The Shriver Report

ENDNOTES

How far we’ve come…

1 U.S Department of Health and Human Services, “2013 Poverty Guidelines”, (2013) available at http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/13poverty.cfm#thresholds.

2 Elise Gould and others, “What Families Need to Get By: The 2013 Update of EPI’s Family Budget Calculator” (Washington: Economic Policy Institute, 2013), available at http://www.epi.org/files/2013/ib368-basic-family-budgets.pdf.

3 Ibid.

4 Jeffrey M. Jones, “Public: Family of Four Needs to Earn Average of $52,000 to Get By,” Gallup, February 9, 2007, available at http://www.gallup.com/poll/26467/public-family-four-needs-earn-average-52000-get.aspx

5 Maura Calsyn and Lindsay Rosenthal, “How the Affordable Care Act Helps Young Adults” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2013), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/YoungAdultPremiums1.pdf.

Powerful and Powerless

1 U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey: Poverty (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2012), available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032013/pov/pov01_200.htm.

2 http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/historical/hstpov2a.xls

3 WE Connect, “New WE Connect Tool Helps Californians Navigate Health Care Reform and Other Programs,” Press release, February 1, 2013, available at http://www.weconnect.net/index.php/newsroom-2/153-february2013/430-february-1-2013.

4 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Women in the Labor Force: A Databook, Report 1026 (U.S. Department of Labor, 2010), available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook2010.htm.

5 Heather Boushey, “The New Breadwinners.” In Heather Boushey and Ann O’Leary, ed., The Shriver Report: A Woman’s Nation Changes Everything (Washington: Center for American Progress and A Woman’s Nation, 2009), p.37, figure 2.

6 Alzheimer’s Association, unpublished data from the National Alliance for Caregiving/AARP 2009 survey of caregiving in the United States, prepared under contract by Matthew Greenwald and Associates, 2010.

7 National Women’s Law Center, “Fair Pay for Women Requires Increasing the Minimum Wage and Tipped Minimum Wage’ (2013), available at http://www.nwlc.org/resource/fair-pay-women-requires-increasing-minimum-wage-and-tipped-minimum-wage.

8 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employee Benefits in the United States—March 2012, (U.S. Department of Labor, 2012), table 5.

9 Wendy Wage, Kim Parker, and Paul Taylor, “Breadwinner Moms,” (Washington: Pew Research Center, 2013), available at http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/05/29/breadwinner-moms.

10 Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2012, (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2013), available at http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p60-245.pdf, TABLE 4.

11 National Women’s Law Center, “Modest Recovery Largely Leaves Women Behind” (2011), available at http://www.nwlc.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/slowrecoveryfactsheetaug2011.pdf.

12 Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research, in collaboration with the Center for American Progress and The Shriver Report, contacted 3,500 adults by landline and mobile telephone from August 21 through September 11, 2013, for the Open Field Foundation Frequency Questionnaire. Telephone numbers were chosen randomly and in accordance with random-digit-dial, or RDD, methodology. The survey included oversamples of 250 African American (574 in the total sample) and 250 Hispanic adults (501 in the total sample) to allow for more detailed subgroup analysis. The sample was adjusted to census proportions of sex, race or ethnicity, age, and national region. The margin of sampling error for adults is plus or minus 1.7 points. For smaller subgroups, the margin of error may be higher. Survey results may also be affected by factors such as question wording and the order in which questions were asked. The interviews were conducted in English and Spanish.

13 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Table 4. Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type, 2011-2012 annual averages,” available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/famee.t04.htm. (last accessed month 2013).

14 Sargent Shriver, Address to the National Conference of Catholic Charities Annual Convention, New Orleans, October 12, 1966.

15 U.S. Census Bureau, Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2012 – Detailed Tables, (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2012), available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/socdemo/voting/publications/p20/2012/tables.html.

16 Michael Silverstein and Kate Sayre, Women Want More: How to Capture Your Share of the World’s Largest, Fastest-Growing Market (Boston Consulting Group, 2009).

17 U.S. Department of Labor, “General Facts On Women And Job Based Health,” available at http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/newsroom/fshlth5.html (last accessed October 2013).

18 Ekaterina Walter, “The top 30 stats you need to know when marketing to women,” The Next Web, January 24, 2012, available at http://thenextweb.com/socialmedia/2012/01/24/the-top-30-stats-you-need-to-know-when-marketing-to-women.

