NOTES

Introduction

1. SJRJY, “Qisushu.” For the great famine, see Yang Jisheng, Mubei, 464. For A Spark of Fire, see Tan Chanxue, Qiusuo.

2. SHLGJ, “Lin Zhao an jiaxing cailiao.”

3. Lin Zhao, “Panjue hou de shengming.” Unless otherwise noted, all of Lin Zhao’s writings cited in this book are from Lin Zhao, Lin Zhao wenji.

4. Chang and Halliday, Mao, 503.

5. Chen Yushan , “Yifen xuexie de baogao,” , Guangming Ribao (Guangming Daily), June 5, 1979.

6. Lin Zhao to mother, October 24, 1967.

7. Ding Shu, Yangmou, 200–206. See the end of chapter 3 for details.

8. “the line of a… political line of Christ”; Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 29, 38; “My life belongs… bestows on me!”: ibid., 118.

9. Known cases of dissidence—the most important of which, A Spark of Fire, is discussed in chapter 4—were ideologically correct: they were “heterodox thoughts” within the boundaries of revolutionary ideology, and they invariably affirmed Communist doctrines even as they criticized certain CCP officials, policies, or action. See Song Yongyi and Sun Dajin, Wenhua Dagemin; Guobin Yang, Red Guard Generation; MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution; and Yin Hongbiao, “Wenge hongxu jieduan de minjian sichao” for discussions of the cases of Deng Tuo, Yu Luoke, Yang Xiguang, Feng Yuanchun, Zhang Zhixin, Tu Deyong, Shi Yunfeng, and Li-Yi-Zhe. (The cases of Li Jiulian and Zhong Haiyuan in the post-Mao era also belong in this category.) Others such as Gu Zhun, Wang Shenyou, and Hu Ping may have disputed Communist ideology in their private writings, but they did not constitute political dissent in the public sphere.

10. SHLGJ, “Lin Zhao an jiaxing cailiao.” A copy of the 1966 document was obtained by Hu Jie from the records of the Shanghai Procuratorate. See Pan, Out of Mao’s Shadow, 73.

11. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 118.

12. She wrote in both ink and blood: For the necessity of blood writing when she was deprived of stationery, see chapter 5; for Lin Zhao’s use of blood writing in protest, see chapter 8. On the other hand, her longest piece of blood writing—“Ling’ou Xuyu”—was prompted by a mistaken belief that Ke Qingshi had been murdered for her sake, and she had to pay the debt in kind; She drew blood: Hu Jie, Xunzhao Lin Zhao de linghun; Peng Lingfan, “Wode jiejie Lin Zhao” (2), 56; Peng Lingfan, “Wode zizi Lin Zhao,” 40; she dipped her “pen”: Lin Zhao, “Qiushi aisi”; “Ling’ou xuyu,” June 13, 1965; August 28, 1965; November 7, 1965; Her writing was done: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 70, appendices 4, 8; Peng Lingfan, “Wode zizi Lin Zhao,” 37. According to Peng, Lin Zhao repeatedly asked for white bed sheets from home. Her family found out later that she had used them for blood writing.

13. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” June 13 and September 19, 1965.

14. Lin Zhao to mother, November 14, 1967.

15. In the letter: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB”; Mao declared that: “Bajie shizhong quanhui.” (The Tenth Plenary Meeting of the [Party’s] Eighth Congress), Zhongguo Gongchandang xinwen (News of the Communist Party of China), http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/151935/176588/176596/10556200.html.

16. Lin Zhao, “Kejuan”: “Lianxi yi” (Exercise No. 1), January 1966.

17. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 9, 29, 31, 56.

18. Ibid., 30, 38. See chapter 6 for further details.

19. Lin Zhao to mother, November 4, 1967.

20. See chapter 5 for details.

21. See, for instance, “A Plea from Soviet Dissenters.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 27, 1969.

22. JGH, “xingshi panjueshu.”

23. Lin Zhao had believed: Lin Zhao to mother, November 1, 1967; In 1981, Shanghai High People’s Court: SHGY, “Shanghai Shi Gaoji Renmin Fayuan xingshi panjueshu,” August 22, 1980, and December 30, 1981; Zeng Yuhuai, interview.

24. In 2004, a digitized version: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” editor’s foreword; Zhu Yi, interview. Lin Zhao’s third letter to the People’s Daily was edited and annotated by Gan Cui and Jiang Wenqin in the early 2000s and made available on the Internet in 2004; “Only voice… China”: Liu Xiaobo, “Lin Zhao.”

25. For some of the latest police crackdowns on pilgrims to Lin Zhao’s tomb, see www.hrcchina.org/2017/04/blog-post_29.html; http://minzhuzhongguo.org/MainArtShow.aspx?AID=87307; www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/xl1-04292017122946.html; www.msguancha.com/a/lanmu4/2016/0429/14319.html; www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/memorial-04292015110021.html; www.voachinese.com/a/linzhao-police-steps-up-20140430/1904344.html.

26. Chinese police have limited public access to some graveyards, such as the Red Guards cemetery in the Shapingba District in Chongqing, where many “August 15” rebels died in armed clashes during the Cultural Revolution. However, no individual tomb other than Lin Zhao’s has become a site of pilgrimage for democracy activists and no other anniversary of the death of an individual—including Hu Yaobang, whose death in 1989 triggered the Tiananmen Democracy Movement—has become as politically sensitive or has drawn police crackdowns on commemorators. For the story of the Chongqing cemetery, see Chris Buckley, “Chaos of Cultural Revolution Echoes at a Lonely Cemetery, 50 Years Later,” New York Times, April 4, 2016.

27. Shen Zeyi, “Xuedi zhi deng—huainian Lin Zhao.”

28. Religious faith played a role: Sophie Scholl, perhaps the least known among these, was a member of the White Rose nonviolent resistance group in Nazi Germany. She held herself “accountable to God” in her opposition to Hitler, which ended in martyrdom. The White Rose group was inspired by the teaching that “we ought to obey God rather than men.” See Hanser, A Noble Treason, 131, 149; It gave Bonhoeffer: Marsh, Strange Glory, 179; To Solzhenitsyn: Pearce, Solzhenitsyn, 228.

29. Sikorski, Jerzy Popieluszko.

30. Troeltsch, The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches, vol. 1, 82; on Bonhoeffer’s reading of Troeltsch, see Marsh, Strange Glory, 46.

31. The compilation, annotation, and printing of Collected Writings of Lin Zhao (Lin Zhao wenji) was a collective project undertaken over many years by several friends of Lin Zhao as well as some researchers, especially Ni Jingxiong, Tan Chanxue, and Xu Wanyun. Zhu Yi, Ai Xiaoming, and Diao Minhuan also made major contributions to the project.

32. Author’s site visit, May 31, 2013; Yu Meisun, “Lin Zhao jiuyi sishi zhounian ji.”

33. For Lin Zhao’s continuous copying of her own blood writings using a pen, see Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” September 18 and December 8, 1965, February 23, 1966; Lin Zhao to mother, November 16, 1967.

34. Zeng Yuhuai, interview. In a telephone interview with the author on July 12, 2016, Mr. Zhang (Suzhou) explained that in his capacity as a researcher working for the Office of the Chronicles of Suzhou, he visited the Shanghai High Court in the early 2000s and was able to view court records on Lin Zhao. He also attempted to access Lin Zhao’s primary file (zhengben) and was promised that it would be brought from the offsite storage a couple of days later, only to be told upon his return to the court that it was classified and off limits to researchers. The other person who has seen Lin Zhao’s blood writings was journalist Chen Weisi. See Hu Jie’s interview with Chen in Hu Jie, Xunzhao Lin Zhao de linghun. While some of Lin Zhao’s blood writings may still remain in her primary file as incriminating material, given the prison authorities’ reluctance to handle her blood writings (see chapter 5), it is likely that Tilanqiao discarded or destroyed most of her blood writings, keeping only their ink copies along with her other writings done in ink. According to Xu Jiajun (interview), belongings of Tilanqiao inmates who died were often regarded as “inauspicious” and destroyed. Peng Lingfan, in “Wode zizi Lin Zhao” (46), mentions that, after Lin Zhao’s death, Tilanqiao Prison returned to the family a bundle of her belongings, including torn-up sheet strips with splotched blood writings, which they sold to a salvage shop. See also Peng Lingfan, “Lin Zhao anjuan.”

Chapter 1 To Live under the Sun

1. Xu Xianmin as quoted in Chen Weisi, “Yinggong yuanhun yu,” 20; Feng Yingzi, “Xu Xianmin ershinian ji.” According to Suzhou scholar Mr. Zhang, records dating back to the 1930s show that Xu was born in 1912, not 1908, as found in many sources. The strike likely happened in 1926 or early 1927. See Hu Jiayi, “Xiaoxiang.”

2. “Xu Jinyuan”; Hu Jiayi, “Xiaoxiang”; see also Sun Wenshuo, “Xuejian luoqun,” 150. According to Sun, Xu Jinyuan was arrested on April 9, 1927, and bayoneted to death on April 13 while he was tied up inside the hemp sack.

3. Feng Yingzi, “Xu Xianmin ershinian ji”; SHLGJ, “Lin Zhao an jiaxing cailiao”; Huang Yun, “Xu Xianmin de hunyin”; Mr. Zhang, interview. Xu joined the CCP briefly under her brother’s influence but withdrew from it sometime after the April 12 Incident.

4. The incorrect date of Lin Zhao’s birth, which appears on her tombstone and in almost all existing writings about her, is December 16, 1932. I am indebted to Huang Yun, whose careful research into Suzhou newspaper articles from the 1930s has enabled him to establish January 23, 1932—December 16 of the Year of Ram (1931) by the lunar calendar—as the actual date of her birth. See Huang Yun, “Peng Lingzhao de shengri.” See also Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, October 2, 1952, which contains a poem that apparently supports the revised date.

5. Feng Yingzi, “Xu Xianmin ershinian ji”; Cheng Ronghua and Cui Xuefa, “Huan shishi yi gongzheng.” Feng Yingzi and several other sources mentioned that Peng studied in Britain from 1926 to 1928, apparently a rumor only. For Chinese modernizers’ pursuit of wealth and power, see Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power.

6. See Qian Wenjun , “Zhongguo feichu bupingdeng tiaoyue jiankuang.” (A Brief Note on the Abolishment of Unequal Treaties in China), August 1, 2002, http://qian-wenjun.hxwk.org/2002/08/01/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%BA%9F%E9%99%A4%E4%B8%8D%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%E7%AE%80%E5%86%B5/. The Nanjing government reported a three-fold increase in income from import tariffs within three years.

7. Cheng Ronghua and Cui Xuefa, “Huan shishi yi gongzheng.”

8. In 1930, he and Xu Xianmin: Huang Yun, “Peng Lingzhao de shengri yu mingzi”; By the time… resounding defeat: Cheng Ronghua and Cui Xuefa, “Huan shishi yi gongzheng”; “Peng Guoyan qing pingfan yuanyu.”

9. As the Japanese army advanced: Lacy, Great Migration, preface; In wartime capital… surrounding countryside: Peng Lingfan, “Wo fumu yu Lin Zhao de mudi”; Feng Yingzi, “Xu Xianmin ershinian ji”; Cheng Ronghua and Cui Xuefa, “Huan shishi yi gongzheng”; Chen Weisi, “Yinggong yuanhun yu,” 20.

10. Chen Weisi, “Lin Zhao zhi si,” 2.

11. After the end of the Japanese occupation: Peng Lingfan, “Wo fumu yu Lin Zhao de mudi”; Cheng Ronghua and Cui Xuefa, “Huan shishi yi gongzheng”; After the war… representative from Suzhou: Feng Yingzi, “Xu Xianmin ershinian ji”; Suzhou chronicles cited in Xu Juemin, Lin Zhao, buzai bei yiwang, 17; Chen Weisi, “Yinggong yuanhun yu,” 19; Chen Zhen, “Zhuiqiu yu huanmie,” 32.

12. During these years: Peng Enhua was born on December 17, 1944. See Edward Enhua, Peng’s obituary, Daily Herald, August 5, 2004; Huang Yun, “Peng Lingzhao de shengri.” According to Peoplefinders (www.peoplefinders.com), Peng Lingfan was born on September 19, 1938; In fall 1947: Lu Zhenhua, “Lin Zhao sanshiyi nian ji”; Zhao Rui, Jitan shang de shengnü, 37.

13. “Laura Askew Haygood,” Georgia Women of Achievement, www.georgiawomen.org/_honorees/haygood/; author’s site visit, Laura Haygood Memorial School building, Suzhou University, June 1, 2013.

14. MacGillivray, A Century of Protestant Missions in China, 424. For average incomes in the late Qing period, see Yang Jintao , “Gudai jiating de jingjishi: yiliang yinzi de goumai li.” (Economic History of the Pre-modern Family: The Purchasing Power of One Tael of Silver), August 8, 2015, http://history.sina.com.cn/bk/gds/2015-08-25/1001124924.shtml

15. Bradshaw, China Log, 78, 103, 144.

16. Sun Yingqing, “Tiancizhuang.” Wu became president of Ginling College (Ginling Women’s College) in 1928. See also Bradshaw, China Log, 24; “Jinghai Nüshu.”

