ACA. See Affordable Care Act
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union
admission policies, 61
“adult in the room” scenario, 20; Schmidt and, 21
advocacy, 93; critical mass, 176; pledge programs and, 105; pool problem and, 174; quota laws and, 101, 104; for scientific management, 69. See also Catalyst
Affordable Care Act (ACA), 98
AICD. See Australian Institute of Company Directors
airline industry, 5
Albright, Madeleine, 14
Alcatel. See Lucent
AltSchool, 74
alumni programs, as on-ramp initiative, 187
American Association of University Women, 57
American Bar Association, 128–29
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 12
American Woman’s Society of Certified Public Accountants (AWSCPA), 193–94
Apotheker, Leo, 26–27
Ash, Carter, 199
Aspray, William, 60
ASX. See Australian Stock Exchange
Atkinson, Robert, 156
Australia: ASX and, 117–19, 126–27; boards in, 127, 197; comply or explain regime in, 114, 117–19; pledge program and, 111
Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD), 119, 127, 129–30; results of, 126; sponsorship and, 126, 257n17
Australian Stock Exchange (ASX): KPMG testing compliance for, 117–19; mentorship and, 126–27
Autodesk: Bartz at, 28–29
Avon Products: Jung at, 49; McCoy and, 22; trickle-down effect at, 15, 49
AWSCPA. See American Woman’s Society of Certified Public Accountants
Barad, Jill, 257n15
Barnes, Brenda, 21–22
Barra, Mary, 22–23
Bartol, Kathryn, 60
Bartz, Carol, 20, 165; at Autodesk, 28–29; on diversity, 29; on Facebook, 37; glass cliff theory for, 28–29, 249n30; poor performance of, 36–37; STEM and, 36–37
Belkin, Lisa, 228–29
Belser, Ann, 81
Be Your Own Mentor (Wellington), 84
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 75
biological determinism, 208
blue software, 58
board chair: CEO in U.S. and, 108–9, 177, 197; management and measurements and, 196–97; United Kingdom and, 108–9, 196–97; U.S. mentorship and, 129–30
board members, 257n14; in Australia, 127, 197; Canada and, 93–94, 257n13, 257n16; declining seats for, 98; Facebook and, 3; female CEOs and, 15; governance committee and, 194–96; industries lacking female, 3–5; in information technology, 5; large cap companies and, 4, 5, 93; limits to, 260n51; middle management positions and, 20; in not-for-profit sector, 4–5; pool problem and, 169–70; quota laws and, 92, 93; racial diversity and, 133, 175; SEC and diversity for, 132–33; sidestepping into, 181–82; of Twitter, 3; in United Kingdom, 105. See also quota laws
bookkeeping, 70
the boo list, 3
The Boy Kings (Losse), 202
boys’ club company culture, 10, 13; education and, 61; Facebook and, 17, 50–51, 53
Buffett, Warren, 4
Burns, Ursula, 39–40
Burtless, Gary, 150
Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, 276n5
business-related degrees: law degrees as, 165, 171, 183; MBAs as, 162–63, 164, 166, 167, 171–72, 183; senior management pool and, 170–72
Business Roundtable v. SEC, 131–32, 135
Camus, Albert, 68
career customization initiatives, 188–89; Deloitte & Touche and, 193
career patterns, of female CEOs: MBA degree and, 162–63, 164, 166; MBA mini track and STEM education in, 163–64; study on education and, 162–63
Castro, Henrique de, 33
Catalyst, 4, 180, 181, 257n14; mentor/sponsorship programs of, 128, 130
Catz, Safra, 166; glass cliff theory for, at Oracle, 29–30; salary for, 30
Central Catholic High School, 137–38
CEOs. See chief executive officers
Chan, Priscilla, 203
Chester, John Needles, 69