‘When We Were 9, We Were Honest’

1 Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982).

2 Lyn Mikel Brown and Carol Gilligan, Meeting at the Crossroads: Women’s Psychology and Girls’ Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).

3 Carol Gilligan, The Birth of Pleasure: A New Map of Love, Part II (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), chapter “Regions of Lights.”

4 Brown and Gilligan, Meeting at the Crossroads; Gilligan, The Birth of Pleasure; Carol Gilligan, Joining the Resistance (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2011).

5 Brown and Gilligan, Meeting at the Crossroads; Gilligan, Joining the Resistance.

6 Gilligan, The Birth of Pleasure, Part II; Judy Chu and Carol Gilligan, When Boys Become Boys: Development, Masculinity, and Relationships (New York: New York University Press, 2014); and Niobe Way, Deep Secrets: Boys’ Friendships and The Crisis of Connection (Cambridge: MA, Harvard University Press, 2013).

Time to Wake Up: Stop Blaming Poverty on the Poor

1 “Speeches and Legislation: LBJ’s State of the Union Address January 8th, 1964,” available at http://ows.edb.utexas.edu/site/jad2793edc370s/speeches-and-legislation (last accessed June 2013).

Are Women Devalued by Religions?

1 Save the Children, “State of the World’s Mothers 2013” (2013), available at http://www.savethechildrenweb.org/SOWM-2013/.

A Woman’s Place Is in the Middle Class

1 Heather Boushey, “The New Breadwinners.” In Heather Boushey and Ann O’Leary, eds., The Shriver Report: A Woman’s Nation Changes Everything (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), available at http://shriverreport.org/special-report/a-womans-nation-changes-everything/.

2 Ibid.

3 Heidi Hartmann and Jeffrey Hayes, “Equal Pay for Working Women and Their Families: National Data on the Pay Gap and Its Costs” (Washington: Institute for Women’s Policy Research, forthcoming); Bureau of Economic Analysis, Widespread Economic Growth in 2012 (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2013), available at http://bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/2013/pdf/gsp0613.pdf.

4 Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2012” (Washington: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013), available at http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p60-245.pdf.

5 Center for American Progress analysis of U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplement (Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce), available at http://www.census.gov/cps/data/cpstablecreator.html (last accessed September 2013).

6 Center for American Progress analysis of the Center for Economic and Policy Research Extracts of the Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group Files; Bureau of Labor Statistics, Women in the Labor Force: A Databook (Washington: U.S. Department of Labor, 2013).

7 Ibid.

8 U.S. Census Bureau, “Historical Income Tables - People,” Table P-40, available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/people/ (last accessed September 2013).

9 DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2012.”

10 Hartmann and Hayes, “Equal Pay for Working Women and Their Families: National Data on the Pay Gap and Its Costs.”

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid.

13 Sarah Jane Glynn, “The New Breadwinners: 2010 Update” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2012). Data limitations prevent us from including same-sex married couples in this analysis at this time.

14 Sarah Jane Glynn, “The New Breadwinners: 2011 Update” (Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, Forthcoming).

15 Wendy Wang, Kim Parker, and Paul Taylor, “Breadwinner Moms” (Washington: Pew Research Center, 2013), Chapter 4: Single Mothers, available at http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2013/05/Breadwinner_moms_final.pdf.

16 Robert O. Self, All in the Family: The Realignment of American Democracy Since the 1960s (New York: Hill and Wang, 2012).

17 Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz, “The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women’s Career and Marriage Decisions,” Journal of Political Economy 110 (4) (2002): 730–770.

18 Catalyst, “Women in Management in the United States, 1960-Present,” March 27, 2013, available at http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/women-management-united-states-1960-present.

19 Ariane Hegewisch and others, “Separate and Not Equal? Gender Segregation in the Labor Market and the Gender Wage Gap” (Washington: Institute for Women’s Policy Research, 2010), available at http://www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/separate-and-not-equal-gender-segregation-in-the-labor-market-and-the-gender-wage-gap.

20 Teresa L. Amott and Julie A. Matthaei, Race, Gender, and Work: A Multi-cultural Economic History of Women in the United States (South End Press, 1996); Chinhui Juhn and Simon Potter, “Changes in Labor Force Participation in the United States,” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 (3) (2006): 27–46.

