1. E. Zander, “Human Exposure to Preventable Environmental Chemicals Is Resulting in Health Costs of 10% of Global GDP,” Health and Environment Alliance, December 5, 2017 (www.env-health.org/human-exposure-to-preventable-environmental-chemicals-is-resulting-in-health-costs-of-10-of-global-gdp/; accessed April 18, 2018).
2 More recent studies have also found the presence of toxic chemicals in umbilical cord blood. See A. Dursun, K. Yurdakok, S. S. Yalcin, G. Tekinalp, O. Aykut, G. Orhan and G. K. Morgil, “Maternal Risk Factors Associated with Lead, Mercury and Cadmium Levels in Umbilical Cord Blood, Breast Milk and Newborn Hair,” Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine: 954–61. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1026255.
3 M. Warhurst, “It’s a No Brainer! Action Needed to Stop Children Being Exposed to Chemicals That Harm Their Brain Development!” ChemTrust, March 7, 2017 (www.chemtrust.org/brain/; accessed April 18, 2018).
4 L. Glodman and N. Tran, “Toxics and Poverty: The Impact of Toxic Substances on the Poor in Developing Countries,” World Bank, August 2002 (http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/689811468315541722/pdf/445580WP0BOX0327404B01PUBLIC1.pdf; accessed March 29, 2018).
5 A. Westervelt, “Phthalates Are Everywhere and the Health Risks Are Worrying. How Bad Are They Really?” The Guardian, February 10, 2015 (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/10/phthalates-plastics-chemicals-research-analysis; accessed March 30, 2018).
6 R. J. Bertelsen, M. P. Longnecker, M. Løvik, A. M. Calafat, K.-H. Carlsen, S. J. London and K. C. Lødrup Carlsen, “Triclosan Exposure and Allergic Sensitization in Norwegian Children,” Allergy, no. 1 (January 2013) 68: 84–91 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3515701/; accessed March 29, 2018).
7 K. M. Rice, E. M. Walker Jr., M. Wu, C. Gillette and E. R. Blough, “Environmental Mercury and Its Toxic Effects,” Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, no. 2 (March 2014) 47: 74–83 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3988285/; accessed March 29, 2018).
8 See I. Andersen, O. Voie, F. Fonnum and E. Mariussen, “Effects of Methyl Mercury in Combination with Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Brominated Flame Retardants on the Uptake of Glutamate in Rat Brain Synaptosomes: A Mathematical Approach for the Study of Mixtures,” Toxicological Sciences 112 (2009): 175–84.
9 H. Willer and J. Lernoud, “The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends 2017,” Research Institute of Organic Agriculture and International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, February 2017 (https://shop.fibl.org/CHen/mwdownloads/download/link/id/785/?ref=1; accessed March 30, 2018).
10 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, “Market Trends: Organics,” Market Analysis Report, 2010 (http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2015/aac-aafc/A74-2-2010-11-eng.pdf; accessed March 29, 2018).
11 T. Granger, “McDonald’s to Stop Using Foam Packaging by End of Year,” Earth 911, January 12, 2018 (https://earth911.com/business-policy/mcdonalds-foam/; accessed April 1, 2018).
12 “Sustainability Nears a Tipping Point,” MIT Sloan Management Review 53 (Winter 2012): 69–74.
13 Ibid.
14 L. Tan, N. Neilsen, D. Young and Z. Trizna, “Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Consumer Products,” Archives of Dermatology 138 (2002): 1082–86; Environmental Defence Canada, The Trouble with Triclosan (Toronto, November 2012); Health Canada, “Canada Concludes Preliminary Assessment of Triclosan,” press release, March 30, 2012 (https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2012/03/canada-concludes-preliminary-assessment-triclosan.html; accessed March 29, 2018).
15 S. Lunder, “Washington Is First State to Ban Fluorinated Chemicals in Food Packaging,” Environmental Working Group, March 22, 2018 (https://www.ewg.org/news-and-analysis/2018/03/washington-first-state-ban-fluorinated-chemicals-food-packaging#.WsDH0dPwbOR; accessed April 1, 2018).
16 M. L. Wind, “Response to Petition HP 99-1: Request to Ban PVC in Toys and Other Products Intended for Children Five Years of Age and Under,” August 2002, quoted in Trouble in Toyland, NYPIRG 2002 Toy Safety Report (https://slidex.tips/download/trouble-in-toyland-table-of-contents; accessed March 21, 2018).
17 I. Colón, D. Caro, C. J. Bourdony and O. Rosario, “Identification of Phthalate Esters in the Serum of Young Puerto Rican Girls with Premature Breast Development,” Environmental Health Perspectives 108 (2000): 895–900; R. Moral, R. Wang, I. H. Russo, D. A. Mailo, C. A. Lamartinière and J. Russo, “The Plasticizer Butyl Benzyl Phthalate Induces Genomic Changes in Rat Mammary Gland after Neonatal/Prepubertal Exposure,” BMC Genomics 8 (2007): 453.
18 D. Smith, “Worldwide Trends in DDT Levels in Human Milk,” International Journal of Epidemiology 28 (1999): 184; P. Pinsky and M. Lorber, “A Model to Evaluate Past Exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD,” Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 8 (1998): 325; Health Canada, Risk Management Strategy for Lead, February 2013, 25 (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/contaminants/prms_lead-psgr_plomb/index-eng.php; accessed April 1, 2018).
19 Ami R. Zota, Antonia M. Calafat, and Tracey J. Woodruff, “Temporal Trends in Phthalate Exposures: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2010” Environmental Health Perspectives, doi: 10.1289/ehp.1306681.
20 Modified from Ami R. Zota, Antonia M. Calafat and Tracey J. Woodruff, “Temporal Trends in Phthalate Exposures: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2010,” Environmental Health Perspectives, doi:10.1289/ehp.1306681.
21 RICK AND BRUCE’S TEST SCHEDULE
Rick limits exposure to products that contain phthalates, bisphenol A and triclosan.
Rick continues to limit exposure to products containing phthalates, bisphenol A and triclosan.
Rick begins the 1st 24-hour urine collection.
1 p.m. Rick and Bruce meet to have first blood samples taken.
2 p.m. Bruce has two tuna sandwiches for lunch.
9 a.m. Rick and Bruce arrive at the condo.
9:45 a.m. Bruce drinks Earl Grey tea.
10:15 a.m. Carpet cleaning company arrives to protect/Stainmaster the test-room carpet and couch.
11 a.m. Rick drinks first coffee, brewed in polycarbonate French press. Rick gets ready for the day (showers, shaves, brushes teeth, etc.).
11:30 a.m. Rick and Bruce settle into the test room.
12:15 p.m. Rick washes hands with antibacterial hand soap.
1 p.m. Bruce has tuna sandwich and tea for lunch.
1:30 p.m. Rick has chicken noodle soup and canned spaghetti for lunch, both microwaved in Rubbermaid microwavable containers. Rick also brews a fresh pot of coffee.
2 p.m. Rick begins second 24-hour urine collection and takes a urine spot sample.
2:30 p.m. Rick does dishes and washes up, then uses lotion, brushes teeth and washes hands.
3 p.m. Bruce has a tuna sandwich and tea for a mid-afternoon snack.
3:15 p.m. Rick drinks two small (275 mL) cans of Coke.
4:30 p.m. Rick brews fresh coffee and then drinks it.
5:15 p.m. Rick and Bruce have second blood samples taken.
5:45 p.m. Bruce has a trayful of tuna sushi and sashimi.
6:45 p.m. Rick has tuna casserole for dinner.
7 p.m. Bruce eats a trayful of tuna sashimi, sushi roll and nigiri sushi for dinner, along with a beer or two.
7:15 p.m. Rick washes dishes, washes hands and brushes teeth.
8:15 p.m. Rick moisturizes hands.
9:00 p.m. Rick takes second urine spot sample.
9:30 p.m. Rick and Bruce leave the condo for the night.
Tuesday, March 4, 2008 (Day 3)
10 a.m. Rick arrives at the condo and makes first cup of coffee of the day. He settles into the room.
11 a.m. Rick brews fresh pot of coffee and plugs in room air freshener.
11 a.m. Bruce arrives at the condo and settles into the room.
11:15 a.m. Rick showers.
11:45 a.m. Rick has canned pineapple for a snack.
1 p.m. Rick unplugs air freshener, removes it from the room and then makes lunch.
1 p.m. Bruce has tuna sandwich for lunch.
3 p.m. Rick takes third urine spot sample.
7 p.m. Bruce has seared tuna steak for dinner.
9 p.m. Rick and Bruce leave the condo for the night.
Wednesday, March 5, 2008 (Day 4)
9:30 a.m. Rick and Bruce have final blood samples taken. Rick has additional samples of blood drawn to analyze his PBDE levels.
12 noon All blood and urine samples shipped to AXYS Analytical Services.
Thursday, March 6, 2008
10 a.m. Blood and urine samples arrive at AXYS.
22 S. Ndaw, A. Remy, D. Jargot and A. Robert, “Occupational Exposure of Cashiers to Bisphenol A via Thermal Paper: Urinary Biomonitoring Study,” International Archives on Occupational and Environmental Health 89, no. 6: (August 2016) 935–46 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27126703; accessed March 29, 2018).
23 In fact, Fred vom Saal, the grandfather of BPA research, has found exactly this. See A. M. Hormann, F. S. vom Saal, S. C. Nagel, R. W. Stahlhut, C. L. Moyer, M. R. Ellersieck, W. V. Welshons et al., “Holding Thermal Receipt Paper and Eating Food after Using Hand Sanitizer Results in High Serum Bioactive and Urine Total Levels of Bisphenol A (BPA),” PLoS One, 9, no. 10 (October 2014): e110509; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110509, eCollection 2014 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25337790; accessed March 29, 2018).
24 S. LaMotte, “BPA-Free Plastic Alternatives May Not Be As Safe As You Think,” CNN, February 1, 2016 (https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/01/health/bpa-free-alternatives-may-not-be-safe/index.html; accessed March 29, 2018).
25 See Hormann et al., “Holding Thermal Receipt Paper.”
26 “Global Bisphenol A (BPA) Market by Application (Appliances, Automotive, Consumer, Construction, Electrical & Electronics) Expected to Reach USD 20.03 Billion by 2020,” Grand View Research, June 2015 (https://www.grandviewresearch.com/press-release/global-bisphenol-a-bpa-market; accessed March 29, 2018).
1 R. Raphael, “What’s Driving the Billion-Dollar Natural Beauty Movement?” Fast Company, May 28, 2017 (https://www.fastcompany.com/3068710/whats-driving-the-billion-dollar-natural-beauty-movement; accessed April 10, 2018).
2 “EcoFocus Trend Survey 2010–2012,” EcoFocus Worldwide (https://ecofocusworldwide.com/new-global-trend-survey/; accessed March 13, 2018). More recent research, commissioned by Unilever, has found that roughly a “third of consumers [now choose] to buy from brands they believe are doing social or environmental good.” (See “Report Shows a Third of Consumers Prefer Sustainable Brands,” Unilever, May 1, 2017 (https://www.unilever.com/news/Press-releases/2017/report-shows-a-third-of-consumers-prefer-sustainable-brands.html; accessed March 13, 2017).
3 McGinley, L. “FDA Bans Common Ingredients in Antibacterial Soaps and Body Washes,” Washington Post, September 2, 2016 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/09/02/fda-bans-some-antibacterial-soaps-and-body-washes/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.bb983614fb95; accessed May 31, 2018).
4 U.S. Food & Drug Administration, “What Are Parabens and Why Are They Used In Cosmetics?,” February 22, 2018 (https://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ProductsIngredients/Ingredients/ucm128042.htm#what_are_parabens; accessed May 31, 2018).
5 See: Government of Canada, “Registration Decision RD2014-03, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate,” March 19, 2014 (https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/consumer-product-safety/reports-publications/pesticides-pest-management/decisions-updates/registration-decision/2014/sodium-lauryl-sulfate-rd2014-03.html) and American Cleaning Institute, “Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS),”2018 (https://www.cleaninginstitute.org/policy/sls.aspx; both accessed May 31, 2018).
6 IBISWorld, a Los Angeles–based business intelligence company, estimated the total value of the global cosmetic market in 2017 at $301.7 billion. See “Global Cosmetics Manufacturing—Global Market Research Report,” IBISWorld, June 2017 (https://www.ibisworld.com/industry-trends/global-industry-reports/manufacturing/cosmetics-manufacturing.html; accessed March 27, 2018).