chief executive officers (CEOs), female, 257n15; comply or explain regime and, 120; education of, 162–66; equality promoted by, 82; female board members and, 15; future predictions for, 19–20, 31, 40; large cap companies and, 6–7, 14, 21–22, 30, 86, 93, 171; retirement and, 30–31; trickle-down effect for, 14–15, 48–49. See also board chair; career patterns, of female CEOs; glass cliff theory; poor performance, of female CEOs
childbirth and child-rearing, 89–90, 181, 255n16, 269n7; family leave and, 184–86; feminist theory and, 212; Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead and, 182; opt out phenomenon and, 179, 183
China. See People’s Republic of China
Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission, 276n5
civil rights movement, 228
Cockburn, Cynthia, 209
Cohoon, J. McGrath, 56
company culture. See boys’ club company culture
compensation tables: for executives, 7–8; for managers, 93
comply or explain regime: advantages of, 116; alternative regulatory approaches to, 114–15; in Australia, 114, 117–19; CEOs and, 120; countries with, 114, 120; Dodd-Frank Act and, 114; Rooney Rule and, 204–5; SOX and, 113, 114; stock exchange and, 115; Swedish Corporate Governance Board and, 113–14; United Kingdom and, 115–17, 119; in U.S., 119–20. See also Rooney Rule
Constitution, U.S., 225
context, of education, 56; fluency model and, 63–64; real-world connections and, 64–65
Cosmopolitan, 52
credential screening, 73–74
critical mass theory: advocacy and, 176; Kanter on, 174, 176; racial diversity and, 173–74; skepticism of, 175–76
criticisms, of visa program (H-1B): exploitation as, 152; immigration fraud as, 154; integration and, 154; permanent residence as, 153; Trump and, 149–50, 153, 155–56; U.S. workers and, 152–53, 156–57
C-suite, 98–99. See also chief executive officers, female
cyberfeminism, 210
data entry and machine operation, women in, 68, 70
Davies, Mervyn, 105–6, 107, 109, 111, 116, 119, 129, 196
Deloitte & Touche, 129, 185, 188–89, 273n43; career customization initiatives and, 193; women executives at, 194; Women’s Initiative of, 193–94, 196
Denny Regrade, 147
Department of Labor (DOL), 4, 240n7
Dodd-Frank Act, 113, 196; comply or explain regimes and, 114
DOL. See Department of Labor
dotted line responsibilities, 123–24
Dowd, Maureen, 80
Eaton, Jeanette, 68
eBay, 38
education, of women in tech, 16–17, 53, 86; admission policies and, 61; AltSchool and, 74; boys’ club and, 61; computer reticence and, 59–60; context in, 56, 63–65; early academic surroundings and, 58–60; Facebook on hiring and, 73, 80; faculty sexism and, 67; female CEOs and, 162–66; financial assistance and, 137, 141; fluency model and, 63–64; for-profit educational sector and, 141–42; gaming industry and, 57–58; home environments and, 57–58; importance of, 162; interdisciplinary framework and, 56; law degrees and, 165, 171, 183; Losse and, 73; majors and, 144; masculine culture and, 55; MBA degrees in, 162–63, 164, 166, 167, 171–72; mentoring and, 71–72; nerd image and, 55, 60; nondirectional exposure and, 58; place-bound students and, 73–74; prerequisites for, 61–62; real-world connections and, 64–65; role models in, 62–63; same-sex education and, 59–60, 72–73; senior management pool and, 170–72; sources for, 56–57; sports coach analogy and, 54–55; teacher training and, 62–63; tech decline in, 44–45, 54; transfer rates and, 66–67; Vigdor-Ladd study and, 64; weed-out course for, 61–62, 66–67; youth and computers in, 55. See also business-related degrees; future of education, for women in tech; STEM education
Edwards, Herman, 199
Ellen Pao v. Kleiner Perkins Caufield, 8; evidence for, 9–10; MacDonald on, 11; observers on, 10–11
Ellison, Larry, 29
Emerson Collective, 75
Entrex, 52
essentialist feminism, 208, 212
EU. See European Union
Europe. See quota laws
European Union (EU): comply or explain regime in, 114; pledge program failure in, 102, 103–4