21 Ibid.

22 Center for American Progress analysis of the Center for Economic and Policy Research Extracts of the Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group Files, not seasonally adjusted data.

23 Amott and Matthaei, Race, Gender, and Work.

24 Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild, eds., Global Women: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy (Metropolitan/Holt Paperbacks Book, 2004).

25 Lawrence Mishel and others, State of Working America, 12th ed. (Washington: Economic Policy Institute, 2013), Figure 4D - Cumulative Change in Real Hourly Wages of Women, by Wage Percentile, 1979–2011, available at http://stateofworkingamerica.org/chart/swa-wages-figure-4d-change-real-hourly-wages/.

26 Ibid.

27 Christianne Corbett and Catherine Hill, “Graduating to a Pay Gap: The Earnings of Women and Men One Year after College Graduation” (Washington: American Association of University Women, October 2012), available at http://www.aauw.org/files/2013/02/graduating-to-a-pay-gap-the-earnings-of-women-and-men-one-year-after-college-graduation.pdf.

28 Center for American Progress analysis of the Center for Economic and Policy Research Extracts of the Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group Files.

29 Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Archived BLS News Releases - Economic and Employment Projections,” available at http://www.bls.gov/schedule/archives/all_nr.htm#ECOPRO (last accessed September 2013).

30 Christine Williams, “The Glass Escalator: Hidden Advantages for Men in the ‘Female’ Professions,” Social Problems 39 (3) (1992): 253–267.

31 Timothy B. McMurry, “The Image of Male Nurses and Nursing Leadership Mobility,” Nursing Forum 46 (1) (2011): 22–28, available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-6198.2010.00206.x/abstract.

32 Linda Delp and Katie Quan, “Homecare Worker Organizing in California: An Analysis of a Successful Strategy” (Berkeley, CA: UC Berkeley Labor Center, 2001), available at http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/homecare/DelpQuan.pdf.

33 John Schmitt, “Unions and Upward Mobility for Women Workers” (Washington: Center for Economic and Policy Research, 2008).

34 New York State Department of Labor, “Domestic Workers’ Bill of Rights,” available at http://www.labor.ny.gov/legal/domestic-workers-bill-of-rights.shtm (last accessed September 2013); Associated Press, “Hawaii Gov Signs Domestic Workers Bill,” The Wall Street Journal, July 1, 2013, available at http://online.wsj.com/article/AP6c537efafd864377bd2c59b966de8969.html.

35 U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2013 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Table POV01: Age and Sex of All People, Family Members and Unrelated Individuals Iterated by Income-to-Poverty Ratio and Race, available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032013/pov/pov01_200.htm, and Table POV22: Work Experience During Year by Age, Sex, Household Relationship and Poverty Status for People 16 Years Old and Over, available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032013/pov/pov22_200.htm.

36 U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2013 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Table POV18: People in Families by Householder’s Work Experience and Family Structure: 2012, available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032013/pov/pov18_000.htm.

37 National Partnership for Women and Families calculation of U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic (ASEC) Supplement (2012), Table PINC-05: Work Experience in 2011 – People 15 Years Old and Over by Total Money Earnings in 2010, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex, available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032011/perinc/new05_000.htm (last accessed November 2012) (unpublished calculation).

38 Shawn Fremstad’s calculations of U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IMPUS), available at: https://cps.ipums.org/cps/.

39 Jonathan Vespa, Jamie M. Lewis, and Rose M. Kreider, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2012 (U.S. Census Bureau, August 2013), available at https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p20-570.pdf; U.S. Census Bureau, “State & County QuickFacts -- USA,” available at http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html (last accessed September 2013).

40 DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2012.”

41 According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, full-time workers are those who work 35 hours or more. See Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Glossary,” available at http://www.bls.gov/bls/glossary.htm.

42 Heather Boushey, “Accomplishments of the Recovery Act,” Center for American Progress, February 16, 2011, available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2011/02/16/9078/accomplishments-of-the-recovery-act/; Arloc Sherman, “State-Level Data Show Recovery Act Protecting Millions From Poverty,” Center on Budget an Policy Priorities, December 17, 2009, available at http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=3035.