7 Estée Lauder official website (https://www.esteelauder.com/; accessed July 30, 2012).
8 “Weleda: 4.2% Increase in Sales Worldwide,” Organic Market Info, March 15, 2018 (http://www.organic-market.info/news-in-brief-and-reports-article/weleda-4-2-increase-in-sales-worldwide.html; accessed April 18, 2018).
9 “Ecocert Greenlife & Cosmos,” Ecocert, March 30, 2016 (www.ecocert.com/en/ecocert-greenlife-cosmos; accessed April 18, 2018).
10 J. Saunders, “Making Sense of ‘Organic’ Labels for Non-food Products,” Organic Council of Ontario, October 26, 2017 (www.organiccouncil.ca/news/making-sense-of-organic-labels-for-non-food-products; accessed April 10, 2018).
11 United States Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, “Hazard Alert Update: Hair Smoothing Products That Could Release Formaldehyde” (http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/formaldehyde/hazard_alert.html; accessed August 1, 2012).
12 State of California Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General, “Attorney General Kamala D. Harris Announces Settlement Requiring Honest Advertising over Brazilian Blowout Products,” press release, January 30, 2012 (http://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-kamala-d-harris-announces-settlement-requiring-honest; accessed August 1, 2012).
13 Health Canada, “Media Advisory and Product Safety Recall: Brazilian Blowout Solution Contains Formaldehyde,” October 26, 2010, http://www.healthycanadians.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2010/13437a-eng.php (accessed August 2, 2012).
14 Environmental Defence Canada, Not So Sexy: The Health Risks of Secret Chemicals in Fragrance (Toronto: Environmental Defence, 2010). In 2013, CTV News reported on a University of Guelph study that found that “nearly 60 percent of [herbal supplements] contained DNA from at least one plant species that wasn’t listed on the product label.” (See “Do You Take Herbal Supplements? Find Out What’s Really in That Bottle,” CTV News, October 11, 2013 (https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/do-you-take-herbal-supplements-find-out-what-s-really-in-that-bottle-1.1493311; accessed March 27, 2018).
15 The term “girlcott” was first coined in 2005 by a group of high school girls who were protesting sexist T-shirt slogans by Abercrombie & Fitch. In her book Not Just a Pretty Face (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2007), Stacy Malkan discusses synthetic chemicals and quotes Dr. Devra Davis as saying: “Boycotts mean saying no. Girlcotts mean yes. Women are the main purchasers of products and take responsibility for what goes into the home. We can organize to change market forces by saying we don’t want cancer-causing products and we do want safer products. When enough women get together, we can make things happen.” Since 2007, the term has continued to be applied to girl-led protests against a variety of companies and organizations, including Starbucks, Abercrombie & Fitch (again) and the National Rifle Association.
16 C. Martina, B. Weiss and S. Swan, “Lifestyle Behaviours Associated with Exposures to Endocrine Disruptors,” Neurotoxicology 6 (2012): 1247–1433, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2012.05.016.
17 O. Geiss, S. Tirendi, J. Barrero-Moreno and D. Kotzias, “Investigation of Volatile Organic Compounds and Phthalates Present in the Cabin Air of Used Private Cars,” Environment International 35 (2009): 1188–95.
18 R. Rudel, J. Gray, C. Engel, T. Rawsthorne, R. Dodson, J. Ackerman, J. Rizzo et al., “Food Packaging and Bisphenol A and Bis(2-ethyhexyl) Phthalate Exposure: Findings from a Dietary Intervention,” Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (2011): 914–20.
19 P. Greenfield, “Eating Out Increases Levels of Phthalates in the Body, Study Finds,” The Guardian, March 29, 2018 (https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/mar/29/eating-out-increases-levels-of-phthalates-in-the-body-study-finds?CMP=share_btn_tw; accessed April 18, 2018).
20 R. Kwapniewski, S. Kozaczka, R. Hauser, M. Silva, A. Calafat and D. Duty, “Occupational Exposure to Dibutyl Phthalate among Manicurists,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 50 (2008): 705–11.
21 L. Parlett, A. Calafat and S. Swan, “Women’s Exposure to Phthalates in Relation to Use of Personal Care Products,” Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, November 21, 2012, doi: 10.1038/jes.2012.105.
22 J. Meeker, S. Sathyanarayana and S. Swan, “Phthalates and Other Additives in Plastics: Human Exposure and Associated Health Outcomes,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 364 (2009): 2097–113.
23 S. Swan, K. Main, F. Liu, S. Stewart, R. Kruse, A. Calafat, C. Mao et al., “Decrease in Anogenital Distance among Male Infants with Prenatal Phthalate Exposure,” Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (2005): 1056–61.
24 S. Swan, F. Liu, M. Hines, R. Kruse, C. Wang, J. Redmon, A. Sparks et al., “Prenatal Phthalate Exposure and Reduced Masculine Play in Boys,” International Journal of Andrology 33 (2010): 259–69.
25 “Phthalate Levels in Expectant Fathers Influence Sperm Epigenetics, Study Suggests,” Medical Life Sciences, September 12, 2017 (https://www.news-medical.net/news/20170912/Phthalate-levels-in-expectant-fathers-influence-sperm-epigenetics-study-suggests.aspx; accessed April 18, 2018).
26 A. Calafat, X. Ye, L. Wong, A. Bishop and L. Needham, “Urinary Concentrations of Four Parabens in the U.S. Population: NHANES 2005–2006,” Environmental Health Perspectives 118 (2010): 679–85.
27 P. Darbre, A. Aljarrah, W. Miller, N. Coldham, M. Sauer and G. Pope, “Concentrations of Parabens in Human Breast Tumours,” Journal of Applied Toxicology 24 (2004): 5–13.
28 N. Janjua, G. Mortensen, A. Andersson, B. Kongshoj, N. Skakkebaek and H. Wulf, “Systemic Uptake of Diethyl Phthalate, Dibutyl Phthalate and Butyl Paraben Following Whole-Body Topical Application and Reproductive and Thyroid Hormone Levels in Humans,” Environmental Science and Technology 41 (2007): 5564–70.
29 L. Barr, G. Metaxas, C. Harbach, L. Savoy and P. Darbre, “Measurement of Paraben Concentrations in Human Breast Tissue at Serial Locations across the Breast from Axilla to Sternum,” Journal of Applied Toxicology 3 (2012): 219–32.
30 P. Darbre, D. Pugazhendhi and F. Mannello, “Aluminium and Human Breast Diseases,” Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 105 (2011): 1484–88.
31 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “Does FDA Regulate the Use of Preservatives in Cosmetics?” February 22, 2018, https://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ProductsIngredients/Ingredients/ucm128042.htm#regulations (accessed May 31, 2018).
32 Since 2012, Dabre has continued her important research and advocacy. In 2015 she contributed a chapter to Endocrine Disruption and Human Health, arguing that “personal care products” contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals absorbed through the skin, potentially generating a range of harmful side effects. See P. D. Dabre and P. W. Harvey, “Regulatory Considerations for Dermal Application of Endocrine Disrupters in Personal Care Products,” chapter 19 of Endocrine Disruption and Human Health (Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 2015); https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128011393000193. She has also authored two reports since then on applied toxicology and breast tissue, as well as an astute but depressing research overview on endocrine disruptors and obesity. See P.D. Darbe, “Endocrine Disruptors and Obesity,” Current Obesity Reports no. 1 (March 2017) 6: 18–27 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13679-017-0240-4).
33 S. Khanna and P. Darbre, “Parabens Enable Suspension Growth of MCF-10A Immortalized, Non-transformed Human Breast Epithelial Cells,” Journal of Applied Toxicology, June 29, 2012, (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22744862; accessed March 13, 2018).
34 P. Darbre and A. Charles, “Environmental Oestrogens and Breast Cancer: Evidence for Combined Involvement of Dietary, Household and Cosmetic Xenoestrogens,” Anticancer Research 30 (2010): 815–28.
35 My phthalate shopping list included the following:
Pantene Pro-V Sheer Volume shampoo and conditioner; Pantene Body Builder mousse; TRESemmé European Freeze Hold hairspray
Gillette Deep Cleansing shave gel
Calvin Klein Eternity for Men; Right Guard Sport regular deodorant; Jergens original scent lotion
Dawn Ultra Concentrated liquid/antibacterial hand soap (apple blossom scent)
Test Room
Glade Plug-in Scented Oil, Morning Walk scent (plugged in for 2 hours on Tuesday)
36 Ibid.
37 One study concluded that consumer products and different indoor sources dominate the exposure to dimethyl, diethyl, benzyl butyl, diisononyl and diisodecyl phthalates, whereas food has a major influence on the exposure to diisobutyl, dibutyl and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates. See M. Wormuth, M. Scheringer, M. Vollenweider and K. Hungerbühler, “What Are the Sources of Exposure to Eight Frequently Used Phthalic Acid Esters in Europeans?” Risk Analysis 26, no. 3 [2006]). Another, more recent study found, somewhat hopefully, that both “legislative activity and advocacy campaigns” may have played a beneficial role in limiting Americans’ exposure to phthalates. See: A. R. Zota, A. M. Calafat and T. J. Woodruff, “Temporal Trends in Phthalate Exposures: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2010,” Environmental Health Perspectives 122, no. 3 (March 2014): 235–41.
38 In the orioginal version of Slow Death by Rubber Duck, we conducted a much simpler experiment comparing phthalate levels during and after wearing conventional personal-care products. In this experiment, we wanted to design something that would be more useful for consumers: a comparison of synthetic chemical levels from conventional and natural cosmetics, since virtually nobody will go cosmetics-free. As far as we know, the paraben experiment and comparison of levels resulting from conventional and natural cosmetics is a “first.”
39 The following are the products they used:
Neutrogena Pore Refining Cleanser; Neutrogena Alcohol-Free Toner; Estée Lauder DayWear Plus Multi Protection Anti-Oxidant Crème; Pantene Pro-V Moisture Renewal 2-in-1 shampoo; Pantene Pro-V Moisture Renewal conditioner; Herbal Essences Set Me Up mousse; Herbal Essences Set Me Up Extra Hold styling gel; John Frieda Luxurious Volume Extra Hold hairspray; Olay Body Ultra Moisture Body Wash with Shea Butter; Irish Spring Original deodorant soap; Lady Speed Stick 24/7 antiperspirant deodorant in Cool Breeze; Vaseline Intensive Care Total Moisture Dry Skin lotion; Alfred Sung Forever perfume; Dial Complete Antibacterial Foaming Hand Wash; Covergirl TruBlend pressed powder; Physicians Formula Summer Eclipse Radiant Bronzing Powder; Revlon ColorStay Mineral Blush; L’Oréal Neutrals eyeshadow; Covergirl Professional Super Thick Lash mascara; Revlon ColorStay Overtime Lipcolor; Sally Hansen Insta-Dri nail color
Aubrey Organics shampoo; Aubrey Organics conditioner; Dr. Hauschka eyeshadow; Zosimos Botanicals eyeliner; Couleur Caramel mascara; Organic Pharmacy Honey and Jasmine Mask; Earth Tu Face Body Butter; TMS Beauty concealer; Jane Iredale PurePressed powder; Nine Naturals body wash; Sprout lip balm; Organic Pharmacy blush
Gillette Fusion shaving gel Neutrogena Men Post Shave lotion; Neutrogena Pore Refining cleanser; Nivea for Men moisturizer; Pantene Pro-V Always Smooth shampoo; Pantene Pro-V Sheer Volume conditioner; Bed Head for Men Matte Separation Workable Wax; Dove Men+Care Deep Clean bodywash; Irish Spring Original deodorant soap; Old Spice deodorant; Vaseline Men Fast Absorbing lotion; Axe body spray; Dial Complete Antibacterial Foaming Hand Wash
Aveda Caribbean Therapy Body Crème; Aveda Calming body cleanser; Aveda Rosemary Mint Hand and Body Wash; Aveda Hand Relief; Aveda Foot Relief; Aveda Tourmaline Charged Hydrating Crème; Aveda Men Pure-Formance shampoo; Aveda Men Pure-Formance conditioner; Aveda Men Pure-Formance Grooming Clay; Aveda Men Pure-Formance shave cream; Aveda Men Pure-Formance Dual Action aftershave Though it’s impossible to nail down with complete precision which amounts of phthalates and parabens came from which specific products, the selection—according to a variety of sources—both likely contained the chemicals in question and replicated the typical product selection of countless consumers.
40 R. Dodson, M. Nishioka, L. Standley, L. Perovich, J. Brody and R. Rudel, “Endocrine Disruptors and Asthma-Associated Chemicals in Consumer Products,” Environmental Health Perspectives 20 (2012): 935–43.