17. Bradshaw, China Log, 137, 144.

18. Ibid., 29, 35, 38–39.

19. Laura Haygood Star, vol. 3.

20. After the disruptions… down to nursery: Bradshaw, China Log, 130; Lin Zhao’s father: Mr. Zhang, telephone interview, July 17, 2014; Peng Lingfan, “Wode zizi Lin Zhao,” 28.

21. Bradshaw, China Log, 132–133.

22. Yet there was… teacher or by students: Bradshaw, China Log, 132–133; Not long after she arrived: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 117.

23. before Laura Haygood, she had briefly: Peng Lingfan, “Wode zizi Lin Zhao,” 28; Lu Zhenhua, “Lin Zhao sanshiyi nian ji”; Huang Yun, e-mail to the author, February 4, 2016. For information on Vincent Miller Academy, founded by the northern Presbyterians in 1892, see www.ctestimony.org/200205/sgzy19.htm; A melancholy essay: Ouyang Ying [Lin Zhao], “Huanghun zhi lei.”

24. Many years later: Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 12, 1967; She also associated: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 81; As Wu Yaozong, future leader: Wu Yaozong, Meiyou ren, 2.

25. See Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” July 11, 1965.

26. MacFarquhar and Fairbank, Cambridge History of China, 149–150. See also “China: Inflation,” www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-2731.html; Richard M. Ebeling, “The Great Chinese Inflation,” http://fee.org/articles/the-great-chinese-inflation/.

27. Bradshaw, China Log, 135, 138.

28. Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Minutes, 38.

29. Bradshaw, China Log, 37. For “cultural invasion,” see Tao Feiya, “‘Wenhua qinlue’ yuanliu kao.”

30. Bradshaw, China Log, 72–73.

31. Lu Zhenhua, “Lin Zhao sanshiyi nian ji.” See also Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 7, 34.

32. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 23.

33. Chen Weisi, “Yinggong yuanhun yu,” 20.

34. Feng Yingzi, “Xu Xianmin ershinian ji.”

35. Lu Zhenhua, “Lin Zhao sanshiyi nian ji.”

36. Ouyang Ying [Lin Zhao], “Dai he dai.”

37. Qu Qiubai as quoted in Spence, Gate of Heavenly Peace, 176.

38. In 1936, American journalist Edgar Snow: Snow, Red Star over China, 16; It was followed by a Chinese edition: Gao Hua, Hong taiyang, 194; In 1938 alone: Gong Yun, “Yan’an shiqi.”

39. Joseph Stilwell as quoted in Jane Perlez, “China Maintains Respect, and a Museum, for a U.S. General,” New York Times, February 23, 2016.

40. In Lin Zhao’s eyes: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 23; During the four years of civil war: Sun Yingshuai , “Jiushi nianlai Zhongguo Gongchandang dangyuan shuliang yu jiegou de bianhua yu fazhan.” 90 (Changes in and Developments of CCP’s Membership and Structure in the Past Ninety Years), Guangming Daily , July 5, 2011. CCP membership stood at 1.21 million in 1945.

41. Bradshaw, China Log, 140–141.

42. There was in fact: See Lian Xi, Redeemed by Fire, chapter 6; Lin Zhao’s martyred uncle… the party’s Suzhou branch: “Xu Jinyuan.”

43. But in most cases: Lian Xi, Redeemed by Fire, 133–137; The pastor’s real name… Shanghai’s International Settlement: Snow, Red Star over China, 46–47, 50–51; Wickeri, Reconstructing Christianity in China, 24–25.

44. “red fortress”… “sacred aura of St. Peter’s”: Ye Jiefu, “Chuanqi mushi Dong Jianwu.” Pu Huaren, Dong Jianwu’s former classmate at the Anglican St. John’s University in Shanghai, secretly joined the CCP in 1927 after a brief career as a pastor in the army of the Christian general Feng Yuxiang. Pu brought Dong into the CCP; It was Dong who in the 1930s: Chang, Mao, 175–176.

45. “conscience as a Christian… her path again”: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 39; Later, she would confront: Li Maozhang, “Liufang qiangu,” 232.

46. “The Nationalist Party… a disgrace”: Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” July 20, 1965; Wu Leichuan, chancellor: Lian Xi, Redeemed by Fire, 198; West, Yenching University, 168.

47. Stuart, Fifty Years in China, 155.

48. Lian Xi, Conversion of Missionaries, 88–89.

49. Honig, “Christianity, Feminism, and Communism,” 252, 255–260.

50. Ibid., 260.

51. Lin Zhao, “GRSX.”

52. Lin Zhao, “Qunian sanba.”

53. Demands made by mission school: Lian Xi, Conversion of Missionaries, chapter 1; Bays, Christianity in China, chapters 12–13; “wherever a few… ‘saving China’”: Dewey, “Old China and New,” Asia 21, no. 5 (May 1921), as quoted in Bays and Widmer, China’s Christian Colleges, 193.

54. Bradshaw, China Log, 39.

55. Ibid., 65.

56. Ibid., 46.

57. Bradshaw, China Log, 132; Lin Zhao, “Qunian sanba.”

58. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 23.

59. Lin Zhao, “Qunian sanba.”

60. Lin Zhao, “Qunian sanba”; Lu Zhenhua, “Lin Zhao sanshiyi nian ji.”

61. Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, March 1, 1951.

62. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” August 20, 1965.

63. Her parents expected her: Peng Lingfan, “Jiejie”; A party-run institution: Huazhong Sunan Xinzhuan xiaoyou, Xiaoyou tongxun.

64. Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.”

65. Chen Weisi, “Yinggong yuanhun yu,” 19; Fang Qian, “Minguo diyi nücike Shi Jianqiao,” www.aqzyzx.com/system/2010/05/27/002183237.shtml.

66. Peng Lingfan, “Wode jiejie Lin Zhao,” 60.

67. Peng Lingfan, “Wode jiejie Lin Zhao,” 40; Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.”

Chapter 2 Exchanging Leather Shoes for Straw Sandals

1. As a high school graduate: Chinese government statistics provided to a League of Nations commission investigating education in China in the early 1930s, as cited in http://study.ccln.gov.cn/fenke/shehuixue/shxkjs/shsxp/84729-1.shtml; shi yi tianxia wei jiren: The saying “,” formulated some 1,500 years ago, can be traced further back in history to Mencius (372–289 BCE). For Mencius’s original quote, see “”: “”

2. See Yu Yingshi, “Cong chuantong ‘shi’ dao xiandai zhishiren.”

3. See Mao Zedong, “Daliang xishou zhishi fenzi.”

4. Li Maozhang, “Liufang qiangu,” 229–230.

5. Wu Rong, “Xinjizhe de yaolan,” July 5, 2012.

6. Wu Rong, “Xinjizhe de yaolan,” July 5, 2012; SNXZ, Su’nan Xinwen. Those writers and journalists included Gao Xiang, Lin Jinlan, Gao Xiaosheng, Chen Weisi, and Lu Fowei.

7. Ren Feng (Lin Zhao), “Xiaxiang qian de jitian”; Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua (Jinsheng), September 1, 1949; Ni Jingxiong, interview, Shanghai, May 5, 2014.

8. Ren Feng, “Xiaxiang qian de jitian.”

9. Ibid.

10. Gao Hua, Hong taiyang, 191.

11. “soul-searching notes”: Gao Hua, Hong taiyang, 238, 278; “more formidable… golden headband”: see Mao Zedong, “Guanyu zhengdun sanfeng.”

12. Courtois et al., Black Book of Communism, 474.

13. Zhongguo Gongchandang dangzhang (The Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party), 1945. The practice of “criticism and self-criticism” can be traced back to kritika i samokritika (Russian: критика и самокритика) introduced in the Soviet Union in the 1920s.

14. Peng Lingzhao, “Wo zenyang renshi.”

15. See Hoffer, The True Believer, 13.

16. Schwarcz, Chinese Enlightenment, 186. See also Grieder, Intellectuals and the State, 289.

17. Like skilled artisans: Grieder, Intellectuals and the State, 283; In the face of national emergencies: See Schwarcz, Chinese Enlightenment, 196–222.

18. Gao Hua, Hong taiyang, 255–261.

19. Peng Lingzhao, “Wo de xiegao tiyan.”

20. Mei Ling and Ling Zhao (Lin Zhao), “Women xiangqin xiang’ai jiuxiang xiongdi jiemei”; Peng Lingzhao, “Zai laodong zhanxian shang.”

21. Peng Lingzhao, “Chang 1950 nian”; Peng Lingzhao, “Xiao meimei.”

22. Spence, Gate of Heavenly Peace, 277–280; Ding Ling , “Mouye” (One Certain Night), http://dingling.linli.gov.cn/info_Show.asp?ArticleID=495.

23. Mao Zedong, “Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art,” May 1942, www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-3/mswv3_08.htm. I have made minor changes to the English translation.

24. Lin Zhao and Xuanru, “Wangchuan yanjing.”

25. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, March 5, 1951.

26. Ouyang Ying (Lin Zhao), “Huanghun zhi lei.”

27. Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, October 2 and November 17, 1949.

28. Ibid., October 9, 1949.

29. Mao Zedong, “Guanyu lingdao fangfa de ruogan wenti.”

30. Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, August 10, 1949; March 1, 1951; May 10, 1951.

31. He asked to come see her: Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, August 30, September 12 and November 10, 1951; “I have a heart of stone… else’s vexations”: ibid., May 10, 1951.

32. Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, October 2, 1949.

33. Ibid., October, 18, 1949.

34. However, relations… toward the government”: Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, March 11, 1950; August 30, 1951; He would have: Lin Zhao, “Fuqin de xue.” For Lin Zhao’s characterization of her family as matriarchal, see Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” July 3, 1965. See also Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.” According to Peng Lingfan, Xu Xianmin would not allow Peng Guoyan to bring their only son Peng Enhua with him to Taiwan, and Peng Guoyan would not leave without his son.

35. After 1949, Peng refused: Lin Zhao, “Fuqin de xue”; Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei”; Early on under… “historical counterrevolutionary”: Zhao Rui, Jitan shang de shengnü, 31.

36. Lin Zhao’s mother: Suzhou chronicles cited in Xu Juemin, Lin Zhao, buzai bei yiwang, 17; Peng Lingfan, “Lin Zhao anjuan de lailongqumai”; “I so much want… becoming progressive”: Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, March 1, 1951.

37. Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, March 1, 1951; April 13, 1950.

38. “Life at the journalism: April 13, 1950; At the graduation ceremony: Lin Zhao, “Canlan de yitian.”

39. Ni Jingxiong, interview, May 5, 2014.

40. “I have no… phony writer”: Ni Jingxiong, “Shadiao meishi,” 171; She wanted instead: Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, April 13, 1950.

41. Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, June 7, 1950.

42. Spence, Search for Modern China, 491–492; See also Zhengwuyuan, “Renmin fating zuzhi tongze.” For the human price of land reform, see Courtois, Black Book of Communism, 479, 483; Yang Kuisong, “Zhonggong tugai de ruogan wenti.” See also MacFarquhar and Fairbank, Cambridge History of China, 87. The latter estimates the total executed to be between one and two million. According to Courtois et al., at least one million, and as many as five million, died.

43. Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, October 11, 1950; January 7, 1951.

44. Across China, more than: MacFarquhar and Fairbank, Cambridge History of China, 84; Ni Jingxiong… as others had been: Ni Jingxiong, interview, May 5, 2014.

45. Lin Zhao worked: Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, October 11, 1950; One of the works… public grains”: Ni Jingxiong, interview, May 5, 2014.

46. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, March 5 and March 29, 1951.

47. Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, May 21, 1951.

48. Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei”; Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” July 4 and August 11, 1965.

49. Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, November 17, 1949.

50. Ibid., May 10, 1951.

51. Ibid., May 25, 1951.

52. Mao Zedong, “Hunan nongmin yundong kaocha baogao.” English translation taken from Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, Maoist Documentation Project, www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-1/mswv1_2.htm#s4.

53. Lin Zhao, “Fuqin de xue.”

54. She began reading: Lin Zhao, “Zhongzi”; It is a well-known story… on their faces: Lu Xun, “Zixu.”

55. Lu Xun, “Yao.”

56. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, March 29, 1951.

57. Lin Zhao to mother, January 14, 1968. The practice of parading the condemned through town and making a public spectacle of executions would continue until 2007, when the Supreme Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate issued a joint directive with the ministries of Public Security and Justice to formally end it. See http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2007-03/12/content_5833204.htm.

58. Li Maozhang, “Liufang qiangu,” 231–232.

59. Ibid.

60. Ibid.

61. Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, March 1, 1951; Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, March 5, 1951.

62. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, June 29, 1951; Li Maozhang, “Liufang qiangu,” 232–233.

