 1939), pp. 173, 178.
12.	Ibid., p. 179.
13.	Ministère de la Guerre, État-Major de l’Armée – Service Historique, Les Armées françaises dans la grande guerre, Vol. III, (Imp. Nationale, Paris, 1931), p. 634.
14.	Nivelle, ‘Note pour le 2 C.A.’, 14/5/1916, annex 311, Ministère de la Guerre, État-Major de l’Armée – Service Historique, Les Armées françaises dans la grande guerre, Vol. IV, (Imp. Nationale, Paris, 1933).
15.	André Pézard, Nous autres, à Vauquois 1915–1916, (Paris, La Renaissance du Livre, 1918), p. 282.
16.	The section on Vauquois is based largely on the study by les Amis de Vauquois, La Butte Meurtrie Vauquois La guerre des mines 1914–1918, (Les Amis de Vauquois et de sa Région, 2004).
17.	Pézard, op. cit., pp. 236–237.
18.	Amis de Vauquois, op. cit., p. 240; Karl Witte, 3. Rheinisches Pionier=Bataillon Nr.30 (Gerhard Stalling, Berlin 1928), pp. 63–64.
19.	Adolf Buchner, Der Minenkrieg auf Vauquois, (W. Goertz, Karlsfeld, 1982), p. 57.
20.	Pézard, op. cit., p. 276.
21.	Buchner, op. cit., p. 54.
22.	Report of Captain Durant 20/12/1917 Service Historique de la Défense, Département de l’armée de Terre (SHAT) – 2 V 221, quoted in Amis de Vauquois, op. cit., p. 279.
23.	Buchner, op. cit., p. 62. Feikert states that they entered the gallery and took a French prisoner which is not confirmed by the account in Amis de Vauquois, op. cit., p. 280.
24.	Buchner, op. cit., p. 61.

Chapter 4

1.	Captain W. Grant Grieve and Bernard Newman, Tunnellers, (Herbert Jenkins, London, 1936), pp. 37.
2.	TOCA Bulletin No. 2, 1927, pp. 18–19.
3.	Grieve & Newman, op. cit., pp. 39, 46. Brigadier General J. E. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1915, (MacMillan and Co. Ltd, London, 1927). Vol. 1,
4.	Grieve & Newman, op. cit., pp. 53–54.
5.	Diary of Sir John Norton Griffiths, 10/4/1915, NA WO158/129.
6.	Edmonds, Military Operations 1915 Vol. 1, op. cit., p. 168; [Anon.], The Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War, 1914–19. Military Mining, (Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham, 1922), pp. 20–22.
7.	Norton Griffiths diary, op. cit., 19/4/1915.
8.	Edmonds, Military Operations 1915 Vol. 1, op. cit., p. 167.
9.	Held, [et al] Das Königlich Preussische Garde=Pionier=Bataillon und seine Kriegsverbände 1914/18, Vol. 1, (Carl Fr. Berg, Berlin, 1932), p. 264.
10.	Grieve & Newman, op. cit., p. 46; Edmonds, Military Operations 1915 Vol. 1, op. cit., p.
11.	Military Mining, op. cit., p. 23; ‘W.G.’ [Walter Gard’ner], One Mole Rampant, [privately published, c.1921], p. 151–2.
12.	Who’s Who in Wales, 1926, quoted by L. Hughes and J. Dixon, “Surrender Be Damned” A History of the 1/1st Battalion the Monmouthshire Regiment, 1914–18, (CWM Press, Caerphilly, 1995), p. 298.
13.	Letter of 12/7/1915, Gard’ner, One Mole Rampant, op. cit., pp. 213–215.
14.	For a detailed account of the Hooge mine see Peter Barton, Peter Doyle & Johan Vandewalle, Beneath Flanders Fields, the Tunnellers’ War 1914–1918, Spellmount, Staplehurst, 2004), pp. 155–157.
15.	Hepburn states in an interview with Barrie in 1960 that he went from 20ft to 60ft depth in July 1915 but he is probably confusing this with later shafts, Barrie papers, Royal Engineers Museum (REM); Norton Griffiths diary, op. cit., 18/6/1915 & 11/7/1915 gives depths for these shafts as 21ft but on 2/11/1915 refers to the ‘old level’ as 30ft; Mulqueen, Memoirs of Major F.J. Mulqueen, DSO MC, Royal Engineers Library (REL), states ‘about 35ft’.
16.	Gard’ner, One Mole Rampant, op. cit., p. 217.
17.	Barton, et. al., Beneath Flanders Fields, op. cit., p. 152.
18.	Geoffrey Cassels, the officer responsible for this mine, provided a detailed account to Barrie in 1960, Barrie papers, op. cit., Barrie used this in his own book, Alexander Barrie, War Underground, (Star Books, London, 1981, originally Frederick Muller, London, 1962) and also forms part of a detailed description in Barton, et. al., Beneath Flanders Fields, op. cit., pp. 148-154.
19.	Plan Pl. VII Craters on Cuinchy Front in Military Mining, op. cit. shows the centre of the mine blown from No. 2 tunnel as 80ft NW of H brickstack. These blows were reported to have buried a complete platoon of the 14th Westphalian Division, W. Buhr, Die Geschichte des I. Westf. Pionier=Bataillons Nr. 7 und seiner Kriegsverbände im Weltkriege 1914/18 (Gerhard Stalling, Oldenburg, 1938), p. 134.
20.	Quoted by Edmonds, Military Operations 1915 Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 31.
21.	Buhr, Geschichte des I. Westf. Pionier=Bataillons Nr. 7, op. cit., p. 135.
22.	Ibid., pp. 134–137.
23.	Grieve & Newman, op. cit., p. 68; Supplement to the London Gazette, 2/10/1915.
24.	Norton Griffiths diary, op. cit., 14/6/1915.
25.	Edmonds, Military Operations 1915 Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 94; War Diary 176 Tunnelling Company, RE, NA, WO95/244.
26.	Edmonds, Military Operations 1915 Vol. 2, op. cit., pp. 263–264.
27.	Ibid., p. 252.
28.	Ibid., pp. 253 & 255.
29.	Ibid., p. 257.
30.	Grieve & Newman, op. cit., p. 70–71.
31.	Geoffrey Sparrow & J.N. MacBean, On Four Fronts with the Royal Naval Division, (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1918), p. 88.
32.	J. Murray, Gallipoli As I Saw It, (William Kimber, London, 1965), pp. 116-118.
33.	R. East, (Ed.), The Gallipoli Diary of Sergeant Lawrence of the Australian Engineers – 1st A.I.F. 1915 (Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1981), p. 24.
34.	C.E.W. Bean, The Story of Anzac [Vol. 2] from 4 May, 1915, to the Evacuation of the Gallipoli Peninsula, (Angus and Robertson Ltd, Australia, 1941) p. 815.
35.	East, Lawrence diary, op. cit., p. 87.
36.	Bean, The Story of Anzac, op. cit., p. 817.
37.	Ibid., p. 820.
38.	Ibid., p. 861.
39.	Table based on ibid., p. 879.
40.	Grieve & Newman, op. cit., p. 86 state it was more than twenty mines.
41.	Murray, Gallipoli As I Saw It, op. cit., p. 188.
42.	Major General H.L. Pritchard, RE, (Ed.), History of the Corps of Royal Engineers, Vol. VI, Gallipoli, Macedonia, Egypt and Palestine 1914–18, (The Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham, 1952), p. 93.
43.	Maj Gen R. Napier Harvey, ‘Notes on Mining from the G.H.Q. Viewpoint’, TOCA Bulletin, No. 4, 1929, p. 29.
44.	Letter to Alexander Barrie 7/2/1960, Barrie papers, REM. Cropper later felt that Norton Griffiths and Harvey had taken the credit for his idea to go under the ridge using the blue clay layer, partial interview transcript, Barrie papers REM; Barrie, War Underground, op. cit., pp. 193–194.
45.	Norton Griffiths diary, op. cit., 20/12/1915.
46.	Harvey, Mining in France, op. cit., p. 7.
47.	R. N. Harvey, ‘Military Mining in the Great War, A Lecture delivered at the S.M.E., Chatham, on November 14th, 1929’, Royal Engineers Journal, XLIII Dec. 1929, p. 538.
48.	Maj. Gen G.H. Fowke, Chief Engineer, to GS, GHQ, 3/3/1915, notes from War Office records, Barrie Papers, REM.