41 Environmental Working Group, Skin Deep Cosmetics Database (http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/; accessed September 20, 2012).
42 The lab in British Columbia analyzed the urine samples for the following phthalates and parabens: monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), monomethyl phthalate (MMP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) and methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, butyl and benzyl parabens.
43 N. Janjua, H. Frederiksen, N. Skakkebaek, H. Wulf and A. Andersson, “Urinary Excretion of Phthalates and Parabens after Repeated Whole-Body Application in Humans,” International Journal of Andrology 3 (2008): 118–30.
44 T. Chen, “The Impact of the Shea Nut Industry on Women’s Empowerment in Burkina Faso: A Multi-dimensional Study Focusing on the Central, Central-West and Hauts-Bassins Regions,” United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2017 (http://www.fao.org/3/a-i8062e.pdf; accessed April 12, 2018).
45 Tonnages of shea nuts: J. Funt, managing director, Global Shea Alliance, personal correspondence with author, July 18, 2012.
46 “Shea Nut Production Provides Jobs and Empowerment for West African Women,” Africa Dispatch (https://journalism.nyu.edu/publishing/africadispatch/2013/06/28/shea-nut-production-provides-jobs-and-empowerment-for-west-african-women/; accessed April 12, 2018).
47 “Loblaw Companies Limited,” George Weston Limited, 2011 (http://www.weston.ca/en/Loblaw-Companies-Ltd.aspx; accessed April 1, 2018).
1 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, PFOA Factsheet (https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/PFOA_FactSheet.html; accessed December 8, 2008).
2 Ibid.
3 Environmental Protection Agency, “Phaseout of PFOS,” correspondence from Charles Auer, May 16, 2000 (http://www.chemicalindustryarchives.org/dirtysecrets/scotchgard/pdfs/226-0629.pdf; accessed December 5, 2008).
4 T. Lougheed, “Environmental Stain Fading Fast,” Environmental Health Perspectives 115, no. 1 (January 2007): A20.
5 Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer Products, no. 99, “Survey and Environmental/Health Assessment of Fluorinated Substances in Impregnated Consumer Products and Impregnating Agents,” October 2008 (http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-NIP-GUID-ArticlePaperPFOSInv-4.En.pdf; accessed December 15, 2008).
6 J. Eilperin, “Compound in Teflon a ‘Likely Carcinogen,’ ” Washington Post, June 29, 2005. In 2005, the EPA moved the rating for PFOA up from “possible carcinogen” to “likely human carcinogen,” based on its review of the evidence. At the time, DuPont actively disputed this categorization. As of March 2018, the EPA has established a “health advisory” for PFOA based on its assessment of the “latest peer-reviewed science.” See Environmental Protection Agency, “Drinking Water Health Advisories for PFOA and PFOS” (https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/drinking-water-health-advisories-pfoa-and-pfos; accessed March 8, 2018).
7 A. Kärrman, B. van Bavel, U. Järnberg, L. Hardell and G. Lindström, “Perfluorinated Chemicals in Relation to Other Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Blood,” Chemosphere 64, no. 9 (August 2006): 1582–91.
8 “Scientists Find Rising PFC Levels in Polar Bears,” “Pesticide and Toxic Chemical News,” Chemical Business News Base, March 31, 2008.
9 W. Vetter, V. Gall and K. Skírnisson, “Polyhalogenated Compounds (PCBs, Chlordanes, HCB and BFRs) in Four Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) That Swam Malnourished from East Greenland to Iceland,” Science of the Total Environment, November 2015, 533: 290–6 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26172596; accessed April 4, 2018).
10 J. W. Martin, M. M. Smithwick, B. M. Braune, P. F. Hoekstra, D. C. G. Muir and S. A. Mabury, “Identification of Long Chain Perfluorinated Acids in Biota from the Canadian Arctic,” Environmental Science and Technology 38 (2004a): 373–80.
11 C. Lyons, Stain-Resistant, Nonstick, Waterproof and Lethal: The Hidden Dangers of C8 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007).
12 “DuPont in Sticky Situation over Teflon Chemical” (including interview with Della Tennant), Living on Earth, National Public Radio, broadcast January 6, 2006.
13 Amended Class Action Complaint, Civil Action no. 01-C-2518, Circuit Court of Kanawha County, West Virginia, 17, https://www.hpcbd.com/dupont/Amended-Complaint.PDF (accessed March 21, 2018).
14 Environmental Protection Agency, “EPA Settles PFOA Case Against DuPont for Largest Environmental Administrative Penalty in Agency History,” news release, December 14, 2005, http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/68b5f2d54f3eefd28525701500517fbf/fdcb2f665cac66bb852570d7005d6665!OpenDocument (accessed March 21, 2018).
15 K. Cook, “EWG TSCA 8(e) Petition to U. S. EPA,” correspondence from Ken Cook to Christine Todd Whitman, Administrator, EPA, April 11, 2003, https://www.ewg.org/news/testimony-official-correspondence/ewg-tsca-8e-petition-us-epa#.Wp8KrJPwbOQ (accessed December 5, 2008).
16 “3M and Scotchgard: ‘Heroes of Chemistry’ or a 20-Year Coverup?” Chemical Industry Archives, http://www.chemicalindustryarchives.org/dirtysecrets/scotchgard/1.asp (accessed August 10, 2008).
17 Ibid.
18 Dupont, “DuPont Participation in Voluntary EPA PFOA Stewardship Program,” January 27, 2006, http://www2.dupont.com/Media_Center/en_US/news_releases/2006/article20060127c.html (accessed December 8, 2008).
19 Environmental Working Group, “PFCs: Global Contaminants: DuPont’s Spin about PFOA,” research report, April 3, 2003. The EWG report describes an unpublished report in which 3M discovered these birth defects while conducting studies on rats in 1983. DuPont made the results available as part of the class action suit.
20 Law Firm of Hill, Peterson, Carper, Bee & Deitzler, “C-8 Class Action Settlement,” https://www.hpcbd.com/Personal-Injury/DuPont-C8/C8-Class-Action-Settlement.shtml (accessed December 5, 2008).
21 H. Brubaker, “DuPont Settles Pollution Lawsuit: The Firm Will Pay $108 Million to Resolve Allegations That Discharge from a W. Va. Plant Contaminated Water Supplies,” Philadelphia Inquirer, September 9, 2004.
22 “DuPont Position Statement on PFOA,” DuPont, 2018, www.dupont.com/corporate-functions/our-company/insights/articles/position-statements/articles/pfoa.html (accessed April 4, 2018).
23 DuPont, 2007 Annual Review, http://library.corporate-ir.net/library/73/733/73320/items/283770/DD_2007_AR_v2.pdf (accessed November 8, 2008).
24 R. E. Wells, “Fatal Toxicosis in Pet Birds Caused by Overheated Cooking Pan Lined with Polytetrafluoroethylene,” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 182 (1983): 1248–50.
25 Dupont, “Learn More about DuPont™ Teflon ®.”
26 J. Houlihan, K. Thayer and J. Klein, “Canaries in the Kitchen: Teflon Toxicosis,” research report, May 15, 2003.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 R. F. Brown and P. Rice, “Electron Microscopy of Rat Lung Following a Single Acute Exposure to Perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB): A Sequential Study of the First 24 Hours Following Exposure,” International Journal of Experimental Pathology 72 (1991): 437–50.
30 M. Son, E. Maruyama, Y. Shindo, N. Suganuma, S. Sato and M. Ogawa, “A Case of Polymer Fume Fever with Interstitial Pneumonia Caused by Inhalation of Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon),” Japanese Journal of Toxicology 19, no. 3 (2006): 279–82.
31 A. M. Calafat, L.-Y. Wong, Z. Kuklenyik, J. A. Reidy and L. L. Needham, “Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals in the U.S. Population: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004 and Comparisons with NHANES 1999–2000,” Environmental Health Perspectives 115, no. 11 (November 2007): 1596–1602.
32 M. J. A. Dinglasan-Panlilio and S. A. Mabury, “Significant Residual Fluorinated Alcohols Present in Various Fluorinated Materials,” Environmental Science and Technology 40 (2007): 1447–53.
Total surface area of protected material was roughly 19 m2 (drapes = 1 m2, couch = 3 m2 and carpet = 15 m2).
Teflon Advanced recommends an application rate of 200 ft2 per gallon of diluted product (one part pure product, four parts water). In metric measurement this equates to roughly 19 m2 per 4 L (litres) of “diluted product.” So, considering the recommended application rate, 4 L of diluted product, which is equal to 800 mL of pure product, would need to be applied (since the coverage area was about 19 m2).
In 800 mL of pure product, there would be about 0.15 g of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), the precursors to PFOA. Assuming this was all released (which is unlikely), the result would be an air concentration of 2.5 μg/m3. This is on the high side of what has been calculated for indoor air, Butt told us, but not absurdly high.
The conversion of expected indoor air concentration to a response in the blood levels is where things got tricky. Over the twenty-four hours of exposure (two days, twelve hours per day), Butt assumed that Rick would breathe about 9 m3 of air, which, at a rate of 2.5 μg/m3, would result in exposure to 22.5 μg of FTOH. If we assume that all of the FTOH is taken up across the lungs (a worst-case scenario) and that all of it is converted to PFOA and other perfluorinated acids (again, at a conversion efficiency far greater than what would be expected in reality), Rick would accumulate 22.5 μg of FTOH in his blood. Based on average human blood volumes, Butt assumed that Rick (who, at six foot six, is taller than most) had about 8 L of blood. So if all the perfluorinated acids accumulated in his blood (which again is unlikely, as they would presumably also accumulate in the liver and kidneys), the concentration would increase to roughly 3 ng/mL, similar to Rick’s existing PFOA value.
1 A. R. Horrocks and D. Price, Fire Retardant Materials (Cambridge: Woodhead, 2001).
2 Chlorinated flame-retardants work in a very similar manner and present similar environmental concerns. There is a great deal of concern over the use of chlorinated tris-BP (2, 3-dibromopropyl phosphate) as a flame retardant.
3 M. Alaee, P. Arias, A. Sjödin and Å. Bergman, “An Overview of Commercially Used Brominated Flame Retardants, Their Applications, Their Use Patterns in Different Countries/Regions and Possible Modes of Release,” Environment International 29, no. 6 (September 2008): 683–89.
4 L. Charlton, “Intentions Gone Astray: The Facts about Tris Don’t Leave Much Choice,” New York Times, July 3, 1997, 97.
5 N. Brozan, “Flame Retardant Sleepwear: Is There a Risk of Cancer?” New York Times, April 10, 1976, 38.
6 Ibid.
7 “Ban Asked on Children’s Wear with Flame Retardant,” New York Times, February 9, 1977, 21.
8 A. Blum, M. D. Gold, B. N. Ames, C. Kenyon, F. R. Jones, E. A. Hett, R. C. Dougherty et al., “Children Absorb Tris-BP Flame Retardant from Sleepwear: Urine Contains the Mutagenic Metabolite, 2,3-Dibromopropanol,” Science 201, no. 4360 (September 15, 1978): 1020–23.
9 M. Hosenball, “Karl Marx and the Pajama Game,” Mother Jones, November/December 1979.
10 Ibid.
11 L. J. Carter, “Michigan’s PBB Incident: Chemical Mix-Up Leads to Disaster,” Science 92, no. 4236 (April 16, 1976): 240–43.
12 M. R. Reich, “Environmental Politics and Science: The Case of PBB Contamination in Michigan,” American Journal of Public Health 73, no. 3 (March 1983): 301–13.
13 Michigan Department of Community Health, “PBBs (Polybrominated Biphenyls) in Michigan Frequently Asked Questions – 2011 Update,” www.michigan.gov/documents/mdch_PBB_FAQ_92051_7.pdf (accessed March 7, 2018).
14 Reich, “Environmental Politics and Science.”
15 J. Brody, “Perils in a Chemical World: PBB Incident in Michigan Is Viewed as Latest Evidence of Need for New Investigative System,” New York Times, November 11, 1976, 61.
16 J. Lowy, “Safety of a New Flame Retardant Questioned,” Scripps Howard News Service, October 11, 2004.
17 T. Yoshimura, “Yusho in Japan,” Industrial Health 41, no. 3 (2003): 139–48.
18 K. Hooper and T. A. McDonald, “The PBDEs: An Emerging Environmental Challenge and Another Reason for Breast Milk Monitoring Programs,” Environmental Health Perspectives 108, no. 5 (May 2000): 387–92.
