Abdulmtallab, Umar Farouk, 156
behaviour of, 48–9
police surveillance of, 122
adolescents. See youth
advertising 23, 25, 27, 31, 78, 79, 98, 141, 174, 175, 190, 207, 208, 224
influence of, 175
personalized, 78
airports,
Alberta: Court of Appeal, 72, 199
Alberta Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, 72
algorithms, 7, 47, 50, 63, 77, 114, 159, 162, 174, 177
ALPR. See automated license plate recognition
analysis: of consumer behaviour, 108–9
of DNA, 222
ANPR. See automated licence number recognition
antiterrorism, 31, 36, 39, 155, 217, 228. See also counterterrorism, September 11, and terrorism
Apple, 61: geolocation, 89, 90, 98
iPhone, 89–91
Ping, 81
police surveillance and, 178
and PRISM, 112
privacy policy, 81
application: Banjo, 95
location-based, 90–1, 94–102, 140
McDonalds, 98–9
Girls Around Me, 95
Toddler Tag, 95
Twoogle Geo Search, 94
Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI), 123
authoritarian regimes, 66, 142
automated licence plate recognition (ALPR), 28, 72, 100–1, 133
automated licence number recognition (ANPR), 28, 100
Automated Virtual Agent for Truth Assessments in Real-Time (AVATAR), 151–2, 164
AUVSI. See Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International
«availability heuristic», 43
AVATAR. See Automated Virtual Agent for Truth Assessments in Real-Time
Banjo, 95
BC Services Card, 138
behaviour, 167
and risk tolerance, 40, 41, 76
of activists, 48–9
of gamers, 24–5
influence of surveillance on, 32, 79, 84, 101
observation of, 156–7
online, 22, 27, 63, 66, 77, 84, 144, 190, 212
Bell, 142
Big Brother, Inc. (campaign), 66–7
Big Brother (metaphor), 15, 55, 68, 225
biometrics, 151–66
and facial features, 122
and fingerprints, 27, 117, 138
and indentification, 27, 102, 117, 118, 138–40
iris, 20, 27, 102, 138, 152, 153, 159, 162
limits of, 161–2
technology, 20, 34, 51, 67, 135, 152–4. See also hand vascular pattern recognition
BitTorrent, 142
BlackBerry, 106
“black box”, 101
blurring of private-public sectors, 55–69
books about surveillance: fiction, 224–5
nonfiction 221–3
body. See biometrics
body scanner, 5, 12, 67, 118, 138, 162
Bonds, Stacy, 177–8
boomerang, 143–4
border(s), 6, 9, 29, 105, 115, 119, 164
agreements, 125
crossing of, 115, 135, 138, 152, 159, 160
protocols, 152
Canada-US, 5, 14, 29, 47, 57, 112, 123, 125, 138, 152, 165
British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, 33, 215
British Columbia Freedom of Information and Privacy Association, 215–6
Britain, 27, 36. See also England and United Kingdom.
