INDEX

Abominable Snowman. See yeti

Abraham, Karl, 181–82

Acehuche (town in Spain), 161

Aeneid, 41–42

Africa, 2–3

Aix-Sainte-Marguerite (town in France), 163

Alien (film), 70–72

Amun (Egyptian monster), 30

Andalusia, 166

Andersen, Johannes, 143

Andriano, Joseph, 6

Apollonius of Tyana, 42

Apophis (Egyptian monster), 29–30

Arabic monsters, 3

Arapaho Indians, 103, 176

Arens, William, 185

Argentina, 111

Aristotle, 9

Arizona, 103–11

Ashurbanipal (Assyrian king), 31

Athabascan people (Canada), 91–96

Atlas Mountains, 3

Augustine, St., 51–53, 193

Australia, 149–54

Aztecs, 3–4, 110, 178

Ba’al (Ugaritic hero-god), 33, 120

Bangladesh, 118, 120

Baron, Carlin, 45

Barrow, Terence, 135–38

Basilisk, 5, 39

Beaudet, Denyse, 190, 193

Behemoth, 34–35, 176

Benchley, Peter, 70

Beowulf, 3, 5, 48–50, 144, 191

Berbers, 3

Berga (town in Spain), 164–70

Bernard of Clairvaux, St., 60–61

Bettelheim, Bruno, 190

Bhutan, 118

Bielsa (town in Spain), 160

Biurg Saint-Andeol (town in France), 163

Blackfoot Indians, 176

Blemmyae (monstrous race), 61

Blundell, Susan, 43

Bogoras, Waldemar, 125–26

Boleyn, Anne, 167

bonze (Chinese water monster), 130

Bosch, Hieronymus, 56

Botarga de la Candelaria (Spanish Candlemas devil), 160

Breughel, Pieter, 56

Britain, 66

Brown, Paula, 185

Buddhism, Buddhists, 122–25

bullfight, 22, 158

bunyip (Australian monster), 149–51

Butturff, Douglas, 8

Campbell, Joseph, 5, 7, 11–13

Canaan, 33

Canada: English, 97–98; French, 97; native Indian monsters of, 75–101

Cannibalism, man-eating, 6–7, 93, 123, 133, 139–41, 180–87

Carantonas (Spanish ritual ogres), 161

Carneros (Spanish ritual monsters), 160

Carnival monsters, in Spain, 158–61

Carpenter, Carole, 99–100

Carroll, Noel, 8–9

Catalonia (Spain), 66, 165–70

Celts, Celtic legends, 35

Centaur(s), 39

Ceylon. See Sri Lanka

Chaco people (Argentina), 111

Charchadon megalodon (extinct shark), 70

Charles III (Spain), 167

Cherokee Indians, 2, 178

Cheyenne Indians, 103

Chimera, 39

China, 3, 126–33

Chuan-hsü (Chinese culture hero), 129

Chukchee people, 125–26, 134

cinema, monsters in, 69–73, 180

Cohen, Jeffrey, 21

Cohn, Norman, 27–28

commonalities of monsters, 12–13, 36, 112

Corpus Christi, 66, 163, 165–70

Cosimo, Piero di, 40

Crichton, Michael, 70

Crow Indians, 176

cryptozoology, 12

Cyclops, 42, 47, 50, 178

Cynocephalics (monstrous race), 61

Dakota Indians, 103

Devil (Christian), 52–53, 178

Doniger, Wendy O., 119

Douglas, Mary, 16, 18–19, 189

Douglass, Carrie, 158

Dracula, 1, 14, 63–65. See also vam-pire(s)

