Illustrations

 

 

 

 

Figures

0.1 Halden prison, Norway

0.2 Shipping containers that were to be convereted into prison cells

0.3 Imprisonment rates, 1880–2010 (all six societies)

1.1 Hamar prison, Norway

1.2 Laukaa open prison, Finland

1.3 Åby open prison, Sweden

1.4 Crime rates, 1950–2010 (all six societies)

1.5 Imprisonment rates, 1950–2010 (all six societies)

2.1 The Nordic ideal: a small cottage or hytte in Norway

2.2 The English ideal: Toddington Manor, Gloucestershire

2.3 Christ’s College, New Zealand

2.4 Armidale School, New South Wales, Australia

2.5 Norway’s National Day, 17 May

4.1 Botsfengslet, Norway, seen from across the cabbage field maintained by the prison

4.2 Armley prison, Leeds, exterior, south elevation

4.3 Treadwheel at HMP Kingston, Portsmouth, Hampshire

5.1 Imprisonment rates, 1920–1940 (all six societies)

5.2 Imprisonment rates, 1950–1970 (all six societies)

6.1 Cell in Halden prison, Norway

6.2 Cell in one of New Zealand’s newest prisons

6.3 Visiting room in one of New Zealand’s newest prisons

6.4 Visitation house inside prison grounds, Halden prison, Norway

Tables

1.1 Contrasts in prison size

1.2 Prison menu: Finland, 2009

1.3 Prison menu: New Zealand, 2009

3.1 Paid maternity leave entitlements, 2010

6.1 Fear of burglary, 1989–2009 (all six societies)

6.2 Feeling unsafe on the streets, 1992–2005

6.3 Levels of punitivity, 1989–2009