63. Lin Zhao’s diary entries as excerpted in Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, March 5, 1951.

64. Lin Zhao to Lu Zhenhua, May 25, 1951. For Suppression of Counterrevolutionaries Campaign, see Courtois et al., Black Book of Communism, 482–483; Yang Kuisong, “Xin Zhongguo ‘zhenya fangeming’ yundong yanjiu.”

65. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, June 29, 1951.

66. She had yearned to own: Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, November 1950 to December 1952. Her letters dated November 20, 1950, and January 7 and April 14, 1951, offer glimpses into her predicament with those suitors; There was also the nameless melancholy: ibid.; Ni Jingxiong, interview, May 5, 2014.

67. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, November 20, 1950.

68. Ibid., April 14, 1951.

69. Ibid.

70. Ibid., November 12, 1950.

71. Ibid., August 19, 1951; Ni Jingxiong, interview, May 5, 2014.

72. Ni Jingxiong, interview, May 5, 2014; Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, August 19, 1951. See also Ni Jingxiong, “Shadiao meishi.”

73. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, June 26, 1951; December 10, 1952.

74. Ni Jingxiong, interview, June 13, 2017.

75. Ni Jingxiong, interview, May 5, 2014; Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, March 13, 1952.

76. Ni Jingxiong, interview, May 5, 2014. See also Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, March 13, 1952; Ni Jingxiong, “Shadiao meishi,” 179–180.

77. Ni Jingxiong, interview, May 5, 2014; Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, March 13, 1952.

78. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 24.

79. Djilas, The New Class, 47. A guerrilla fighter who rose to become a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and who was once considered a likely successor to Tito, Djilas voiced disenchantments with his party in the early 1950s and was expelled from its ranks in 1954. In 1957, he published The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System, an early banner of anticommunism.

80. Ibid., 28.

Chapter 3 The Crown

1. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, March 13, 1952.

2. Chen Shufang, “Lin Zhao er’san shi,” 240; Qian Timing et al., “Jinri honghua fa,” 235.

3. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, March 13 and “The Red May,” 1952.

4. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, “The Red May,” 1952; Ni Jingxiong, “Shadiao meishi,” 186.

5. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, March 13, 1952.

6. She attempted suicide: Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei”; Across China, some 100,000: Rummel, China’s Bloody Century, 228. According to Rummel, 200,000 may have taken their own lives. See also “Ben shiji Zhongguo dongdang shiqi siwang renshu yilanbiao” (Death Tolls in China during Turbulent Periods of This Century), www.cnd.org/HXWK/column/Editor-Reader/cm9605d-10.gb.html, which estimated the total number of deaths from the twin campaigns to be 100,000; Shanghai’s mayor Chen Yi: Ding Shu, Yangmou, 24.

7. “They drove me… to falsely accuse you”: Chen Weisi, “Lin Zhao zhisi,” 3; According to Lin Zhao’s sister: Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.”

8. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, March 13, 1952; March 5, 1951.

9. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, March 29 and June 26, 1951.

10. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, October 14, 1951. For biblical language cited here, see Galatians 5:17; Philippians 3:8–14; 2 Timothy 4:8.

11. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, March 13, 1952.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.; Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, “The Red May,” 1952.

14. See, for instance, Shen Zeyi, “Wu fu, wu xiang,” 228.

15. Yan Zhang and Ling [Lin Zhao], “Zongjie chengji, touru xin zhandou.” See also other reports Lin Zhao wrote for the paper in 1953–1954, in Lin Zhao wenji.

16. Lin Zhao, “Yige youxiu de Shaonian Ertong duiyuan.” In 1953, the “Youth and Children of China” was renamed “Young Pioneers.”

17. Lin Zhao to Ni Jingxiong, “The Red May,” 1952, and December 10, 1952.

18. Ibid., March 13, 1952.

19. Chen Shufang, “Lin Zhao er’san shi,” 241.

20. Lin Zhao was transferred: Qian Timing et al., “Jinri honghua fa,” 235; Within months she obtained: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 24. See also Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 73.

21. Lin Zhao, “GRSX.”

22. Anonymous article in Tianjin’s Guowenbao, as cited in Qian Gengsen , “Jingshi Daxuetang heyi xingcun.” (How the Imperial University of Peking Survived), www.gmw.cn/01ds/1998-09/16/GB/216%5EDS913.htm.

23. West, Yenching University, 38; Bays and Widmer, China’s Christian Colleges, 51–55.

24. Lin Zhao, “Weiminghu pan.”

25. Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 68.

26. Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 43; Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 69–70; Yang Huarong, “Huishou wangshi,” 135.

27. Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 69.

28. The comparison was… weathered melancholy: Shen Zeyi, “Wu fu, wu xiang,” 216; Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 73; Zhang Ling… a Southerner”: Zhang Ling, “Youming xinyu,” 120.

29. Lin Zhao had an eclectic range of interests: Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 69; She also loved ballroom dancing: Ni Jingxiong, “Shadiao meishi,” 170; Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 73.

30. “She loved bantering… victories in jokes”: Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 69; Horrified by the usual chaos: Zhang Lin, “Youming xinyu,” 121; “walked off in a huff”: Wang Ningsheng, “Lin Zhao yinxiang.”

31. Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 71; Xie Yong, “Honglou zazhi yanjiu.” Lin Zhao’s residence hall was Building No. 27.

32. The inaugural issue: Lin Zhao, “Tanke”; “We hope to hear… deleterious to socialism”: Lin Zhao as quoted in Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 77–78.

33. See Liao Yiwu, Zhongguo diceng fangtan lu, 192–199.

34. Courtois et al., Black Book of Communism, 485; Ding Shu, Yangmou, 52; Li Weimin, “1955 nian.”

35. Shen Zeyi, “Wu fu, wu xiang,” 234; Liu Qidi , “Baimaonü shenyuan” (The White-Haired Girl Seeking Justice), May 20, 1957, as cited in Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 11–12.

36. Lin Zhao was not among: Lin Zhao, “Fuqin de xue”; She was denounced: Lin Zhao, “GRSX.”

37. Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 74–76.

38. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 25; Lin Zhao, “GRSX.”

39. Wang Ningsheng, “Lin Zhao yinxiang.”

40. Xu Yan, “Pianran ‘Honglou’ zuo shang ke,” 344. My own English translation of Qu Yuan’s “Encountering Sorrow” is based on those by Yang Xianyi and Dai Naidie as well as by Cyril Birch. See Birch, Anthology of Chinese Literature, 56.

41. Still, in spring 1957… journey of emancipation: Lin Zhao, “Zhongzi”; When Stalin died in 1953: Lin Zhao, “Sidalin.”

42. Lin Zhao, “Zhongzi.”

43. The first Soviet-style: MacFarquhar and Fairbank, Cambridge History of China, 155; All of this probably: Zhang Yuanxun, Beida, 227.

44. Lin Zhao, “Shishi.”

45. Mao Zedong, “Guanyu zhengque chuli.” The passage quoted here is from the original speech and does not include revisions in the version published in June 1957.

46. Shen Zeyi and Zhang Yuanxun, “Shi shihou le” (It Is Time), cited in Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 3.

47. Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 53.

48. Wang Guoxiang, “Beida minzhu yundong jishi,” 23–27; Qian Liqun, “Burong mosha,” 10; Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 10, 13. On the makeshift bulletin board called xilan, see Zhang Yuanxun, Beida, 251–252.

49. Niu Han and Deng Jiuping, Yuanshang cao, 41–42.

50. Tan Tianrong’s posters: Tan Tianrong, “Di’er zhu ducao,” 30–34; It was the first time: Spence, Search for Modern China, 542.

51. Niu Han and Deng Jiuping, Yuanshang cao, 230.

52. See Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 7–9.

53. Lin Zhao, “Zheshi shenme ge.”

54. Ren Feng [Lin Zhao], “Dang, wo huhuan…”

55. Lin Zhao, “GRSX.”

56. Ibid.

57. Zhang Yuanxun, Beida, 45–46. See also Lin Zhao, “GRSX”; Wang Guoxiang, “Beida minzhu yundong jishi,” 23.

58. Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 84.

59. Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 54.

60. Zhang Yuanxun, “Guangchang fakan ci,” 120–122.

61. Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 84, 158.

62. Zhang Yuanxun, Beida, 226; Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 81.

63. Ironically, subsequent denunciations: Ma Jingyuan and Leng Xin, “Lin Zhao,” 337–338; Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 158; Zhang Yuanxun, Beida, 226–227; That was an exaggeration: Shen Zeyi, interview, Huzhou, Zhejiang, July 15, 2014. Shen denied that Lin Zhao had any active role in The Square.

64. Shen Zhihua, Sikao yu xuanze, 536–541.

65. Zhang Yihe, Zuihou de guizu, 46-51.

66. Spence, Search for Modern China, 541–543; Courtois et al., Black Book of Communism, 485; Chang and Halliday, Mao, 410–411; Wei Zidan, “Mao Zedong yinshe chudong kao”; Mao as quoted in Chang and Halliday, Mao, 410. See also Shen Zhihua, Sikao yu xuanze, 563–564. Shen argues that Mao advertised his “open conspiracy” theory to spare himself the embarrassment over a bungled attempt to elicit harmless criticisms to help the CCP’s rectification campaign.

67. In it Mao lashed out: Mao Zedong, “Shiqing zhengzai qi bianhua”; Shen Zhihua, Sikao yu xuanze, 619; The Anti-Rightist Campaign: “Zheshi wei shenme?” (Why Is This?), People’s Daily editorial, June 8, 1957.

68. Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 103–104.

69. Shen Zeyi, “Wo xiang renmin qingzui,” 241–247; Shen Zeyi, interview, July 15, 2014.

70. The university’s Anti-Rightist Campaign: Zhang Yuanxun, Beida, 231–237; Some of the activists were: Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 87; Shen Zeyi, interview, July 15, 2014.

71. However, starting in August: Zhang Yuanxun, Beida, 256–261; One student cracked: Chen Fengxiao, “Wo suo zhidao”; Ding Shu, Yangmou, 219.

72. Ma Jingyuan and Leng Xin, “Lin Zhao”; Zhang Yuanxun, Beida, 258; Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 123.

73. Ding Shu, Yangmou, 157, 187.

74. Ding Shu, Yangmou, 220,222. For Zhu Jiayu’s story, see Zhang Yuanxun, Beida, 259–260; Ji Xianlin, Meng ying Weiminghu, 560.

75. Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.”

76. Lin Zhao, untitled poem, cited in Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 90.

77. Zhang Yuanxun, Beida, 274.

78. Yang Huarong, “Huishou wangshi,” 136.

79. Ibid., 136–138. Both Mr. Zhang of Suzhou and Zhu Yi (interviews) said that a romantic relationship developed between Lin Zhao and Yang.

80. In September, Chen Fengxiao: “Beijing Shi Renmin Jianchayuan”; Chen Fengxiao, “Wo suo zhidao”; Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 116; Later, in an indictment… the imperialists”: SJRJY, “Qisushu”; a charge that Chen dismissed: Chen Fengxiao to Zhu Yi, October 9, 2008, http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_497d291f0102e6fi.html.

81. Lin Zhao, “GRSX.”

82. Song Yongyi, Qianming Zhongguo youpai. Chen Fengxiao was named a key member of the group. See also Chen Fengxiao, “Wo suo zhidao”; Zhang Yuanxun, Beida, 287; Peng Lingfan, “Wode jiejie Lin Zhao,” 41. Chen Fengxiao scouted the diplomatic missions in Beijing in August 1957. He scaled the wall of the Yugoslav embassy and entered its grounds but was denied asylum and escorted out.

83. In the end, out of 8,983 students: Wang Youqin, “Cong shounanzhe”; Zhang Yuanxun, Beida, 358. The total number of faculty and staff was 1,399; Across China, the total: The CCP’s official estimate of the total number of Rightists is 550,000, primarily the cadres. Students and others not on government payroll were not counted. Ding puts the total number above 1.2 million. See Ding Shu, Yangmou, 200–206; Ding Shu, Wushi nian hou, 194–203. Courtois et al., in Black Book of Communism (485), put the total at between “400,000 and 700,000.”

84. Lin Mu, “You yiwei youpai laoren”; Zhu Yi, “Chen Fengxiao.”

85. In a letter to her sister: Lin Zhao to Peng Lingfan, 1958, as quoted in Chen Weisi, “Lin Zhao zhi si,” 4; “feel the weight… called ‘Rightist’”: Tan Tianrong, “Yige meiyou qingjie de aiqing gushi,” 173.

86. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” Appendix No. 6.

87. Lin Zhao to Peng Lingfan, 1958, as quoted in Chen Weisi, “Lin Zhao zhi si,” 4.

88. Lin Zhao, “GRSX.”

89. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 25–26.

Chapter 4 A Spark of Fire

1. Lin Zhao, “Xueshi tiyi bing ba.” Mao had compared the revolutionary forces he led to a gale sent from heaven. See Mao Zedong, “Dielianhua: cong Tingzhou xiang Changsha.”