43 Arloc Sherman, “Looking at Today’s Poverty Numbers,” Off the Charts Blog: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, September 16, 2010, available at http://www.offthechartsblog.org/looking-at-today%E2%80%99s-poverty-numbers/.

44 Wayne Vroman, “The Role of Unemployment Insurance as an Automatic Stabilizer During a Recession” (Washington: U.S. Department of Labor, 2010), available at http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP2010-10.pdf.

45 Randy Albelda and others, “Bridging the Gaps: A Picture of How Work Supports Work in Ten States” (Center for Economic and Policy Research; The Center for Social Policy, 2007), available at http://www.cepr.net/index.php/publications/reports/bridging-the-gaps-a-picture-of-how-work-supports-work-in-ten-states/.

46 National Center for Children in Poverty, “Family Resource Simulator” (2004), available at http://www.nccp.org/tools/frs/.

47 Laura Pereyra, “TANF’s Counterproductive Asset Tests,” Center for American Progress, May 6, 2010, available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/news/2010/05/06/7846/tanfs-counterproductive-asset-tests/; Corporation for Enterprise Development, “Asset Limit Reform in Public Assistance Programs: Removing Penalties for Savings,” available at http://cfed.org/assets/documents/policy/Asset_Test_Reform_Final.pdf.

48 Ibid.

49 National Women’s Law Center, “Downward Slide: State Child Care Assistance Policies,” October 11, 2012; DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2012.”

50 See, for example: Susan J. Lambert and Julia R. Henly, “Nonstandard Work and Child-care Needs of Low-income Parents.” In Suzanne M. Bianchi, Lynne M. Casper, and Rosalind B. King, eds., Work, Family, Health, and Well-being (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2005), pp. 473–92.

51 Sarah Jane Glynn, Peter Berg, and Heather Boushey, “Who gets time off? Predicting access to paid leave and workplace flexibility” (Washington: Center for American Progress, forthcoming).

52 Heather Boushey and Sarah Jane Glynn, “Comprehensive Paid Family and Medical Leave for Today’s Families and Workplaces: Crafting a Paid Leave System That Builds on the Experience of Existing Federal and State Programs” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2012).

53 U.S. Census Bureau, Maternity Leave and Employment Patterns of First-Time Mothers: 1961–2008 (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2011), available at http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p70-128.pdf.

54 Ann O’Leary and Karen Kornbluh, “Family Friendly for All Families.” In Heather Boushey and Ann O’Leary, eds., The Shriver Report: A Woman’s Nation Changes Everything (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2009), pp. 75–109.

55 Ann O’Leary, “How Family Leave Laws Left Out Low-Income Workers,” Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law 28 (2007): 1–62.

56 Julia Lane, “The Role of Job Turnover in the Low-Wage Labor Market,” in The Low-Wage Labor Market: Challenges and Opportunities for Economic Self-Sufficiency (Washington: Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, The Urban Institute, 1999), available at http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/lwlm99/lane.htm; Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employee Tenure Summary,” U.S. Department of Labor, September 18, 2012, available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/tenure.nr0.htm.

57 U.S. Census Bureau, Maternity Leave and Employment Patterns of First-Time Mothers: 1961–2008.

58 “The State of the Nation’s Housing 2004” (Cambridge, MA: Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, 2004), available at http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/jchs.harvard.edu/files/son2004.pdf.

59 National Association of Realtors, “NAR Guide to Women Homebuyers for Realtors,” available at http://www.realtor.org/field-guides/field-guide-to-women-homebuyers.

60 Debbie Gruenstein Bocian, Wei Li, and Keith Ernst, “Foreclosures by Race and Ethnicity: The Demographics of a Crisis” (Washington: Center for Responsible Lending, 2010), available at http://www.responsiblelending.org/mortgage-lending/research-analysis/foreclosures-by-race-and-ethnicity.pdf.

61 National Association of Realtors, “NAR Guide to Women Homebuyers for Realtors.”

62 Ibid.

63 National Multi Housing Council, “Quick Facts: Resident Demographics,” 2013, available at http://www.nmhc.org/Content.cfm?ItemNumber=55508#characteristic_of_apartment_households; Trulia, “Press Release - Trulia Names Las Vegas and Seattle as 2012’s Top Turnaround Housing Markets,” available at http://info.trulia.com/trulia-price-and-rent-monitor-dec-2012 (last accessed September 24, 2013).