existentialist feminism, 208, 212
Facebook: Bartz on, 37; board members at, 3; boys’ club company culture at, 17, 50–51, 53; education credentials and, 73, 80; hiring practices of, 73, 80, 199, 202; Losse at, 17, 50–51, 73; objectification of women at, 51; Rooney Rule and, 202–3; VCs and, 9. See also Sandberg, Sheryl; Zuckerberg, Mark
faculty sexism, 67
Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), 185
family leave: mandatory, 184–85; Mayer and, 186; voluntary, 185. See also childbirth and child-rearing
feminist views: child-rearing and, 212; collectivist, 206–7, 213; cyberfeminism and, 210; essentialist feminism, 208, 212; existentialist feminism, 208, 212; individualist, 206; institutionalist, 206; liberal feminism, 207, 212; nine feminist theories, 206–7; postcolonial feminism, 210; postmodern feminism, 210, 211; psychoanalytic feminism, 208–9, 211; racial diversity and, 210; radical feminism, 209–10, 211; socialist feminism, 207–8; Summers and, 212–13
financial assistance, for education: grants for STEM as, 137; Title IV loan funds and, 141
financial services sector, 7
Fiorina, Carleton, 27; dismissal of, 25, 244n19; on glass ceiling, 16; glass cliff theory for, 25, 30; poor performance at HP of, 20, 32; queen bee syndrome for, 49
First Amendment, U.S. Constitution, 225
Fisher, Allan, 58
Flash Boys (Lewis), 145–46
fluency model, 63–64
FMLA. See Family and Medical Leave Act
Forbes, 194; STEM university list, 138–40
foreign employment, 11, 149; IBM employment in India, 28, 148
formalized mentoring systems, 123–24
for-profit educational sector, 141–42
Forte Foundation, 4
Fortune 500. See large cap companies
Fortune magazine, 140–41
Founders’ Fund, 74
France: pledge program in, 103; quota laws in, 91, 94–95, 96, 97, 101, 103, 111
Friedman, Thomas, 166
future of education, for women in tech industry: credential screening and, 73–74; industry involvement and, 74–75; mentoring and, 71–72; replacing H-1B visa sources with training of, 72; same-sex education and, 72–73; vestibule training and, 72
future of gender diversity, in tech industry, 12; “adult in the room” scenario and, 20–21; employee pool problem and, 20, 169; female CEOs and, 19–20, 31, 40; glass cliff theory and, 19, 20; H-1B visa program and, 11; poor performance of present and past CEOs and, 19–20, 40; qualifications and, 19–21
GameStop, 221
gaming industry: addiction and, 218; adult presence in, 217; Angry Birds in, 219, 220; blue software in, 58; Candy Crush and, 217, 220; content and, 222; developers of, 218–20; distribution for, 221; diversity in, 218, 219–20; education and, 57–58; First Amendment and, 225; GameStop in, 221; landscape of, 220–21; marginalization in, 219; marketing for, 218, 223–24; objectification of women and, 218, 222, 225; pink ware in, 218, 223; Pokémon Go in, 217; reform of, 224–26; revenues for, 217; STEM education and, 220; troll fraternity and, 223, 224; violence and, 58, 218, 222, 223, 224, 225; women in leadership positions and, 218
gaming theory, 219
GDP. See gross domestic product
Gelernter, Daniel, 145
Gender Codes: Why Women Are Leaving Computing (Misa), 57
General Motors (GM): Barra at, 22–23; glass cliff theory and, 22–23
glass ceiling, 16
glass cliff, 22–23
glass cliff theory: examples of, 22; future of gender diversity and, 19, 20; GM and, 22–23; Haslam and Ryan on, 21; large cap female CEOs and, 21–22; legacy female CEOs and, 30
glass cliff theory, in tech industry, 26; for Bartz at Yahoo!, 28–29, 249n30; for Catz at Oracle, 29–30; Fiorina at HP and, 25, 30; for Mayer at Yahoo!, 23–24, 29; Rometty at IBM and, 27–28; for Russo at Lucent, 30; Whitman at HP and, 27