Chapter 5

1.	Maj Gen R.N. Harvey, ‘Military Mining in the Great War, A Lecture delivered at the S.M.E., Chatham, on November 14th, 1929’, Royal Engineers Journal, XLIII Dec. 1929, p. 539.
2.	Notes from War Office records, Barrie papers, REM; Harvey, Military Mining in the Great War, op. cit., p. 539.
3.	Norton Griffiths diary, op. cit., 12/12/1915.
4.	Speech by Norton Griffiths, ‘Tunnellers’ Old Comrades Association Annual Dinner, 1927’, TOCA Bulletin, No. 2, 1927, p. 21.
5.	Norton Griffiths diary, op. cit., 24/10/1915, 11/12/1915.
6.	Details of charges from 170 Tunnelling Company War Diary, noted in Barrie papers, REM; Brigadier General J. E. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], (Imperial War Museum, London, nd, originally published 1932), p. 175 records the charges incorrectly.
7.	Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., pp. 174–175; Barrie, War Underground, op. cit., includes details about this attack in Chapter 10 probably derived from an interview with William Morgan of 170 Tunnelling Company which has not survived amongst the interview transcripts in the Barrie papers in REM.
8.	Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1] Appendices, (Macmillan and Co. Ltd, London, 1932), p. 49 Appendix 7, 36th Infantry Brigade Order No. 79, 1/3/1916.
9.	Ibid.
10.	Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., pp. 176–177.
11.	[Anon.], The Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War, 1914-19. Work in the field under the Engineer-in-Chief, B.E.F., Geological Work on the Western Front, (Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham, 1922), Fig. 10, Section C.
12.	Mulqueen Memoirs, op. cit., p. 41.
13.	Ibid., pp. 41–42.
14.	Lt Gen R. Fanshawe GOC 5th Corps to 2nd Army, 9/11/1915, ‘War Diaries - St. Eloi Operations’, Library and Archives Canada (LAC).
15.	Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., p. 178.
16.	Norton Griffiths diary, op. cit., 7/12/1915.
17.	War Diary, 172 Tunnelling Company, NA WO95/244.
18.	Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., p. 178.
19.	War Diary, 172 Tunnelling Company, op. cit., 18/2/1916.
20.	Norton Griffiths diary, op. cit., 18/2/1916.
21.	Letter J.A. Douglas to Alexander Barrie 3/2/1960, Barrie papers, REM.
22.	Norton Griffiths diary, op. cit., 3/3/1916.
23.	Letter J.A. Douglas op. cit.
24.	Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., p. 179.
25.	Ibid.
26.	Ibid.
27.	9th Infantry Brigade Operation Order No. 25 by Brig Gen H.C. Potter 25/3/1915, ‘War Diaries - St. Eloi Operations’, LAC.
28.	Harvey, Mining in France, op. cit., p. 9.
29.	Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., p. 182; Francis Buckley, Q. 6. A And Other Places Recollections of 1916, 1917, 1918, (London, Spottiswoode, Ballantyne & Co. Ltd, 1920), p. 39.
30.	Lt Col W. Wilde 31/3/1916 ‘Report by CO 1/NF Report on Operations at St Eloi on 27th/28th March 1916’, ‘War Diaries - St. Eloi Operations’, LAC.
31.	Report by Lt Col G.G. Ottley CO 4RF 31/3/16, ‘War Diaries - St. Eloi Operations’, LAC. He believed that mine no. 6 had failed to explode.
32.	Ibid.
33.	Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., p. 187.
34.	Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., p. 189.
35.	Letter J.A. Douglas to Alexander Barrie 14/9/1960, Barrie papers, REM.
36.	Haldane, ‘Operations at St Eloi from March 26th to 29th 1916’, ‘War Diaries - St. Eloi Operations’, LAC.
37.	Brig Gen H.C. Potter, ‘Lessons to be learnt from the Operations at St Eloi March 27th 1916’, ‘War Diaries - St. Eloi Operations’, LAC.
38.	Haldane, ‘Points regarding the Operations of March 27th, 1916’, ‘War Diaries - St. Eloi Operations’, LAC.
39.	Haldane Report re operations 27 March – 3 April 1916, ‘War Diaries - St. Eloi Operations’, LAC.
40.	‘Extracts from Report of 2nd Army to GHQ on the St Eloi operations’, ‘War Diaries -St. Eloi Operations’, LAC.
41.	Ibid.
42.	SS112 Consolidation of Trenches and Localities after Assault and Capture, p. 1.
43.	Diary of Major R.S.G Stokes, 11-13/5/1916, 18/5/1916, 20/8/1916, NA, WO158/137.
44.	Brigadier General J. E. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1917, Vol. II, 7th June – 10th November Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele), (HMSO, London, 1927), p. 5.
45.	[Anon.], The Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War, 1914–19. Military Mining, (Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham, 1922), p. 18.