19 Ibid.
20 The ability of PCBs and PBDEs to act as endocrine disruptors has received more public scrutiny than their neurotoxicity during development. The yu-cheng children were mentally handicapped, and several high-quality epidemiological studies have documented adverse effects of PCBs on IQ and other behaviours at environmental levels. The effects of PCBs and PBDEs on behaviour in animals are pretty much the same. Moreover, the biochemical effects in brain tissue are the same for both kinds of chemicals. So, although the epidemiological studies on PBDEs have not been done, it is highly likely that PDBEs are developmental neurotoxicants in humans. Although the mechanisms are largely independent of endocrine disruption, the endocrine system may produce some behavioural effects.
21 A. Blum and B. N. Ames, “Flame Retardant Additives as Possible Cancer Hazards,” Science 195, no. 4273 (January 7, 1997): 17–23.
22 A. Sjodin, L.-Y. Wong, R. S. Jones, A. Park, Y. Zhang, C. Hodge, E. Depietro et al., “Serum Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Polybrominated Biphenyl (PBB) in the United States Population: 2003–2004,” Environmental Science and Technology 42, no. 4 (February 15, 2004): 1377–84.
23 Note that the “P” in PBDE stands for “poly” and refers to a number of individual BDEs.
24 “Methyl Bromide Bill Riles ‘Greens,’ ” Chemical Marketing Reporter 248, no. 1 (July 3, 1995), 4.
25 “Global Flame Retardant Market Projected to Reach US$11.96 Billion by 2025,” Additives for Polymers, 2017, no. 1 (January 2017): 10–11 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306374717300143; accessed June 14, 2018).
26 According to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, PBDEs remain widely used in “textiles, plastics, wire insulation and automobiles” and often “serve as flame retardants for electrical equipment, electronic devices, furniture, textiles and other household products.” See “Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs),” Environmental Protection Agency, January 19, 2017, https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-pbdes (accessed April 3, 2018) and “Technical Fact Sheet – Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)” Environmental Protection Agency, November 2017, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-03/documents/ffrrofactsheet_contaminant_perchlorate_january2014_final_0.pdf (accessed April 4, 2018).
27 Bromine Science and Environmental Forum, “An Introduction to Brominated Flame Retardants,” October 19, 2000. According to the BSEF, “Brominated flame retardants have saved thousands of lives…In the last 10 years, a 20% reduction in fire deaths is a result of the use of flame retardants.”
28 Monsanto Company, “PCB Environmental Pollution Abatement Plan,” 1969, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3032105-Monsanto-PCB-Pollution-Abatement-Plan.html (accessed July 5, 2008).
29 D. Rosenbaum, “Monsanto Plans to Curb Chemical,” New York Times, July 15, 1970, 27.
30 “Phase Out Is Set of PCBs Chemical: Monsanto Acts after Years of Public Health Hazard,” New York Times, January 27, 1976, 54.
31 World Health Organization, “Fact Sheet on Reduced Ignition Propensity
32 World Health Organization, “Fact Sheet on Reduced Ignition Propensity (RIP) Cigarettes,” November 2014 (www.who.int/tobacco/industry/product_regulation/factsheetreducedignitionpropensitycigarettes/en/; accessed June 14, 2018).
33 http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html (accessed September 10, 2018).
34 W. Guo, A. Holden, S. Crispo Smith, R. Gephart, M. Petreas, J.-S. Park, “PBDE Levels in Breast Milk Are Decreasing in California” Chemosphere 150, (2016): 505-13.
35 E. Leamy, “How to Find Flame-Resistant Pajamas for Kids, Without Toxic Chemicals,” Washington Post, November 16, 2017 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/on-parenting/how-to-find-flame-resistant-pajamas-for-kids-without-toxic-chemicals/2017/11/08/fe587216-c32d-11e7-afe9-4f60b5a6c4a0_story.html?utm_term=.c51ab2b30bff; accessed April 2, 2018).
1 L. B. Wright, “Actress Describes Mercury Poisoning Ordeal: Daphne Zuniga Was Eating a High Seafood Diet,” ABC News, October 21, 2005.
2 Ibid.
3 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Biomonitoring Summary: Mercury,” CAS No. 7439-97-6 (https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/Mercury_BiomonitoringSummary.html; accessed April 10, 2018).
4 R. Canuel, S. Boucher de Grosbois, M. Lucotte, L. Atikessé, C. Larose and I. Rheault, “New Evidence on the Effects of Tea on Mercury Metabolism in Humans,” Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health 61, no. 5 (2006): 232–38.
5 S.-M. Shim, M. G. Ferruzzi, Y.-C. Kim, E. M. Janle and C. R. Santerre, “Impact of Phytochemical-Rich Foods on Bioaccessibility of Mercury from Fish,” Food Chemistry 112, no. 1 (January 2009): 46–50
6 Environmental Protection Agency, “National Listing of Fish Advisories General Fact Sheet 2011” (https://www.epa.gov/fish-tech/national-listing-Fish-advisories-general-fact-sheet-2011; accessed March 7, 2018).
7 Oceana, “Mercury Health Effects” (http://oceana.org/our-work/stop-ocean-pollution/mercury/learn-act/mercurys-health-effects; accessed November 30, 2008).
8 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “An Important Message for Pregnant Women and Women of Childbearing Age Who May Become Pregnant about the Risks of Mercury in Fish,” consumer advisory (https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/ac/02/briefing/3872_Advisory%201.pdf; accessed August 5, 2008).
9 C. Johnson, “Elemental Mercury Use in Religious and Ethnic Practices in Latin American and Caribbean Communities in New York City,” Population and Environment 20, no. 5 (May 1999): 443–53.
10 There are only a few examples of mercury being used for murder, as slow death and the telltale signs that mark its use make it less desirable than arsenic as a poison.
11 K. L. Rasmussen, J. L. Boldsen, H. K. Kristensen, L. Skytte, K. L. Hansen, L. Molholm, P. M. Grootes, “Mercury Levels in Danish Medieval Human Bones,” Journal of Archaeological Science 35, no. 8 (August 2008): 2295–96.
12 “Mercury Was Once Seen as a Cure-all,” Free Lance–Star, August 7, 2006.
13 J. J. Putman, “Quicksilver and Slow Death,” National Geographic, October 1972, 506–27.
14 T. Ogura, J. Ramírez-Ortiz, Z. M. Arroyo-Villaseñor, S. Hernández Martínez, J. P. Palafox-Hernández, L. H. García de Alba and Q. Fernando, “Zacatecas (Mexico) Companies Extract Hg from Surface Soil Contaminated by Ancient Mining Industries,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 148, no. 1–4 (September 2003): 167–177 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1025497726115; accessed March 22, 2018).
15 Pollution Probe, Mercury in the Environment: A Primer (Toronto: Pollution Probe, 2003).
16 T. Clarkson, L. Magos and G. J. Myers, “The Toxicology of Mercury: Current Exposures and Clinical Manifestations,” New England Journal of Medicine 349, no. 18 (October 30, 2003): 1731–37.
17 A. C. Rennie, M. McGregor-Schuerman, I. M. Dale, C. Robinson and R. McWilliam, “Mercury Poisoning after Spillage at Home from a Sphygmomanometer on Loan from Hospital,” British Medical Journal 319 (August 7, 1999): 366–67.
18 “Colleagues Vow to Learn from Chemist’s Death,” New York Times, October 3, 1997.
19 Clarkson et al., “The Toxicology of Mercury.”
20 The World Health Organization is unequivocal on these links, stating on its website that “The primary health effect of methylmercury is impaired neurological development.” See “Mercury and Health,” World Health Organization, March 2017 (www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/; accessed April 4, 2018).
21 M. J. Vimy and F. L. Lorscheider, “Dental Amalgam Mercury: Background,” a summary of research results on dental amalgam mercury to date, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Physiology, University of Calgary, May 1993.
22 Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Canada Wide Standard on Mercury for Dental Amalgam Waste, September 2001.
23 J. A. Martin and J. R. Guernsey, “A Comprehensive Review of the Health Effects of Fungicides,” poster presentation, Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 2008 (http://resources.cpha.ca/CPHA/Conf/Code/PresentationsAbstract.php?r=0&Year=2008&ID=A08-211&l=F&site=am; accessed November 30, 2008).
24 An investigative piece from the Globe and Mail in 2007 also looked into links between the use of pesticides on Prince Edward Island and higher-than-average rates of cancer. The article presented several anecdotal accounts of elevated rates of childhood cancer, but noted that the scientific research remained inconclusive. See M. Mittelstaedt, “Pesticides Are What Is Killing Our Kids,” Globe and Mail, December 6, 2006 (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/pesticides-are-what-is-killing-our-kids/article18179217/; accessed April 5, 2018).
25 J. Ui, ed., Industrial Pollution in Japan (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1992).
26 T. Shigeto, The Political Economy of the Environment: The Case of Japan (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2000).
27 A 2017 report from Reuters states that there were “3,000 certified victims of Minamata disease” that “more than 20,000 people have sought to be designated victims.” See M. Funakoshi and K. H. Kim, “More than 60 Years On, Japan’s Mercury-Poison Victims Fight to Be Heard,” Reuters, September 20, 2017 (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-minamata-victims/more-than-60-years-on-japans-mercury-poison-victims-fight-to-be-heard-idUSKCN1BV326; accessed March 27, 2018).
28 National Institute for Minamata Disease (http://www.nimd.go.jp/archives/english/index.html; accessed November 30, 2008).
29 Goldberg. “The Town Where Mercury Still Rises,” New York Times, April 19, 2017 (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/19/opinion/the-town-where-mercury-still-rises.html; accessed November 8, 2017).
30 D. Bruser and J. Poisson, “Ontario Knew about Grassy Narrows Mercury Site for Decades, But Kept It Secret,” Toronto Star, November 11, 2017 (https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/11/11/ontario-knew-about-mercury-site-near-grassy-narrows-for-decades-but-kept-it-secret.html; accessed March 28, 2018).
31 G. E. McKeown-Eyssen and J. Ruedy, “Methyl Mercury Exposure in Northern Quebec: 1. Neurologic Findings in Adults,” American Journal of Epidemiology 118, no. 4 (1983): 461–69.
32 B. Wheatley and S. Paradis, “Exposure of Canadian Aboriginal Peoples to Methylmercury,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80, no. 1–4 (February 1995): 3–11 (http://www.springerlink.com/content/x317026557217813/fulltext.pdf; accessed March 22, 2018).
33 Pollution Probe, Mercury in the Environment.
34 P. Grandjean, P. Weihe, R. White, F. Debas, S. Araki, K. Yokoyama, K. Murata, et al., “Cognitive Deficit in 7-Year-Old Children with Prenatal Exposure to Methylmercury,” Neurotoxicology Teratology 19, no. 6 (1997): 417–28.
35 Ibid.
36 R. S. Rasmussen, J. Nettleton and M. T. Morrissey, “A Review of Mercury in Seafood: Special Focus on Tuna,” Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 14, no. 1 (2005): 1–3.
37 Various pharmacies in Canada, for instance, have initiated thermometer “take back” programs. See “Products That Contain Mercury: Thermometers and Thermostats,” Environment Canada, July 9, 2013 (https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/pollutants/mercury-environment/products-that-contain/thermometers-thermostats.html; accessed April 5, 2018).
38 “Mercury in Fish,” Environment Canada, February 3, 2017 (https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-safety/chemical-contaminants/environmental-contaminants/mercury/mercury-fish.html; accessed April 5, 2018).
1 Environmental Working Group, “Pesticide in Soap, Toothpaste and Breast Milk—Is It Kid-Safe?” Washington, D. C., July 17, 2008.
2 E. Hartmann, “Banned Antimicrobial Chemicals Found in Many Household Products,” CNN, January 25, 2017 (https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/25/health/triclosan-household-items-partner/index.html; accessed April 3, 2018).
3 Antimicrobial products defend against bacteria, viruses and fungi; antibacterial products defend only against bacteria.
4 Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics (www.tufts.edu/med/apua; accessed March 8, 2016).
5 A. E. Aiello, B. Marshall, S. B. Levy, P. Della-Latta, S. X. Lin and E. Larson, “Antibacterial Cleaning Products and Drug Resistance,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, no. 10 (October 2005): 1565–70.
6 E. L. Larson, S. X. Lin, C. Gomez-Pichardo and P. Della-Latta, “Effect of Antibacterial Home Cleaning and Handwashing Products: Infectious Disease Symptoms,” Annals of Internal Medicine 140, no. 5 (2004): 321–29, quoted in A. Glaser, “The Ubiquitous Triclosan: A Common Antibacterial Agent Exposed,” Pesticides and You 24, no. 3 (2004).