GM. See General Motors
Goldberg, David, 90
Google: DOL and, 240n7; face-to-face interaction at, 33; Mayer at, 23; Schmidt at, 21; as search engine, 37; wage gap of, 4
governance committee, 194; iron maiden and, 195–96
Grace Hopper Conference, 43–44
Grassley, Chuck, 153
gross domestic product (GDP), 239n4
H-1B visa program. See visa program (H-1B)
Harris, Carla, 127–28
Haslam, Alexander, 21
Hayes, Caroline Clarke, 54
Hewlett-Packard (HP), 155; Apotheker at, 26–27; Fiorina and glass cliff theory at, 25, 30; Fiorina as CEO at, 16, 20, 25, 30, 32, 49, 244n19; Hurd at, 25–26; poor performance of Fiorina at, 20, 32; poor performance of Whitman at, 37; split-up of, 38–39; Whitman and glass cliff theory at, 27; Whitman at, 19, 27, 37
Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE), 39
history, of women in business: bookkeeping and, 70; Great Depression and, 69; pre-World War I period and, 68–69; professional status standards and, 68–69; quota laws and, 94–95; scientific management and, 69; Taylorites and, 69; World War II, 68, 70
history, of women in tech industry: data entry and machine operation and, 68; Hopper and, 43–44; keypunch operators as, 44, 46; nerd stereotype and, 49–51; in 1980s, 44–45; NMAA and, 46; objectification and, 51–52; professional associations in, 46; programming and, 45–46; punch card work and, 45, 70; queen bee syndrome and, 49; stereotypes and, 47–48, 49–50; student decline for, 44–45; token status and skewed groups in, 46–48; trickle-down and, 48–49
Holmes, Anna, 80
Holzer, Bryce, 132–33
home environments, 57–58
Hopkins, Ann, 191, 193; court ruling for, 192
Hopper, Grace Murray: COBOL and, 43; Grace Murray Hopper prize and, 44
how-to books, 87–88, 206. See also Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead
HP. See Hewlett-Packard
HPE. See Hewlett Packard Enterprise
IBM: cloud service of, 28, 36; foreign employment by, 28, 148; glass cliff theory for Rometty at, 27–28; institutional investors on, 36; objectification of women at, 52; Rometty poor performance at, 35–36
ICAEW. See Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales
immigration fraud, 154
India. See visa program (H-1B)
information technology (tech). See specific subjects
Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW), 115–16
institutional investors: on IBM, 36; for Yahoo!, 35
iron maiden, 195–96
Ivey, Susan, 21; trickle-down under, 15, 16
Jobs, Steve, 14
Jung, Andrea, 49
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, 122; on boundary heightening, 47, 174; critical mass theory of, 174, 176; on “housekeeping jobs” for women, 177; on peer support, 48; skewed group and, 47; on star system, 125; token research of, 46–47, 174
Kantor, Jodi, 149
Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (Kleiner Perkins): Ellen Pao v. Kleiner Perkins Caufield and, 8–11; Komisar and, 10; on Sand Hill Road, 8–9
Komisar, Randy, 10; Pao and, 9; on Sand Hill Road, 8–9
KPMG accounting firm, 117–19, 188
Ladd, Helen, 64
Lang, Irene, 191
large cap (Fortune 500) companies: board member seats in, 4, 5, 93; female CEOs of, 6–7, 14, 21–22, 30, 86, 93, 171; glass cliff theory and female CEOs, 21–22; information technology as, 5, 14
leadership roles, for women, 3, 8; gaming industry and, 218; H-1B visa program and, 149, 155, 157; information technology and, 13; senior management as, 98, 129, 170–72; trophy director phenomenon and, 181, 260n52, 270n4. See also board members; chief executive officers (CEOS), female; middle management positions; pool problem
A League of Their Own (film), 59
leaky pipe syndrome, 181, 182, 183
Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead (Sandberg), 228; child-rearing and, 182; criticism for, 80–81, 84–86, 89–90; expectations of women in, 79–80; as how-to book, 87; job number in, 85–86; jungle gym analogy in, 83; nudge techniques in, 79; praise for, 80; risk taking in, 85–86; stereotypes of women in, 82–83
leavening STEM education: Cappelli and, 161; criticism of STEM and, 166–67; law degrees and, 165; MBA degrees and, 162–63, 164, 166, 167; MBA mini tracks and, 163–64; Page on, 168; reservations for, 168; Teitelbaum and, 167
Lesjak, Catherine, 173
Lewis, Michael, 145–46
London Stock Exchange, 116–17
Losse, Katherine: The Boy Kings by, 202; education of, 73; at Facebook, 17, 50–51, 73; nerd stereotype and, 50–51; objectification of women and, 51
MacDonald, Heather, 11
management, measuring: AWSCPA and, 193–94; board chair and, 196–97; Deloitte & Touche Women’s Initiative and, 193–94, 196; diversity and, 190–91; diversity committees and, 196; Drucker and, 190, 193; governance committee and, 194–95; Hopkins case and, 191–93; Lang and, 191; queen bee and iron maiden and, 195–96
mandatory disclosure: criticism of, 134–36; SEC and, 131–36
Margolis, Jane, 58
Marxism, 211. See also socialist feminism
maternity leave. See family leave
Mayer, Marissa, 165; day care center of by, 16, 23, 186; family leave and, 186; first year at Yahoo! for, 33–34; glass cliff theory for, 23–24, 29; at Google, 23; poor performance of, 19, 32–35; STEM and, 36–37; in Wall Street Journal, 35; work-at-home ended by, 16
MBA. See business-related degrees
McCoy, Sheri, 15; Avon Products and, 22
McRaven, William, 200
MentorNet, 121
mentors, 227; AICD and, 119, 126–27, 129–30, 257n17; ASX and AICD and, 126–27; board chair and, 129–30; Catalyst and, 128, 130; diversified, 84; dotted line responsibilities and, 123–24; downsides to, 84–85, 121; education of women in tech and, 71–72; formalized systems for, 123–24; middle management positions and, 255n24; negative mentoring and, 122; Paradigm for Parity and, 130; pink-collar jobs and, 85, 122; praise for, 121, 122; protectiveness and, 122–23; queen bee syndrome and, 84; reflected power and, 123; results of, 126–27; sponsorship and, 125, 126, 127–30; star systems and, 124–26; U.S. and mentor/sponsorship programs, 128–30
Meyrowitz, Carol, 162
Microsoft, 155; Allen and, 147, 148; Grace Murray Hopper prize of, 44; H-1B visa program and, 156; Nadella and, 3–4; Rooney Rule and, 201; Smith and, 156
middle management positions, 191, 229; board positions and, 20; compensation tables for, 93; Great Depression and, 69; mentors and, 255n24; quota laws and, 92–93, 98; tech and women in, 3, 170
Miller, Jody, 89
Misa, Thomas J., 57
Ms. magazine, 17
Muller, Matthias, 35
Nadella, Satya, 3–4
National Football League (NFL): committee for diversity in, 199–200; fines for, 201; hiring in 2013 for, 200–201; history of diversity in, 199; Rooney Rule and, 104, 198–201, 204, 261n13
National Machine Accountants Association (NMAA), 46
Nazre, Ajit, 9–10
negative mentoring, 122
negative publicity, 109–10
nerd stereotype, 49–51, 55, 60
The Netherlands: pledge programs for, 102; quota laws in, 91, 94, 97, 101, 111
newspaper companies, 38
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), 119; one share, one vote rule for, 131
New Zealand: comply or explain regime in, 114; quota laws in, 91, 96–97
NFL. See National Football League
NMAA. See National Machine Accountants Association
Norway: gender neutrality in, 97; quota laws in, 91, 94, 97, 111
not-for-profit sector, 4–5
nudge techniques, 79
NYSE. See New York Stock Exchange
objectification of women: in Cosmopolitan, 52; Entrex and, 52; at Facebook, 51; gaming industry and, 218, 222, 225; at IBM, 52
