Chapter 1
a major factor driving the rise of obesity: Blaser MJ and Falkow S (2009). “What are the consequences of the disappearing human microbiome.” Nature Reviews Microbiology 7(12):887–94. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2245.
In a landmark 2013 study: Le Chatelier E, Nielsen T, Qin J, et al. (2013). “Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers.” Nature 500(7464):541–46. doi:10.1038/nature12506.
49 subjects who were overweight were put on a lower-calorie: Cotillard A, Kennedy SP, Kong LC, et al. (2013). “Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness.” Nature 500(7464):585–88. doi:10.1038/nature12480.
150 overweight men and women on a diet: Sanchez M, Darimont C, Drapeau V, et al. (2013). “Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 supplementation on weight loss and maintenance in obese men and women.” British Journal of Nutrition 3:1–13.
gut microbiome changed dramatically: David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, et al. (2014). “Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome.” Nature 505(7484):559–63. doi:10.1038/nature12820.
that sends the brain a similar fullness message: Frost G, Sleeth ML, Sahuri-Arisoylu M, et al. (2014). “The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism.” Nature Communications 5:3611. doi:10.1038/ncomms4611.
develop autoimmune diseases or allergies: Abrahamsson TR, Jakobsson HE, Andersson AF, et al. (2013). “Low gut microbiota in early infancy precedes asthma at school age.” Clinical and Experimental Allergy. doi:10.1111/cea.12253.
less diversity in the macro world leads to: Haahtela T, Holgate S, Pawankar R, et al. (2013). “WAO Special Committee on Climate Change and Biodiversity. The biodiversity hypothesis and allergic disease: world allergy organization position statement.” World Allergy Organization Journal 6(1):1–18. doi:10.1186/1939-4551-6-3.
Chapter 2
guilty eaters had gained more weight: Kuijer RG, Boyce JA (2014). “Chocolate cake. Guilt or celebration? Associations with healthy eating attitudes, perceived behavioural control, intentions and weight-loss.” Appetite 74:48–54. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.11.013.
questionnaires given to over five thousand: Scherwitz L, Kesten D (2005). “Seven eating styles linked to overeating, overweight, and obesity.” Explore (NY) 1(5):342–59.
when we don’t eat, the body takes advantage: Takahashi T (2012). “Mechanism of interdigestive migrating motor complex.” Journal of Neurogastroenterology 18(3):246–57. doi:10.5056/jnm.2012.18.3.246.
group of gregarious mice into a group of timid: Desbonnet L, Garrett L, Clarke G, et al. (2010). “Effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in the maternal separation model of depression.” Neuroscience 170(4):1179–88. doi:10.1016/j.
gut bacteria were “influencing”: Collins SM, Surette M, Bercik P (2012). “The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain.” Nature Reviews: Microbiology 10(11):735–42. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2876.
probiotic strains altered the rodents’ production: Selhub EM, Logan AC, Bested AC (2014). “Fermented foods, microbiota, and mental health: ancient practice meets nutritional psychiatry.” Journal of Physiological Anthropology 33:2. doi:10.1186/1880-6805-33-2.
women who ate the yogurt saw changes: Tillisch K, Labus J, Kilpatrick L, et al. (2013). “Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity.” Gastroenterology 144(7):1394–401, 1401.e1-4. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.043.
counterparts who received no training: Daubenmier J, Kristeller J, Hecht FM, et al. (2011). “Mindfulness intervention for stress eating to reduce cortisol and abdominal fat among overweight and obese women: an exploratory randomized controlled study.” Journal of Obesity 2011:1–13. doi:10.1155/2011/651936.
Chapter 3
in the form of seeds and plants and fruits: Spreadbury I (2012). “Comparison with ancestral diets suggests dense acellular carbohydrates promote an inflammatory microbiota, and may be the primary dietary cause of leptin resistance and obesity.” Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy 5:175–89. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S33473.
high levels of consumption: Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, et al. (2011). “Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men.” New England Journal of Medicine 364(25):2392–404. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1014296.
substituting one serving of beans: Mattei J, Hu FB, Campos H (2011). “A higher ratio of beans to white rice is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factors in Costa Rican adults.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94(3):869–76. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.013219.
my friend Dr. David Ludwig: Ebbeling CB, Swain JF, Feldman HA, et al. (2012). “Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance.” Journal of the American Medical Association 307(24):2627–34. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.6607.