2. Sun Wenshuo, “Xuejian luoqun,” 160–161. See also Zhang Yuanxun, Beida, 312. According to Sun, Lin Zhao made a second suicide attempt in 1958.

3. Chen Weisi, “Lin Zhao zhi si,” 4.

4. Lin Zhao, “Jueming shu.”

5. Lin Zhao, “Di yige yin.”

6. “Zhonggong Zhongyang Guowuyuan guanyu zai guojia xinji renyuan he gaodeng xuexiao xuesheng zhong de youpai fenzi chuli yuanze de guiding,” (Regulations Issued by the CCP Central Committee and the State Council regarding the Principle of Punishments for Rightists among Personnel on State Payroll and Students in Institutions of Higher Education), January 13, 1958, in Song Yongyi et al., Zhongguo Fanyou Yundong; Shen Zhihua, Sikao yu xuanze, 685–686; Wei Chengsi, Zhongguo zhishi fenzi, 176; Ding Shu, Yangmou, 214. See also Sun Wenshuo, “Xuejian luoqun,” 160. For “re-education through labor,” see “Zhonggong Zhongyang guanyu chedi shuqing ancang de fangeming fenzi de zhishi,” (Directive of the CCP Central Committee on the Complete Elimination of Hidden Counterrevolutionaries), August 25, 1955, in Song Yongyi et al., Zhongguo wushi niandai.

7. Wei Chengsi, Zhongguo zhishi fenzi, 176; Ding Shu, Yangmou, 222.

8. Mao as quoted in Sun Yancheng, “Guo Moruo he Qin Shihuang.”

9. Ba Jin as quoted in Wei Chengsi, Zhongguo zhishi fenzi, 183.

10. See “Haiku shilan juebu dongyao: Li Jishen zai Shehuizhuyi Ziwo Gaizao Cujin Dahui shang de jianghua” (Unshaken until the Sea Goes Dry and the Stone Rots Away: Li Jishen’s Speech at the Meeting Promoting Socialist Self-Reform), People’s Daily, March 17, 1958; Wei Chengsi, Zhongguo zhishi fenzi, 181.

11. Jiang Fei, “Xunzhao Lin Zhao.”

12. Zhang Yuanxun, Beida, 312–313.

13. Tan Tianrong as quoted in Hu Jie, Xunzhao Lin Zhao de linghun.

14. Gan Cui, “Lin Zhao qingren”; Zhang Yuanxun, Beida, 312–313.

15. Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 78.

16. Chen Fengxiao, “Xingkaihu jishi”; Yuan Ling, “Mao Zedong shidai”; Shen Zeyi, “Beida,” 122; “Naxie ‘xuyao bei laojiao’ de ren.”

17. Lin Zhao, “Beifen shi.”

18. Gan Cui, “Lin Zhao qingren”; Gan Cui, Beida hun; Gan Cui, interview, Beijing, June 2, 2013; Ai Xiaoming, “‘Yinwei wo xinzhong haiyou ge Lin Zhao.’”

19. Li Ke, “Beijing Sanzihui.”

20. Gan Cui, “Lin Zhao qingren”; Gan Cui, interview, June 2, 2013.

21. Gan Cui, “Lin Zhao qingren”; Gan Cui, Beida hun. It was at Dengshikou Church in July 1954 that the founding of the state-sanctioned Three-Self Church was proclaimed.

22. Gan Cui, “Lin Zhao qingren”; Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei”; Mr. Zhang, telephone interview, July 17, 2014.

23. The pipe organ at Shanghai Community Church was built by Austin Organs in 1930. See www.clacklinevalleyolives.com.au/pipeorgan/China/China.html.

24. Gan Cui, “Lin Zhao qingren”; Gan Cui, interview, June 2, 2013.

25. Wang Ningsheng, “Lin Zhao yinxiang.”

26. Lin Zhao, “GRSX.” See also SHLGJ, “Lin Zhao an jiaxing cailiao,” and SJRJY, “Qisushu.” After completing the poem, Lin Zhao continued to revise it, probably well into 1959. See Gan Cui, “Lin Zhao qingren.” According to Tan Chanxue, Lin Zhao mailed a copy of “Seagull” to Sun He in September 1959. See Tan Chanxue, Qiusuo, 96. The indictment dated the mailing of the poem to 1958.

27. Lin Zhao, “Hai’ou.”

28. The syllable ang was used for the end rhyme.

29. Lin Zhao, “GRSX.”

30. Lin Zhao, “Diaohuan zhoumi.”

31. Tan Chanxue, Qiusuo, 4–22, 96; Lin Zhao, “GRSX.” In the latter, Lin Zhao mentioned that she hand-copied “Seagull” and shared it with friends in Beijing.

32. Tan Chanxue, Qiusuo, 22; Gan Cui, “Lin Zhao qingren.”

33. Lin Zhao, “Puluomixiushi.”

34. Yang Jisheng, Mubei, 531–536; Spence, Search for Modern China, 547–553.

35. Peng Dehuai to Mao Zedong, July 14, 1959, http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64184/64186/66666/4493320.html; Spence, Search for Modern China, 551–553; Yang Jisheng, Mubei, 537–538.

36. Tan Chanxue, Qiusuo, 11–12.

37. Ibid., 27–62.

38. Lin Zhao, “GRSX.”

39. Ibid.; Tan Chanxue, Qiusuo, 97.

40. Tan Chanxue, Qiusuo, 22.

41. Ibid., 28.

42. Ibid., 29–53, 246; Hu Jie, Xinghuo.

43. whose 1958 congress: Jie Fu, “Nansilafu”; Miller, Nonconformists, 100; Lin Zhao had found a copy: Tan Chanxue, Qiusuo, 98; SHLGJ, “Lin Zhao an jiaxing cailiao.” See also “Xiuzheng zhuyi de yaohai shi fouren dang de lingdao he wuchanjieji zhuanzheng” (The Crucial Thing about Revisionism Is That It Negates the Party’s Leadership and Proletarian Dictatorship), editorial, People’s Daily, May 5, 1958; Despite her reservations, Lin Zhao was charged: Tan Chanxue, Qiusuo, 99; Lin Zhao, “GRSX”; SHLGJ, “Lin Zhao an jiaxing cailiao.”

44. Tan Chanxue, Qiusuo, 63–85.

45. Liu Faqing, interview with Hu Jie, in Hu Jie, Xunzhao Lin Zhao de linghun.

46. Lin Zhao, “GRSX.”

47. Tan Chanxue, Qiusuo, 62, 96.

48. Lin Zhao, “Puluomixiushi.”

49. Lin Zhao’s friends became alarmed: Tan Chanxue, Qiusuo, 104–115, 256, 261; On October 24, police showed: SJRJY, “Qisushu”; He muttered: Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.”

50. Lin Zhao, “Fuqin de xue”; Ni Jingxiong, interview, Shanghai, May 5, 2014.

51. Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei”; Cheng Ronghua and Cui Xuefa, “Huan shishi yi gongzheng.”

Chapter 5 Shattered Jade

1. For King Lear’s quote, see Shakespeare, King Lear, act 1, scene 5. For Pascal’s quote, see Foucault, Madness and Civilization, ix.

2. Kiely, Compelling Ideal, 166; Xu Jiajun, Shanghai jianyu, 75–77, 92–93, 102–103. See also Xue Liyong, “Lao Shanghai de jianyu.” Shanghai No. 2 Detention House was decommissioned in 1985 and demolished in 1994. See SHDFZ, Shanghai gong’an zhi.

3. Tan Chanxue, Qiusuo, 116–121, 130–132. Bai Zhenjie interview, in Hu Jie, Xunzhao Lin Zhao de linghun. According to Bai, head of the Tianshui Detention House, Gansu, where Zhang Chunyuan was held, Zhang was found plotting a jailbreak. The One Strike, Three Anti Campaign of 1970 targeted especially the alleged “counterrevolutionary destructive activities” while also opposing “graft and embezzlement,” “profiteering,” and “extravagance and waste.”

4. Kiely, Compelling Ideal, 1, 4–7.

5. Lin Zhao, “GRSX”; Peng Lingfan, “Wode jiejie Lin Zhao,” 56. The 200,000-character “Diary of My Thoughts” most likely remains today in Lin Zhao’s classified prison file. For Marx’s quote, see Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859), “Preface,” www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/preface.htm; for Mao’s 1937 essay, see Mao Zedong, “On Contradiction” (1937), www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-1/mswv1_17.htm.

6. Yang Huarong, “Huishou wangshi,” 142. For the “Oddities Song,” see Li Yi , “Guguai ge,” Pingguo Ribao (Apple Daily), September 29, 2009.

7. Lin Zhao, “GRSX.”

8. The reformulated economic policy was known as the eight-character policy of adjustment, consolidation, replenishment, and enhancement . See “Zhongguo Gongchandang di bajie Zhongyang Weiyuanhui di jiuci quanti huiyi gongbao.” (Bulletin of the Ninth Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party), January 20, 1961, www.yhcw.net/famine/Documents/d020202s.html.

9. Spence, Search for Modern China, 559–560. See also Xue Muqiao , “‘Dayuejin’ zhong wo sui Chen Yun tongzhi xiaxiang diaocha.” “” (I Went with Comrade Chen Yun to Conduct Rural Investigation during the “Great Leap Forward”), May 1, 2006, www.gmw.cn/02sz/2006-05/01/content_437944.htm.

10. Lin Zhao, “GRSX.”

11. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 9.

12. The softening of Lin Zhao’s: SJRJY, “Qisushu”; Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.” In her annotation on the 1964 indictment, Lin Zhao noted that she did not seek medical parole in 1962 but was given one; For the first time, she was able: Lin Zhao, “Fuqin de xue”; Yang Huarong, “Huishou wangshi,” 142.

13. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 32.

14. She responded with a written… committed against them: Lin Zhao, [annotated] “Qisushu”; SHGY, “Shanghai shi Gaoji Renmin Fayuan xingshi panjueshu,” December 30, 1981; “Are you sick?”: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 33.

15. Ni Jingxiong, interview, May 5, 2014. Lin Zhao visited Ni after her encounter with Hu Ziheng and reported it.

16. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 13, 33; Lin Zhao, [annotated] “Qisushu.”

17. She convinced one of them: Lin Zhao, [annotated] “Qisushu.” That name appears to have been originally proposed by Zhang Chunyuan before the arrests of 1960; shadowed by undercover police: Zhao Rui, Jitan shang de shengnü, Appendix 5 (interview with Zhu Hong), 368–382.

18. Lin Zhao, [annotated] “Qisushu”; SHLGJ, “Lin Zhao an jiaxing cailiao”; Lin Zhao, “XLZG,” November 23, 1967.

19. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 33–34; [annotated] “Qisushu”; Association of Jewish Refugees, in Great Britain, “News in Brief.” AJR Information no. 10, October 1946, 74, “News in Brief.” According to the latter, fourteen thousand Jews still remained in Shanghai in 1946. See also Casey Hall, “Jewish Life in Shanghai’s Ghetto,” New York Times, June 19, 2012.

20. In early November: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 33; Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 18, 1967; The examining doctor: Mr. Zhang, telephone interview, July 17, 2014. The doctor who evaluated Lin Zhao and diagnosed her as mentally ill was Su Zonghua , director of Shanghai Psychiatric Hospital. Zhang interviewed Lin Zhao’s former classmates and friends from the late 1950s and early 1960s. According to him, none of them remembered Lin Zhao as mentally unstable. See also Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.”

21. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 14, 33.

22. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 33–34; Lin Zhao, [annotated] “Qisushu.”

23. Yuan Ling, “Shanghai dang’an”; Yin Shusheng, “Mao Zedong yu disanci quanguo gong’an huiyi”; Yuan Ling, “Tilanqiao li de qiutu.”

24. Little is known about: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 55, 117; Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” August 24, 1965; And she attempted to take: SHLGJ, “Lin Zhao an jiaxing cailiao”; Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 11, 1967.

25. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 33–34; Lin Zhao, [annotated] “Qisushu”; Zhao Rui, Jitan shang de shengnü, 368–382.

26. Peng Lingfan, “Wode jiejie Lin Zhao,” 55–56; Peng Lingfan, “Zai sixiang de lianyu,” 20; Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.” Lin Zhao likely met Yu Yile in Tilanqiao in 1962–1963, when she was temporarily held there. There are apparent inaccuracies in Peng Lingfan’s account of Lin Zhao’s encounter with Yu Yile; for Yu Yile and Christian Bible Institute, see Chen Yang, “Lin Zhao, Wang Chunyi, Yu Yile”; Kevin Yao, Fundamentalist Movement, 287; Wai-luen Kwok , Fandui heyi?! Jia Yuming, jiyaozhuyi yu heyi yundong de jiujie, (Advocating Separatism?! Chia Yu Ming, Fundamentalists and Their Difficulties in Chinese Church Union Movement) (Hong Kong: Tien Dao Publishing House, 2002), 58; Bian Yunbo , “Jianguo qian de shenxue jiaoyu he huaren mushi (Theological Education and Chinese Teachers before the Founding of the People’s Republic), www.churchchina.org/archives/we151007.html. The Bible Institute was founded as in the 1930s and later renamed .

27. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 14, 67, 83.

28. Located on Nanchezhan Road: Xu Jiajun, Shanghai jianyu, 122–125; SHDFZ, Shanghai gong’an zhi; In May 1949, on the eve: Xu Jiajun, Shanghai jianyu, 125; SHDFZ, Shanghai quxian zhi, entry on Huang Jingwu.

29. During the Mao era… within its walls: Yan Zuyou, Renqu, 8; Nien Cheng, Life and Death in Shanghai, 147; SHDFZ, Shanghai gong’an zhi; “enemies without guns”: Mao Zedong, Maozedong xuanji, 4: 1428.

30. Yan Zuyou, Renqu, 8–9; Xu Jiajun, Shanghai jianyu, 122–123. See also Nien Cheng, Life and Death in Shanghai, 131–133.

31. The window… in the afternoon: Yan Zuyou, Renqu, 10, 18. See also Nien Cheng, Life and Death in Shanghai, 131. In the women’s ward, each cell had a light bulb mounted in the middle of the ceiling. “It was gloomy… sunny day”: Liu Wenzhong, Fengyu rensheng lu, 77–78;

32. Yan Zuyou, Renqu, 10–16; SHDFZ, Shanghai gong’an zhi; Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 67.

33. Yan Zuyou, Renqu, 20; Nien Cheng, Life and Death in Shanghai, 146.

34. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 11, 14–15, 35, 52;

35. At the No. 1 Detention… also occurred: Yan Zuyou, Renqu, 14; “I lose track… off my head”: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 83. When Zhang Yuanxun visited Lin Zhao in Tilanqiao Prison in May 1966, he saw bald patches on her head where hair had been pulled off. See Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 101.

36. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 22, 89.

37. Yan Zuyou, Renqu, 14; Liu Wenzhong, Fan wenge diyi ren, 180;

38. Yan Zuyou, Renqu, 14. The Chinese names of those styles were, respectively, and .

39. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 15, 36; Lin Zhao, “Xueyi tiba.”

40. In China,… of the interrogated: Liu Renwen and Liu Zexin, “Xingxun bigong.” The Han dynasty decree “The Staff Order” “” contains the following “”; “What confession… wooden staff?”: Gu Yingtai, Mingshi jishi benmo, di shisi juan: kaiguo guimo (Chronicles of Events in Ming Dynasty History, Volume 14: The Grandeur at the Dawn of the Dynasty) (1649). The Chinese original: “.”

41. Nevertheless, torture was widely: Liu Renwen and Liu Zexin, “Xingxun bigong”; The so-called rescue… lost their mind: Gao Hua, Hong taiyang, 318.

42. Liu Renwen and Liu Zexin, “Xingxun bigong.”

43. Spence, Gate of Heavenly Peace, 84–93.

44. Lin Zhao, “Qiusheng ci.”

45. Lin Zhao, “Qiushi aisi”; Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 86.

46. Lin Zhao, “Qiushi aisi.” For Kennedy’s speech, see John F. Kennedy, “Remarks in Miami, Florida at the Presentation of the Flag of the Cuban Invasion Brigade, 29 December 1962,” www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKWHA-156-001.aspx. For Xinhuashe bulletin, see “Kennidi xiang huoshi de jilongtan beifu Meiguo guyongjun daqi; zaici jiaorang yao zai Guba shi fangeming fubi.” (Kennedy Tries to Pump up the Morale of Freed American Mercenaries Captured at Playa Girón, again Clamoring to Bring about Counterrevolutionary Restoration in Cuba), People’s Daily, December 31, 1962.

47. Lin Zhao, “Qiushi aisi.”

48. See “Kennidi ‘heping zhanlue’ xiongxiang bilu.” ” ” (Ferocious Features of Kennedy’s ‘Strategy of Peace’ Completely Exposed), People’s Daily, July 6, 1963.

49. During this period, Lin Zhao was in Tilanqiao Prison, which provided Liberation Daily and People’s Daily to inmates. According to Xu Jiajun, Liu Wenzhong, and Yan Zuyou (interviews), Liberation Daily was distributed regularly for group study. The distribution of People’s Daily was more limited. Lin Zhao may have gained access to both because she was an important political prisoner. See also Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” October 1, 1965.

50. Lin Zhao, “Qiushi aisi.”

51. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 15, 44.

52. Lin Zhao, “Zilei.” Lin Zhao’s reference here was both to Jing Ke and Zhong Yi of the Zhou dynasty and to Wang Jingwei, who evoked the same heroism of the past in a poem written after he was imprisoned for his unsuccessful attempt in 1910 to assassinate Zai Feng, the prince-regent of the last emperor of the Qing dynasty. Lin Zhao dated the poem to February 1964. She most likely wrote it just before her suicide attempt on February 5.

53. Li Baiyao (Tang dynasty, 618–907), Bei Qi shu: Yuan Jingan zhuan (History of Bei Qi Dynasty: The Biography of Yuan Jing’an).

54. Lin Zhao had written her: Lin Zhao’s sister Peng Lingfan mentioned that when Lin Zhao came home on medical parole in 1962, there were scars on her arms from incisions made to draw blood for writing. However, there are no records of blood writing from that period. See Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei”; Like the choice of: Lin Zhao, “Zilei”; “Xueyi tiba.”

55. Yin Wenhan, “Zhongguo gudai cixue jingshu zhifeng.” Chinese sources on Siddhartha Gautama’s religious devotion contain the following: “.” See The Basic Annals of the Liang Dynasty , Vol. 7 (n.d., seventh century). The Chinese text: “”

56. In a sixteenth-century… the grieving emperor: Daphne P. Lei, “The Bloodstained Text in Translation: Tattooing, Bodily Writing, and Performance of Chinese Virtue,” Anthropological Quarterly 82, no. 1 (Winter 2009); In Mao’s China: See “Tianfan difu kai’erkang—Wuchanjieji Wenhua Dageming dashiji” (In Heroic Triumph Heaven and Earth Have Been Overturned: Chronicles of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution), December 1967, in Song Yongyi et al., Zhongguo Wenhua Dageming wenku. The incident occurred on July 1, 1966. Admittedly, blood writing has not been limited to the East. “Of all that is written, I love only what a person hath written with his blood,” declared Friedrich Nietzsche. See Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, 37.

57. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 15, 84; SJRJY, “Qisushu.”

58. Lin Zhao, “Jia ji” (A Family Mourning), April 12, 1964, cited in Hu Jie, Xunzhao Lin Zhao de linghun; Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 52, 70. “Jia ji” was not among her prison writings returned in 1982. It was discovered and copied by the journalist Chen Weisi, who was allowed a one-day access to the Lin Zhao file in early 1981. The rest of the writings done at the No. 1 Detention House, including “To the Shackles” (Zhi liaokao ), may still remain in the classified Lin Zhao file.

59. Lin Zhao, “Xueyi tiba.”

60. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 70.

61. Mao Zedong, “Qilü: Renmin Jiefangjun zhanling Nanjing” (Seven-Character Rhyme: The Capture of Nanjing by the People’s Liberation Army), 1949. English translation adapted from Mao Zedong, Mao Zedong Poems, 49.

62. Lin Zhao, “Xueshi tiyi bing ba.” Just decades before the Qin king crushed rival states in 221 BCE to claim the mandate of heaven as the first emperor of the Qin dynasty, Lu Lian, also known as Lu Zhonglian, had vowed to throw himself into the sea if the Qin king usurped the throne of the Zhou dynasty. See Sima Qian (born ca. 145 BCE), Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), . Sima Qian wrote: “.” Cao Cao (whose pejorative nickname A’man is used in the Chinese original of the poem) was said to have chanted a soaring poem with a drawn sword before his military debacle at Ref Cliff. Su Shi in his essay “Red Cliff “ (Qian Chibi fu , 1082) had written that Cao Cao “poured out his wine as he looked over the great river, and chanted a poem with a drawn sword”

63. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” September 12, 1965.

64. “wrong path”: Lin Zhao, “Xueshi tiyi.” The eighth of the nine poems contains the following: “”; Perhaps Mao: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 54.

65. “Pondering through… whom shall I play?”: Lin Zhao, “Xueshi tiyi”; Yue Fei had written: Yue Fei (1103–1142), “Xiaochongshan” (The Little Mountains Rhyme). Yue wrote: “?”; In yet another poem: Lin Zhao, “Xueshi tiyi.”

66. SJRJY, “Qisushu.”

67. Ibid.

68. Lin Zhao, “‘Qisushu’ bayu.” For routine meals in jail, see Yan Zuyou, Renqu, 11–36; Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 94. A handful of inmates (such as a former film director), on account of their elevated social status, were granted special diet, which included small amounts of meat, or fish, or egg.

69. Lin Zhao to mother, November 4, 1967.

70. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 55.

71. Ibid., 65.

72. That, too, was foiled: Lin Zhao, “‘Qisushu’ bayu”; “the so-called Procuratorate… all over the floor”: Zhao, “‘Qisushu’ bayu”; “Xueyi tiba.”

73. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 75, 78; “‘Qisushu’ bayu.”

74. Lin Zhao, [annotated] “Qisushu.” Lin Zhao’s annotation is 3,739 characters long, about twice as long as the indictment itself.

75. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 18, 20, 85.

76. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 18. For Ke Qingshi’s promotion as the first party secretary of the East China Bureau, see http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64165/76621/76636/5272464.html.

77. “wholeheartedly depict the thirteen years”: Xiao Donglian et al., Qiusuo Zhongguo, chapter 5, part 4. See also Goldman, China’s Intellectuals, 76–77; Ke was purged during: Gao Hua, Hong taiyang, 305–306.

78. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 22. The second letter to Ke Qingshi was handed over to a guard on March 3.

79. Ibid., 65.

80. Ibid., 66, 84–85, 95, 102.

81. Periodically, a formless… inmates later told her: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 94, 98; In spite of the emerging signs: In 2016, I sent this and other passages in my manuscript that I considered the most revealing of Lin Zhao’s mental state to my colleague Dr. Warren A. Kinghorn, a psychiatrist at Duke University School of Medicine, for his analysis. In his e-mail to me dated February 20, 2017, he explained that he saw “no clear evidence” of a psychotic disorder but suggested the possibility of a “manic-depressive disorder.”

82. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 72; “Xueshi tiyi.”

83. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 72–73, 82–83. See also Yan Zuyou, Renqu, for routine searches of the inmates’ belongs to confiscate their writings.

84. Lin Zhao possibly experienced a hallucination on the night of May 5, 1965, in which the spirit of Ke Qinghsi defended Lin Zhao’s innocence and mildly rebuked Mao for his paranoia. See Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 111. For Mao’s relations with Ke, see Feng Xigang , “Wo han relei yi beichou: du Tao Zhu de sanshou qilü.” (I Suppressed My Sorrow in Spite of Tears: On Three Seven-Character Rhymes by Tao Zhu) Tongzhou gongjin (Making Progress together in the Same Boat), 2011, No. 11, www.xzbu.com/1/view-270943.htm.

85. On April 10, Liberation Daily: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 112; In reality, Ke: Ye Yonglie, “Jiemi Ke Qingshi zhi si: bingfei siyu fei’ai huo ‘mousha’.” ” (Uncovering the Secret of Ke Qingshi’s Death: Cause of Death Not Lung Cancer or “Murder”), February 5, 2013, Renmin wang (People’s Net), http://history.people.com.cn/n/2013/0205/c198865-20435479.html.

86. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 69–70, 102, 112.

87. she composed a long four-character: Lin Zhao, “Ji ling’ou wen”; Then, “in accordance… his concubine!”: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 112.

88. “If he had been alive… a snow-white crow”: Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 12, 1967; Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” January 19, 1966; “love for the dead one”: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 68.

89. Like all her other writings: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 68, 84; Lin Zhao to mother, November 12, 1967. The essay “Gao renlei” (An Appeal to Humanity) was also done in her blood and was not yet finished when she was removed from the No. 1 Detention House; “Who has been like you?”: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 16.

90. Nien Cheng: Nien Cheng, Life and Death in Shanghai, 156–157; Selected Works of Mao: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 68–69.

91. The interrogator had admonished her: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 78; At the No. 1 Detention… in this place”: Nien Cheng, Life and Death in Shanghai, 149.

92. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 82.

93. Ibid., 75.

Chapter 6 Lamplight in the Snowy Fields

1. Lin Zhao, “Zhongzi.”

2. “Peng Guoyan qing pingfan yuanyu”; Cheng Ronghua and Cui Xuefa, “Huan shishi yi gongzheng.”

3. Lin Zhao, “Panjue hou de shengming.”

4. Xu Jiajun, Tilanqiao jianyu, 217; Xu Jiajun, “Shanghai shi Tilanqiao jianyu”; Dikötter, Crime, Punishment, and the Prison, 308, 311–315; Yan Zuyou, “Jiaoshou fenggu.”