Cacnio, Camille, 177
Canada Border Services Agency, 57, 106, 116, 156
Canada Post, 58
Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA), 12, 116, 156, 157, 158, 164
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 8, 184, 200, 217
Canadian Civil Liberties Association (CCLA), 33, 216
Canadian Communications Security Establishment, 111, 113
Canadian Human Rights Act, 8
Canadian Integrated Terrorism Assessment Centre, 11
Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic (CIPPC), 11, 33, 216
Canadian Radio-Television Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), 142
Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), 15, 56, 106
Canadian Standards Association (CSA Model Code for the Protection of Personal Information), 186
BC Services, 138
Compass, 92
credit, 3, 28, 34, 55, 57, 64, 105, 108, 207, 211, 222
identity (ID), 10, 65, 67, 106, 116, 134–40, 158, 164
trusted-traveller, 162
cashless schools, 160–1
CATSA. See Canadian Air Transport Security Authority
CCSE. See Canadian Communications Security Establishment
children: protection of, 40, 41, 144, 171–3, 191, 212–3
monitoring of, 30, 47, 89–90, 154, 168, 175, 203. See also youth
CIC. See Citizenship and Immigration Canada
CIPPC. See Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic
citizen(s): and consent, 8, 55, 57, 145
data/information collection of, 25, 57, 68, 112, 187–8
relationship between government and, 55, 59, 145, 191
engagement, 13, 35, 108, 113, 124, 152, 163, 164, 178
and privacy protection, 8, 184–5, 188, 189, 190
and resistance to surveillance, 130, 165
surveillance by, 167–81
surveillance of, 55, 59, 60, 63, 66, 101, 112, 145. See also citizen dissent
Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC), 116
civil liberties, 66, 139, 145, 215–9
Cold War, 110
communications: data, 57, 61, 73, 112, 140, 142
electronic, 51, 58, 60, 74, 185–6
technology, 77, 87, 96, 110–1, 114
and personal information, 3, 9, 19, 23–4, 56, 58, 186, 197
and privacy protection, 9, 64, 130, 185–6, 213
Apple. See Apple
Bell, 142
Canada Post, 58
Distributel, 60
Eaton Centre, 130
Equifax, 64
Experian, 106
Gantz, 172
Identica, 154
InfoCanada, 106
Infonaut, 136–7
Maximus, 56
McDonalds, 98–9
Microsoft, 24–5, 61, 102, 112, 140
Rogers, 142
TekSavvy, 60
TransLink, 92–3
Verizon, 112, 142. See also social media
Compass card, 90
consent, 8, 42, 55–7, 62, 63, 79, 137, 145, 160, 171, 186, 197, 207–8, 212
consumers, 32, 55, 79, 83, 88, 97, 125, 159, 187
advocacy, 218
classifying, 58, 89, 97–100, 175
surveillance of, 6, 14, 79, 106, 141, 190, 211
contracting, 11, 56, 57, 64–8, 154–6
control: border, 14, 115, 118, 119, 154
social, 4, 20, 46, 101, 170, 173
cookies, 27, 81, 140, 190, 208–9
Correctional Services of Canada (CSC), 106
counterterrorism, 46, 48. See also antiterrorism, September 11, and terrorism
Court of Appeals: Alberta, 72, 199
Ontario, 202
credit-rating: agencies, 113–4, 163, 213
crime: and feelings of insecurity, 43
fighting/reducing, 31, 32, 46–7, 115, 122
CRTC. See Canadian Radio-Television Telecommunications Commission
CSC. See Correctional Services of Canada
CSIS. See Canadian Security Intelligence Service
cyberbullying, 212
cyberpredators. See crime, online predators
daily life, 13, 14, 31, 36, 74, 88, 129, 133, 170
data, 59
abuse of access to, 11, 59, 68, 146, 177
collected by satellites, 88, 110
circulating between private and public sector, 3, 11, 14, 55–9, 61, 64–5, 68, 72, 82, 83, 110, 114, 130
credit and, 3, 32, 57, 64, 89, 105, 108, 113–4, 163
geographical analysis and, 87–90, 94, 95, 97