Chapter 6

1.	War Diary 252 Tunnelling Company, 30/4/1916, NA, WO95/406.
2.	Op. cit., 20/5/1916.
3.	In addition, on the 29th Division front, half of the 18-pdr guns firing a shrapnel barrage were to lift three minutes before zero. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., p. 430–431. Apparently the heavy artillery was lifted on the whole corps front to keep the successive advance on the main German rearward defences in step. R. Prior and T. Wilson, The Somme, (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2005), p. 72.
4.	Lt Geoffrey Malins OBE, How I Filmed the War, (Herbert Jenkins Limited, London, 1920), pp. 162–163.
5.	Quoted in Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., p. 431.
6.	Letter to J.E. Edmonds, 21/1/1930, NA CAB45/138.
7.	fn. Letter to J.E. Edmonds, nd, October 1929, NA CAB45/189; the Official History states that this was four hours before zero rather than 6pm the night before. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., p. 429.
8.	Letter Hunter-Weston to Edmonds, 12/12/1929, NA CAB45/138.
9.	Letter Ruthven to Edmonds, 30/10/29, NA CAB45/137; Letter de Lisle to Edmonds 12/11/1929, NA CAB45/189.
10.	Letter Fuller to Edmonds, 24/1/1930, NA CAB45/188.
11.	Letter Harvey to Edmonds, nd, February 1930, NA CAB45/189.
12.	Letter Trower to Harvey 14/2/1930 NA CAB45/189.
13.	Letter Harvey to Edmonds, 27/2/1930, NA CAB45/189.
14.	Letter Preedy to Harvey 22/3/1930, NA CAB45/189.
15.	Letter de Lisle to Edmonds 12/11/1929, NA CAB45/189.
16.	Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., p. 430.
17.	Letter de Lisle to Edmonds, op. cit.
18.	Letter to J.E. Edmonds, nd, October 1929, NA CAB45/189.
19.	Interview transcript, Barrie papers, REM.
20.	H.M. Hance ‘Notes on the German Mining System at La Boisselle’, 179 Tunnelling Company WD, NA WO95/244.
21.	Letter H.M. Hance to Edmonds, June 1930, NA CAB45/134.
22.	103 Brigade Op Order No 24, 21/6/1916, 103 Brigade WD, NA WO95/2464; 101 Brigade Op Order No 34, 23/6/1916, 101 Brigade WD, NA WO95/2455.
23.	Letter H.M. Hance to Edmonds, op. cit.
24.	Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., p. 382.
25.	Mining Report by H.M. Hance, 5/7/1916, WD 34 Division GS, NA WO95/2432.
26.	Letter Harvey to Edmonds, nd, February 1930, NA CAB45/189.
27.	The Brigade Commander states that they delayed their advance two minutes for the mine but also states incorrectly that the mines were blown at 7.30am. Brig Gen Trevor Ternan, The Story of the Tyneside Scottish, (The Northumberland Press, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, 1919), p. 104.
28.	Mining Report by H.M. Hance, 5/7/1916, op. cit.
29.	Letter A.G.B.Urmston (former CO 15th Royal Scots) to Edmonds, 11/6/1930, NA CAB45/191. Urmston states that his battalion’s advance was delayed five minutes owing to the mine and this is repeated in the official history. However, I cannot find this in any orders and it may refer to the effect of the mine rather than an order.
30.	Letter Maxse to Mary Maxse, 5/9/1915, West Sussex Record Office, (154).
31.	Norton Griffiths diary, op. cit., 8/10/1915.
32.	Untitled report, Appendix XIII, 55th Infantry Brigade War Diary, NA WO95/2046.
33.	German Mining Officer’s Diary Captured at Fricourt, July 1916, General Staff SS465 1916, pp. 4–5.
34.	Description of German workings at Fricourt from Mining Note No. 46 ‘Further Notes on Enemy Mining Methods’, NA WO158/130.
35.	Grieve and Newman, Tunnellers, op. cit., p. 125; Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., p. 348 states incorrectly that all three of the Tambour mines detonated.
36.	Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., p. 357.
37.	Letter H.C.B. Hickling to Edmonds, nd, NA CAB45/134.
38.	Grieve & Newman, Tunnellers, op. cit., p. 123; Letter H.C.B. Hickling to Edmonds, op. cit.; Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], op. cit., p. 349 states incorrectly that the mine ‘completely destroyed’ Bulgar Point.
39.	Weekly Mine Report 183 Tunnelling Company RE, War Diary 18 Division GS, NA WO95/ 2015.
40.	Experimental Craters & Galleries, NA WO153/1254.
41.	Grieve & Newman, Tunnellers, op. cit., p. 131.
42.	252 Tunnelling Company WD, NA WO95/406; Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 2], op. cit., p. 492.