7 R. Harrington, “Antibacterial Soap Is Not Better, Cleaner, or Safer, and You Probably Should Stop Using It,” Business Insider, September 25, 2015 (www.businessinsider.com/is-soap-containing-triclosan-better-than-regular-soap-2015-9; accessed April 2, 2018).
8 Ibid.
9 M. Allmyr, M. Adolfsson-Erici, M. S. McLachlan and G. Sandborgh-England, “Triclosan in Plasma and Milk from Swedish Nursing Mothers and Their Exposure via Personal Care Products,” Science of the Total Environment 372, no. 1 (2006): 87–93.
10 A. M. Calafat, X. Ye, L.-Y. Wong, J. A. Reidy and L. L. Needham, “Urinary Concentrations of Triclosan in the U.S. Population: 2003–2004,” Environmental Health Perspectives 116, no. 3 (2008): 303–7.
11 D. W. Kolpin, E. T. Furlong, M. T. Meyer, E. M. Thurman, S. D. Zaugg, L. B. Barber and H. T. Buxton, “Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999–2000: A National Reconnaissance,” Environmental Science and Technology 36 (2002): 1202–11.
12 C. M. Foran, E. R. Bennett and W. H. Benson, “Developmental Evaluation of a Potential Non-steroidal Estrogen: Triclosan,” Marine Environmental Research 50 (2000): 153–56.
13 N. Veldhoen, R. C. Skirrow, H. Osachoff, H. Wigmore, D. J. Clapson, M. P. Gunderson, G. Van Aggelen et al., “The Bactericidal Agent Triclosan Modulates Thyroid Hormone-Associated Gene Expression and Disrupts Postembryonic Anuran Development,” Aquatic Toxicology 80, no. 3 (December 2006): 217–27.
14 T. L. Miller, D. J. Lorusso, M. L. Walsh and M. L. Deinzer, “The Acute Toxicity of Penta-, Hexa- and Heptachlorohydroxydiphenyl Ethers in Mice,” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 12, nos. 2–3 (1983): 245–53. The chemical has also been found to affect the onset of puberty in L. M. Zorrilla, E. K. Gibson, S. C. Jeffay, K. M. Crofton, W. R. Setzer, R. L. Cooper and T. E. Stoker, “The Effects of Triclosan on Puberty and Thyroid Hormones in Male Wistar Rats,” Toxicological Sciences 107, no. 1 (January 2009): 56–64. More recent research on the negative impacts of triclosan includes G. W. Louis, D. R. Hallinger, M. J. Braxton, A. Kamel and T. E. Stoker, “Effects of Chronic Exposure to Triclosan on Reproductive and Thyroid Endpoints in the Adult Wistar Female Rat” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 80, no. 4 (2017): 236–49.
15 L. Tan, N. H. Neilsen, D. C. Young and Z. Trizna, “Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Consumer Products,” Archives of Dermatology 138, no. 8 (2002): 1082–86.
16 “Safety and Effectiveness of Health Care Antiseptics: Topical Antimicrobial Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use,” Federal Register, December 20, 2017 (https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/12/20/2017-27317/safety-and-effectiveness-of-health-care-antiseptics-topical-antimicrobial-drug-products-for; accessed April 5, 2018).
17 “Fact Sheet: The Top 10 Causes of Death,” World Health Organization, January 2017 (www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/; accessed April 2, 2018).
18 “sars (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome),” World Health Organization, 2018 (www.who.int/ith/diseases/sars/en/; accessed April 3, 2018).
19 K. Ashenburg, The Dirt on Clean: An Unsanitized History (Toronto: Knopf Canada, 2007).
20 G. Sandborgh-Englund, M. Adolfsson-Erici, G. Odham and J. Ekstrand, “Pharmacokinetics of Triclosan Following Oral Ingestion in Humans: Part A,” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 69 (2006): 1861–73.
21 R. Sutton, Pesticide in Soap, Toothpaste and Breast Milk: Is It Kid-Safe? (Washington, D. C.: Environmental Working Group, 2008).
22 Calafat et al., “Urinary Concentrations of Triclosan.”
23 C. Shearer, “A Guide to the Nanotechnology Used in the Average Home,” The Conversation, July 4, 2016 (http://theconversation.com/a-guide-to-the-nanotechnology-used-in-the-average-home-59312; accessed April 5, 2016).
24 “Antimicrobial Coatings Market Size by Product,” Global Market Insights, August 2016 (https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/antimicrobial-coatings-market-report?utm_source=globenewswire.com&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=Paid_Globnewswire; accessed April 8, 2017).
25 International Center for Technology Assessment, Executive Summary, Legal Petition Challenges EPA’s Failure to Regulate Environmental and Health Threats from NanoSilver, May 1, 2008, http://appletonlaw.com/files/2009/PDFs/20_LegalPetition.PDF.
26 “Silver Nanoparticles May Be Killing Beneficial Bacteria in Wastewater Treatment,” Science Daily, April 30, 2008, http://www.sciencedaily.com.
27 D. McShan, P. C. Ray and H. Yu, “Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Nanosilver,” Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 22, no.1 (March 2014) 1: 116–27 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1021949814000118; accessed April 8, 2018).
28 R. Senjen, “Nanosilver: A Threat to Soil, Water and Human Health?” (Melbourne: Friends of the Earth Australia, 2007).
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
1 T. Kiely, D. Donaldson and A. Grube, Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 2000 and 2001 Market Estimates, EPA-733-R-04-001 (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency, 2004).
2 C. Cox, “2,4-D: Toxicology,” Journal of Pesticide Reform 19, no. 1 (Spring 1999).
3 W. Mieder, “The Grass Is Always Greener on the Other Side of the Fence: An American Proverb of Discontent,” 1995 (www.deproverbio.com; accessed March 8, 2018).
4 E. Russell, War and Nature: Fighting Humans and Insects with Chemicals from World War I to Silent Spring (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
5 Ibid.
6 Industry Task Force on 2,4-D Research Data, “Straight Talk about 2,4-D Herbicide,” March 17, 2016 (https://www.24d.org/PDF/Backgrounders/Backgrounder-StraightTalk-MythvFact.pdf; accessed March 8, 2018).
7 J. Troyer, “In the Beginning: The Multiple Discovery of the First Hormone Herbicides,” Weed Science 49, no. 2 (March–April 2001): 290–97.
8 “Taking Stock of DDT,” American Journal of Public Health 36, no. 6 (June 1946).
9 Russell, War and Nature.
10 K. Miller Stacy, “Cancer Risk Lingers for Long-Banned DDT,” WebMD, April 29, 2008 (http://men.webmd.com/news/20080428/cancer-risk-lingers-for-long-banned-ddt; accessed March 22, 2018).
11 M. Aubé, C. Larochelle and P. Ayotte, “1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(pchlorophenyl) ethylene(p,p’-DDE) Disrupts the Estrogen-Androgen Balance Regulating the Growth of Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancer Cells,” Breast Cancer Research 10, no. 1 (February 2008), quoted in “DDT Compound Speeds Breast Cancer Growth,” HealthDay, February 14, 2008 (https://consumer.healthday.com/cancer-information-5/breast-cancer-news-94/ddt-compound-speeds-breast-cancer-growth-612635.html; accessed March 22, 2018).
12 C. Cox, “2,4-D Toxicology: Part 2,” Journal of Pesticide Reform 19, no. 2 (Summer 1999).
13 J. von Meding, “Agent Orange, Exposed: How U.S. Chemical Warfare in Vietnam Unleashed a Slow-Moving Disaster,” The Conversation, October 3, 2017 (http://theconversation.com/agent-orange-exposed-how-u-s-chemical-warfare-in-vietnam-unleashed-a-slow-moving-disaster-84572; accessed April 8, 2018).
14 The testing was conducted by Accu-Chem Laboratories, Richardson, Texas.
15 C. Lu, K. Toepel, R. Irish, R.A. Fenske, D.B. Barr and R. Bravo, “Organic Diets Significantly Lower Children’s Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides,” Environmental Health Perspectives 114, no. 2 (February 2006): 260–63.
16 L. L. Needham, V. W. Burse, S. L. Head, M. P. Korver, P. C. McClure, J. S. Andrews Jr., D. L. Rowley, “Adipose Tissue/Serum Partitioning of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides in Humans,” Chemosphere 20 (1990): 975–80.
17 United Nations Environment Programme, Central America and the Caribbean: Regional Report, December 2002.
18 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Third Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (Atlanta: CDC 2005).
19 Environmental Working Group, Human Toxome Project (https://www.ewg.org/sites/humantoxome/; accessed March 6, 2018).
20 Ibid.
21 A. Pollack, “E.P.A. Denies an Environmental Group’s Request to Ban a Widely Used Weed Killer,” New York Times, April 9, 2012 (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/10/business/energy-environment/epa-denies-request-to-ban-24-d-a-popular-weed-killer.html?_r=0; accessed April 8, 2018).
22 L. Wood, “Global Pesticides Market: Trends and Forecasts,” Business Wire, February 24, 2016 (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160224006416/en/Global-Pesticides-Market—Trends-Forecasts-2015-2020; accessed April 8, 2018).
23 Environmental Protection Agency, 2,4-D RED Facts, EPA-738-F-05-00, June 30, 2005 (https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/html/24d_fs.html; accessed March 22, 2018).
24 C. Atwood and C. Paisley-Jones, “Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage 2008–2012 Market Estimates,” Environmental Protection Agency, January 2017 (https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/pesticides-industry-sales-usage-2016_0.pdf; accessed April 8, 2018).
25 G. R. Stephenson, K. R. Solomon and L. Ritter, “Environmental Persistence and Human Exposure Studies with 2,4-D and Other Turfgrass Pesticides,” Centre for Toxicology, University of Guelph.
26 D. Boyd, Unnatural Law: Rethinking Canadian Environmental Law and Policy (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2003).
27 I. Arnold and K. Perrotta, “Cosmetic Pesticides – Provincial Policies and Municipal Bylaws: Lessons Learned and Best Practices,” Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment, August 2016 (https://cape.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Pesticides-Policy-Report-FINAL.pdf; accessed April 9, 2016).
28 “Dow Contests Pesticide Ban,” Chemical and Engineering News 86, no. 44 (November 22, 2008).
29 K. L. Bassil, C. Vakil, M. Sanborn, D.C. Cole, J. S. Kaur and K. J. Kerr, “Cancer Health Effects of Pesticides: Systematic Review,” Canadian Family Physician 53, no. 10 (2007): 1704–11.
30 T. E. Arbuckle, S. M. Schrader, D. Cole, J.C. Hall, C.M. Bancej, L. A. Turner and P. Claman, “2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Residues in Semen of Ontario Farmers,” Reproductive Toxicology 13 (1999): 421–29.
31 G. M. Solomon and P. M. Weiss, “Chemical Contaminants in Breast Milk: Time Trends and Regional Variability,” Environmental Health Perspectives 110, no. 6 (2002): A336–47.
32 C. Storrs, “Report: Pesticide Exposure Linked to Childhood Cancer and Lower IQ,” CNN, September 14, 2015 (https://www.cnn.com/2015/09/14/health/pesticide-exposure-childhood-cancer/index.html; accessed April 9, 2018).
33 K. L. Bassil, C. Vakil, M. Sanborn, D. C. Cole, J. S. Kaur and K. J. Kerr, “Cancer Health Effects of Pesticides: Systematic Review,” Canadian Family Physician 53, no. 10 (2007): 1704–11.
34 M. Sanborn, K. J. Kerr, L. H. Sanin, D. C. Cole, K. L. Bassil and C. Vakil, “Non-cancer Health Effects of Pesticides: Systematic Review and Implications for Family Doctors,” Canadian Family Physician 53 (October 2007).
35 Ibid.
36 Dow AgroSciences, “About Us” (http://www.dowagro.com/about/; accessed December 17, 2008).
37 M. Chen, C.-H. Chang, L. Tao and C. Lu, “Residential Exposure to Pesticide During Childhood and Childhood Cancers: A Meta-analysis,” American Academy of Pediatrics, September 2015 (pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/09/08/peds.2015-0006?sid=b7090daa-bc95-45df-87f5-a64529d4ef3f; accessed April 9, 2018).
38 T. Colborn, “A Case for Revisiting the Safety of Pesticides: A Closer Look at Neurodevelopment,” Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (2006): 10–17.
39 “Pesticides 101,” Pesticide Action Network (www.panna.org/pesticides-big-picture/pesticides-101; accessed April 9, 2018).
