acroteria (acroterion): , 80–81, 82
Amazon sculpture, 132-134, 172
Regia, second building, disk acroterion, 43, 45–46
S. Omobono, second phase (see also Hercules and Minerva sculpture group), 68, 70, 72, 73–74
aedes fortunae, 134
aerarium populi Romani, 144
aggers, 95
Agrigento, 116, 120, 122, 140, 173, 174
Alban Hills, 135
Alzinger, Wilhelm, 110
Amazon sculpture, 132–134
Anavysos Kouros, 75–76
Ancus Marcius, 157
Anio River, 62
Antefix(es): Colosseum Valley excavations, 130, 172
Comitium, 49
earliest examples in Central Italy, 185n35
earliest full-bodied antefixes, 165
head from Germalos, 92
Juno Sospita from Palatine, 127, 129, 130, 164
Regia, second building, 43, 44, 45–46
reconstruction ca. 550-530, 84
S. Omobono, 68
Temple of Jupiter?, 102
anthemia (anthemion): first use of, 165
in the Mediterranean, 116–118
Temple of Jupiter, 177, 202n110
at twin temples at S. Omobono, 149–150
Velia revetment, 131
Apollo (Temple of Apollo, Veii), 76, 77, 78
Appius Claudius Caecus, 124
Ara della Regina (Tarquinii), 99, 107, 110, 111, 124, 138, 165, 176
archaeological finds versus textual records: and dating and chronology, 6–7, 143–144, 182n14
and defensive walls, 93–96
disciplinary divisions between text, archaeology, art, and architecture, 3, 9–12, 153–155
during transition to Republic, 154–155, 160–163
regal period, 154–160, 168–169
on use of stone masonry, 143–144
architectural achievements: comparison of Mediterranean cities, 173–174, 215n2
impact and emulation of, 176–180
overview, 172
patronage and, 11–12, 155–160, 166–169, 214n62
Rome as distinct, 175–176
architectural shifts: coinciding with civic shifts, 169–171
and fall of the monarchy, 86–87, 163–165, 171, 213n50, 213n55
gradual nature of, 165–166
timeline of construction in Rome ca. 650–450, 164
transformation of ca. 550–500, 66, 123–125
Arch of Constantine, street and wall near, 130
Acropolis Temple, 149–150, 210n70
revetment plaques, 149–150
Area of Vesta. See Atrium Vestae
land works, 32
Ariadne. See Dionysus and Ariadne/Leukothea sculpture group
aryballos, 45
ashlar dimensions, dating and, 143
allegorical images of Peisistratid rise to power, 81
depictions of Hercules and Minerva, 79
Peplos Kore, 76
terracottas, 8
triple colonnades, 115
Atrium Vestae, 26, 27, 40, 47–48, 87–88, 159
Attica: Anavysos Kouros, 75–76
black-figure amphora, 76
krater, 51
Augustus, 1
Aula Regia, 21
Aulus Postumius, 137–138
Bacchiad dynasty, 59–60
banquet scene iconography, 45, 67, 70
Basilica Julia, 31, 32, 142, 145
Bruun, Christer, 81
bull-headed man iconography, 43, 45
burials and graves, 20–21, 23–24, 25, 26, 27, 95, 135–137, 155
Caelian, 5, 6, 29, 36, 95, 137, 157, 173
Caere, 25, 65, 81–82, 165, 173
marriage sarcophagi, 76, 77, 78, 81
Campania, 14, 43, 45–46, 122, 134
Capitoline: communal activity, 25–27
defensive walls, 92–93, 94–95, 96–97
early settlement, 20–23
excavation sites, 5, 137, 202n110
revetments, 65, 68, 126–127, 128, 132
Temple of Jupiter Feretrius, 155, 157
Vicus Iugarius, 34, 151. See also S. Omobono; Temple of Jupiter
cappellaccio, 92, 93, 129, 143–46. See also stone, use of
Carandini, Andrea, 182n14
Carthage landfill project (byrsa), 32
Castor and Pollux. See Temple of Castor and Pollux