OECD. See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
One Laptop Per Child, 64
on-ramp initiatives: alumni programs as, 187; career customization initiatives as, 188–89, 193; welcome back programs as, 187–88
opt out phenomenon, 180, 181, 182, 187; child-rearing and, 179, 183; solutions to, 186
Oracle: DOL and, 240n7; glass cliff theory for Catz at, 29–30; PeopleSoft acquired by, 29; wage gap of, 4
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 262n4; corporate governance code of, 113; quota laws and, 91
organizations, promoting diversity, 229–30
overseas jobs. See foreign employment
Page, Larry, 168
Pao, Ellen: Ellen Pao v. Kleiner Perkins Caufield and, 8–11; Nazre and, 9–10
Paradigm for Parity, 130
paradoxes, 13–14
parents: computer enthusiasm of, 57; nondirectional exposure from, 58; stereotype decisions by, 57
PeopleSoft, 29
People’s Republic of China (PRC), 211
performance. See poor performance, of female CEOs
pink-collar jobs, 82; glass walls and, 83, 177; mentors and, 85, 122
Pinterest, 201–2
Pittsburgh Steelers, 198
place-bound students, 73–74
pledge program: advocacy and, 105; Australia and, 111; Davies, 105–6, 107, 109, 111, 116, 119, 129, 196; EU failure of, 102, 103–4; in France, 103; negative publicity in U.S. and United Kingdom and, 109–10; The Netherlands and, 102; quota laws and, 102; Rooney Rule and, 105; in United Kingdom, 104–7, 109–11, 116, 119; U.S. and, 107, 109–12
pool, enlarging: family leave and, 184–86; leadership and, 189; leaky pipe syndrome and, 181, 182, 183; on-ramp initiatives and, 187–89, 193; opt out phenomenon and, 179–80, 181, 182–83, 186–87; sexism and, 180; sidestepping into board seats and, 181–82; trophy director phenomenon and, 181, 260n52, 270n4
pool problem: advocacy and, 174; board members and, 169–70; characteristics of pool and, 171; critical mass theory and, 173–76; education for senior management and, 170–72; future and, 20, 169; glass walls and, 176–77; managing, 177–78; STEM and, 171–73
poor performance, of female CEOs: Bartz at Yahoo! and, 36–37; of Fiorina at HP, 20, 32; future of gender diversity in tech and, 19–20, 40; of Mayer at Yahoo!, 19, 32–35; present and past, 19–20; of Rometty at IBM, 35–36; split-up of companies and, 38–40; of Whitman at HP, 37
Porat, Ruth, 166; fanfare of, 173
postcolonial feminism, 210
PRC. See People’s Republic of China
prerequisites, 61–62
pre-World War I period, 68; Great Depression and, 69; Taylorites and, 69
Price Waterhouse (PW): court ruling for, 192; Hopkins at, 191–92, 193; sexual stereotyping at, 192
The Principles of Scientific Management (Taylor), 69
Program for International Student Assessment, 167
Prudential Insurance, 45
psychoanalytic feminism, 208–9, 211
PW. See Price Waterhouse
queen bee syndrome: Fiorina and, 49; management and measurements and, 195–96; mentors and, 84; trickle-down effect and, 49
quota laws, 259n31; advocacy groups and, 101, 104; board members and, 92, 93; celebrity directors and, 96; consequences of, 95–96; in France, 91, 94–95, 96, 97, 101, 103, 111; history of, 94–95; in Malaysia, 94, 95; management positions and, 92–93; middle management and, 92–93, 98; in The Netherlands, 91, 94, 97, 101, 111; in New Zealand, 91, 96–97; in Norway, 91, 94, 97, 111; OECD and, 91; opposition to, 95, 96–97, 98–99, 105; Pareto and, 99, 100; pledge programs and, 102; politics in U.S. and, 98; progress and, 93–94; Rawls and, 99–100; soft laws and, 100–101, 103; stock exchange and, 97; tokenism and, 92, 96; in United Kingdom, 91, 95, 97, 101, 111