40 Dupont, “Comprehensive Scientific Study Confirms Consumer Articles with DuPont Materials Are Safe for Consumer Use: Peer-Reviewed Science Concludes Consumer Use of Articles Are Not a Source of PFOA in People,” April 25, 2005 (http://www2.dupont.com/Media_Center/en_US/assets/downloads/pfoa/nr04_20_05a.pdf; accessed March 8, 2016).
41 S. Sood, “Scientists: EPA ‘Under Siege.’ Survey of EPA Scientists Finds Rampant Political Interference,” Washington Independent, April 23, 2008.
42 The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) has launched a campaign to have Scott Pruitt fired from his post as EPA administrator. See https://www.nrdc.org/case-firing-scott-pruitt (accessed April 14, 2018).
43 “Global Top 50,” Chemical and Engineering News 85, no. 30 (July 23, 2007), https://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/85/8530cover.html (accessed March 8, 2018).
44 Oraclepoll Research, Survey Report Prepared for Pesticide Free Ontario and the Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment, February 2007.
1 R. Smith and A. Daifallah, “It’s in Tory Genes to Go Green,” Globe and Mail, February 6, 2006.
2 T. Corcoran, “Rona Brockovich?” National Post, June 3, 2006.
3 A. M. Calafat, X. Ye, L. Yang, J. A. Reidy and L. Needham, “Exposure of the U.S. Population to Bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003–2004,” Environmental Health Perspectives 116, no. 1 (January 2008): 39–44.
4 W. Qiu, M. Yang and N. Wayne, “BPS, a Popular Substitute for BPA in Consumer Products, May Not Be Safer,” The Conversation, March 11, 2016 (http://theconversation.com/bps-a-popular-substitute-for-bpa-in-consumer-products-may-not-be-safer-54211; accessed April 9, 2018).
5 Ibid.
6 D. Case, “The Real Story Behind Bisphenol A,” Fast Company, February 1, 2009 (https://www.fastcompany.com/1139298/real-story-behind-bisphenol; accessed April 9, 2018).
7 S. Toloken, “SPI Study Disputes Endocrine Disruptor Findings,” Plastics News, October 16, 1998.
8 Z. Wang, H. Liu and S. Liu, “Low-Dose Bisphenol A Exposure: A Seemingly Instigating Carcinogenic Effect on Breast Cancer,” Advanced Science, November 2016, doi: 10.1002/advs.201600248 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28251049; accessed April 9, 2018).
9 J. T. Wolstenholme, M. Edwards, S. R. J. Shetty, J. D. Gatewood, J. A. Taylor, E. F. Rissman and J. J. Connelly, “Gestational Exposure to Bisphenol A Produces Transgenerational Changes in Behaviors and Gene Expression,” Endrocrinology 8, no. 1 (August 2012) 1: 3828–38 (https://academic.oup.com/endo/article/153/8/3828/2424098; accessed April 9, 2018).
10 R. R. Gerona, T. J. Woodruff, C. A. Dickenson, J. Pan, J. M. Schwartz, S. Sen, M. W. Friesen et al., “Bisphenol-A (BPA), BPA Glucuronide and BPA Sulfate in Midgestation Umbilical Cord Serum in a Northern and Central California Population,” Environmental Science and Technology 47, no. 21 (2013): 12477–85 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23941471; accessed April 9, 2018).
11 J. R. Rochester, “Bisphenol A and Human Health: A Review of the Literature,” Reproductive Toxicology 42 (December 2013): 132–55 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23994667; accessed April 10, 2018).
12 F. S. vom Saal, B. T. Akingbemi, S. M. Belcher, L. S. Birnbaum, D. A. Crain, M. Eriksen, F. Farabollini, et al., “Chapel Hill Bisphenol A Expert Panel Consensus Statement: Integration of Mechanisms, Effects in Animals and Potential to Impact Human Health at Current Levels of Exposure,” Reproductive Toxicology 24, no. 2 (2007): 131–38.
13 “Statement from Stephen Ostroff M.D., Deputy Commissioner for Foods and Veterinary Medicine, on National Toxicology Program Draft Report on Bisphenol A,” U. S. Food and Drug Administration, February 23, 2018 (https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm598100.htm; accessed April 10, 2018).
14 A. Yeager, “FDA Report on BPA’s Health Effects Raises Concerns,” The Scientist, February 28, 2018 (https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/51931/title/FDA-Report-on-BPA-s-Health-Effects-Raises-Concerns/; accessed April 10, 2018).
15 A container that, in a recent study, was found to leach bisphenol A. See “Estimates of How Much BPA a Child Could Ingest from Food Products in a Day, Based on Journal Sentinel’s Lab Results,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (http://archive.jsonline.com/watchdog/watchdogreports/34532859.html/; accessed March 8, 2018).
16 “About SafeMama.com,” Safe Mama (http://safemama.com/about/; accessed December 28, 2008).
1 Complete survey results were as follows. Of the 245 surveys completed:
149 (60.8%) — (A) I am concerned about exposure to toxins in non-organic food.
17 (6.9%)—(B) I believe organic foods taste better.
31 (12.7%)—(C) I think that organic foods have more nutrients than non-organic foods.
19 (7.8%) — (D) I like to support local farmers.
29 (11.8%) — (E) I believe organic food is better for the environment.
2 2. S. Lockie, K. Lyons, G. Lawrence and J. Grice, “Choosing Organics: A Path Analysis of Factors Underlying the Selection of Organic Food among Australian Consumers,” Appetite 43 (2004): 135–46; Maryellen Molyneaux, president, Natural Marketing Institute, “Engaging the Next Wave: An Organic Consumer Study,” presentation at Organic Trade Association, “State of the Organic Industry,” Baltimore, Maryland, September 2012.
3 C. Benbrook, “Initial Reflections on the Annals of Internal Medicine Paper ‘Are Organic Foods Safer and Healthier Than Conventional Alternatives? A Systematic Review,’ ” 2012 (www.tfrec.wsu.edu/pdfs/P2566.pdf; accessed March 13, 2018).
4 C. Benbrook, Simplifying the Pesticide Risk Equation: The Organic Option, (Boulder, CO: Organic Center, 2008) https://www.organic-center.org/reportfiles/Organic_Option_Final_Ex_Summary.pdf (accessed March 13, 2018); C. Benbrook, “The Organic Center’s ‘Dietary Risk Index’ – Tracking Relative Pesticide Risks in Food and Beverages,” Organic Center, 2011 (https://www.organic-center.org/reportfiles/DRIfinal_09-10-2011.pdf; accessed March 13, 2018).
5 V. A. Rauh and A. E. Margolis, “Environmental Exposures, Neurodevelopment and Child Mental Health: New Paradigms for the Study of Brain and Behavioral Effects,” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, March 2016 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jcpp.12537; accessed April 15, 2018).
6 C. Lu, K. Toepel, R. Irish, R. Fenske, D. Barr and R. Bravo, “Organic Diets Significantly Lower Children’s Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides,” Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (2006): 260–63.
7 C. Lu, D. Barr, M. Pearson, L. Walker and R. Bravo, “The Attribution of Urban and Suburban Children’s Exposure to Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides: A Longitudinal Assessment,” Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 19 (2009): 69–78.
8 C. Lu, K. Warchol and R. Callahan, “In situ Replication of Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder,” Bulletin of Insectology 65 (2012): 99–106.
9 In 2017, various news outlets reported, however, that there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that neonicotinoids are “harmful to pollinators.” As a result, the European Union has declared a temporary moratorium on use of three major neonicotinoids on bee-attractive crops. See S. Wong, “Strongest Evidence Yet That Neonicotinoids Are Killing Bees,” New Scientist, July 3, 2017 (https://www.newscientist.com/article/2139197-strongest-evidence-yet-that-neonicotinoids-are-killing-bees/; accessed March 27, 2018).
10 P. Jeschke, R. Nauen, M. Schindler and A. Elbert, “Overview of the Status and Global Strategy for Neonicotinoids,” Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 59 (2011): 2897–2908.
11 According to Newsweek, the most commonly used agricultural pesticide is now glyphosate. See: D. Mann, “Glyphosate Now the Most-Used Agricultural Chemical Ever,” Newsweek, February 2, 2016 (www.newsweek.com/glyphosate-now-most-used-agricultural-chemical-ever-422419; accessed March 27, 2018).
12 R. Morse and N. Calderone, “The Value of Honey Bees as Pollinators of U.S. Crops in 2000,” 2000 (http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.472.4894&rep=rep1&type=pdf; accessed March 13, 2018); N. Gallai, J. Salles, J. Settele and B. Vaissière, “Economic Valuation of the Vulnerability of World Agriculture Confronted with Pollinator Decline,” Ecological Economics 68 (2009): 810–21.
13 European Commission Animal Health and Welfare, “Bees and Pesticides: Commission Goes Ahead with Plan to Better Protect Bees,” May 1, 2013 (https://ec.europa.eu/food/animals/live_animals/bees_en; accessed July 11, 2013).
14 European Commission, “Neonicotinoids,” May 30, 2018 (https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/approval_active_substances/approval_renewal/neonicotinoids_en; accessed June 6, 2018).
15 United States Department of Agriculture National Honey Bee Health Stakeholder Conference Steering Committee, Report on the National Stakeholders Conference on Honey Bee Health (Washington, DC: USDA, 2012).
16 United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Schedule for Review of Neonicotinoid Pesticides,” December 2017 (https://www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/schedule-review-neonicotinoid-pesticides; accessed June 6, 2018).
17 K. Harris, and S. Lunn, “New Limits, But No All-Out Ban on Pesticides That Harm Bee Population,” CBC, December 19, 2017 (www.cbc.ca/news/politics/bees-environment-pesticides-1.4456011; accessed June 6, 2018).
18 Government of Ontario, “Neonicotinoid Regulations,” January 30, 2017 (https://www.ontario.ca/page/neonicotinoid-regulations; accessed June 6, 2018).
19 “Quebec Places New Restrictions on Pesticides in Bid to Protect Honeybees,” CBC, February 19, 2018 (www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-pesticides-honeybees-1.4541996; accessed June 6, 2018).
20 BC Farms & Food, “Nepnicotinoid Pesticides in Honey,” November 23, 2017, https://bcfarmsandfood.com/neonicotinoid-pesticides-in-honey/.
21 C. Smith-Spangler, M. Brandea, G. Hunter, J. Bavinger, M. Pearson, P. Eschbach, V. Sundaram et al., “Are Organic Foods Safer or Healthier Than Conventional Alternatives? A Systematic Review,” Annals of Internal Medicine 157 (2012): 348–66.
22 Benbrook, “Initial Reflections on the Annals of Internal Medicine Paper.”
23 K. Brandt, C. Leifert, R. Sanderson and C. Seal, “Agroecosystem Management and Nutritional Quality of Plant Foods: The Case of Organic Fruits and Vegetables,” Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 30 (2011): 1–2, 177–97.
24 A large “meta-analysis” published in the British Journal of Nutrition in 2016 found that that there is indeed growing “evidence that organic production can boost key nutrients in foods.” Among other things, the analysis found that “organic dairy and meat contain about 50 percent more omega-3 fatty acids.” See: A. Aubrey, “Is Organic More Nutritious? New Study Adds to the Evidence,” NPR, February 18, 2016 (https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/02/18/467136329/is-organic-more-nutritious-new-study-adds-to-the-evidence; accessed March 27, 2018).
25 As we edited this book, Matt Holmes sent me some highlights from his organization’s study of the Canadian organic marketplace. His statistics indicated that the Stanford study couldn’t have been as much of a disaster as the media predicted. Canada’s organic market had continued to grow in 2012, totalling C$3.7 billion for the year—a tripling in sales from just six years before. Ignoring the naysayers, 58 percent of all Canadians purchased organic products every week. More recent studies from 2017 indicate that the total organic market has now grown to $5.4 billion and that 83 percent of “millennials” purchase organic products every week. See Canada Organic Trade Association, “Canadian Organic Market Report 2017” (https://ota.com/sites/default/files/Canadian%20Organic%20Market%20Report%202017%20teaser.pdf; accessed March 13, 2016).
26 G. Gallant, “Promoting the Development of Canada’s Organic Sector,” news release, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada, February 21, 2018 (https://www.canada.ca/en/agriculture-agri-food/news/2018/02/promoting_the_developmentofcanadasorganicsector.html; accessed April 12, 2018).
27 “Growth and Opportunities in the Food Sector,” Export Development Canada, December 8, 2016 (https://www.edc.ca/events/EN/1-BJRZJ2/Pages/overview.aspx; accessed April 12, 2018).