Chapter 7

1.	Frederick J. Mulqueen, Memoirs of Major F J Mulqueen, DSO MC, REL, p. 81.
2.	Mulqueen, op. cit., p. 84.
3.	Canadian Corps Scheme of Operations 19/3/1917, NA WO158/424.
4.	Lt Col G.P.G. Robinson RE, The Durand Mine and First World War Tunnel System in the Grange Area of the Canadian Memorial Park, Vimy (School of Military Engineering, Chatham, 1989) unpublished report, RE Library, p. 3; Harvey, ‘Mining in France’, op. cit., p. 15.
5.	Quoted Nigel Cave, Battleground Europe Arras Vimy Ridge, (Leo Cooper, London, 1996), p. 167 (presumed source Report by 1st Army Inspector of Mines on Operation of 9 April 1917 National Archives WO158/138).
6.	[Anon.], The Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War, 1914–19. Work in the field under the Engineer-in-Chief, B.E.F., Geological Work on the Western Front, (Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham, 1922), p. 28–29.
7.	J.C. Neill (Ed.), The New Zealand Tunnelling Company, 1915–1919, (Whitcombe & Tombs, Auckland, 1922), pp. 80–81; Jonathon Nicholls, Cheerful Sacrifice, (Leo Cooper, London, 1990), p. 107.
8.	Otto Füsslein, ‘Der Minenkrieg in Flandern‘ in Paul Heinrici [Ed.], Das Ehrenbuch der Deutschen Pioniere, (Verlag Tradition Wilhelm Rolf, Berlin, 1931), p. 543, hereafter ‘Ehrenbuch’.
9.	Oberkommando des Heeres, Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918, Die Kriegführung im Frühjahr 1917, Vol. 12, (E.S. Mittler & Sohn, Berlin, 1939), p. 428, hereafter German Official History.
10.	Genealogical data on Otto Füsslein, http://www.holger-fuesslein.de/Fuesslein/n_2. htm#6.
11.	Colonel Töpfer ‘Minenkämpfe’ in M. Schwarte (Ed.) Die Militärischen Lehren des Großen Krieges, (Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, Berlin, 1920), p. 212.
12.	Hermann Cron, Imperial German Army 1914–18: Organisation, Structure, Orders of Battle, (Helion and Company, Solihull, 2006) originally published as Geschichte des Deutschen Heeres im Weltkriege 1914–1918, (Berlin, Militarverlag Karl Siegismund, 1937), p. 157.
13.	Günther Rückbeil, Das 1. Rheinische Pionier=Bataillon Nr. 8 und seine Kriegsverbände im Weltkriege 1914/18, (Gerhard Stalling, Berlin, 1926), p. 113.
14.	[Anon.], Vorschriften für den Stellungskrieg für alle Waffen. Teil 2. Minenkrieg, (Kriegsministerium, Berlin, 1916), p. 10.
15.	Füsslein, Ehrenbuch, op. cit., p. 543.
16.	Held, [et. al.] Das Königlich Preussische Garde=Pionier=Bataillon und seine Kriegsverbände 1914/18 (2 Vols.), (Carl Fr. Berg, Berlin, 1932), p. 269.
17.	Füsslein, Ehrenbuch, op. cit., p. 543.
18.	Hackett’s words are here as given by Grieve & Newman and are taken to be more plausible than those in the London Gazette, Captain W. Grant Grieve and Bernard Newman, Tunnellers, (Herbert Jenkins, London, 1936), pp. 163–168; Supplement to the London Gazette, 5 August, 1916, p. 744; J.C. Dunn, The War the Infantry Knew, [1938], p. 217.
19.	Füsslein, Ehrenbuch, op. cit., p. 543.
20.	Füsslein, Ehrenbuch, op. cit., p. 542.
21.	Füsslein, Ehrenbuch, op. cit., p. 543.
22.	Füsslein: ‘richtige Wasserfänger’, Füsslein, Ehrenbuch, op. cit., p. 543.
23.	Füsslein, Ehrenbuch, op. cit., p. 544.
24.	Ibid.
25.	Ibid.
26.	Tunnellers, op. cit., pp. 209–214; Füsslein, Ehrenbuch, op. cit., p. 543.
27.	Tunnellers, op. cit., pp. 214–216; Brigadier General J. E. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1917, Vol. II, 7th June – 10th November Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele), (HMSO, London, 1927), p. 60.
28.	Füsslein, Ehrenbuch, op. cit., p. 544.
29.	Map NA WO158/285, reproduced in Peter Barton, Peter Doyle & Johan Vandewalle, Beneath Flanders Fields, the Tunnellers’ War 1914–1918, (Spellmount, Staplehurst, 2004), p. 180.