Dragon(s), 6–7, 50, 65–66, 123, 182

Draguignon (town in France), 163

Dumont, Louis, 163–64

Dunne-za (Beaver Indians, Canada), 92–95

Durga (goddess, India), 119

Eberhart, George, 132

Egypt (ancient), 28–30

Empedocles, 43

Erikson, Erik, 190

Eskimo (Inuit), 100–101, 187

Estonia, 66

Ethiopia, 40

Etymology of “monster,” 9–10

Everest, Mount, 133

Fete de la Tarasque, 163

Fiedler, Leslie, 17, 193

Fiji, 142

film. See cinema; Hollywood

Finn MacCool (Irish hero), 35

fireworks, and ritual monsters, 169–70

Fogelson, Raymond, 113

foreigner, as monster, 129

fossils, and monsters, 44–45

Fra Angelico, Last Judgment, 183

France, 24, 66, 193

Frankenstein, 1, 36, 63–65

Freud, Sigmund, 15–18, 180–81, 189–90, 194

Frontera (town in Spain), 160

Fuentes de Andalucia (town in Spain), 160, 161

Furies, 42

Garo people (India), 119–21

Garochos (Spanish demons), 159

Geertz, Armin, 107

giants, gigantism, 54, 174–75

Girard, Rene, 21–22

Godzilla, 70–71, 135

Goera (Garo culture hero), 121, 191

Golem (Hebrew monster), 69

Gottlieb, Richard, 178

Granada, 166

Greece, ancient, 37–45

Grendel, 5, 48–50, 90, 191

Griffon (Gryphon), 39

Grimm, Joseph, 56

Grünewald, Mathias, 56

Guthrie, W. K. C., 43

Hacinas (town in Spain), 167

Hannya (Japanese she-demon), 137

Harpies, 41, 42, 178

Hawaii, 141

Hecatoneheires (Greek hundred-headed monsters), 39

Henham (England), 66–67

Henry VIII, 167

Heracles (Greek hero), 37–38, 40

Hero, myth of, 11–12; Anglo-Saxon, 48–50; Chinese,127; Egyptian, 27–30; Garo, 121–22; Greek, 37–38, 41, Hopi, 103–5; Indian (Hindu), 116–17; Maori, 144–49; Mesopotamian, 30–32; Norse, 35; in Oceania, 139–41; Ugaritic, 33–34