One leading microbiome researcher: Marcobal A, Southwick AM, Earle KA, et al. (2013). “A refined palate: bacterial consumption of host glycans in the gut.” Glycobiology 23(9):1038–46. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwt040.
linked the rich diversity of gut: Ou J, Carbonero F, Zoetendal EG, et al. (2013). “Diet, microbiota, and microbial metabolites in colon cancer risk in rural Africans and African Americans.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98(1):111–20. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.056689.
a foundation of vegetables and fruit: Konner M, Eaton SB (2010). “Paleolithic nutrition: twenty-five years later.” Nutrition in Clinical Practice 25: 594. doi:10.1177/088453610385702.
morsel of processed food in this country: United States Department of Agriculture (2013). “Sugar and sweeteners outlook, NAFTA and world sugar June 2013.” Economic Research Service.
regulate sugar the same way: Lustig RH, Schmidt LA, Brindis CD (2012). “Public health: the toxic truth about sugar.” Nature 482(7383):27–29. doi:10.1038/482027a.
physiological reasons why people: Lennerz BS, Alsop DC, Holsen LM, et al. (2013). “Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98(3):641–7. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.064113.
subjects who consumed the HFCS: Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM, Keim NL, et al. (2009). “Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans.” Journal of Clinical Investigation 119(5):1322–34. doi:10.1172/JCI37385.
confusing our hunger signals: Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, Mirrahimi A, et al. (2012). “Effect of fructose on body weight in controlled feeding trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Annals of Internal Medicine 156(4):291–304. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-4-201202210-00007.
overweight and obese was skyrocketing: Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ, Van Horn L (2011). “Components of a cardioprotective diet: new insights.” Circulation 123(24):2870–91. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.968735.
who took their yogurt with simple table sugar: Feijó Fde M, Ballard CR, Foletto KC, et al. (2013). “Saccharin and aspartame, compared with sucrose, induce greater weight gain in adult Wistar rats, at similar total caloric intake levels.” Appetite 60(1):203–7. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.10.009.
helpful bacteria in the gut: Schiffman SS, Rother KI (2013). “Sucralose, a synthetic organochlorine sweetener: overview of biological issues.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 16(7):399–451. doi:10.1080/10937404.2013.842523.
But in microbiome study: Cani PD, Osto M, Geurts L, et al. (2012). “Involvement of gut microbiota in the development of low-grade inflammation and type 2 diabetes associated with obesity.” Gut Microbes 3(4):279–88.
dietary fat, especially animal fat: Kemp DM (2013). “Does chronic low-grade endotoxemia define susceptibility of obese humans to insulin resistance via dietary effects on gut microbiota?” Adipocyte 2(3):188–90. doi:10.4161/adip.24776.
people who consume a lot of saturated: Estadella D, da Penha Oller do Nascimento CM, Oyama LM, et al. (2013). “Lipotoxicity: effects of dietary saturated and transfatty acids.” Mediators of Inflammation 2013:137579. doi:10.1155/2013/137579.
ingestion of 300 calories: Deopurkar R, Ghanim H, Friedman J, et al. (2010). “Differential effects of cream, glucose, and orange juice on inflammation, endotoxin, and the expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3.” Diabetes Care 33(5):991–97. doi:10.2337/dc09-1630.
through a healthy gut microbiota: Tuohy KM, Fava F, Viola R (2014). “‘The way to a man’s heart is through his gut microbiota’—dietary pro- and prebiotics for the management of cardiovascular risk.” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 73(2): 172–85. doi: 10.1017/S0029665113003911.
a lot of the older research has been reexamined: Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S, et al. (2014). “Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Annals of Internal Medicine 160(6): 398–406. doi:10.7326/M13-1788.
omega-6 fatty acids get converted: Vannice G, Rasmussen H (2014). “Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: dietary fatty acids for healthy adults.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 114(1):136–53. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.11.001.