30.	Map NA WO153/449 reproduced in Beneath Flanders Fields, op. cit., p. 167.
31.	Tunnellers, op. cit., pp. 216–218; [Anon.], The Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War, 1914–19. Military Mining, (Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham, 1922), p. 40.
32.	Grieve & Newman state that Bedson served in the White Haven collieries but his service record states Cadeby. Tunnellers, op. cit., pp. 218–223; Service record of William Henry Bedson, NA.
33.	Tunnellers, op. cit., pp. 223–224.
34.	Tunnellers, op. cit., pp. 225–227.
35.	Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1917, Vol. II, p. 57.
36.	Tunnellers, op. cit., pp. 230–231.
37.	Geological Work, op. cit., p. 30; Tunnellers, op. cit., pp. 231–232; Füsslein, Ehrenbuch, op. cit., p. 545.
38.	Tunnellers, op. cit., pp. 232–235; Alexander Barrie, War Underground, (Star Books, London, 1981, originally Frederick Muller, London, 1962), pp. 243–244.
39.	Mining plan, NA WO153/909.
40.	Tunnellers, op. cit., pp. 235–236; Bryan Frayling ‘Tunnellers’, Royal Engineers Journal, August 1988, p. 172.
41.	Mining plans NA WO153/909.
42.	Füsslein, Ehrenbuch, op. cit., p. 547.
43.	German Official History, op. cit., pp. 430–431, translated in [Anon.], ‘The Messines Ridge Mines, 7th June, 1917. German Accounts’, Royal Engineers Journal, Vol. LIV, 1940, p. 349.
44.	German Official History, op. cit., p. 437 and Messines Ridge Mines, op. cit., p. 350.
45.	German Official History, op. cit., pp. 441–442 and Messines Ridge Mines, op. cit., p. 350–351.
46.	Brig R.N. Harvey, State of offensive mines on Second Army front intended for use during the operations, 16/4/1917, ‘Messines – Wytschaete’, NA, WO158/215.
47.	C.E.W. Bean, The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 – 1918 Volume IV The Australian Imperial Force in France: 1917 (Australia: Angus and Robertson Ltd 1933), p. 577. Hereafter Australian Official History.
48.	Brig Gen J. H. Davidson for Lt Gen, Chief of the General Staff to Second Army, 24/5/1917, ‘Messines – Wytschaete’, NA, WO158/215.
49.	Letter Lt Gen L. E. Kiggell to Plumer, 29/5/1917; Summary of Proceedings of a Conference held at Pernes at 11am, 30th May, 1917, Lt Gen Kiggell, 31/5/1917. ‘Messines – Wytschaete’, NA, WO158/215.
50.	Interview with Hudspeth, Barrie papers, REM.
51.	Harvey, ‘Mining in France’, op. cit., pp. 19–20.
52.	Letter H. R. Kerr to Barrie, 8/3/1962, Barrie Papers, REM.
53.	Ralph G. Hamilton, The War Diary of the Master of Belhaven (London 1924), p. 304.
54.	Translation of the history of the 204 (German) Division in Australian War Memorial 26/6/190/1, quoted in R. Prior and T. Wilson, Passchendaele: The Untold Story, (Yale, London, 1996), p. 61.
55.	Australian Official History, op. cit., p. 959.
56.	Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1917, Vol. II, pp. 59-60.
57.	Quoted in Myles Dungan, Irish Voices from the Great War, (Irish Academic Press, Dublin, 1995), p. 159.
58.	Frayling Tunnellers, op. cit.
59.	Cyril Falls, The History of the 36th (Ulster) Division, (M’Caw, Stevenson & Orr, Limited, Belfast, 1922), p. 92.
60.	Frayling Tunnellers, op. cit.
61.	Gen Sir Charles Harington, Plumer of Messines, (John Murray, London, 1935), p. 104. This arrangement of corpses seems likely to have been a macabre soldiers’ prank.
62.	Tunnellers, op. cit., p. 244.
63.	Australian Official History, op. cit., p. 602.
64.	Australian Official History, op. cit., p. 549.
65.	Harvey, ‘Mining in France’, op. cit., p. 21.
66.	Ibid.
67.	Füsslein, Ehrenbuch, op. cit., p. 548.
68.	Ibid.
69.	Major Soffner, ‘Oblt. Sonne, führer der 3./Pi. 25’ in Paul Heinrici [Ed.], Das Ehrenbuch der Deutschen Pioniere, (Verlag Tradition Wilhelm Rolf, Berlin, 1931), p. 304. Military Mining, op. cit., p. 18.