travel, 12, 29, 68, 107–8, 118, 125, 159, 163–4
data packets, 141–3
database marketing, 15, 58, 63, 171
and social media, 15, 63, 77, 140, 171, 179
electoral list, 63
“Deep packet inspection” (DPI), 141–2
de-identification, 76
Department of Homeland Security (DHA), 6, 139
device: Android, 90, 98, 99, 140
BlackBerry, 106
and computers, 51, 75, 88, 102, 134, 202
Freedom GPS Locator Watch, 95
mobile phone / cellphone, 75, 87–91, 93, 97, 129, 134, 140
“Nano Hummingbird”, 125
remotely piloted vehicle, 123
and touchscreens, 102
tracking, 24, 84, 88–91, 101–2, 133, 140, 142, 164, 190. See also technology
DHA. See Department of Homeland Security
displacement hypothesis, 47
Distributel, 60
Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 7–8
Do Not Track (DNT) system, 190, 209
domain name, 111
as identification, 14, 20, 34–5
DPI. see “Deep packet inspection”
“dread factor”, 43
drones, 20, 31, 67, 84, 116, 123–5
drug-sniffing dogs, 185
Eaton Centre, 130
economy, 10
financial crisis of 2008, 46
global, 31, 109, 112–4, 116, 125
market deregulation, 11
of nation-states, 111–4
personal-information, 11, 29. See also neoliberalism, stock market
EDL. See enhanced driver’s licence
Elections Canada, 63
electoral list, 63
Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), 124
electronic serial number (ESN), 74
email, 25, 28, 60, 61, 74, 80, 81, 111, 112, 140, 142, 174, 190, 208–10
empowerment of individuals, 77, 215, 218
enhanced driver’s licence (EDL), 138, 139
England. See Britain and United Kingdom (UK)
e-passport, 138
Equifax, 64
surveillance system, 32, 102, 187
ESN. See electronic serial number
ETSI. See European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EU. See European Union
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), 114
European Union (EU), 60, 117, 119
Experian, 106
experts: biometric technology, 164
forums of, 114
Facebook, 3, 7, 9, 11, 20, 22, 24, 25, 45, 55, 77, 79, 80, 94, 95, 97, 98, 107, 112, 129, 140, 168, 169, 170, 172–6, 187, 212. See also social media
facial recognition, 7, 29, 77, 94, 102, 117, 129, 138, 140
Factual Informative Spy Handbook, 173
fear, 12–3, 39, 42–3, 101, 110, 119, 171, 172
financial crisis of 2008, 46
Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada (FINTRAC), 61–2, 64
fingerprints, 14, 20, 27, 29, 57, 82, 102, 117, 138, 154, 158, 159, 160, 164
Flickr, 80
FLIR. See forward-looking infrared
Foreign Intelligence Security Act (FISA), 60, 143
forward-looking infrared (FLIR), 185
Frame Relay Forum, 114
fraud, 13, 34, 42, 170, 173, 209
prevention, 63
Fredericton High School (NB), 160
Freedom GPS Locator Watch, 95
freedom of information, 8, 55, 72, 82, 200, 215
free-trade, 11, 118. See also North American Free Trade Agreement
G20 summit, 43, 43, 48–9, 68, 114, 121–2, 178
gaming (video), 24–5
Gantz, 172
GAO. See Government Accountability Office
genetics. See DNA
geolocation, 89–102
Girls Around Me, 95
globalization: and abuse of power, 178
and perceptions of risk, 43
of regional interests, 110–1
of technology, 106–7, 110, 114–5, 125
Globalization of Personal Data (GDP) Project, 9
Glympse, 96
Gmail, 25
Google, 5, 6, 15, 60, 61, 75, 80, 112, 140, 175
Google Now, 90
Google Street View, 25–6
Government Accountability Office (GAO), 123
Halifax port workers, 154–5, 158
hand vascular pattern recognition (HVPR), 154–5
Harris, Mike, 135
hate campaign, 177
health: information, 34–5, 42, 76, 135, 136–7, 140, 197, 198
SARS, 136
Highway 407, tolls, 100
HospitalWatchLive, 136–7
Household Marketplace, 11
HVPR. See hand vascular pattern recognition