Castores cult, 140–142
cellae (cella walls), 54–55, 109–110, 120–121, 139, 176, 177–178
Central Italy: acroterial and ridgepole sculpture in, 80–81, 82, 83
antefixes, 140
anthemia, 117
architectural shifts, 165–166
characteristics of architecture, 177
clan structures in, 167–169
colossal construction in, 121–122, 139–140
defensive walls in, 93–94
depictions of Hercules and Minerva, 79
features of temple design, 53, 56, 58–61
foundation walls and pillars, 113, 114
iconography, 70–72
oikos temples, 110
peripteral temples in, 120
Rome as cult center of, 142
Rome’s surge in power and wealth in, 123–124
study of, 13–16
use of marble, 135–136
use of stone, 39
chariot racing iconography, 67, 70, 71, 118
Cifani, Gabriele, 107–108
cinerary urns, 135–136
cippus at the Comitium, 50–53, 63–64, 88, 89, 144
Colini, Antonio Maria, 148–149
Colonna, Giovanni, 54, 55, 149
colonnades, 109–110, 111–113, 114, 115–116, 118, 139, 176, 177, 178
Colosseum valley, 28, 36, 131, 137
column capital casing (S. Omobono), 55, 194n56
columns in antis, 55
cippus at, 50–53, 63–64, 88, 89, 144
pavement and stepped platform, 88–89
speaker’s platform, 144, 158, 161
connectivity: international artistic styles, 65, 83–84, 134, 175
Mediterranean region, 12–19, 118–119, 174–175
Merten’s theory of architecture and, 112–113
and Regia second building, 43, 45–46
between Rome and Ionia, 70–72
Samos and Temple of Jupiter, 118–119
and S. Omobono first phase, 56–61, second phase 83-84
trade, 61–62
courtyard buildings, 110
cult activity, 22, 27, 36, 47, 74, 87, 140–142, 160, 178
cultural interaction. See connectivity
cultural superiority/dominion, 14, 16
Cumae, anthemia in roofing systems, 117, 165
architectural patronage, 167
marble cinerary urn, 136
roofing system shared with Pithecusae 43, 46, 49, 65, 174
Curiae Veteres, 131
Cypriot statues, 74–75
DeLaine, Janet, 38
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 9, 106–107, 142, 144, 156, 176
Dionysus and Ariadne/Leukothea sculpture group (S. Omobono, second phase), 73–74
Droysen, J. G., 12
Edlund-Berry, Ingrid, 80
Ephesos, 110, 112, 113, 115, 118, 119, 120, 158
Equus Domitiani excavation, 145, 146
era of monarchy. See regal period
Esquiline: Amazon sculpture, 132–134
communal activity, 26–27
early settlers, 20–23
excavation sites, 5
Etruria (Etruscans): clans, 168
cultural relationship to Rome, 9, 12, 13–15, 18, 83–84, 165, 174, 175, 179
domestic stone architecture, 91–92
early settlements, 25
and Mediterranean connectivity, 16, 17, 19, 175
sculptures, 76
and trade, 62. See also specific cities and sites
excavations: dating and, 6–7, 182n14
fragmented history of, 6
hilltops, ca. 500–450, 137
reconstructions and interpretations of, 7
sites, 4–6. See also specific buildings
feline iconography, 43, 45, 47, 48, 56–61, 174
“first secession” of the plebs, 162
flooding, 28–30, 150–151, 189n36
floral motifs, 70, 72, 117, 127–129, 131, 132. See also anthemia
Forum: architecture and unification, 64–65, 123–124, 178-179
Atrium Vestae, 26, 27, 40, 47–48, 87–88, 159
Comitium (see Comitium); house atop the Sepulcretum, 40–41
Regia (see Regia); Temple of Castor and Pollux, 137–142
Temple of Saturn, 142–144.