Chapter 8

1.	[Anon.] Extracts from the old mining regulations Issued by the General of Pioneers, Army Headquarters, Laon, April 1915. [SS461 General Staff 1916].
2.	Quoted by Friedrich Seesselberg, Der Stellungskrieg 1914–1918, (E.S. Mittler and Son, Berlin, 1926), pp. 304–305.
3.	Military Engineering (Vol. IV) Demolitions and Mining, (HMSO, London, 1923), p. 137.
4.	J. C. Neill (Ed.), The New Zealand Tunnelling Company, 1915–1919, (Whitcombe & Tombs, Auckland, 1922), p. 38.
5.	Tunneller, ‘Messines’, TOCA Bulletin, No. 5, 1930, pp. 17–18.
6.	Seesselberg, op. cit., p. 305.
7.	Tunneller, ‘Messines’, op. cit., p. 18.
8.	Military Engineering (Vol. IV) Demolitions and Mining, 1923 op. cit., p. 103.
9.	Report CO 12th West Yorkshire Regiment, 30/3/1916, 3rd (British) Division reports, ‘War Diaries – St. Eloi Operations’, Library and Archives Canada (LAC).
10.	Held [et. al.], Das Königlich Preussische Garde=Pionier=Bataillon und seine Kriegsverbände 1914/18 [Vol. 1] Potsdam, 1932, Carl Fr. Berg, Berlin, p. 264.
11.	Op. cit. p. 265.
12.	Alexander Barrie, War Underground, (Star Books, London, 1981, originally Frederick Muller, London, 1962), pp. 196–203.
13.	Peter Barton, Peter Doyle & Johan Vandewalle, Beneath Flanders Fields, the Tunnellers’ War 1914–1918, Spellmount, Staplehurst, 2004), pp. 180–181.
14.	Walter Kranz, quoted in Barton, et. al., Beneath Flanders Fields, op. cit., pp. 74–75.
15.	[Anon.], The Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War, 1914–19. Work in the field under the Engineer-in-Chief, B.E.F., Geological Work on the Western Front, (Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham, 1922), pp. 23–28; for a detailed account of this important subject, see Peter Doyle’s chapter 5 in Barton, et. al., Beneath Flanders Fields, op. cit.
16.	Capitaine [Hippolyte-Michel] Thobie, La Prise de Carency par le Pic et Par la Mine, (Berger-Levrault, Paris, 1918), p. 167–168.
17.	[Anon.], Notice sur les Travaux Scientifiques de M. Jean Perrin, (Édouard Privat, Toulouse, 1923), pp. 64–65.
18.	Johan Somers, Imperial German Uniforms and Equipment 1907–1918, [Vol. 1.], (Schiffer Military History, Atglen, PA, 2005), pp. 162–163.
19.	Military Engineering (Vol. IV) Demolitions and Mining, 1923 op. cit., p. 171.
20.	H. Standish Ball, ‘The Work of the Miner on the Western Front, 1915–1918’, Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. XXVIII, 1919, p. 206.
21.	Lieutenant von Klingspor quoted in Seesselberg, op. cit., p. 305.
22.	[Anon.], The Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War, 1914–19. Military Mining, (Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham, 1922), pp. 29–31.
23.	Maj Gen Sir W. G. MacPherson (et. al., Eds.), Medical Services Diseases of the War, Vol. II, (HMSO, London, 1923), p. 573 (Chapters XIX to XXI by D. Dale Logan).
24.	Oberstleutnant a. D. Bok, ‘Eine Episode aus dem Minenkrieg württembergischer Pioniere’, Paul Heinrici [Ed.], Das Ehrenbuch der Deutschen Pioniere, (Verlag Tradition Wilhelm Rolf, Berlin, 1931), pp. 528–530 (from a translation by Peter Lane).
25.	G. F. F. Eagar, ‘The training of officers and men of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers in mine-rescue work on active service in France’, Transactions of the Institute of Mining Engineers, 1919–20, Vol. LVIII, pp. 304-324; comments by Eagar following papers by David Dale Logan, ‘The difficulties and dangers of mine-rescue work on the Western Front; and mining operations carried out by men wearing rescue-apparatus’ and ‘Accidents due to structural defects of apparatus or injury to apparatus; and the future of the Proto apparatus’, Transactions of the Institute of Mining Engineers 1918–19, Vol. LVII, pp. 242–243.
26.	Frederick J. Mulqueen, Memoirs of Major F. J. Mulqueen, DSO MC, REL, p. 39.
27.	R. C. Smart, Recent Practice in Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus, (Charles Griffin & Co. Ltd, 1921), pp. 222–231; Simon Jones, ‘A Mine Rescue Officer on the Western Front’, The Royal Engineers Journal, Vol. 109, 1995, pp. 250–255; MacPherson, Medical Services Diseases of the War, Vol. II, op. cit., pp. 602–604.
28.	Simon Jones, World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment, (Osprey, Oxford, 2007), pp. 40–41; account by D. Dale Logan in MacPherson, Medical Services Diseases of the War, Vol. II, op. cit., pp. 547–550.