IAPP. See International Association of Privacy Professionals
ICANN. See Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
ICAO. See International Civil Aviation Organization
ID. See identification
Identica, 154
identification (ID): driver’s licence, 14, 55, 67, 71, 135, 138, 139, 140
passports, 5, 9, 14, 27, 105, 108, 117, 120, 135, 138, 140, 158, 160, 162, 163
identity authentication, 81, 138, 153–5, 159–60
IMEI. See International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMF. See International Monetary Fund
InfoCanada, 106
Infonaut, 136–7
information technology (IT), 7
and client relationships, 13, 34, 79, 91, 113, 144, 145
and geography, 87–90
and globalization, 9, 105, 111, 116
and politics, 11, 161, 162, 164, 165, 184, 192
Instagram, 80, 174. See also social media
International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP), 188
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 138
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI), 74
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 111–2
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 110
Internet protocol address: decoding, 74
definition of, 59
as personal information, 75–6, 80–1
Internet service provider (ISP), 13, 59, 60, 74–5, 80, 114, 140, 141, 142, 144
Internet exchange points (IXPS), 141
IP address. See internet protocol address, IPC. See Ontario Information Privacy Commission
iPhone, 89–91
iris, 20, 27, 102, 138, 152, 153, 159, 162
ISP. See Internet service provider
Israel: partenership with Canada, 106
use of drones/UAVs, 123
IT. See information technology
IXPS. See Internet exchange points
Joint Uninhabited Surveillance and Target Acquisition System (JUSTAS), 116
Josephs, Adam, 178–9
Klein, Mark, 143
La ligue des droits et libertés, 217
laws and regulations: Bill C-12, 35
Canada’s Election Act, 63
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 8, 184, 200, 217
Canadian Human Rights Act (1977), 8
Canadian Standards Association (CSA Model Code for the Protection of Personal Information), 186
effectiveness of, 66, 131, 145, 187
Foreign Intelligence Security Act, 60, 143
Omnibus Crime Bill, 58
Ontario Information Privacy Commission, 8
Personal Health Information Act (PHIPA), 35, 137
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), ), 8, 35, 82, 83, 130, 145, 186
Privacy Act (Canada, 1982), 8, 83, 185
Privacy Act (US), 117
Proceeds of Crime and Terrorist Financing Act (2000), 61
Protecting Children from Internet Predators Act, 144
Québec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, 8
Transport Canada’s Marine Transportation Security Act, 154
USA Patriot Act, 144
law enforcement: access to data, 9, 13, 57–8, 60–1, 71, 77, 89, 123, 141, 144, 152, 161
MAC. See media access control
Maclean’s, 106
magazines and newspapers: Maclean’s, 106
News of the World, 134
Manhattan Project, 162
Maximus, 56
McDonalds application, 98–9
media access control (MAC), 74–6
and mass surveillance, 112
Microsoft, 24–5, 61, 102, 112, 140
military, 11, 68, 88, 110, 116, 123–5, 160
MIN. See mobile identification number
mini-UAVs or MAVs, 124
mobile identification number (MIN), 74
of people, 97, 116, 120, 159, 164
movies, 205–6
NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 101
National Research Council (US), 153, 161–2
National Security Agency (NSA), 20, 60, 105, 111–3, 141, 142, 143
“Nano Hummingbird”, 125
Netsweeper, 142
ECHELON, 111
neutrality, 152
News of the World, 134
“New Transparency, The”, 4
Nexopia, 80
NHTSA. See National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