racial diversity, 200, 228, 243n2; board members and, 133, 175; critical mass theory and, 173–74; feminist theory and, 210; financial services sector and, 7; gaming industry and, 219; Major League Baseball and, 243n3; STEM and, 220; tokenism and, 47; violence and, 222. See also National Football League; Rooney Rule; Securities and Exchange Commission; visa program (H-1B)
“rank and yank” system, 33
Rawls, John, 99
retail drug industry, 5
Reveley, W. Taylor, IV, 166
Rhode, Deborah, 133–34, 189, 239n10
risk taking, 85–86
Rite Aid, 22
role models, 62–63
Rometty, Virginia: glass cliff theory for, at IBM, 27–28; poor performance of, 35–36; Trump and, 28; in Wall Street Journal, 35
Rooney Rule, 100; acceptance of, 204; applications of, 199, 200; comply or explain requirement for, 204–5; disadvantages of, 204–5; Facebook and, 202–3; history of, 199–200; Microsoft and, 201; Pinterest and, 201–2; pledge program and, 105; tech industry and, 201–4; Twitter and, 202. See also National Football League
Russo, Patricia, 15–16; and glass cliff theory at Lucent, 30
Ryan, Michelle, 21
same-sex education, 59–60, 72–73
Sammons, Mary, 22
Sandberg, Sheryl, 4, 93; career trajectory of, 81–82; at Facebook, 79, 81, 82; fanfare of, 173; Goldberg death and, 90; privilege of, 81, 87, 89; star system for, 84–85; women “don’t want it” claim by, 228; women in business survey of, 88–89. See also Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead
Sand Hill Road, 8–9
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), 113, 114, 196
Schmidt, Eric, 21
science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. See STEM education
scientific management, 69
Seattle, Washington, 147
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 7; board members and, 132–33; Business Roundtable v. SEC and, 131–32, 135; criticism of diversity regulation of, 134–35; diversity regulation of, 132–36; governance committee and, 194–96; Holzer research on, 132–33; racial diversity and, 133
senior management positions, 129; education and, 170–72; expanding, 98; pool for, 170–72
Shoquist, Debora, 171
Silicon Valley: entrepreneurship in, 13–14; sexual discrimination lawsuits in, 9
Sisyphus (mythical figure), 68, 70
skewed group, 47
Smith, Brad, 156
socialist feminism, 207–8
SOEs. See state-owned enterprises
soft laws, 262n13; quota laws and, 100–101, 103; in U.S. and United Kingdom, 109
Sonnenfeld, Jeffrey, 32
SOX. See Sarbanes-Oxley Act
split-up and spin-off trends: eBay and, 38; HP and, 38–39; Xerox and, 39–40
sponsorship: AICD and, 126, 257n17; Catalyst and mentor and, 128, 130; Harris on, 127–28; mentorship and, 125, 126, 127–30; star system and, 128; U.S. and mentor/sponsorship programs, 128–29
sports coach analogy, 54–55
star systems: Kanter on, 125; mentors and, 124–26; Sandberg and, 84–85; sponsorship and, 128
state-owned enterprises (SOEs), 211
STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education, 227, 228; Bartz and, 36–37; Central Catholic High School and, 137–38; critics of, 138; emotional support and, 67; female majors in, 45, 54, 66; Forbes STEM university list, 138–40; for-profit educational sector and, 140–42; Fortune magazine list for, 140–41; gaming industry and, 220; grants for, 137; H-1B visa program and jobs in, 145; jobs and, 145; Lewis on, 145–46; as major or department, 142–43, 145; Mayer and Bartz and, 36–37; MBA mini track and, 163–64; non-major choices and, 144; pink ware and, 223; pool problem and, 171–73; racial diversity and, 220; short-term training programs and, 142; Title IV loan funds and, 141; transfer rates for, 66–67; at university and college level, 138–41, 142–44; U.S. rankings for, 167; women increase in, 138. See also leavening STEM education