Chapter 9

1.	Captain A. Gay, ‘Sapping Operations, Especially for Infantry: From a lecture to cadets at Saint Maixant, France by Capt A. Gay, French Army’, Professional Memoirs. Corps of Engineers, United States Army and Engineer Department at Large. Vol.10 (1918), p. 206.
2.	Ministère de la Guerre, État-Major de l’Armée – Service Historique, Les Armées françaises dans la grande guerre, Vol. III, (Imp. Nationale, Paris 1931), p. 256; Appendix 1113, 6/8/1915, Note relative à l’attaque projetée du 3e C.A.
3.	Op. cit., Appendix 1127 Hache GOC 3rd Corps to Urbal GOC X Army, 8/8/1915.
4.	‘Le Journal de Vincent Martin’ (apparently a memoir rather than a diary), http://pagesperso-orange.fr/119RI/journalmartin.html.
5.	War diaries of French 36th, 39th & 74th Infantry Regt’s, Engineer Company 3/1 and 5th Infantry Division, Service Historique de la Défense, Département de l’armée de Terre (SHAT).
6.	‘Journal de Paul Andrillon Caporal à la 12e Cie 119e RI’, http://pagesperso-orange.fr/ 119RI/journalandrillon.html.
7.	Ibid.
8.	War diary 28th Infantry Regt., (SHAT).
9.	War diary 12th Infantry Bde., (SHAT).
10.	Martin, op. cit.
11.	Ibid.
12.	Brigadier General J. E. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1915, (MacMillan and Co. Ltd, London, 1927) Vol. 2, p. 194; 236–7.
13.	Major-General Sir Ernest D. Swinton, Eyewitness, London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1932, p. 118.
14.	C. E. W. Bean, The Story of Anzac from 4 May, 1915, to the Evacuation of the Gallipoli Peninsula, (Angus and Robertson Ltd, Australia, 1941), Vol. 2, p. 259.
15.	R. East, (Ed.), The Gallipoli Diary of Sergeant Lawrence of the Australian Engineers – 1st A.I.F. 1915 (Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1981), p. 154.
16.	Gallipoli Diary of Sergeant Lawrence, op. cit., p. 31.
17.	The British Official History of the Gallipoli campaign claims that three mines were used to open up a gallery and that a long narrow crater formed was converted into a communication trench. This statement does not correspond to the location of the mines and is not borne out by the accounts in Bean (op. cit.) or the War Diary of 2nd Field Company. C. F. Aspinall-Oglander, Military Operations Gallipoli, Vol. II, May 1915 to the Evacuation, (William Heinemann, London, 1932), p. 181.
18.	Bean, The Story of Anzac, Vol. 2, op. cit., pp. 502–503.
19.	Ibid., p. 505.
20.	War Diary 2nd Field Company Australian engineers, www.awm.gov.au.
21.	Gallipoli Diary of Sergeant Lawrence, op. cit., p. 66.
22.	Bean, The Story of Anzac, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 817.
23.	Bean, The Story of Anzac, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 813.
24.	J. Murray, Gallipoli As I Saw It, (William Kimber, London, 1965), p. 168.
25.	Murray, op. cit., p. 174.
26.	[Anon.], The Fifth Battalion Highland Light Infantry in the War 1914–1918, (MacLehose, Jackson and Co., Glasgow, 1921), p. 64.
27.	Op. cit., p. 67.
28.	Op. cit., p. 61.
29.	GHQ Instruction OB1207, 2/2/1916, in Brigadier General J. E. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1] Appendices, (Macmillan and Co. Ltd, London, 1932), Appendix 16, pp. 91–124.
30.	Captain W. Grant Grieve and Bernard Newman, Tunnellers, (Herbert Jenkins, London, 1936), pp. 116–7.
31.	Brigadier General J. E. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1], (Imperial War Museum, London, nd, originally published 1932), pp. 429, 444.
32.	Diary of R. S. G. Stokes, Assistant Inspector of Mines, 4/7/1916, NA WO158/137.
33.	Letter G. A. Robson MC, late Lt 1st Bn Rifle Brigade, to J. E. Edmonds, nd, NA CAB45/137.
34.	Stokes diary, op. cit., 4/7/1916.
35.	Ibid.
36.	Lt. Geoffrey Malins OBE, How I Filmed the War, (Herbert Jenkins Limited, London, 1920), pp. 156–157.
37.	29 Division Order No 36, 14/6/16 transcript in ‘First Avenue’ DVD produced by the Durand Group.
38.	Letter of Colonel A. F. G. Ruston, 1/3rd Kent Field Company, RE, to J. E. Edmonds, NA CAB45/137.
39.	War Diary 1/2 Monmouthshire Regiment, transcript in ‘First Avenue’ DVD produced by the Durand Group.
40.	War Diary 16 Royal Irish Rifles, NA, WO95/2498.
41.	Report c.16/8/16, 10 Corps GS War Diary, NA WO95/851.
42.	32 Division GS War Diary, 1/7/16, NA WO95/2368.
43.	Lt. Col. J. Shakespear, A Record of the 17th and 32nd Service Battalions Northumberland Fusiliers (N.E.R.) Pioneers 1914–1919, (Northumberland Press Limited, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1926), p. 34.
44.	Letter H. M. Hance to J. E. Edmonds, June 1930, NA CAB45/134.
45.	Report on action of 70th Company Machine Gun Corps on July 1st 1916, War Diary 70 Infantry Brigade, National Archives, WO95/2185.
46.	Hance letter, op. cit.
47.	Report Major H. M. Hance to Chief Engineer 3rd Corps, 27/7/1916, RE Library.
48.	9th Bn The Cheshire Regiment War Diary, NA WO95/2090.
49.	Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1] Map Volume, (MacMillan and Co. Ltd, London, 1932), Map 8.
50.	Letter Lt Col A. G. B. Urmston to J. E. Edmonds, 11/6/1930, NA CAB45/191.
51.	Hance letter, op. cit.
52.	War Diary 179 Tunnelling Company, RE, NA WO95/244.
53.	Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, Vol. 1, op. cit., p. 359.
54.	Letter B. G. Clay to J. E. Edmonds, 3/12/1929, NA CAB45/132.
55.	Maj. Gen. C. H. Foulkes, “Gas!” The Story of the Special Brigade, (William Blackwood & Sons Ltd, Edinburgh & London, 1934), pp. 162–163; War Diary Special Section, RE, NA WO95/122; Peter Barton, The Somme, (Constable, London, 2006), contains an illustrated reconstruction of the Livens flame projector.
56.	Weekly Mine Report 183 Tunnelling Company, RE, 18 Division GS, War Diary, NA WO95/2015.
57.	Letter H. C. B. Hickling to J. E. Edmonds, nd, NA CAB45/189.
58.	Weekly Mine Report 183 Tunnelling Company, op. cit.
59.	Stokes diary, op. cit., 4/7/1916.
60.	Ibid.
61.	Report by Lt Col F. Preedy, Controller of Mines, 4th Army, NA WO158/335.
62.	Brigadier General J. E. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, (Vol. 2), (Imperial War Museum, London, nd, originally published 1932), p. 281; War Diary 174 Tunnelling Company WD, NA WO95/404.
63.	Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 502.
64.	Major R. G. Trower, Summary of Operations of 252nd Company Royal Engineers during attack of November 13th 1916, National Archives WO158/335.
65.	Letter C. E. G. Shearman to J. E. Edmonds, 20/1/1937, NA CAB45/137.
66.	R. N. Harvey, ‘Military Mining in the Great War, A Lecture delivered at the S.M.E., Chatham, on November 14th, 1929’, Royal Engineers Journal, XLIII Dec. 1929, p. 542.
67.	Chief of the General Staff, GHQ, to Armies, 5/12/1916, NA WO158/335.
68.	5th Army to 1st Army, 15/12/1916, NA WO158/335.
69.	Tunnellers, op. cit., p. 129; Graham Seton Hutchison, The W Plan, (Thornton Butterworth, London, 1929).