5. In addition to the regular: Dikötter, Crime, Punishment, and the Prison, 318; Xu Jiajun, “Shanghai shi Tilanqiao jianyu”; Xu Jiajun, interview, Shanghai, June 12, 2017. “Fengbo ting” were located on the top floor of Block No. 7; “xiangpi jian” were housed in the prison hospital and in the Westerners’ Block, also known as the cross-shaped block (shizi jian); From the beginning: Xu Jiajun, “Shanghai shi Tilanqiao jianyu.”

6. See Yuan Ling, “Tilanqiao li de qiutu”; Yuan Ling, “Shanghai dang’an li de ‘fangeming.’”

7. Liu Wenzhong, Fengyu rensheng lu, 271–272.

8. Lin Zhao, “Lianxi san” (The Third [Writing] Practice), February 27, 1966.

9. Lin Zhao, “Xueyi tiba”; Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” June 22, 1965. Information on the Women’s Block is from Xu Jiajun, Tilanqiao jianyu, 15; Xu Jiajun, interview, June 12, 2017; SHDFZ, Shanghai jianyu zhi, chapter 6.

10. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 4–7.

11. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 40–41.

12. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” July 14, 1965; Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 120.

13. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 85.

14. SHDFZ, Shanghai jianyu zhi; Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” August 11, 1965; Xu Jiajun, interview, June 12, 2017.

15. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” July 14, 1965.

16. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 117.

17. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” June 13, 1965.

18. Ibid., June 11, 1965.

19. Ibid., July 9 and 10, 1965.

20. Ibid., June 16 and July 11, 1965.

21. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 1.

22. Ibid., 6.

23. Ibid., 2.

24. Ibid., 100–105.

25. Ibid., 36.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid., 106.

28. Ibid., 107.

29. Mao must also be held accountable: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 108; On August 23, 1958, Mao had ordered: Li Zhisui, Mao Zedong siren yisheng huiyilu, 252; Chang and Halliday, Mao, 406–407. See also MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 6.

30. on October 20, Chinese troops stormed: Chang and Halliday, Mao, 458–459; That same day, Beijing announced: “Zhongguo zhengfu fabiao shengming zhichi Guba fandui Meiguo zhanzheng tiaoxin,” (Chinese Government Issues a Statement in Support of Cuba’s Opposition to the War Provocations from the United States), People’s Daily, October 25, 1962; Feng Yunfei , “1962 nian Guba daodan weiji yu Sulian dui Zhong-Yin bianjie wenti lichang de zhuanbian,” 1962 (The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 and the Changes in the Position of the Soviet Union regarding the Border Issue between China and India), Dangshi yuanjiu yu jiaoxue (Party History: Research and Teaching), 2009, no. 2; “All of that resulted… by nature”: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 108.

31. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 108.

32. “Jiajing Emperor dismissed… also a ‘Hai Rui.’”: “‘Wenge’ ruhe fasheng.” Lin Zhao drew the parallel between Peng Dehuai and Hai Rui on page 108 of her letter to People’s Daily, which totals 120 pages. She may have written that passage just days before completing the entire letter on December 5, 1965; Not until January: Si Tong, “Jieshou Wu Han tongzhi de tiaozhan,” (Accepting the Challenge of Comrade Wu Han), People’s Daily, January 13, 1966. See also Tian Geng , “Hairui baguan daoyan tan Hairui baguan,” ” (The Director of Hai Rui Dismissed from Office Discusses the Play), Yanhuang chunqiu, 2006, no. 5.

33. Li Xia’en, “Hai Rui mu.”

34. Mazur, Wu Han, 407; MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 15; “‘Wenge’ ruhe fasheng.”

35. Yao’s imperious polemic… “counterrevolutionary revisionism”: MacFarquhar, Origins of the Cultural Revolution, 252–253; MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 14–17; Chang and Halliday, Mao, 524; Before it fizzled out: Yang Jishen, “Daolu, lilun, zhidu”; Song Yongyi, “Wenge zhong ‘fei zhengchang siwang’ le duoshao ren?”

36. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 62.

37. She sardonically dismissed: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 1; “For you who… wrong”: ibid., 37.

38. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 111.

39. Ibid., 39.

40. Wu Lengxi, Yi Maozhuxi, chapter 11; Qian Jiang, “Wenge qianxi de Renmin Ribao.”

41. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 103.

42. Zhu Yi, “‘Lin Zhao: Ling’ou xuyu’ jiaoduzhe shuoming”; photographs of ink copies of “Ling’ou xuyu.”

43. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” May 31, 1965.

44. Ibid., August 11, 1965.

45. Ibid., October 29, 1965.

46. “I am easily excitable… boiling water!”: Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” October 30, 1965; “Judas sold… of them!”: ibid., October 21, 1965.

47. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” July 2, 1965.

48. Ibid., July 30, 1965. For the call to “all-shaking thunder,” see Shakespeare, King Lear, act 3, scene 2.

49. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” September 10, 1965.

50. Ibid., October 1, 1965.

51. Ibid., October 3, 1965.

52. SHDFZ, Shanghai shenpan zhi.

53. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” November 11, 1965.

54. Ibid., August 11, 1965.

55. Ibid., September 17, 1965.

56. Ibid., September 19, 1965.

57. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 38.

58. Ibid., 29–30, 62.

59. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” November, 23, 1965.

60. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” December 11, 1965; January 8, 1966. See also Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 105–106.

61. Li Shangyin (813–858), “Wuti” (untitled). English translation taken from A. C. Graham, Poems of the Late T’ang (New York: NYRB, 2008).

62. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” December 11, 1965.

63. Lu Xun, “Wuti” (untitled). English translation by David Y. Ch’en, with one minor change by the author, http://wap.putclub.com/html/ability/translation/translation/training/literature/zhongguozuopin/2014/0805/89403.html.

64. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” December 19, 1965.

65. On Christmas Eve: Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” December 24, 1965; Sixty years earlier: Yuan Ling, “Tilanqiao li de qiutu”; Now Mao’s regime… grille of the cells: Yan Zuyou, “Jiaoshou fenggu”; Yan Zuyou, Renqu, 11–36. Sick inmates were offered “nutrition meals”—with added sautéed chicken bones.

66. The Christmas Eve dinner: Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” December 24, 1965. “Christ Is Still in This World” was one of her prison writings that were catalogued by the Tilanqiao authorities but did not survive; “Grant me inspirations… Streams in the Desert”: ibid., December 25, 1965.

67. On January 13, 1966, Lin Zhao coughed: Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” January 13, 1966; “Let it bleed”: ibid.

68. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” January 13, 1966.

69. “Don’t blame… me to do”: Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” February 5, 1966; In fact, every time: Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 105–106.

70. By the middle of the month: Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” February 16, 1966; After an entry on March 8, 1966: ibid., March 8, 1966.

71. The doctor treating: Peng Lingfan, “Wode zizi Lin Zhao,” 39; The letter would not be forwarded: Lin Zhao, “Suizhao zhi zhan.”

Chapter 7 The White-Haired Girl of Tilanqiao

1. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 88.

2. Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 92–97; Zhu Yi, interview, Ganzhou, June 9, 2017. For Zhang’s courting of Lin Zhao in college, see Peng Lingfan, “Wode zizi Lin Zhao,” 34.

3. Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 92–93, 97–99; Lin Zhao, “Suizhao yin” (New Year Chanting), February 16, 1967.

4. Lin Zhao, “Kejuan”: “Lianxi er” (Exercise No. 2), February 24-26, 1966; Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” February 11, 1966; Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 9 and 20, 1967.

5. Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” 97–107.

6. Ibid., 100.

7. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 115, 117.

8. Lin Zhao, “Shangsushu.”

9. Ouyang Ying (Lin Zhao), “Huanghun zhi lei.”

10. Zhonggong Zhengzhiju kuoda huiyi (Enlarged Meeting of the CCP Politburo), “Wu yiliu tongzhi” (May 16 Notification), 1966, http://history.dwnews.com/big5/news/2013-05-13/59173751-all.html; MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 47. The Beijing party establishment’s document in defense of Wu Han became known as the “February Outline.”

11. “Zhongguo Gongchandang Zhongyang Weiyuanhui guanyu Wuchang Jieji Wenhua Dageming de jueding” (The Decision concerning the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party), People’s Daily, August 9, 1966. English translation adapted from MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 92–93.

12. Within two months: MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 117; During the so-called Red August: Wang Youqin, “Kongbu de ‘Hong bayue’”; In Shanghai: MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 124; In all, 11,510 people: Wang Youqin, Wenge shounanzhe, 298; “abnormal deaths”: Song Yongyi, “Wenge zhong ‘fei zhengchang siwang’ le duoshao ren?”; Yang Jisheng, “Daolu, lilun, zhidu.”

13. In her prison writings… station: Liu Wenzhong, interview, Shanghai, May 29, 2016; Yan Zuyou, e-mail to author, August 27, 2016. According to both Liu Wenzhong and Yan Zuyou—Tilanqiao inmates in the late 1960s and early 1970s—loud speakers were mounted on each floor. Radio news from government stations—Central People’s Broadcasting Station or Shanghai People’s Broadcasting Station—were aired each morning, as were important prison announcements; She had pointed out: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 102–103, 108.

14. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 108.

15. Wang Rongfen, “Wo zai yuzhong de rizi.”

16. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 45–46.

17. Wang Ruowang, “Lin Zhao zhi si.” See also Yang Huarong, “Huishou wangshi,” 146.

18. The last monthly visit: Wang Ruowang, “Lin Zhao zhi si”; Lin Zhao to mother, October 4, 1966; Inmates had been made to perform labor: SHDFZ, Shanghai jianyu zhi, chapter 6; “Shanghai tan de jinmi zhidi”; Xu Jiajun, interview, Shanghai, June 12, 2017. According to Xu, female inmates typically performed prison labor inside the Women’s Block; Lin Zhao resisted the work regime: Wang Ruowang, “Lin Zhao zhi si.”

19. Lin Zhao to mother, October 4, 1966; January 17, 1967; March 17, 1967. The visit took place on February 23, 1967.

20. Lin Zhao to mother, December 14, 1966.

21. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 55.

22. In mid-February 1967: Lin Zhao to mother, February 15, 1967; She went on intermittent: Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 12, 1967.

23. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 136–137.

24. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 155, 162–166; Yan Changgui , “‘Shanghai Renmin Gongshe’ mingcheng shiyong he feizhi de neiqing” (The Inside Story of the Adoption and the Abandonment of the Name “Shanghai People’s Commune”) Bainian chao (Tides of the Past Century), 2005, no. 8; Cao Diqiu “Cao Diqiu de jiancha” (Cao Diqiu’s Examination), in Song Yongyi et al., Zhongguo Wenhua Dageming wenku.

25. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 155, 162–166; Yan Changgui, “‘Shanghai Renmin Gongshe’.”

26. never again allowed to read newspapers: See Lin Zhao, “Fuqin de xue.” She mentioned that she had not been able to read newspapers for sixteen months. The situation apparently remained unchanged till the end of her life; Her habit of tearing: Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 22, 1967.

27. Still, Lin Zhao had kept: Liu Wenzhong, interview, May 29, 2016; Yan Zuyou, e-mail to the author, August 27, 2016; By the end of November 1966: MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 110; She did more blood writing: Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 13, 1967.

28. Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 9, 1967.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., February 10 and 16, 1967.

31. During the Cultural Revolution: Wang Jiangting , “Liangze ‘Wenge’ shi de beixiju (Two Tragic-Comedies during the Cultural Revolution), http://wjiangting.blog.hexun.com/97191908_d.html; A vigilante: author’s personal knowledge of an incident in Fuzhou during the Cultural Revolution; In Shanghai, a poorly educated peddler: Liu Wenzhong, Fengyu rensheng lu, 262–263. In that incident, “” was incorrectly written as “.”

32. Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 10, 1967.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid., February 11 and 22, 1967; see also Lin Zhao, “Fuqin de xue.” She was likely moved to the fifth floor and denied access to newspapers at the same time, in July 1966.

36. Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 11, 1967. For inmates’ protest, see Xu Jiajun, Shanghai jianyu, 100;

37. Lin Zhao’s self-identification: Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 55; Before then, she had… could not change: Lin Zhao, “Fuqin de xue.”

38. See Chris Buckley, “‘White-Haired Girl,’ Opera Created under Mao, Returns to Stage,” New York Times, November 10, 2015; Li Xiaolong , “Geming de xugou: geju Baimaonü muhou” (Revolutionary Fiction: Behind the Opera “White-Haired Girl”), New York Times (Chinese edition), July 4, 2012.

39. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” January 15, 1966.

40. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” September 12, 1965; Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 11, 1967.

41. SHDFZ, Shanghai jianyu zhi, chapter 6.

42. Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 22, 1967.