28 See U.S. Department of Agriculture, “The Organic Integrity Quarterly: National Organic Program Newsletter,” October 2012 (https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/2012-Organic-October-Newsletter.pdf; accessed March 13, 2018); Organic Trade Association, Organic Industry Survery 2018 (https://www.ota.com; accessed September 5, 2018).
29 S. Strom, “Has ‘Organic’ Been Oversized?” New York Times, July 7, 2012 (http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/08/business/organic-food-purists-worry-about-big-companies-influence.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0; accessed November 3, 2012).
30 Cornucopia Institute, White Paper: The Organic Watergate, 2012 (https://www.cornucopia.org/USDA/OrganicWatergateWhitePaper.pdf; accessed March 13, 2018).
31 “Our Path,” Nature’s Path Canada (https://www.naturespath.com/en-ca/our-path/family-owned/; accessed April 12, 2018).
32 Stonyfield Farm, “History,” November 27, 2012 (http://www.stonyfield.com/our-story/history; accessed March 13, 2018).
33 In 2017, the Latin American Grupo Lala offered to buy Stonyfield for roughly $850 million. See B. Dummett, “Grupo Lala Leads Bids for Danone’s Stonyfield Farm,” MarketWatch, May 18, 2017 (https://www.marketwatch.com/story/grupo-lala-leads-bids-for-danones-stonyfield-farm-2017-05-18; accessed March 27, 2018).
34 K. McCormack, “Stonyfield CEO Resigns to Focus on Food Policy,” Associated Press, January 12, 2012 (https://www.deseretnews.com/article/700214832/Stonyfield-CEO-resigns-to-focus-on-food-policy.html; accessed March 13, 2018).
35 B. Kowitt, “Why the Danone Sale Puts Stonyfield at Risk,” Fortune, March 31, 2017 (http://www.fortune.com/2017/03/31/stonyfield-danone-white-wave-sale/; accessed April 12, 2017).
36 M. Gunther, “Stonyfield Stirs Up the Yogurt Market,” CNN Money Online, January 4, 2008 (http://money.cnn.com/2008/01/03/news/companies/gunther_yogurt.fortune/index.htm; accessed November 27, 2012).
37 H. Agnew, “Danone Agrees $875m Sale of Stonyfield to Lactalis,” Financial Times, July 3, 2017 (https://www.ft.com/content/f30e92b0-5ff4-11e7-8814-0ac7eb84e5f1; accessed April 12, 2018).
38 “Global Food-Giant Buyouts of Top Organic Brands,” CNBC, October 8, 2012 (https://www.cnbc.com/2012/10/08/Global-Food-Giant-Buyouts-of-Top-Organic-Brands.html; accessed March 13, 2018).
39 A. Bhattarai, “Americans Are Buying More Food at Walmart,” Washington Post, August 17, 2017 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2017/08/17/americans-are-buying-more-food-at-walmart/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.27364277cd22; accessed April 12, 2018).
40 “Local Produce at Walmart,” Walmart, 2018 (https://corporate.walmart.com/_news_/media-library/photos/live-better/local-produce-at-walmart; accessed April 12, 2018).
41 “About Us,” International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, 2018 (https://www.ifoam.bio/en/about-us; accessed April 4, 2018).
42 I know of only one other study in the scientific literature in addition to Lu’s that has looked at this question. Cynthia Curl and her colleagues found that mean levels of certain organophosphate pesticides were nine times higher in preschool kids in Seattle who reported a conventional diet versus an organic one. See C. Curl, R. Fenske and K. Elgethun, “Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure of Urban and Suburban Preschool Children with Organic and Conventional Diets,” Environmental Health Perspectives 111 [2003]: 377–82). More recent research on the same subject has continued to reveal the dangers of organophosphorus pesticide exposure. See S. M. Engel, A. Bradman, M. S. Wolff, V. A. Rauh, K. G. Harley, J. H. Yang, L. A. Hoepner, “Prenatal Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure and Child Neurodevelopment at 24 Months: An Analysis of Four Birth Cohorts,” Environmental Health Perspectives 124 (June 2016): 822–30, doi: 10.1289/ehp.1409474.
43 Curl et al., “Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure”; Lu et al., “Organic Diets Significantly Lower Children’s Dietary Exposure.”
44 Triple Pundit, “The Shrinking Price-Gap Between Organics and Conventional Food,” June 3, 2016, https://www.triplepundit.com/2016/06/gap-cost-organics-conventional-food-narrowing/.
1 Jay- Z, and A. Winehouse, “Rehab (Remix)” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSPvkqqPn9k; accessed March 14, 2018).
2 B. Dixon, “‘Detox’: A Mass Delusion,” The Lancet 5 (2005): 261.
3 Marketdata Enterprises, a U.S.-based independent market research firm, released a report in 2011 looking at the weight loss and dieting market in the United States: Marketdata Enterprises Inc., U.S. Weight Loss and Diet Control Market, 11th ed. (Tampa, FL: Marketdata Enterprises, 2011). According to their research, the sales of diet and detox pills alone total over US$2.5 billion a year in the United States. Another market intelligence firm, Euromonitor International, looked at the sales of top antioxidant ingredients (e.g., green tea, super-fruit juice, dietary supplements, etc.) and used those figures to estimate the combined global sales in this category: US$34 billion in 2010. See Euromonitor International, Health and Wellness: Global Briefing Series (London: Euromonitor International, 2011). Amazingly, these massive figures don’t include many of the products and techniques we’re about to examine.
4 For a detailed description of the science of chelation, see B. Halstead, The Scientific Basis of EDTA Chelation Therapy (Colton, CA: Golden Quill, 1979).
5 Weilll Cornell Medicine, “Fecal Microbiota Transplant Is Safe and Effective for Patients with Ulcerative Colitis,” April 26, 2017, https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2017/04/fecal-microbiota-transplant-is-safe-and-effective-for-patients-with-ulcerative-colitis (accessed April 10, 2018).
6 E. Ernst, “Colonic Irrigation and the Theory of Autointoxication: A Triumph of Ignorance over Science,” Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 24, no. 4 (1997): 196–98.
7 “UN: Six Billion Mobile Phone Subscriptions in the World,” BBC News, October 12, 2012 (http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-19925506; accessed March 14, 2018). The World Bank reports that, as of 2016, the global number of cellphone subscriptions per 100 people reached 101.55. See: “Mobile Cellular Subscriptions (Per 100 People),” World Bank (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2; accessed March 14, 2018).
8 S. Kemp, “Digital in 2017: Global Overview,” WeAreSocial, January 24, 2017, (https://wearesocial.com/special-reports/digital-in-2017-global-overview; accessed April 12, 2017).
9 “How to Reduce Exposure to Radiofrequency Energy from Cell Phones,” California Department of Public Health, 2017 (https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DEODC/EHIB/CDPH%20Document%20Library/Cell-Phone-Guidance.pdf; accessed April 13, 2018).
10 Adapted from S. Genuis, “Elimination of Persistent Toxicants from the Human Body,” Human and Experimental Toxicology 30 (2011): 3–18, with added language to simplify the detox effectiveness column.
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15 V. Nadeau, G. Truchon, M. Brochu and R. Tardif, “Effect of Physical Exertion on the Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Various Solvents following Exposure by Inhalation in Human Volunteers: I. Toluene,” Journal of Occupational Environmental Hygiene 3 (2006): 481–89; R. Tardif, V. Nadeau, G. Truchon and M. Brochu, “Effect of Physical Exertion on the Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Various Solvents following Exposure by Inhalation in Human Volunteers: II. N-Hexane,” Journal of Occupational Environmental Hygiene 4 (2007): 502–508; quiz D568-569.
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19 For an excellent account of the contamination of human breasts, see F. Williams, Breasts: A Natural and Unnatural History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012).
20 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, “Camp Lejeune: Past Water Contamination” (https://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/camp-lejeune/; accessed March 14, 2018).
21 “Camp Lejeune Lawsuit Goes Forward,” Veterans Today Military and Foreign Affairs Journal, February 4, 2011 (http://www.veteranstoday.com/2011/02/04/camp-lejeune-lawsuit-goes-forward/; accessed March 14, 2018).
22 For the full story, watch the documentary film Semper Fi: Always Faithful, directed by R. Libert and T. Hardmon (Wilder Film Projects, 2011).
23 U.S. National Cancer Institute, “Cancer Stats Fact Sheet” (https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/; accessed March 14, 2018).
24 American Cancer Society, “Cancer Facts and Figures 2010” (https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2010/cancer-facts-and-figures-2010.pdf; accessed April 2013). The American Cancer Society expects 609,640 Americans to die of cancer in 2018. See “Cancer Facts & Figures 2018,” 2018 (https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2018/cancer-facts-and-figures-2018.pdf; accessed March 27, 2018).
25 Canadian Cancer Society, “Canadian Cancer Statistics 2012” (https://www.cancer.ca/~/media/cancer.ca/CW/cancer%20information/cancer%20101/Canadian%20cancer%20statistics/Canadian-Cancer-Statistics-2012-EN.pdf?la=en; accessed March 14, 2018). The Canadian Cancer Society expected 80,800 Canadians to die of cancer in 2017. See “Canadian Cancer Statistics 2017” (http://www.cancer.ca/~/media/cancer.ca/CW/publications/Canadian%20Cancer%20Statistics/Canadian-Cancer-Statistics-2017-EN.pdf; accessed March 14, 2018).
26 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra, “Cancer in Australia 2010: An Overview” (http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=6442472459; accessed March 14, 2018). Cancer Australia expected 48,586 Australians to die of cancer in 2018. See “Cancer in Australia Statistics,” 2018 (https://canceraustralia.gov.au/affected-cancer/what-cancer/cancer-australia-statistics; accessed March 27, 2018).
27 See Getting to Know Cancer, “The Halifax Project,” http://www.gettingtoknowcancer.org (accessed July 22, 2018).
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29 Dr. Stephen Genuis mentioned the presence of birth control drugs in exhaled breath in an interview with the author in August 2012.
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19 J. Dahl and K. Falk, “Ayurvedic Herbal Supplements as an Antidote to 9/11 Toxicity,” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 14 (2008): 24–28.
20 My intention is not to minimize the value of the study, but to point out that the data is survey data, not clinical data of patients’ chemical body burdens. A study of declines in their chemical levels would be very helpful, however.
21 Dahl and Falk, “Ayurvedic Herbal Supplements as an Antidote.”
22 S. Genuis, “Blood, Urine and Sweat (BUS) Study: Monitoring and Elimination of Bioaccumulated Toxic Elements,” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61 (2011): 344–57.
23 We wish to thank SGS AXYS Analytical Services of Sidney, BC, for their advice and support in undertaking the sweat analysis.
24 S. Genuis, “Elimination of Persistent Toxicants from the Human Body,” Human and Experimental Toxicology 30 (2010): 3–18; Genuis, “Blood, Urine and Sweat (BUS) Study.”
25 According to the claims of some infrared sauna manufacturers, it is possible to produce a litre of sweat in fifteen minutes. This is highly unlikely, but based on my experience, it could be possible to produce that much sweat during a forty-five-minute session.
26 See table 1 in A. Calafat, Z. Kuklenvik, J. Reidy, S. Caudill, J. Ekong and L. Needham, “Urinary Concentrations of Bisphenol A and 4-Nonylphenol in a Human Reference Population,” Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (2004): 391–95.
27 See table 1 in R. Stahlhut, E. van Wijngaarden, T. Dye, S. Cook and S. Swan, “Concentrations of Urinary Phthalate Metabolites Are Associated with Increased Waist Circumference and Insulin Resistance in Adult U.S. Males,” Environmental Health Perspectives 115 (2007): 876–82.
28 Genuis, “Blood, Urine and Sweat (BUS) Study.”
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4 Adapted from N. Klepeis, W. Nelson, J. Robinson, A. Tsang, P. Switzer, J. Behar, S. Hern et al., “The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): A Resource for Assessing Exposure to Environmental Pollutants,” Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 11 (2001): 231–52. See also U.S. EPA Indoor Air Division and Office of Research and Development, Federal Programs Addressing Indoor Air Quality, vol. 1, 1989, http://1.usa.gov/XfwS7G.
5 C. R. Kirman, L. L. Aylward, B. C. Blount, D. W. Pyatt and S. M. Hays, “Evaluation of NHANES Biomonitoring Data for Volatile Organic Compounds in Blood: Application of Chemical-Specific Screening Criteria,” Journal of Exposure Science and Epidemiology 22 (2012): 24–34.