no-fly list, 6, 28, 63, 83, 117, 125, 156, 161
norms, globalization of, 113, 125
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 118
NSA. See National Security Agency
OC Transpo, 50
Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, 8, 34, 130, 157, 209, 213
Officer Bubbles, 206–7
Onstar, 100
Ontario: Court of Appeals, 199, 202
Information Privacy Commission (IPC), 8
OpenMedia.ca, 218
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 162
orbital space, 110
organizations: Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems, 123
British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, 33, 215
British Columbia Freedom of Information and Privacy Association, 215–6
Canadian Radio-Television Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), 142
Correctional Services of Canada (CSC), 106
Department of Homeland Security (DHA), 6, 139
Elections Canada, 63
Electronic Privacy Information Center, 124
InfoCanada, 106
International Association of Privacy Professionals, 188
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 111–2
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, 110–1
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 101
National Security Agency (NSA), 20, 60, 105, 111–3, 141, 142, 143
Privacy International, 66–7, 191
Rocky Mountain Civil Liberties Association, 219
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), 6, 29, 48, 61, 62, 63, 72, 106, 116, 119, 123, 155, 185, 203
Transportation Security Administration (TSA; US), 63, 118
University of Arizona, 151
World Health Organization (WHO), 111
Ottawa-Carleton District School Board, 40, 42
outsourcing, 56, 63. See also contracting
passenger name records (PNRS), 63, 67, 117
PbD. See Privacy by Design
personal identification, 76
personal information: collection of, 3–6, 8–9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 23, 35, 42, 55, 57, 61, 68, 72, 73, 75–7, 79–81, 84, 92, 100, 107, 112, 114, 117, 118, 130, 132, 135, 137, 171, 173, 175, 186, 187, 189, 190, 197–9, 207, 209, 210, 216
financial, 61–3, 80, 82, 113, 197–8, 213
government protection of, 8, 117, 187, 190
and hard drives, 20
media access control (MAC), 74–6
and memberships, 29, 58. See also loyalty cards
and national security, 5, 9, 10, 20, 22, 60
online, 3, 9, 22, 24, 59, 71–8, 81, 84, 140, 145, 171, 173, 175, 207–13
protection of, 8, 35, 72, 110, 117, 137, 145, 184, 186, 187, 198, 208
and user-generated content (UGC), 79. See also data, facial recognition, and Internet protocol (IP) address
Personal Information Privacy and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), 8, 35, 82, 83, 130, 145, 186
PETS. See privacy-enhancing technologies
phishing, 209–10
Ping, 81
PIPEDA. See Personal Information Privacy and Electronic Documents Act
Plenty of Fish, 80
PNRS. See passenger name records
police, 4, 5, 12, 13, 32, 34, 35, 48, 57, 59, 68, 73, 89, 97, 100, 106, 108, 114, 115, 117, 119, 122–5, 133, 140, 144, 145, 155, 167, 168, 170, 175–9, 183–5, 189, 190, 201, 203, 206
PRISM, 112
privacy: bodily, 118, 155–7, 161, 164, 184–6, 201
and commercial interests, 9, 64, 130, 185–6, 186, 213
and communication, 57–8, 66, 212
law. See laws and regulations
online, 76, 84, 145, 173, 174, 190–2, 207–13
and organizations, 3, 4, 8, 13, 31, 35, 68, 71–3, 79, 82, 84, 108, 145, 173, 183, 184, 186–93, 198, 213. See also organizations
“privacy paradox”, 171
Privacy and Access Council of Canada, 218–9
protection of, 8, 35, 64, 72–3, 82, 85, 117, 130, 137, 139, 142, 145, 164, 184–7, 198, 219. See also personal information, protection of