43. Dikötter, Crime, Punishment, and the Prison, 310; “Shanghai tan de jinmi zhidi.”

44. Yan Zuyou, “Jiaoshou fenggu”; Shen Zhihua, Sikao yu xuanze, 683.

45. Yuan Ling, “Tilanqiao li de qiutu.”

46. Ibid.

47. Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 21, 1967.

48. Yuan Ling, “Tilanqiao li de qiutu.”

49. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 177; “Zhonggong Zhongyang, Guowuyuan, Zhongyang Junwei guanyu baohu liangshi, wuzhi cangku he jianyü deng wenti de guiding” (Stipulations on Securing Food, Warehouses, and Prisons Issued by the CCP Central Committee, the State Council, and the Central Military Affairs Committee), January 19, 1967, in Song Yongyi et al., Zhongguo Wenhua Dageming wenku.

50. Yuan Ling, “Tilanqiao li de qiutu.”

51. Xu Jiajun, Shanghai jianyu, 8.

52. In the Women’s Block… kicked and swore at her: Yuan Ling, “Tilanqiao li de qiutu”; She died: ibid.; Cheng Tianwu, “Zai yuzhong de endian shenghuo,” 115. Cheng remembered the former guard as Captain Qu , who was sentenced to twenty years in prison; Another guard committed… the other hanged himself: Yuan Ling, “Tilanqiao li de qiutu.”

53. The inmates did not benefit: Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 21, 1967. As the Cultural Revolution deepened: Yuan Ling, “Tilanqiao li de qiutu.” The directive from the Party Central Committee to “practice thrift, wage revolution” was issued on June 29, 1967. See “Zhonggong Zhongyang guanyu jieyue naogeming, fangzhi puzhang langfei de tongzhi” (CCP Central Committee Directive to Practice Thrift, Wage Revolution and to Prevent Extravagance and Waste), June 29, 1967, in Song Yongyi et al., Zhongguo Wenhua Dageming wenku.

54. “Zhonggong Zhongyang, Guowuyuan guanyu zai Wuchanjieji Wenhua Dageming zhong jiaqiang gong’an gongzuo de ruogan guiding” (Regulations Issued by the CCP Central Committee and the State Council on Strengthening Public Security Work during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution), January 13, 1967, in Song Yongyi et al., Zhongguo Wenhua Dageming wenku.

55. In actual implementation: Peng Jingxiu , “Wenhua Dageming zhong de ‘Gong’an Liutiao’” June 24, 2103, Gongshiwang (Consensus Web), www.21ccom.net/articles/lsjd/lsjj/article_2013062486230.html; Subsequent and independent studies: Ding Shu, “Wenge zhong”; Cui Min , “Weihuo canlie de ‘gong’an liutiao’” ” (The Catastrophic “Six Stipulations on Public Security”), Yanhuang chunqiu (China through the Ages), 2012, no. 12.

56. “Shanghai Shi Zhongji Renmin Fayuan xingshi panjueshu 1967 niandu Huzhongxing (1) zi di san hao” (Verdict of the Shanghai Intermediate People’s Court, 1967 Huzhongxing 1, no. 3), cited in Liu Wenzhu, “Bushu Yuluo Ke: Gan tiaozhan Mao Zedong de qingnian doushi Liu Wenhui” (Not Inferior to Yuluo Ke: Liu Wenhui, the Young Warrior Who Dared to Challenge Mao Zdedong), http://hk.aboluowang.com/2015/1206/656345.html. See also Liu Wenzhong, “Fan wenge diyi ren.”

57. Shan Miaofa, “Zhongguo zhengfu.”

58. Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 20, 1967.

59. See SHDFZ, Shanghai jianyu zhi, chapter 1.

60. SHLGJ, “Lin Zhao an jiaxing cailiao.”

61. Ibid.

62. Meng Banrong , “Yifeng nimingxin weihe xiegei Jiangqing”—(Why Was an Anonymous Letter Addressed to Jiang Qing), Zhongguo Gongchandang xinwenwang (News Net of the Communist Party of China), November 4, 2015, http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2015/1104/c85037-27773947.html.

63. Lin Zhao to mother, March 17, 1967.

64. Ibid., May 14, 1967.

65. Ibid., September, 1967.

66. by mid-June, Shanghai People’s Procuratorate: “Shanghai Renmin Jianchayuan: Laojian—shencha qisu” , 1966.12.231967.6.16 (Shanghai People’s Procuratorate: Reform through Labor Bureau-Procuratorate—Investigation and Indictment, December 23, 1966, to June 16, 1967), in Hu Jie, Xunzhao Lin Zhao de linghun; Sometime in the fall of 1967: JGH, “xingshi panjueshu.”

Chapter 8 Blood Letters Home

1. Lin Zhao to mother, October 24, 1967.

2. Lin Zhao, “Beibu qizhounian kouhao” (Slogans Marking the Seventh Anniversary of My Arrest), October 24, 1967.

3. Lin Zhao to mother, October 14, 1967; Lin Zhao, “Jishi kangyi” (No. 1), October 14, 1967. Lin Zhao saw her mother for the last time on March 23, 1967. See Lin Zhao to mother, October 28, 1967. The last family visit—by Peng Lingfan—took place in May 1967. See Lin Zhao, “Jishi kangyi” (No. 7), October 25, 1967; Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.” One possible reason for the denial of water for washing is the water-splashing war she had carried on from time to time with inmate housekeepers who were used by the prison authorities to subdue her.

4. Her intermittent hunger: Lin Zhao to mother, October 23, 1967; “Instead, I have… bullied me”: Lin Zhao, “Jishi kangyi” (No. 2) October 16, 1967; Meanwhile, to her exasperation: Lin Zhao, “Jishi kangyi” (No. 5), October 22, 1967.

5. Lin Zhao to mother, November 16, 1967.

6. Lin Zhao, “XSJX.”

7. Lin Zhao to mother, October 27, 1967.

8. Baldwin, Thirty More Famous Stories Retold, 68–73.

9. Lin Zhao to mother, October 30, 1967.

10. Lin Zhao, “Shiyue sanshiyi ri.”

11. Hans Litten, a labor lawyer, had cross-examined Hitler during the Tanzpalast Eden Trial of 1931 at which he set out to show that the SA Storm 33 was a paramilitary unit and that its attack on a migrant workers’ association’s meeting at the Tanzpalast Eden in Berlin in 1930 was undertaken with the knowledge of the Nazi party leadership. Litten was arrested in 1933 and was repeatedly interrogated and tortured. He committed suicide in 1938.

12. Hu Zhuangzi , “‘Zhongzihua yundong’ chutan” “” (A Preliminary Probe into the “Loyalty Movement”), Jiyi (Remembrance) no. 142 (October 31, 2015); Walder, China Under Mao, 281; MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 262.

13. Lin Zhao to mother, November 5, 1967.

14. Ibid., November 8 and 12, 1967.

15. Lin Zhao to mother, November 10, 1967. See also Lin Zhao, “Jishi kangyi,” October 30, 1967.

16. Lin Zhao to mother, November 10, 1967.

17. Ibid., November 12, 1967.

18. See Ma Xiao , “Wenge kousu shi: 47 zhong Hongweibing yi ‘yangguang canlan de rizi’” 47 (Cultural Revolution Oral History: Red Guards of the Forty-Seventh Middle School Remembering “the Bright Sunny Days”), New York Times (Chinese edition), June 24, 2016. See also Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.”

19. Lin Zhao to mother, November 12, 1967.

20. In 1955… of her hospital: Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.” The better TB medicines were the imported ones. See also Peng Lingfan, “Wode jiejie Lin Zhao,” 45, where Peng mentioned that she “came back to Shanghai from the countryside” on May 1, 1968; Enhua, though… as one could get: Zhang Zhejun, “Peng Enhua qiren.”

21. With dwindling resources… wanted from them: Peng Lingfan, “Wode zizi Lin Zhao,” 43; Lin Zhao to mother, March 17, 1967; Lin Zhao admitted… such as toilet tissue: Lin Zhao to mother, June 12, 1967.

22. “I have been unable… I think of this!”: Lin Zhao to mother, July 14–15, 1967; “Oh, Lord, Please… righteousness triumphs!”: Lin Zhao, “Fuqin de xue.”

23. Lin Zhao to mother, November 14, 1967.

24. Ibid., November 15, 1967.

25. Lin Zhao to mother, November 15 and 17, 1967. See also Cheng Tianwu, “Zai yuzhong de endian shenghuo,” 140.

26. Lin Zhao to mother, November 16, 1967. This was the first of the two letters to her mother written in blood on the same day. The other one was the routine monthly letter home that prison rules allowed. Lin Zhao did not expect the former to be delivered but was more hopeful that the latter would.

27. Lin Zhao to mother, November 16, 1967. This was her second letter to her mother on the same day.

28. Ibid., November 18, 19, and 20, 1967.

29. Ibid., November 21, 1967.

30. See Lian Xi, Redeemed by Fire, chapters 7–8.

31. Chen Yang, “Lin Zhao, Wang Chunyi, Yu Yile”; Lian Xi, Redeemed by Fire, chapter 7.

32. Lin Zhao, “Zhuli 1967 nian shiyi yue ershisan ri xueshu shengming” (Blood-inked Declaration on November 23, 1967, the Lord’s Calendar).

33. See Emily Dickinson, “Much Madness is divinest Sense” (1890).

34. Guo Yukuan , “Xunzhao Wang Peiying” (Searching for Wang Peiying), Yanhuang chunqiu (China through the Ages), 2010, no. 5; Hu Jie, Wode muqin Wang Peiying, (My Mother Wang Peiying), independent documentary film, 2010.

35. Jiang Tao, “Zhihuijia Lu Hong’en de yisheng”; Wang Youqin, Wenge shounanzhe, 296–297. Yao’s editorial “Ping ‘Sanjiacun’—Yanshan yehua, Sanjiacun zhaji de fandong benzhi” (“On ‘Three-Family Village’: The Reactionary Nature of Evening Chats at Yanshan and Notes from Three-Family Village) was published in Liberation Daily on May 10, 1966.

36. Liu Wenzhong, Fan wenge diyi ren, 175–176.

37. Liu Wenzhong, Fan wenge diyi ren, 180–181; Wang Youqin, Wenge shounanzhe, 297; Liu Wenzhong, “Aodili.”

38. Lu had been raised: Liu Wenzhong, Fan wenge diyi ren, 177–178; Liu Wenzhong, interview, Shanghai, May 29, 2016; On April 27, 1968… in joy”: “Shisi hanwei Maozhuxi geming luxian, shisi hanwei wuchanjieji geming silingbu: benshi juxing gongpan dahui zhenya xianxing fangeming” (Defend to the Death the Revolutionary Line of Chairman Mao; Defend to the Death the Proletarian Revolutionary Headquarters: Shanghai Holds Public Sentencing Meeting to Suppress Active Counterrevolutionaries), Jiefang Ribao (Liberation Daily), April 28, 1968.

39. Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 11.

40. Lin Zhao, “Fuqin de xue.” In 1956, Lin Zhao’s friend Chen Fengxiao found in the Peking University library Khrushchev’s “Secret Speech” published in the Daily Worker, organ of the Communist Party of Great British, and apparently shared it with Lin Zhao. See Chen Fengxiao, interview, in Hu Jie, Xunzhao Lin Zhao de linghun. See also Nikita S. Khrushchev, “The Secret Speech—On the Cult of Personality, 1956,” http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1956khrushchev-secret1.html.

41. Lin Zhao, “XLZG,” November 23, 1967.

42. Ibid.

43. Lin Zhao, “Fuqin de xue.”

44. Ibid.

45. Lin Zhao to mother, December 16, 1967.

46. Xu Xianmin to Lin Zhao, December 26, 1967.

47. Lin Zhao to mother, January 14, 1968.

48. Kazimiera J. Cottam, Women in War and Resistance: Selected Biographies of Soviet Women Soldiers (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 1998), 296–298; Sun Yue “Sulian nü yingxiong Zhuoya zhisi” (The Death of Soviet Heroine Zoya), March 10, 2013, http://sunyue.blog.caixin.com/archives/53903.

49. Lin Zhao to mother, January 14, 1968.

50. Ibid. See chapter 3 on Lin Zhao’s relations with Yang Huarong. According to Mr. Zhang (interview, Suzhou, June 11, 2017), he had asked Yang about his relations with Lin Zhao. Yang allegedly denied having had sexual relations with her.

51. “douse our sorrows… cup of Venus”: Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” December 30, 1965; She now wanted her siblings… even sin”: Lin Zhao to mother, January 14, 1968.

52. Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.”