Still, scientists have succeeded: Kim E, Coelho D, Blachier F (2013). “Review of the association between meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer.” Nutrition Research 33(12):983–94. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.07.018.
speeding up our own aging process: Uribarri J, Woodruff S, Goodman S, et al. (2010). “Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110(6):911–16.e12. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.018.
type 2 diabetes with a vegan: Fallucca F, Porrata C, Fallucca A, et al (2014). “Influence of diet on gut microbiota, inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus. First experience with macrobiotic Ma-Pi 2 diet.” Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 30(Suppl. 1):48–54. doi:10.1002/dmrr.2518.
gluten intolerance may be linked: Catassi C, Bai JC, Bonaz B, et al. (2013). “Non-Celiac Gluten sensitivity: the new frontier of gluten related disorders.” Nutrients 5(10):3839–53. doi: 10.3390/nu5103839.
worse odds than the people with celiac disease: Peters U, Askling J, Gridley G, et al (2003). “Causes of death in patients with celiac disease in a population-based Swedish cohort.” Archives of Internal Medicine 163(13):1566–72.
produce progressively less lactase: Brüssow H (2013). “Nutrition, population growth and disease: a short history of lactose.” Environmental Microbiology 15(8):2154–61. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12117.
suspect that gluten intolerance often sets: Campbell AK, Matthews SB, Vassel N, et al. (2010). “Bacterial metabolic ‘toxins’: a new mechanism for lactose and food intolerance, and irritable bowel syndrome.” Toxicology 278(3):268–76. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2010.09.001.
Nestlé Research Center in Switzerland: Brüssow H (2013). “Nutrition, population growth and disease: a short history of lactose.” Environmental Microbiology 15(8):2154–61. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12117.
over 70 percent of the subjects lessened: Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR (2006). “Fructose malabsorption and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: guidelines for effective dietary management.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 106(10):1631–39.
binge drinking, can increase gut: Reding KW, Cain KC, Jarrett ME, et al. (2013). “Relationship between patterns of alcohol consumption and gastrointestinal symptoms among patients with irritable bowel syndrome.” Journal of Gastroenterology 108(2):270–76. doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.414.
in adults as well as children: Skypala I (2011). “Adverse food reactions—an emerging issue for adults.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111:1877–91. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.09.001.
Chapter 4
our leading killer: Brock JF, Gordon H (1959). “Ischaemic heart disease in African populations.” Postgraduate Medical Journal 35(402):223–32.
any connection between saturated fat consumption and heart disease: Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S, et al. (2014). “Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Annals of Internal Medicine 160(6): 398–406. doi:10.7326/M13-1788.
fewer heart attacks and less heart disease: Threapleton DE, Greenwood DC, Evans CE, et al. (2013). “Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.” British Medical Journal 347:f6879. doi:10.1136/bmj.f6879.
diet rich in vegetables and fruits . . . tamp down: Liu RH (2013). “Dietary bioactive compounds and their health implications.” Journal of Food Science 78 Suppl 1:A18–25. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12101.
The polyphenols work to stabilize blood: Hanhineva K, Törrönen R, Bondia-Pons I, et al. (2010). “Impact of dietary polyphenols on carbohydrate metabolism.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 11(4):1365–402. doi:10.3390/ijms11041365.
common species of gut bacteria: Rastmanesh R (2011). “High polyphenol, low probiotic diet for weight loss because of intestinal microbiota interaction.” Chemico-Biological Interactions 189(1–2):1–8. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2010.10.002.
for many of those vaunted health benefits: Tzounis X, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Vulevic J, et al. (2011). “Prebiotic evaluation of cocoa-derived flavanols in healthy humans by using a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover intervention study.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 93(1):62–72. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.000075.
raises the risk of breast cancer: Fowke JH, Longcope C, Hebert JR (2000). “Brassica vegetable consumption shifts estrogen metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women.” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers Prevention 9(8):773–79.
that fruit consumption: Ludwig DS (2013). “Examining the health effects of fructose.” Journal of the American Medical Association 310(1):33–34. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.6562.
the consumption of blueberries increased the number: Menon R, Watson SE, Thomas LN, et al. (2013). “Diet complexity and estrogen receptor β status affect the composition of the murine intestinal microbiota.” Applied Environmental Microbiology 79(18):5763–73. doi:10.1128/AEM.01182-13.
may stimulate the growth of the gut’s: Monro JA (2013). “Kiwifruit, carbohydrate availability, and the glycemic response.” Advances in Food Nutrition and Research 68:257–71. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-394294-4.00014-6.
folate, which reduces homocysteine: Johnston C (2009). “Functional foods as modifiers of cardiovascular disease.” American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 3(1 Suppl):39S–43S.
bacteria breaking down those plant: Brighenti F, Benini L, Del Rio D, et al. (2006). “Colonic fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates contributes to the second-meal effect.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83(4):817–22.
phytate also serves as an antioxidant: Zajdel A, Wilczok A, Węglarz L, et al. (2013). “Phytic acid inhibits lipid peroxidation in vitro.” BioMed Research International 2013:147307. doi:10.1155/2013/147307.