Chapter 10

1.	Capitaine Thobie, La Prise de Carency par le Pic et Par la Mine, (Berger-Levrault, Paris 1918), pp. 38–39.
2.	Ernst Jünger, The Storm of Steel (trans. Basil Creighton), (Constable, London, 1994) (1929), pp. 59–60.
3.	Ernst Jünger (trans. Basil Creighton), Copse 125 A Chronicle from the Trench Warfare of 1918, (Zimmerman & Zimmerman, 1985), p. 17.
4.	Jünger, Storm of Steel op. cit., p. 35.
5.	Unterirdische Anlagen (Katakomben) in Nordfrankreich, Herausgegeben im Auftrag des AOK2, [February 1918].
6.	[Anon.], ‘Experience Gained from the September (1915) Offensives on the Fronts of the Sixth and Third Armies’, German and Austrian Tactical Studies Translations of Captured German and Austrian Documents and Information Obtained From German and Austrian Prisoners from the British, French and Italian Staffs, (Government Printing Office, Washington, 1918), p. 13.
7.	Ibid., p. 17.
8.	Ibid., p. 22.
9.	Witte, Karl, 3. Rheinisches Pionier=Bataillon Nr.30 (Gerhard Stalling, Berlin 1928), p. 97; Georges Blond, Verdun, (MacMillan, New York, 1964), pp. 14–15.
10.	Alistair Horne, The Price of Glory Verdun 1916, (Penguin Books, London, 1964), pp. 216, 303–306.
11.	Brigadier General J. E. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, [Vol. 1] Appendices, (MacMillan and Co. Ltd, London, 1932), App. 10, ‘Amended Plan submitted by the Fourth Army to GHQ 19th April 1916,’ p. 80.
12.	Stephen Westman, Surgeon with the Kaiser’s Army, (William Kimber, London, 1968), pp. 94–95.
13.	Thobie, op. cit., p. 82.
14.	‘Lessons Drawn from the Battle of the Somme,’ German and Austrian Tactical Studies, op. cit., p. 87.
15.	[Anon.], Deep Gallery Shelters, Translated at the Army War College from a French Study, July 1917, (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1917), p. 5; [Anon.], Notes on the Construction of Deep Gallery Shelters, Translated and edited at Army War College, October 1917, (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1917), p. 7; [Anon.], Notes on the Construction and Equipment of Trenches, Compiled from the latest sources, Army War College April 1917 (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1917).
16.	Brigadier General J. E. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, (Vol. 1), (Imperial War Museum, London, nd, 1932), p. 284.
17.	Brig Gen Trevor Ternan, The Story of the Tyneside Scottish, (The Northumberland Press, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, 1919), p. 82.
18.	GOC 103 Brigade to 34 Division, 11/6/1916, WD, 103 Infantry Brigade, NA WO95/2464; Lt. Col. J. Shakespear, The Thirty-Fourth Division 1915–1919, (H. F. & G. Witherby, London, 1921), pp. 28–29.
19.	‘Mining in France 1914–1917’ by Major-General R. N. Harvey, late Inspector of Mines, National Archives, WO106/387, pp. 19, 23.
20.	Cyril Falls, The History of the 36th (Ulster) Division, (M’Caw, Stevenson & Orr Ltd, Belfast, 1922), pp. 112–113.
21.	Harvey, Mining in France, op. cit., p. 19.
22.	First Army Administrative Report on the Vimy Ridge Operations, NA WO158/900.
23.	H. W. Graham, The Life of a Tunnelling Company, (J. Catherall & Co. Ltd, Hexham, 1927), p. 74.
24.	R. E. Priestley, The Signal Service in the European War of 1914 to 1918 (France), (Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham, 1921), pp. 118–119.
25.	J. C. Neill (Ed.), The New Zealand Tunnelling Company, 1915-1919, (Whitcombe & Tombs, Auckland, 1922), p. 63.
26.	Neill, op. cit., pp. 63–64.
27.	Maj. Gen. Sir W. G. MacPherson, Medical Services General History Vol. III, (HMSO, London, 1924), p. 74–76.
28.	Captain W. Grant Grieve and Bernard Newman, Tunnellers, (Herbert Jenkins, London, 1936), p. 159.
29.	Neill, op. cit., p. 65.
30.	Neill, op. cit., pp. 72–74.
31.	Falls, History of the 36th (Ulster) Division, op. cit., p. 127.
32.	Captain Cyril Falls, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1917, [Vol. I], The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battle of Arras, (Imperial War Museum, London, nd) (1940), pp. 217–218.
33.	Neill, op. cit., pp. 77–80.
34.	Neill, op. cit., p. 81.
35.	Graham, op. cit., pp. 182–183.
36.	Timothy T. Lupfer, The Dynamics of Doctrine: the changes in German tactical doctrine during the First World War, (Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1981), pp. 13–15.
37.	Falls, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1917, Vol. 1, op. cit., pp. 323–325, Map 10; Jonathon Nicholls, Cheerful Sacrifice, (Leo Cooper, London, 1990), p. 84.
38.	W. Buhr, Die Geschichte des I. Westf. Pionier=Bataillons Nr. 7 und seiner Kriegsverbände im Weltkriege 1914/18 (Gerhard Stalling, Oldenburg 1938), p. 160.
39.	‘3. Inf.-Regt. 476. Die Katastrophe im Cornillet-Tunnel (20. Mai 1917)’, in Generalleutant Otto v. Moser, Die Württemberger im Weltkriege, (Chr. Belser A G, Stuttgart, 1927), pp. 537–541; Oberstleutnant L. Knies, Das Württembergische Pionier=Bataillon Nr. 13 im Weltkrieg 1914-1918, (Chr. Belser A. G., Stuttgart, 1927), pp. 114–117 (my thanks to John Lane for German translations); Ministère de la Guerre, État-Major de l’Armée – Service Historique, Les Armées françaises dans la grande guerre, Tome V, 2nd Vol., Annexes 1st Volume, (Imp. Nationale, Paris 1937), Annexe No 351; Extrait d’un rapport émis par le médecin allemand du bataillon, médecin en chef, le Docteur Nagel 11/476, http://pagesperso-orange.fr/champagne1418/recit/recit9.htm# cornillet; ‘Note on Mont Cornillet Tunnel,’ [Anon.], Notes on Recent Operations No. 2, Edited at the Army War College from French and British Sources, July, 1917, Washington, Government Printing Office.
40.	Die Katastrophe im Cornillet-Tunnel, op. cit., pp. 537–538.
41.	Ibid., p. 539.
42.	Knies, op. cit., p. 115.
43.	Nagel report, op. cit.
44.	Nagel report, op. cit.
45.	Die Katastrophe im Cornillet-Tunnel, op. cit., p. 540.
46.	Ibid., p. 541.
47.	A. Girod, http://www.lced.org/div_04.php.
48.	[Anon.], Verdun An Illustrated Historical Guide, (Éditions Lorraines Frémont, Verdun, nd), pp. 40, 106.
49.	‘The Experience Gained During the English-French Offensive in the Spring of 1917, 10th June, 1917, Issued by the Chief of the General Staff of the Field Army’, German and Austrian Tactical Studies, op. cit. pp. 181–182.
50.	‘Extracts from The Construction Of Defensive Positions, Translation of a German document, dated German Army Headquarters, June 30, 1917’, German and Austrian Tactical Studies, op. cit. pp. 127–132.
51.	Op. cit., p. 132.
52.	Lt Col von Thaer, CGS, ‘The Construction of Positions for the Coming Winter’, (Translation of a German document captured by the British), Headquarters American Expeditionary Forces, General Staff, Intelligence Section (A), October 19, 1917, German and Austrian Tactical Studies, op. cit. pp. 139–142.
53.	Jünger, Copse 125, op. cit., pp. 17–20.
54.	[Anon.], The Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War, 1914–19. Military Mining, (Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham, 1922), p. 18.
55.	H. J. Humphrys, letter to J. E. Edmonds, 16/7/1931, private papers of descendant of writer.
56.	Brig Gen J. E. Edmonds, Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1918, [Vol. II], March-April: continuation of the German offensives, (MacMillan and Co., Ltd., London, 1937), p. 160.
57.	Capt E. J. Ritchie, ‘The Fight for Givenchy Ridge, April 1918 and the Part Played by the 251st (T) Coy. R.E.,’ TOCA Bulletin, No. 13, 1938, p. 64.
58.	Ibid.
59.	Grieve & Newman, Tunnellers, op. cit., p. 283.
60.	Ritchie, op. cit., p. 65.

Chapter 11

1.	Brigadier R. M. Merrell, ‘The Berlin Spy Tunnel – a Memoir’, The Royal Engineers Journal, Vol. 116, 2002, pp. 105–107.