stereotypes, 56; constructive, for women, 83–84; nerd, 49–51, 55, 60; parents and, 57; PW and sexual, 192; token status and, 47–48; of women in Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, 82–83
Stevens, Bertha, 68
stock exchange: ASX as, 117–19, 126–27; comply or explain regime and, 115; London Stock Exchange, 116–17; NYSE as, 119, 131; quotas and, 97
suffrage activism, 68, 230, 254n13
Swedish Corporate Governance Board, 113–14
talent rationale. See trickle-down effect
Taylor, Frederick, 69
teacher training, 62–63
tech (information technology). See specific subjects
Tech Savvy: Educating Girls in the Computer Age (American Association of University Women), 57
Teitelbaum, Michael, 167
tokenism: Kanter research on, 46–47, 174; quota laws and, 92, 96; racial diversity and, 47; stereotypes and, 47–48
tracking stocks, 38
transfer rates: emotional support and, 67; weed-out classes and, 66–67
transformational leadership, 228
transportation sector, 7
trickle-down effect, 224n15; at Avon Products, 15, 49; female CEOs and, 14–15, 48–49; history of women in tech and, 48–49; across industries, 14–15; Ivey and, 15, 16; queen bee syndrome and, 49; in tech, 15–17
trophy director phenomenon, 181, 260n52, 270n4
Trump, Donald: on H-1B visa program, 149–50, 153, 155–56; on Rometty, 28
Turkle, Sherry, 58
Twain, Mark, 230
Twitter: board members of, 3; Rooney Rule and, 202
United Kingdom: board members in, 105; CEO and board chair in, 108–9, 196–97; comply or explain regime in, 115–17, 119; Davies pledge program and, 105–6, 107, 109, 111, 116, 119, 129, 196; gender diversity in, 116–17; London Stock Exchange and, 116–17; negative publicity in U.S. and, 109–10; pledge program in, 104–7, 109–11, 116, 119; quota laws in, 91, 95, 97, 101, 111; soft laws in U.S. and, 109
United States (U.S.). See specific subjects
Unlocking the Clubhouse (Margolis, Fisher), 58
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), 148, 152; H-1B Benefit Fraud and Compliance Assessment of, 154
venture capital industry (VC): Ellen Pao v. Kleiner Perkins Caufield and, 8–11; Facebook and, 9; women in, 9, 10–11
Vietnam, 211
Vigdor, Jacob, 64
Vigdor-Ladd study, 64
violence, in gaming industry, 58, 218, 225; racial diversity and, 222; troll fraternity and, 223, 224
visa program (H-1B), 53, 72, 227; Burtless on, 150; caps raised for, 147; dual intent for, 151; Microsoft and, 156; numbers of visas granted for, 151–52; outsourcing firms for, 149; qualifications for, 150–51; U.S.-based STEM graduates and, 145; USCIS and, 148, 152, 154; women in leadership roles and, 149, 155, 157; workplace shortage and, 11, 53, 167. See also criticisms, of visa program (H-1B)
wage gap, 52–53; DOL lawsuits over, 4, 240n7; Nadella on, 3–4
Wall Street Journal, 35
weed-out course, 61–62; transfer rates and, 66–67
Welch, Jack, 187
welcome back programs, 187–88
Wellington, Sheila, 84
Westmoreland, Mary Beth, 171
Whitman, Meg, 19; glass cliff theory for, 27; job number for, 85; poor performance at HP of, 37; split-up of HP and, 38–39
Women and Information Technology: Research on Underrepresentation (Cohoon), 56
women “don’t want it” claim, 228–29
Wonder Woman, 17
Wonder Woman (film), 18
work-at-home, 16
work/life balances, 89–90, 228
workplace shortage, in tech, 11, 53, 167
World War II: labor shortages in, 68; Rosie the Riveter and, 68, 70
Xerox, 39–40
Yahoo!: Alibaba acquired by, 24, 34; glass cliff theory for Bartz at, 28–29, 249n30; glass cliff theory for Mayer at, 23–24, 29; institutional investors for, 35; social media and, 37; Verizon acquiring, 24, 35. See also Bartz, Carol; Mayer, Marissa
Zuckerberg, Mark, 3, 156, 199; AltSchool investment by, 74; Chan marrying, 203; family leave for, 185; public school investment by, 75