6 This study found that levels of some brominated pollutants are up to ten times the maximum level found in homes and offices: C. C. Carignan, M. D. McClean, E. M. Cooper, D. J. Watkins, A. J. Fraser, W. Heiger-Bernays, H. M. Stapleton et al., “Predictors of Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate Metabolite in the Urine of Office Workers,” Environment International 55 (2013): 56–61. Other studies found a myriad of chemicals in the cabin air of automobiles. See T. Yoshida, “Approach to Estimation of Absorption of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Diffusing from Interior Materials in an Automobile Cabin by Inhalation Toxicokinetic Analysis in Rats,” Journal of Applied Toxicology 30 (2009): 42–52; O. Geiss, S. Tirendi, J. Barrero-Moreno and D. Kotzias, “Investigation of Volatile Organic Compounds and Phthalates Present in the Cabin Air of Used Private Cars,” Environment International 35 (2009): 1188–95.
7 L. Sabatini, A. Barbieri, P. Indiveri, S. Mattioli and F. S. Violante, “Validations of an HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Phenylmercapturic Acid, Benzylmercapturic Acid and O-Methylbenzyl Mercapturic Acid in Urine as Biomarkers of Exposure to Benzene, Toluene and Xylenes,” Journal of Chromatography 863 (2008): 115–22; J. G. Filser, G. A. Csanady, W. Dietz, W. Kessler, P. E. Krenzen, M. Richter and A. Stormer, “Comparative Estimation of the Neurotoxic Risks of N-Hexane and N-Heptane in Rats and Humans Based on Formation of Metabolites 2,5-Hexanedione and 2,5-Heptanedione,” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 387 (1996): 411–27.
8 J. T. Brophy, M. Keith, A. Watterson, R. Park, M. Gilbertson, E. Maticka-Tyndale, M. Beck et al., “Breast Cancer Risk in Relation to Occupations with Exposure to Carcinogens and Endocrine Disruptors: A Canadian – Case-Control Study,” Environmental Health 11 (2012). doi:10.1186/1476-069X-11–87.
9 R. DeMatteo, M. Keith, J.T. Brophy, A. Wordsworth, A. Watterson, M. Beck, A. Ford et al., “Chemical Exposure of Women Workers in the Plastics Industry with Particular Reference to Breast Cancer and Reproductive Hazards,” New Solutions 22 (2012): 427–48.
10 Ibid.
11 “Injection Molding,” Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_molding#Applications; accessed March 1, 2013).
12 Brophy et al., “Breast Cancer Risk.”
13 Ibid.
14 C. Butt, M. Diamond, J. Truong, M. Ikonomov and A. Ter Schure, “Spatial Distribution of PBDEs in Southern Ontario as Measured in Indoor and Outdoor Window Organic Films,” Environmental Science and Technology 38 (2004): 724–31.
15 H. Jones-Otazo, J. Clarke, M. Diamond, J. Archbold, G. Ferguson, T. Harner, G. Richardson et al., “Is House Dust the Missing Exposure Pathway of PBDEs? An Analysis of the Urban Fate and Human Exposure to PBDEs,” Environmental Science and Technology 39 (2005): 5121–30.
16 M. Fang, T. Webster, D. Gooden, M. Coopers, M. McClean, C. Carignan, C. Makey et al., “Investigating a Novel Flame Retardant Known as V6: Measurements in Baby Products, House Dust and Car Dust,” Environmental Science and Technology 47 (2013): 4449–54.
17 Ibid.
18 J. Herbstman, A. Sjodid, M. Kurzon, S. Lederman, R. Jones, V. Rauh, L. Needham et al., “Prenatal Exposure to PBDEs and Neurodevelopment,” Environmental Health Perspectives 118 (2010): 712–19.
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20 For two recent examples of this research, see L. Robinson and R. Miller, “The Impact of Bisphenol A and Phthalates on Allergy, Asthma, and Immune Function: A Review of Latest Findings,” Current Environmental Health Reports 2, no. 4 (December 2015): 379–87 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626318/; accessed June 6, 2018); and ii) M. H. Soomro, N. Baiz, C. Philippat, C. Vernet, V. Siroux, C. N. Maesano, S. Sanyal, “Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates and the Development of Eczema Phenotypes in Male Children: Results from the EDEN Mother–Child Cohort Study,” Environmental Health Perspectives 126, no.2 (February 2018), https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/EHP1829.alt_.pdf (accessed June 6, 2018).
21 E. Woods, U. Bhaumik, S. Sommer, S. Ziniel, A. Kessler, E. Chan, R. Wilkinson et al., “Community Asthma Initiative: Evaluation of a Quality Improvement Program for Comprehensive Asthma Care,” Pediatrics 129 (2012): 464–572.
22 R. Knox, “To Control Asthma, Start with the Home Instead of the Child,” NPR Health Blogs, March 18, 2013. (http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/03/18/174393981/to-control-asthma-start-with-the-home-instead-of-the-child; accessed March 15, 2018).
23 Ibid. For more details, read the report in Woods et al., “Community Asthma Initiative.”
24 C. J. Weschler, “Changes in Indoor Pollutants Since the 1950s,” Atmospheric Environment 43 (2009): 156–72.
25 C. J. Weschler and W. W. Nazaroff, “SVOC Exposure Indoors: Fresh Look at Dermal Pathways,” Indoor Air 22 (2012): 356–77.
26 Ibid.
27 Canada Green Building Council, “leed,” (https://www.cagbc.org/@/CAGBC/Programs/leed/Going_green_with_LEE?hkey=54c44792-442b-450a-a286-4aa710bf5c64; accessed March 15, 2018).
28 U.S. Green Building Council, “leed Is Green Building,” 2018 (https://new.usgbc.org/leed; accessed June 6, 2018).
29 Ibid.
30 J. Kriss, “U.S. Green Building Council Certifies 20,000th leed Commercial Project,” U.S. Green Building Council, December 20, 2013 (https://www.usgbc.org/articles/us-green-building-council-certifies-20000th-leed-commercial-project; accessed March 15, 2018).
31 U.S. Green Building Council, “Square Footage of LEED-Certified Existing Buildings Surpasses New Construction,” press release, December 7, 2011 (http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=10712; accessed March 1, 2013).
32 Living Building Challenge (http://living-future.org/lbc; accessed February 1, 2013).
33 Canada Green Building Council, “Living Building Challenge” (https://www.cagbc.org/CAGBC/Programs/Programs_recognized_by_CaGBC_/LivingBuildingChallenge/CAGBC/Programs/Living_Building_Chal.aspx?hkey=b04e1897-c875-4520-8645-31f9d70bce91; accessed March 15, 2018).
34 C. Bagli, “$2.4 Billion Deal for Chelsea Market Enlarges Google’s New York Footprint,” New York Times, February 7, 2018 (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/07/nyregion/google-chelsea-market-new-york.html; accessed June 6, 2018).
35 J. Hiskes, “Google Drops Red List Building Materials, Vendors Listen Up,” Sustainable Industries, May 2, 2011 (http://www.unrbep.org/dealerportal/google-drops-red-list-building-materials-vendors-listen-up/; accessed February 1, 2013).
36 N. DiNenno, “Living Building: Year One,” Williams, October 27, 2016 (https://www.williams.edu/feature-stories/update-on-the-living-building-challenge/; accessed June 6, 2018).
37 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, “Burned: Company Statements,” Marketplace, November 23, 2012 (http://www.cbc.ca/marketplace/blog/company-statements-burned; accessed March 15, 2018).
38 “ikea Flame Retardants,” ikea, 2017 (https://www.ikea.com/gb/en/doc/general-document/ikea-flame-retardants-pdf__1364489404536.pdf; accessed April 15, 2018).
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9 Ibid.
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15 T. Cook, Keynote presentation, Goldman Sachs Technology and Internet Conference, San Francisco, CA, February 15, 2012.
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19 J. Greene, “The Environmental Pitfalls at the End of an iPhone’s Life,” CNET, September 26, 2012 (http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-57520123-37/the-environmental-pitfalls-at-the-end-of-an-iphones-life/; accessed March 1, 2013).
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22 The industry is represented by Call2Recycle Canada. The board of directors includes representation from Sony, Rayovac, Energizer Canada, Panasonic Canada and Procter & Gamble Canada.
23 Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, 2005–2008 Perfluorochemical Evaluation at Solid Waste Facilities in Minnesota: Technical Evaluation and Regulatory Management Approach, April 14, 2010.
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26 Ibid.
27 “Many Chemicals, But Limited Toxicity Data,” European Environmental Agency, April 20, 2016 (https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/NYM2/page006.html; accessed April 15, 2018).
28 J. M. Benyus, Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature (New York: William Morrow, 1997).
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31 Environmental Protection Agency, “Cryptosporidium: Drinking Water Health Advisory,” EPA-822-R-01-009, March 2001.
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34 C. Mintz, “Stuck on the Bottle,” Globe and Mail, March 20, 2017 (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/why-canadians-are-or-arent-drinking-bottledwater/article34353867/; accessed April 15, 2018).
35 Health Canada, “Environmental and Workplace Health: Drinking Water Quality,” http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/water-eau/drink-potab/index-eng.php (accessed February 22, 2013).
36 World Health Organization, “Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water,” 2012 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44630/1/9789241502085_eng.pdf; accessed March 1, 2013).
37 Ibid.
38 E. Teuten, J. Saquing, D. Knappe, M. Barlaz, S. Jonsson, A. Björn, S. Rowland et al., “Transport and Release of Chemicals from Plastics to the Environment and to Wildlife,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 364 (2009): 2027–45.
39 Health Canada, “Food and Nutrition: Frequently Asked Questions about Bottled Water,” (www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/facts-faits/faqs_bottle_water-eau_embouteillee-eng.php; accessed February 1, 2013).
40 Ibid.
41 A. Theen, “Ivy Colleges Shunning Bottled Water Jab at $22 Billion Industry,” Bloomberg News, March 7, 2012 (http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-07/ivy-colleges-shunning-bottled-water-jab-at-22-billion-industry.html; accessed February 1, 2013).
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43 “Bottled Water Sales Outpace Soda for First Time in U.S.,” CBS, March 9, 2017 (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bottled-water-sales-outpace-soda-for-the-first-time/; accessed April 15, 2018).
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54 Adapted from the Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s Higher Education Resources. © Graham Pritchard / Ellen MacArthur Foundation after W. McDonough and M. Braungart.
55 “Green Chemistry Success Stories,” LANXESS Webmagazine.
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57 J. Shankleman and H. Warren, “Solar Power Will Kill Coal Faster Than You Think,” Bloomberg, June 15, 2017 (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-15/solar-power-will-kill-coal-sooner-than-you-think; accessed April 16, 2018).
58 I. Johnston, “World Renewable Energy Production Increases by Record Levels in 2016,” The Independent, June 7, 2017 (https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/world-renewable-energy-production-record-increase-2016-green-power-western-europe-half-ren21-a7776646.html; accessed April 18, 2018).
59 R. Becque, E. Mackres, J. Layke, N. Aden, S. Liu, K. Managan, C. Nesler, “Accelerating Building Efficiency: Eight Actions for Urban Leaders,” World Resources Institute, May 2016 (publications.wri.org/buildingefficiency/; accessed April 16, 2018).
1 L. Parlett, A. Calafat and S. Swan, “Women’s Exposure to Phthalates in Relation to Use of Personal Care Products,” Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 23 (2013): 197–206.
2 See table 5 in chapter 2.
3 Y.-H. Chiu, P.L. Williams, M.W. Gillman, A. J. Gaskins, L. Minguez-Alarcón, I. Souter, T. L. Toth et al., “Association Between Pesticide Residue Intake from Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables and Pregnancy Outcomes among Women Undergoing Infertility Treatment with Assisted Reproductive Technology,” Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medecine 178 (2018):17–26 (accessed July 22, 2018).
4 T. Roberts, “We Spend 90% of Our Time Indoors. Says Who?,” BuildingGreen, December 15, 2016 (https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/we-spend-90-our-time-indoors-says-who; accessed June 11, 2018).
5 L. Robinson and R. Miller, “The Impact of Bisphenol A and Phthalates on Allergy, Asthma, and Immune Function: A Review of Latest Findings,” Current Environmental Health Reports 2, no. 4 (December 2015): 379–87 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626318/; accessed June 11, 2018).
6 S. Genuis, “Elimination of Persistent Toxicants from the Human Body,” Human and Experimental Toxicology 30 (2010): 3–18.
7 Ibid.
8 V. Nadeau et al., “Effect of Physical Exertion 1. Toluene.”
9 “Wal-Mart Names Eight Chemicals to Be Removed From Products,” Reuters, July 20, 2016 (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-walmart-chemicals/wal-mart-names-eight-chemicals-to-be-removed-from-products-idUSKCN1002IJ; accessed April 15, 2018).