Hidatsa Indians, 176

Hitler, Adolf, 6

Hollywood, 69–73

Homer, 50, 110

Hopi Indians, 103–11, 115, 178

Hovell, William, 150

Hudson Bay, 100

Hydra, 39–40

India, 61,116–12

Indra (Hindu hero), 116 Interpretation of Dreams (Freud), 16–17

Iroquois Indians, 1–2, 102

Isidore, St., 9–10, 53

Ives, James, 150

Jackson, Rosemary, 15

Japan, 3, 127, 135–38, 178

Jarramplas (Spanish ritual monster festival), 158

Java, 142

Jaws (film, book), 70–72, 176

Jeffrey, David, 60

Jersey Devil, 68–69, 192

Jones, Ernest, 17

Joppa monster, 45

Jurassic Park (film, book), 70–72, 176

Kachina(s) (Hopi masks), 108–11, 178

Kaitabha (Indian demon), 119

Kai-whare (Maori monster), 145–46

Kali, 119

Kapferer, Bruce, 123–24

Das Kapital (Marx), 15

Kappler, Claude, 7, 124, 172

Kenya, 2

Kiau (Chinese river monster), 130

Kiefe, Nikolas, 135–37

King Kong, 70, 192

Kirtley, Bacil F, 142

Klamath River, 101

Klein, Melanie, 182–83

Kraken, 3

Kung-kung (Chinese monster), 129

Kwakiutl people, 97–98

Labbu (Mesopotamian monster), 31

Lamashtu (Mesopotamian monster), 31

lamia(s), 41

Lascault, Gilbert, 21

Law, John, 14

Leach, Edmund, 19

legaselep (Ulithi ogres), 139–40, 176

Leroi-Gourhan, Andre, 24–26

Lessa, William, 139

Leviathan, 31, 52, 176

Levi-Strauss, Claude, 21

Liber Monstrorum (Book of Monsters), 8, 52–55

liminal, liminality, 17, 156–58

liquidity (water) theme, 55, 72–73, 189

literature, Western, 4, 14–15

Loch Morar (Scotland), 67

Loch Ness, 65, 67, 98, 165

Lucian, 37

Lucretius, 43

lycanthropy (werewolfery), 40. See also werewolf

Madrid, 166

Mahdu (Indian demon), 119

Malaysia, 142

Marcos Arevalo, Javier, 160

Marduk (Babylonian hero), 31, 115

Marseilles, 163

Martha, St., 162

Marxism, 14–15

Masks, masking, 156, 158–59

Maya people, 2–4, 110

Mayor, Adrienne, 43–46

McCulloch, J. M., 156

Medusa, 39

Melanesia, 138

Meso-America, 110–11

Mesopotamia, 30–32

Mexico, 110–11

Micronesia, 138, 176

Middle Ages, 51–61

Minotaur, 5, 39, 46, 47

Misogyny, and monsters, 166–67

Mississippi River, 102

Mitchell, Timothy, 22, 158

Mode, Heinz, 5, 8, 26, 191 moha-moha (Australian sea monster), 152–53

Mokele-Mbembe (African monster), 2, 192

Monster of Troy, 37–38 “monstrous races” (Homo monstrosus), 61–62

Montamarta (town in Spain), 158

Moretti, Franco, 14–15

Mouth, maw, as defining trait of monsters, 176–80

Mulaguita (Spanish ritual monster), 165–70

Murrumbidgee River (Australia), 150

myth, mythology, 11–13

Namtaru (Sumerian monster), 31

Napier, John, 98

narrative, of monster stories, 12–13

Nash, Ogden, 89

Navajo Indians, 103

Ndembu people, 20, 155–56

Neanderthal(s), 24

Neoplatonism, 59

Nepal, 118, 133

New Hebrides, 142

New Zealand, 142–44

Newfoundland, 97

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 26

Nile River, 2–3, 33

Norse sagas, 35, 47, 56

North America, 1–2, 75–90

Nourri, Jean, 164

Noyes, Dorothy, 167–70

Nubia, Nubians, 2–3

Obisparra (parade in Spain), 158

Oceania, 138–41

Odysseus, 42, 50

Oedipus (myth), 27; theme, 17–18, 36, 184, 193

Ogopogo (Canadian lake serpent), 98–99

oni (Japanese evil spirits), 136

Order of the Knights of the Tarasque (France), 163

Orsini, Vecino, 61

Osiris, 30

Pakistan, 43

Paleolithic: beasts, 187–89; cave art, 24–25

Parco di Mostri (Sacro Bosco) (Italy), 61, 178, 193

Pastinaca (Greek giant weasel), 40

Patum (festival in Spain), 165–70

Pawnee Indians, 176

Pazuzu (Mesopotaman monster), 31–32

Pentecost, 161, 163

Perseus (Greek hero), 40

Piaget, Jean, 190

Piornal (town in Spain), 158

Pitaka (Maori hero), 144, 147–48

Pliny, 39, 45

Polynesia, 138–41, 176

Polyphemus (Cyclops), 50

postmodernism, 14–14

Provence, 162–63

Pryde, Duncan, 100

psychoanalysis, 15–18

Pueblo Indians. See Hopi

Quetzalcoatl, 110, 114

quinto (Spanish ritual monster), 158

Reed, A. W., 148

Rhone River, 162

Rig Veda (Hindu sacred text), 36, 116

Riofrío de Aliste (town in Spain), 158

ritual(s), 20–21, 155–70

Rome, ancient, 45–46

Rongmuthu, Dewan Singh, 120

Russia, 65, 125–26

Sagan, Eli, 184–86

Saint-Mitre (town in France), 163

Sasquatch (Bigfoot), 98

satyr(s), 42

Sciapodes (monstrous race), 61

Scotland, 67–68. See also Loch Ness

Scylla and Charybdis, 41

sea monster(s), 2, 33–34, 97, 129–30, 151–53, 188

Seth (Egyptian hero), 29–30, 115

Seville, 166

shark(s), 70–72, 142–43

Shelley, Mary, 63

shokera (Japense roof devil), 136

Shu Ching (Chinese sacred text), 127

Siberia, 125–26

Sikkim, 118

Sinhalese demons, 122–25, 180

Sioux Indians, 103

Smith, Malcolm, 150–51

Solomon Islands, 142

Songdu River (India), 120

South America, 111–12

Spain, 66, 157–61, 193

Spatial representations, 12–13, 192–93

sphinx(es), 26–27

Spielberg, Stephen, 70

Sri Lanka, 122–25

Stalin, Josef, 6

Stoker, Bram, 63

stone-clad giants (Iroquois), 1

super-id, 193

Suttles, Wayne, 97–98

Sweden, 65–66

Tahiti, 142

Tamure (Maori hero), 144–45

Tarasca (Spain), 22, 66, 157, 162–64. See also Tarasque

Tarascon, 162–63, 193

Tarasque (France), 66, 161–64, 178

tarasquillo (Spanish junior Tarasca), 166

Tasmania, 152

Tengu (Japanese aerial demon), 137

teratology, 9, 62

Thor (Norse hero), 35, 120

Thunderbird, 102–3, 138, 147, 178

Tiamat (Babylonian goddess-monster), 31–31, 115, 192

Tibet, 3, 127, 133

Toledo (Spain), 167

Tolkien, J. R. R., 48–51

Tonga, 142

Trois-Freres “sorcerer,” 25, 173

Turner, Victor, 16, 20–21, 155–56

Tuzin, Donald, 185

Tyrannosaurus rex, 70–72

Ugarit, 33

Ulithi Atoll (Pacific), 139–41

utkena (Cherokee monster), 2, 99, 178

Vaca Bayona (Spanish ritual Minotaur), 159

vampire(s), 14–15, 179–80. See also Dracula

Van Gennep, Arnold, 17, 156

Vedas (Hindu sacred books), 119

Virgil, 41–42

Von Franz, Marie-Louise, 131–33

Vritra (Indian monster), 116

Walguru (Australian monster), 151

Warner, Marina, 12, 168–70

Wechuge (native Canadian monster), 91–95

were-animals, 6, 141–42. See also Dracula; vampire(s)

werewolf, 13, 40

White, David Gordon, 52, 192

Wichita Indians, 176

Williams, David, 59

Windigo (native Canadian monster): age of, 81, 87–88; and cannibalism, 82, 84–85; diet of, 80; early reports, 76, 87–89; and human “psychosis,” 81–85; imagery, 77–78; incidence, 76–77; native story of, 86—87; noisiness of, 79–80; powers of, 80; sex of, 80

Wittkower, Rudolph, 8, 44

Wolff, Etienne, 9

wolverine man (native Canadian monster), 95–96

yakku (Sinhalese demons), 122–25

Yam (Ugaritic monster), 33

yeti, 6, 98, 133–34

Yurok people, 101–2, 191