fiber in the legumes help break: Markiewicz LH, Honke J, Haros M, et al. (2013). “Diet shapes the ability of human intestinal microbiota to degrade phytate—in vitro studies.” Journal of Applied Microbiology 115(1):247–59. doi:10.1111/jam.12204.
may be a potent prebiotic: Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zijlstra RT, Mosenthin R, et al. (2011). “Dietary calcium phosphate content and oat β-glucan influence gastrointestinal microbiota, butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate fermentation in weaned pigs.” FEMS Microbiology Ecology 75(3):402–13. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.01017.x.
and possibly anticancer effects: Meydani M (2009). “Potential health benefits of avenanthramides of oats.” Nutrition Reviews 67(12):731–35. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00256.x.
risk of heart disease by about a third: Hu FB, Stampfer MJ (1999). “Nut consumption and coronary heart disease: a review of epidemiologic evidence.” Current Atherosclerosis Reports 1(3):204–9.
our two most reliable friends in the microbiome: Liu Z, Lin X, Huang G, et al. (2014). “Prebiotic effects of almonds and almond skins on intestinal microbiota in healthy adult humans.” Anaerobe 26:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.11.007.
adding half an avocado: Wien M, Haddad E, Oda K, et al. (2013). “A randomized 3x3 crossover study to evaluate the effect of Hass avocado intake on post-ingestive satiety, glucose and insulin levels, and subsequent energy intake in overweight adults.” Nutrition Journal 12:155. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-12-155.
eaten turmeric, rosemary, cloves: Percival SS, Vanden Heuvel JP, Nieves CJ, et al. (2012). “Bioavailability of herbs and spices in humans as determined by ex vivo inflammatory suppression and DNA strand breaks.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 31(4):288–94.
temporarily turn up the metabolic: Mattes RD (2011). “Spices and energy balance.” Physiology and Behavior 107(4):584–90. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.10.028.
extract from the fresh leaves: Doddanna SJ, Patel S, Sundarrao MA (2013). “Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts on Candida albicans: an in vitro study.” Indian Journal of Dental Research 24(4):401–5. doi:10.4103/0970-9290.118358.
found most abundantly in green tea: Hanhineva K, Törrönen R, Bondia-Pons I, et al. (2010). “Impact of dietary polyphenols on carbohydrate metabolism.” International Journal of Molecular Science 11(4):1365–402. doi:10.3390/ijms11041365.
consumption of dark chocolate: Hooper L, Kay C, Abdelhamid A, et al. (2012). “Effects of chocolate, cocoa, and flavan-3-ols on cardiovascular health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95(3):740–51. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.023457.
topical treatment for burns: Israili ZH (2013). “Antimicrobial properties of honey.” American Journal of Therapeutics. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e318293b09b.
An antimicrobial when it’s applied: Al-Waili NS, Salom K, Butler G, et al. (2011). “Honey and microbial infections: a review supporting the use of honey for microbial control.” Journal of Medicinal Food 14(10):1079–96. doi:10.1089/jmf.2010.0161.
Washington University’s Dr. Jeffrey Gordon: Sonnenburg JL, Chen CT, Gordon JI (2006). “Genomic and metabolic studies of the impact of probiotics on a model gut symbiont and host.” PLoS Biology 4(12):e413.
microbiota to explain the studies: O’Connor LM, Lentjes MA, Luben RN, et al. (2014). “Dietary dairy product intake and incident type 2 diabetes: a prospective study using dietary data from a 7-day food diary.” Diabetologia 57(5):909–17. doi: 10.1007/s00125-014-3176-1.
kimchi to the diet can reduce: Choi IH, Noh JS, Han JS, et al. (2013). “Kimchi, a fermented vegetable, improves serum lipid profiles in healthy young adults: randomized clinical trial.” Journal of Medicinal Food 16(3):223–29. doi:10.1089/jmf.2012.2563.
fermented foods have shown promise: Lakritz JR, Poutahidis T, Levkovich T, et al. (2013). “Beneficial bacteria stimulate host immune cells to counteract dietary and genetic predisposition to mammary cancer in mice.” International Journal of Cancer. doi:10.1002/ijc.28702.
tempeh first made its appearance: Astuti M, Meliala A, Dalais FS, et al. (2000). “Tempe, a nutritious and healthy food from Indonesia.” Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 9(4):322–25.
antifungal and antibacterial: Lopitz-Otsoa F, Rementeria A, Elguezabal N, et al. (2006). “Kefir: a symbiotic yeasts-bacteria community with alleged healthy capabilities.” Phytotherapy Research 23(2):67–74.
bacterial strains from the beverage: Chen YP, Hsiao PJ, Hong WS, et al. (2012). “Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens M1 isolated from milk kefir grains ameliorates experimental colitis in vitro and in vivo.” Journal of Dairy Science 95(1):63–74. doi:10.3168/jds.2011-4696.