53. Lin Zhao to mother, January 14, 1968.

54. Ibid.

55. Zeng Yuhuai, interview, May 31, 2016; Mr. Zhang (Suzhou), “Guanyu ‘wufenqian zidan fei.’”

56. Shanghai High People’s Court records as cited in Mr. Zhang (Suzhou), “Guanyu ‘wufenqian zidan fei.’”

57. JGH, “xingshi panjueshu.”

58. JGH, “xingshi panjueshu”; Shanghai High People’s Court records as cited in Mr. Zhang (Suzhou), “Guanyu ‘wufenqian zidan fei’.” For Lin Zhao’s last blood writing, see Chen Weisi, “Lin Zhao zhi si.” Lin Zhao’s death sentence, though given a 1967 serial number, was dated April 19, 1968, the day it was approved by the Shanghai Revolutionary Committee. Zhang Chunqiao was in Shanghai in mid-April 1968 and most likely gave his personal approval when the Shanghai Revolutionary Committee reviewed Lin Zhao’s verdict. See Li Haiwen , “Zhang Chunqiao qiren” (Zhang Chunqiao’s Character), Yanhuang chunqiu (China through the Ages) 2016, no. 1.

59. By 1968, the Supreme People’s Court: Xu Zhanglun , ed., Qinghua Faxue (diqiji): Zuigao Fayuan bijiao yanjiu zhuanji (Qinghua Legal Studies [vol. 7]): Special Volume on a Comparative Study of Supreme Courts) (Beijing: Qinghua University Press, 2006), 41; Its approval was granted: Mr. Zhang (Suzhou), “Guanyu ‘wufenqian zidan fei.’”

60. By that time, Lin Zhao: Hu Jie, Xunzhao Lin Zhao de linghun. The unnamed elderly man who served as an inmate housekeeper for Building No. 3 at Tilanqiao, whom Hu Jie interviewed for the documentary film, indicated that Lin Zhao was moved to Building No. 3 in the early spring of 1968. See also Wang Youqin, Wenge shounanzhe, 282. Wang Youqin interviewed the same person as Hu Jie did. According to Liu Wenzhong (interview, Shanghai, May 29, 2016), it was customary for a Tilanqiao inmate who was sentenced to death to be moved to a special ward for the condemned immediately after the sentencing. Lin Zhao’s transfer to No. 3 Building was probably connected to the death sentence. According to Yan Zuyou, a former Tilanqiao inmate (interview), political prisoners were held in Building No. 3. Xu Jiajun (interview) doubted that Lin Zhao was moved to Building No. 3, an all-male ward; A five-story brick structure… name into Squadron No. 3: SHDFZ, Shanghai jianyu zhi, chapter 12; Xue Liyong, “Lao Shanghai de jianyu”; Hu Jie, Xunzhao Lin Zhao de linghun.

61. Unnamed former inmate housekeeper for Building No. 3 of Tilanqiao, interview, in Hu Jie, Xunzhao Lin Zhao de linghun; Wang Youqin, Wenge shounanzhe, 282; Liu Wenzhong, Fan wenge diyi ren, 183–184. Lu Hong’en was placed in fetters and handcuffed when he was taken away from his cell in preparation for the execution.

62. Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.” On the prison auditorium, see Xu Jiajun, Tilanqiao jianyu, 125, 188; Xu Jiajun, interview, Shanghai, June 12, 2017. The auditorium has since been renamed Xin’an Litang, or New Shore Auditorium.

63. Peng Lingfan, “Jiejie!”; Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.” Peng Lingfan interviewed the doctor in the prison hospital during the early 1980s.

64. Wang Youqin, Wenge shounanzhe, 282; Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei.” See also Yuan Ling, “Tilanqiao li de qiutu.” According to Yuan Ling, the “shut-up pear” was made of wood.

65. Lao Mujiang , “Youdang zai lao Shanghai” (Wandering about in Old Shanghai), Minjian lishi (Folk History), Universities Service Centre for China Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, http://mjlsh.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/Book.aspx?cid=4&tid=324; “Bazi shan” (The Target Ground), http://baike.baidu.com/view/10374524.htm; Shan Miaofa, telephone interview with the author, March 3, 2016. The authorities withheld details of Shan’s execution from the family, including the location, but Shan believed that it happened at the Target Ground.

66. Peng Lingfan, “Wode jiejie Lin Zhao,” 58–59.

67. Instead, after the sentencing: Zeng Yuhuai, interview, Shanghai, May 31, 2016. This revelation accords with Wang Youqin, Wenge shounanzhe, 282; Ni Jingxiong, interview, May 5, 2014 (Ni possibly obtained the information from the same source as Wang Youqin); Yuan Ling, “Tilanqiao li de qiutu”; Song Yongyi, e-mail to the author, June 26, 2017. Song cites Helen Yao, a Tilanqiao guard-turned-researcher, as saying that some inmates were executed behind Tilanqiao’s auditorium during the Cultural Revolution. Yao believes that Lin Zhao was among those.

68. Lin Zhao, “Kejuan”: “Lianxi yi” (Exercise No. 1), January 18–20, 1966.

69. “‘Zhongguo Gongchandang Zhongyang Weiyuanhui zhuxi Mao Zedong tongzhi zhichi Meiguo heiren kangbao douzheng de shengming’ danxing ben waiwenban chuban” (Foreign-language Editions of the “Statement by Comrade Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, in Support of the Afro-American Struggle Against Violent Repression” Published as Pamphlets), Renmin Ribao (People’s Daily), April 29, 1968. Mao’s statement was originally published in Chinese on April 16. The English translation is from https://marxistleninist.wordpress.com/2008/12/26/two-articles-by-mao-zedong-on-the-african-american-national-question/.

70. The earliest media report: Mu Qing et al., “Lishi de shenpan”; The article’s source: Mr. Zhang (Suzhou), “Guanyu ‘wufenqian zidan fei.’” Zhang quotes Peng Lingfan as explaining to the Shanghai High People’s Court later—as shown in the court records—that she was not present when the five-cent bullet fee was collected, and that she learned of the incident from her mother. See also Peng Lingfan, “Wode jiejie Lin Zhao,” 45, 58; Peng Lingfan, “Lin Zhao anjuan.” I have used “cent” as a loose translation of fen—the Chinese denomination that roughly corresponds to it.

71. Lin Zhao, “ZRMRB,” 45. I have also loosely rendered mao as “dime.”

72. During the Cultural Revolution: Liu Wenzhong, e-mail to the author, May 9, 2017; Liu Wenzhong, Fan wenge diyi ren, 212–213; Likewise, after the execution: Wang Youqin, Wenge shounanzhe, 298.

73. Shan Miaofa, “Zhongguo zhengfu”; Shan Miaofa, telephone interview, March 3, 2016. For the Mao quotation, see Mao Zedong, “Zuo yige wanquan de gemingpai” (Be a Complete Revolutionary), June 23, 1950. English translation from www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/marxist.org-chinese-mao-19500623.htm.

74. Shan Miaofa, “Zhongguo zhengfu”; Shan Miaofa, interview, May 31, 2016.

75. Shan Miaofa, telephone interview, March 3, 2016. Chinese original: “.”

76. Song Yongyi, commenting on a draft of this chapter (June 25, 2017), cites Helen Yao, the former Tilanqiao guard-turned-researcher, as saying that it was customary practice for the authorities to demand a bullet fee to pay for the execution of a Tilanqiao inmate during the Cultural Revolution and that Lin Zhao’s case was definitely no different. According to Shanghai High People’s Court records, cited in Mr. Zhang, “Guanyu ‘wufenqian zidan fei,’” a court courier named Jiang Yongkang hand-delivered the notice of Lin Zhao’s execution to her home on April 30, 1968, but did not demand a bullet fee. “The reported collection of the bullet fee had nothing to do with the action of this court,” added the court records. According to Ni Jingxiong (interview, May 5, 2014), Gu Nianzu , president of Shanghai High People’s Court from 1988 to 1993, had told her that the court never collected the bullet fee, but he did not know whether the Public Security Bureau collected it.

Afterword

1. Lin Zhao, “Ji Yang Huarong sanshou.” The Beimang Hills north of Luoyang, the ancient capital, were imperial burial grounds. Weiqi, minister of the state of Wei in the third century BCE, took refuge in the house of his friend Lord Pingyuan, chancellor of the state of Zhao, against the vengeful minister of Qin. When King Zhaoxiang of Qin took Lord Pingyuan hostage and demanded that Weiqi be surrendered, he refused. To defuse the crisis for his friend, Weiqi took his own life.

2. Shen Ziyi, “Qimingxing” (The Morning Star), in Shen Zeyi shixuan, 110. It was composed in 1989 at the time of the Tiananmen Democracy Movement and dedicated to Lin Zhao at the ceremony in 2004 when Lin Zhao’s recovered ashes were interred in Suzhou. See also Huazhong Sunan Xinzhuan xiaoyou, Xiaoyou tongxun.

3. Wang Ruowang, “Lin Zhao zhi si.”

4. Xu had joined: Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei”; However, whatever support… execution: Wang Ruowang, “Lin Zhao zhi si”; Mr. Zhang (Suzhou), “Guanyu ‘wufenqian zidan fei’”; Feng Yingzi, “Xu Xianmin ershinian ji.” See also Yang Huarong. “Huishou wangshi,” 147. Xu Xianmin told Yang in 1968 that Peng Lingfan had been forced to “draw a clear line” between herself and her mother, and rarely came home.

5. Yang Huarong. “Huishou wangshi,” 147.

6. Feng Yingzi, “Xu Xianmin ershinian ji.” “New Year’s Sacrifice” is a well-known short story by Lu Xun.

7. Whatever her mental state… Lin Zhao’s death: Xu Xianmin, “Wo weishenme.” Xu claimed that Enhua carried on a bitter feud with Peng Lingfan; In 1975, on another… died three days later: Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei”; Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao jiuyi 49 zhounian”; Xu Wanyun, account given over the phone, June 13, 2017. Xu Xianmin was taken to Shanghai No. 1 People’s Hospital. See also Zhang Yuanxun, “Beida wangshi,” in which Zhang, who sometimes embellished his accounts, provided graphic details of Xu’s death: “She was bruised all over; her cheeks were swollen, her mouth and nose covered with blood. One of her shoes had been left in the distance; the bamboo basket had been crushed, her bamboo walking stick broken.”

8. In June 1978, a meeting: Dittmer, China’s Continuous Revolution, 240; In February 1979, the party: Peng Lingfan, “Lin Zhao anjuan.”

9. Jiang Fei, “Xunzhao Lin Zhao”; Gan Cui, “Lin Zhao qingren de kousu”; Hu Jie, Xunzhao Lin Zhao de Linghun.

10. Zhang Min, “Lin Zhao baomei”; Gan Cui, “Lin Zhao qingren de kousu”; Ni Jingxiong, interview, May 5, 2014. Because of the strained relations in Lin Zhao’s family, Peng Lingfan, who lived separately, did not know at the time that Xu Xianmin had collected the ashes and left them at home. After Xu Xianmin’s death, Lin Zhao’s ashes and those of her parents were kept by her brother Peng Enhua. In the late 1980s, he left to study in the United States, and his wife deposited all the ashes at Shanghai Jiading Huating Xiyuan Cemetery north of Shanghai. Many years later, Ni Jingxiong heard of the ashes, went to the cemetery, and secretly retrieved the ashes (the receipts for the ashes, originally kept by Enhua’s family, had been lost) to be buried in Suzhou. For Peng Enhua’s departure for studies in the United States, see Zhang Zhejun, “Peng Enhua qiren.”

11. Ding Zilin, “Shenshen huainian sangeren.”

12. “June Fourth Backgrounder,” Human Rights in China, www.hrichina.org/en/june-fourth-backgrounder#tm. See also www.tiananmenmother.org/.

13. Hu Jie, Xunzhao Lin Zhao de linghun; Pan, Out of Mao’s Shadow, 21–23.

14. “So beautiful is the flight of a free soul”: Liu Xiaobo, “Ziyou linghun”; “Gasping for breath… into your mouth”: Liu Xiaobo, “Lin Zhao yong shengming.”

15. “Liu Xiaobo—Facts,” nobelprize.org, www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/xiaobo-facts.html; Chris Buckley, “Liu Xiaobo, Chinese Dissident Who Won Nobel While Jailed, Dies at 61,” New York Times, July 13, 2017. Carl von Ossietzky, who had opposed Nazism, won the prize in 1935; he died under guard in 1938. For Liu’s sea burial, see Tom Phillips, “Liu Xiaobo: Dissident’s Friends Angry after Hastily Arranged Sea Burial,” Guardian, July 15, 2017.

16. Xu Zhiyong, “Weile ziyou, gongyi, ai.”

17. Xu Zhiyong, “Ziyou Zhonghua de xundaozhe.”

18. “China Sentences Xu Zhiyong, Legal Activist, to 4 Years in Prison,” New York Times, January 26, 2014.

19. Cui Weiping, “Ai zhege shijie.”

20. Lin Zhao, “Ling’ou xuyu,” September 10, 1965.

21. Lin Zhao’s cell on the fifth floor of the Women’s Block was not one of the specially designed isolation cells, which were on the top floor of Block No. 7. It was instead a regular cell on an almost empty floor, where she was moved sometime after the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution—no later than the beginning of August 1966—so that her shouting and reading of her writings could be somewhat quarantined. See Lin Zhao, “Zhanchang riji,” February 11, 1967.