Forum basin excavation sites, 5
Forum basin reclamation, 27–38, 189n41, 190n53
canal construction, 32–33
as critical moment in Roman history, 37–38
embankment, 31–32
evidence of habitation prior to, 29–30
motivations for, 35–37
scope and outcome of, 34–35
Tarquinius Priscus and, 156
Forum Boarium, 82
frontal staircases, 54, 56, 66, 120
Gantz, Timothy, 52
Gellius, A., 51
Giglio shipwreck, 72
Gjerstad, Einar, 4, 24, 29, 30, 54, 55, 74–75, 146, 148, 149
Gorgon iconography, 43, 44, 45–46, 48, 56–61
graves. See burials and graves
Great Rome of the Tarquins (La Grande Roma dei Tarquini), 156–160
Greece (Greeks): cultural reach and artistic output of, 12–13, 70
cultural variations and divergences, 16–18, 186n43
temple foundations, 113–116. See also specific cities and sites
Grotta Oscura, 93
Hephaestus, 51
Heraion of Samos (Temple of Hera), 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118–119
Hercules and Minerva sculpture group: association of Hercules and Minerva, 79
dress and style of Hercules, 74–76
incorporating artistic trends, 83–84
identification of, 72–73
importance of location of, 83
and link to temple’s dedicatee, 79–80, 82
Minerva’s face and style, 76-78
as propaganda, 81–82
and trade, 82–83
Horatius Cocles, 193n41
House of Livia area building, 92
“House of Tarquinius,” 91
houses, stone, 90–92, 160, 199n78
huts, wattle and daub, 20–24, 39–41
inscription, first known public, 51–53
international artistic trends, 65, 83–84, 134, 175
Ionia: and colossal temples, 113, 119, 175
roof decorations, 70, 71, 72, 117, 118, 120
kingship era. See regal period
kraters, 51
Kroisos Kouros. See Anavysos Kouros
Lanciani, Rodolfo, 132
Lararium, 21
Larisa on the Hermos, 70, 71, 72, 117, 118
Latium, 13–14, 43, 56, 124, 141, 179
Latona (Temple of Apollo, Veii), 76, 77, 78
Livy, 9, 53, 79–80, 141, 144, 156, 176
L. Munatius Plancus, 142
longitudinal and transverse foundations, 113–116
lotuses in relief, 116, 117, 127, 128, 132
Marcus Furius Camillus, 146, 148
marriage sarcophagi. See Caere, marriage sarcophagus
Mater Matuta, 80, 82, 127, 159, 160, 173
Mediterranean region: and anthemia, 116–117
architectural patronage in, 167, 168–169
burial urns, 135–136
colonnades, 115
colossal temples of, 110–112, 122
comparison of city architectural achievements, 173–174
cultural interconnectivity and exchange, 12–19, 43–47, 56–61, 83–84, 118–119, 174–175
houses, full-scale stone construction, 91–92
international artistic styles, 65, 79, 87
map, 17
urban defenses, 93–94
use of terracotta, 60
use of trusses, 104
Merenda Kouros, 76
Mertens, Dieter, 110, 112–113, 119
Mertens-Horn, Madeleine, 56, 58, 59–60
Metapontum Temple BII, 99
Minerva. See Hercules and Minerva sculpture group Mitylene (Lesbos), 117
Monteverde pavement, 148
monumental initiatives theories, 38
Müller-Karpe, Hermann, 24–25
Murlo, 61, 80, 104, 110, 120, 121
Neils, Jenifer, 82
Numa, 155
Ops Consiva, 86
Palatine: communal activity, 25–27
early settlement, 20–24
head antefix from Germalos, 92
Juno Sospita antefixes, 127, 129, 130
North Slope excavations, 7, 23, 90-91, 182n14, 187n13
sanctuary on SW slope, 130
terracottas (ca. 500–450), 127, 129–131
Via Sacra, 89
wall, 26–27
Palestrina, 68
palmettes in relief, 116, 117, 127, 128, 132, 149–150
Parian marble, 135–137
Paribeni, Enrico, 149
Pasquali, Giorgio, 156–157
patricians and plebeians, 161–163, 170–171, 213n
patronage and architectural achievements, 11–12, 155–160, 166–169, 214n62
pavements, 30, 88–89, 144–146, 148–149
pediments, 8, 56–58, 59–60, 65, 71, 174