Chapter 5
herbal supplements from China and India: Newmaster SG, Grguric M, Shanmughanandhan D, et al. (2013). “DNA barcoding detects contamination and substitution in North American herbal products.” BMC Medicine 11:222. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-222.
the academic researchers who have looked: Hasani-Ranjbar S, Nayebi N, Larijani B, et al. (2009). “A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of obesity.” World Journal Gastroenterology 15(25):3073–85.
dietary supplements and weight management: Lovejoy JC (2013). “Integrative approaches to obesity treatment.” Integrative Medicine: A Clinician’s Journal Integrative Medicine 12(2):30–36.
may directly influence our food preferences: Norris V, Molina F, Gewirtz, AT (2013). “Hypothesis: bacteria control host appetites.” Journal of Bacteriology 195(3):411–16.
Popular Probiotic Products: this list was adapted from: Vieira AT, Teixeira MM, Martins FS (2013). “The role of probiotics and prebiotics in inducing gut immunity.” Frontiers in Immunology 4(445):1–12.
Chapter 6
established research linking poor: Chaput JP (2013). “Sleep patterns, diet quality and energy balance.” Physiology and Behavior pii: S0031-9384(13)00286-2. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.09.006.
weight fluctuated by only: Markwald RR, Melanson EL, Smith MR, et al. (2013). “Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 110(14):5695–700. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216951110.
disrupting the sleep/wake cycle of mice: Summa KC, Voigt RM, Forsyth CB, et al. (2013). “Disruption of the circadian clock in mice increases intestinal permeability and promotes alcohol-induced hepatic pathology and inflammation.” PLoS One 8(6):e67102.
adolescents who had TVs in their bedrooms: Gilbert-Diamond D, Li Z, Adachi-Mejia AM, et al. (2014). “Association of a television in the bedroom with increased adiposity gain in a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents.” JAMA Pediatrics doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3921.
a good night’s sleep at the hormonal level: Wood B, Rea MS, Plitnick B, et al. (2013). “Light level and duration of exposure determine the impact of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression.” Applied Ergonomics 44(2):237–40. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2012.07.008.
clocks help regulate a host: Konturek PC, Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ (2011). “Gut clock: implication of circadian rhythms in the gastrointestinal tract.” Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 62(2):139–50.
group experienced a mood lift outdoors: (2007). “Ecotherapy: the green agenda for mental health.” Mind Week Report. Available at: http://www.mind.org.uk/media/211252/Ecotherapy_The_green_agenda_for_mental_health_Executive_summary.pdf. Accessed March 16, 2014.
the lower the kids’ body mass index: Bell JF, Wilson JS, Liu GC (2008). “Neighborhood greenness and 2-year changes in body mass index of children and youth.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35(6):547–53. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.07.006.
exercise to be as good as or better than: Naci H, Ioannidis JP (2013). “Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: metaepidemiological study.” BMJ 347:f5577. doi:10.1136/bmj.f5577.
a better predictor of heart health: Gupta S, Kapoor S (2014). “Body adiposity index: its relevance and validity in assessing body fatness of adults.” ISRN Obesity 2014:243294. doi:10.1155/2014/243294.
overweight in their forties: Kristal AR, Littman AJ, Benitez D, et al. (2005). “Yoga practice is associated with attenuated weight gain in healthy, middle-aged men and women.” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 11(4):28–33.
feel more connected to their bodies: McIver S, McGartland M, O’Halloran P (2009). “‘Overeating is not about the food’: women describe their experience of a yoga treatment program for binge eating.” Qualitative Health Research 19(9):1234–45. doi:10.1177/1049732309343954.
yoga was found to be more effective: Taneja I, Deepak KK, Poojary G, et al. (2004). “Yogic versus conventional treatment in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized control study.” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 29(1):19–33.
improved their blood sugar levels: Liu X, Miller YD, Burton NW, et al. (2011). “Qi-gong mind-body therapy and diabetes control. A randomized controlled trial.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 41(2):152–58. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.04.007.