rights, 8, 75, 77, 137, 184, 189, 190, 197, 200, 215
and social media, 4, 51, 77, 79, 107, 171–7, 191, 210–2
violation of, 66, 146, 185, 190
of youth, 80
Privacy and Access Council of Canada, 218–9
Privacy by Design (PbD), 155, 189
privacy-enhancing technologies (PETS), 155, 189, 192
private-public collaboration, 57–8
profiling, 4, 6, 9, 10, 30, 91, 94, 106, 114, 157, 159, 164, 171, 175, 177
programs (government): NEXUS, 29, 159
PRISM, 112
REAL-ID initiative, 140
secret surveillance, US, 112–3
protection: of children, 40, 41, 119, 144, 171–3, 191, 212–3
and Internet connections, 210–2
of personal information, 8, 35, 72, 110, 117, 137, 145, 184, 186, 187, 198, 208
and privacy impact assessments, 157, 188
public: interests of the, 11, 33, 83, 100, 218
surveillance by, 167–80
Public Safety Canada, 106
Québec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, 8
radio frequency identification tags (RFID), 5, 26n, 88, 89, 92, 101, 105, 108, 109, 117, 135, 139, 147n12
RCMP. See Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Real Time Location System (RTLS), 136
recognition: facial, 7, 29, 77, 94, 102, 117, 129, 138, 140
automated licence plate (ALPR), 28, 72, 100–1, 133
automated licence number (ANPR), 28, 100
re-identification, 76
remotely piloted vehicle (RPV), 123
RFID. See radio frequency identification tags
rights: privacy, 75, 77, 137, 184, 189, 190, 197, 200, 215
civil. See civil liberties; organizations in defense of, 215–9
management of, 5, 12, 39–40, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 160, 163
and phishing, 209–10
psychology of, 43
and security, 5, 11, 12, 14, 39–51, 116, 156, 157, 160, 163
statistics, 12, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47
risk-oriented society, 40, 42, 45–50
Rocky Mountain Civil Liberties Association, 219
Rogers, 142
“boomerang”, 143
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), 6, 29, 48, 61, 62, 63, 72, 106, 116, 119, 123, 155, 185, 203
RPV. See remotely piloted vehicle
SARS. See Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
scanners: back-scatter X-ray, 118
body, 5, 12, 67, 118, 138, 162
schools, 12, 26, 28n, 41, 65, 154, 160–1, 169, 191
security: airport, 6, 8–9, 12, 28, 29, 30, 105, 116, 118, 155–60, 164
border, 5, 6, 9, 29, 67, 105, 106, 116–8, 125, 138–9, 154–60, 162, 164, 165
at mega-events, 68, 116, 121–3
national, 5, 9, 10, 20, 22, 60
and risk, 5, 11, 12, 14, 39–51, 116, 156, 157, 160, 163
in urban space, 12, 67, 115, 122, 133
and visibility, 159, 160. See also organizations
self-censorship, 32
September 11th (9/11) attacks, 12, 13, 20, 28, 39, 40, 44, 45, 47, 50, 66, 67, 118, 138, 155, 157, 163
and airport security, 12, 28, 155
repercussions of, 28, 50, 66, 118
and national security, 12–3, 20, 40, 118, 138, 163. See also terrorism
services: cloud-computing, 60, 61, 145
location-based, 89, 94, 95, 97, 101
remote computing, 60
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), 136–7
Smart Border Declaration and Action Plan, 138
and categorization, 4, 6, 95, 174, 175. See also sorting, social
and criminal justice, 176
and citizen surveillance, 168–81
Facebook, Facebook, 3, 7, 9, 11, 20, 22, 24, 25, 45, 55, 77, 79, 80, 94, 95, 97, 98, 107, 112, 129, 140, 168, 169, 170, 172–6, 187, 212
Flickr, 80
and institutional surveillance, 171, 174–81
and law enforcement, 77
online surveillance, 9, 77, 168, 170–80. See also Stop Online Spying
Plenty of Fish, 80
and privacy protection, 8, 9, 107, 171–3, 210–1
and self-censorship, 32
Twitter, 45, 48, 51, 60, 94, 107, 168
user-generated content, 79
Zynga, 80.