peer-polity interaction, 12–18
Peplos Kore, 76
peripteral temples, 120
Peroni, Renato, 25
Piazza d’Armi (Veii), 110
Piazza Vittorio Emanuele excavations, 132, 135
Pinza, Giovanni, 24
Pithecusae. See Cumae, roofing system shared with Pithecusae
plebeians and patricians, 161–163, 170–171, 213n50
podia, 14, 54–55, 101, 110 138–139, 140, 175
Portonaccio Temple (Veii), 76, 77, 78, 82, 124, 132, 140
post-and-lintel roofing structures, 103–104
pozzi (pozzo), 107–108
Praeneste, 68
procession iconography, 43, 45, 56, 67–70, 79, 134
proto-urbanism, 25-26,
Purcell, Nicholas, 142
Pyrgi: Hercules and Minerva, 81
Quirinal: communal activity, 26–27
cult activity, 36
and defensive walls, 93, 94–95, 96
early settlement, 20–23
Forum basin reclamation and, 28, 29, 34
raking gables, 56
raking revetments, 66–67, 66–68
regal period (era of monarchy, kingship era): archaeological finds versus textual records of, 9, 154–160
architectural patronage during, 166–169
overthrow of monarchy and architectural shifts, 86–87, 161–163
Regia: building and rebuilding at, 64, 160, 163, 164, 172
early huts at site of, 40
final archaic phase, 84–88
first building, 41–42
Imperial phase, 86
roofing systems, 43, 45, 46, 47, 65, 66, 68, 70
second building, 42–47
Republic, transition to: and architectural shifts, 169–171
and architecture, 86–87, 163–171
textual records of, 154–155, 160–163
revetments: anthemion, 116–118, 131, 149, 150, 165
from Capitoline, Palatine, Velia, Esquiline (ca. 500–450), 127–132, 140
from Comitium area, 48–49
figural, 45, 46, 49, 56, 66-72
under House of Livia, 92
from Lapis Niger deposit, 49
Regia, 45-46
S. Omobono, first phase, 45, 56, 57
twin temples, 149-150
and size of buildings, 8-9
Temple of Castor, 140
Temple of Jupiter, 102–104, 116-118
Velia, 131–132
Richter, Gisela, 75
ridgepole cover tile, 102-103, 209n68
roads: Appian way, 124
pathway near Regia site, 26
pebble street along north Palatine slope, 40
Via Sacra, 89, 144, 154, 155, 163
Romans, use of term, 11
Romulus: hut of, 21
tomb of, 52
and works of architecture, 155, 157
roofing systems: 509 as artificial moment of change in, 165
Comitium area building, 48–49
excavation of, 7–9
Ionia, 70, 71, 72, 117, 118, 120
manufacture of, 61-61
pervasiveness of styles of, 65, 165
Regia, 43, 45, 46, 47, 65, 66, 68, 70
Rome as exporter of, 46, 68, 70, 176–177
and size of buildings, 8–9
S. Omobono second phase, 66–72
Temple of Jupiter, 102–106
terracotta roof tiles, 8, 39, 40, 43, 46, 47, 49, 61, 68, 70, 149
Veii, 68, 70. See also specific elements
Samos: connections to Rome, 18, 84, 110, 118–119, 122, 174
Heraion (Temple of Hera), 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118–119
sarcophagi, 76, 77, 78, 135, 136
Satricum: and anthemion revetments, 117, 128, 132, 150, 165, 202n110
ties to other polities, 65, 81, 87, 176
sculptures: acroterial and ridgepole sculptures, 68, 70, 73–74, 80–81, 82 (See also Hercules and Minerva sculpture group); Amazon, 132–134. See also specific works
Selinunte, 113
colonnades, 115
and colossal construction, 122, 140, 173
landfill project, 32
Temple A, 152
Temple F, 112
Sepulcretum: huts, 39, 40, 122
Servius Tullius, 51, 80, 93, 95, 134, 158, 159, 166
simas, 68, 69, 70, 83, 116, 117, 118, 140
social hierarchy, 167–169
Sommella, Anna Mura, 73, 97, 107, 108
S. Omobono area: excavations, 20
temple, first phase, 53–61
cella walls and columns, 54–55
foundation, 53–54
Gorgon pediment, 56–61
plan of the site, 54
reconstruction, 58
temple, second phase, 66–72 (see also Hercules and Minerva sculpture); temple, twin temples at, 20, 21, 146–152