social networking site (SNS), 79–81, 95, 98, 170
society: Big Brother (metaphor), 15, 55, 68, 225
and censoring the Internet, 142
“dread factor”, 43
hate campaign, 177
public-private collaboration, 57–8
self-censorship, 32
transparency, 4, 34, 37, 125, 146, 177, 184, 192. See also citizens
software, 6, 27, 29, 56, 58, 66, 77, 101, 107, 111, 140, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212
social, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 47, 50
Special Purpose Embodied Conversational Intelligence with Environmental Sensors (SPECIES), 151–2
StartPage, 209
Stop Online Spying (coalition), 59, 145, 191
Stoddart, Jennifer, 106, 113, 187
Stupid Security Awards, 191
subscribers, access to data of, 13, 72–4, 144
Sun-TV, 45
Supreme Court of Canada, 185
surveillance: border-crossing, 14, 105, 116–8, 120, 152, 160
of citizens, 55, 59, 60, 63, 66, 101, 112, 145
definition of, 6
everyday, 14, 21, 67, 89, 125, 129–46
hierarchical nature of, 47–8
infrastructure, 7, 10, 36, 119
institutional, 63, 113, 171, 174–81
online, 13, 134, 145, 170–80, 190–2, 212. See also Stop Online Spying
secretive (in US), 112–3
surveillance cameras. See video surveillance cameras
Tapscott, Dan, 4
technology: and authentication, 153–5, 161
biometrics, 20, 34, 51, 67, 135, 152–4
“black boxes”, 101
neutrality of, 152
privacy-enhancing technologies (PETS), 155, 189, 192
and mega-events, 68, 116, 121–3
vehicle navigation services, 88. See also algorithms, data, and devices
TekSavvy, 60
telecommunciation systems, 112, 114, 144
telephones, 58, 74, 87, 111, 114, 172
cellphone, 75, 87–91, 93, 97, 129, 134, 140
smartphones, 20, 22, 27, 28, 51, 102, 132, 134, 140, 168, 190, 202
tracking, 27, 88, 101, 112, 136, 140
terrorism, 31, 36, 40, 43, 46, 50, 61, 64, 112, 122, 157, 163. See also counterterrorism, September 11, and antiterrorism
Toddler Tag, 95
Toronto, 178
automated tolls on highway 407, 100
SARS outbreak, 136
surveillance cameras, 48–9, 122, 130
of devices, 24, 84, 88–91, 101–2, 133, 140, 142, 164, 190
of people, 3, 6, 32, 42, 89, 101, 102, 117, 136–7
transactions, 28, 50, 61, 62, 68, 80, 82, 105, 125, 134, 135, 160
TransLink, 92–3
transparency, 4, 34, 37, 125, 146, 177, 184, 192
Transportation Security Administration (TSA), 63, 118
travel, 5, 27, 29, 31, 44, 50, 56, 159. See also airports and mobility
Twitter, 45, 48, 51, 60, 94, 107, 168. See also social media
Twoogle Geo Search, 94
UAV. See unmanned aerial (or air) vehicle
UGC. See user-generated content
undocumented migrants, 115, 119–20
unmanned aerial (or air) vehicle (UAV), 122–6
United Kingdom: and crime-fighting, 32, 115
surveillance cameras in, 32, 34, 133
use of drones, 123. See also England and Britain
United Nations (UN), 119, 120, 121
United States (US): agreements with Canada, 11, 117–8, 165
monitoring of personal information, 8, 60, 105, 117
orbital space, 110
secret surveillance, 112–3
use of biometrics, 118, 155, 162, 165
use of drones, 123
University of Arizona, 151
US Customs and Border Protection, 123
user-generated content (UGC), 79–81
Vancouver: Compass card, 92
Vancouver Public Space Network, 219
vehicles: navigation systems, 88
remotely piloted (RPVs), 123
unamanned aerial/air (UAVs), 122–6. See also drones
video surveillance cameras, 20, 45, 48, 84, 106–8, 114–5, 122, 130–3, 178
in the street, 130–1
visibility: and policing, 176, 179
and social media, 172–4, 176–7, 179
Web. See Internet
websites, censoring of, 142
Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI), 138
WHO. See World Health Organization
WHTI. See Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative
Winkels, Courtney, 178
wiretapping, 183
warrantless, 142
by the NSA, 112–3
workplace surveillance, 21, 129, 132, 134, 154–5, 168
World Health Organization (WHO), 111
World War II, 175
Xbox, 24–5
youth, 21–31, 80, 169–70, 171–3
and risk, 47
YouTube, 79, 98, 177–8. See also social media
Zynga, 80