sphinxes, 68
stone, use of, 39, 90, 97, 123, 143, 165
Suetonius, 144
summa sacra via, 156
Syracuse, 59–60, 97, 140, 173, 178
Tarquinii: and anthemia, 117
Ara della Regina, 99, 107, 110, 111, 114, 124, 138, 165, 176
connections to other cultures, 65
podia, 56
and trusses, 104
Tarquinius Priscus, 59, 95, 156, 157–158, 159, 211n28
Tarquinius Superbus, 81, 82–83, 95, 158, 159
Temple of Aphaia (Aigina), 140, 141
Temple of Apollo (Corinth), 140, 141
Temple of Apollo (Didyma), 110
Temple of Apollo Medicus (Campus Martius), 151
Temple of Apollo (Veii), 76
Temple of Artemis (Corfu), 59–60, 140, 141
Temple of Artemis (Ephesos), 110, 112
Temple of Athena (Syracuse), 59–60
Temple of Castor (and Pollux) (Rome), 47, 48, 137–142
Temple of Castor and Pollux (Agrigento), 140, 152
Temple of Fortuna, 80, 82, 158, 159, 160, 164, 166, 173
Temple of Hera (Olympia), 140, 141
Temple of Hera (Samos). See Heraion of Samos Temple of Hera I (Paestum), 99
Temple of Juno (Segni), 127, 129
Temple of Jupiter Feretrius, 155, 157
Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 97–122
engineering and, 116
area behind the cellae, 107–108
as beginning of new architectural movement, 121–122
columns and cellae, 109–110
comparisons of size, 110–113
and contact with Samos, 118–119
plans, 98, 102, 106–107, 108, 109
rear substructure walls, 108
reconstruction of, 121
roofing system, 102–106, 202n116
significance and emulation, 177–178
Tarquins and, 158
terracottas, 116–118
textual records, 160
unique characteristics, 120–121
Temple of Olympian Zeus (Agrigento), 112, 113
Temple of Olympian Zeus (Athens), 110, 112
Temple of Polykrates (Dipteros II, Samos), See Heraion of Samos
Temple of Portunus, 151
Temple of Saturn, 142–144
Temple of Spes, 134
Temple of Vesta, 88
Temple of Victoria, 130
Temple of “Victoria Virgo,” 127, 129
terracotta decorations: Amazon sculpture, 132–134
ca. 500-450, 127–130
information provided by, 7–9, 182n19
manufacture of, 14, 49, 61–62, 156
shift in use of, 165
S. Omobono, 56–61, 66–72, 149–150
Temple of Castor, 140
Temple of Jupiter, 102–104, 116–118
use and mastery of, 123
use of, as critical shift, 39. See also roofing systems, specific sculptures and specific buildings
terracotta roof tiles, 8, 39, 40, 43, 46, 47, 49, 61, 68, 70, 149
Terrenato, Nicola, 108
textual records. See archaeological finds versus textual records Tiber Island, 37, 61
treasury of Rome, 144
Trigger, Bruce, 38
triple cella, 120–121, 139, 176, 177–178
Tullus Hostilius, 49, 51, 142, 155, 156, 157, 159
Tusculum, 141
urbanization and unification, 1, 2
cityscape transformation (ca.800–450), 153
defensive walls and, 92–97
Forum basin reclamation and, 34–35, 36–37
of the hilltops, 24–27, 188n35
Temple of Jupiter and, 124–125
Valerii, house of the, 40–41, 155–156
Valerio-Horatian laws, 162
ceramic manufacture, 49
interactions with neighboring states, 16, 84
Piazza d’Armi, 110
Portonaccio Temple, 76, 77, 78, 82, 124, 132, 140
as proto-urban center, 25
roofing systems, 68–69, 70, 72
sculptures, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 175
Velabrum: clay beds and terracotta manufacture, 49, 61–62
flooding and Forum basin reclamation, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 37
map, 5
Velia: early settlements, 21, 22, 24, 26, 39, 40
revetments (ca. 500–450), 131–132
Velletri temple, 67, 68, 70, 127
Vetulonia, 68
Volcanal, 51
walls, defensive fortifications (Servian Wall), 92–97, 166
walls, north slope of the Palatine, 23, 26–27, 155
Winckelmann, J. J., 12