64 Pamela Patenaude and Nikki Rudnick, “Housing America’s Future: New Directions for National Policy” (Washington: Bipartisan Policy Center, 2013), available at http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/BPC_Housing%20Report_web_0.pdf; National Multi Housing Council, “Quick Facts: Resident Demographics.”

65 DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2012.”

66 Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn, “Female Labor Supply: Why Is the US Falling Behind?” (Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor, 2013).

67 Rebecca Ray, Janet C. Gornick, and John Schmitt, “Parental Leave Policies in 21 Countries” (Washington: Center for Economic and Policy Research, September 2008); Australian Government, “Paid Parental Leave,” available at http://www.fairwork.gov.au/leave/parental-leave/pages/paid-parental-leave.aspx (last accessed September 2013).

68 Jody Heymann, Alison Earle, and Jeffrey Hayes, “The Work, Family, Equity Index: How Does the U.S. Measure Up?” (Montreal, Canada: Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, 2009), available at http://www.hreonline.com/pdfs/08012009Extra_McGillSurvey.pdf.

69 Robert Hickey and others, “Losing Ground: A Struggle of Moderate-Income Households to Afford the Rising Costs of Housing and Transportation” (Washington: Center for Housing Policy and Center for Neighborhood Technology, 2012), available at http://www.reconnectingamerica.org/assets/Uploads/201210LosingGround.pdf.

70 Susan Herbel and Danena Gaines, “Women’s Issues in Transportation,” Presented at the 4th International Conference, Irvine, CA, September 27-30 (Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2009), available at http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/cp46.pdf.

71 Charles L. Baum, “The Effects of Vehicle Ownership on Employment,” Journal of Urban Economics 66 (3) (2009): 151–163.

72 “Impact of Rising Gas Prices on Below-Poverty Commuters,” Low-Income Working Families Fact Sheets (Washington: The Urban Institute, 2008), available at http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411760_rising_gas_prices.pdf.

73 Albelda and others, “Bridging the Gaps: A Picture of How Work Supports Work in Ten States”

74 Calsyn and Rosenthal, “How the Affordable Care Act Helps Young Adults.”

75 Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, “Status of the ACA Medicaid Expansion after Supreme Court Ruling,” available at http://www.cbpp.org/files/status-of-the-ACA-medicaid-expansion-after-supreme-court-ruling.pdf (last accessed September 20, 2013).

76 For a complete analysis of what policies we need to help working families, see Heather Boushey, Ann O’Leary, and Sarah Jane Glynn, Our Working Nation in 2013: An Updated National Agenda for Work and Family Policies.

77 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Labor Force Statistics, available at http://www.bls.gov/data/.

78 Fair Shot Campaign, “[Video] A Plan for Women and Families to Get Ahead,” available at http://fairshotcampaign.org/featured/video-a-plan-for-women-and-families-to-get-ahead/.

79 Lawrence Mishel and others, State of Working America, 12th ed. (Washington: Economic Policy Institute, 2013), Figure 4C - Cumulative Change in Real Hourly Wages of Men, by Wage Percentile, 1979–2011, available at http://stateofworkingamerica.org/chart/swa-wages-figure-4c-change-real-hourly-wages/.

80 Miles Corak, “How to Slide Down the ‘Great Gatsby Curve’: Inequality, Life Chances, and Public Policy in the United States” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2012), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2012/12/05/46851/how-to-slide-down-the-great-gatsby-curve/.

81 Hartmann and Hayes, “Equal Pay for Working Women and Their Families: National Data on the Pay Gap and Its Costs.”

82 Founded in 1987, the mission of Center for Partnership, or CPS, is to accelerate movement to partnership systems of human rights and nonviolence, gender and racial equity, economic prosperity, and a sustainable environment through research, education, grassroots empowerment, and policy initiatives. CPS’s Caring Economy Campaign, or CEC, focuses on the enormous return on investment in the work of caring for and educating people, starting in early childhood—work still primarily done by women. For more information, visit their website at http://www.caringeconomy.org.

83 Nancy Folbre, For Love and Money: Care Provision in the United States (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2012).

84 Emma Fidel, “Women Seen Living Retirement in Poverty at Higher Rates Than Men,” Bloomberg News, July 25, 2012, available at http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-07-25/women-seen-living-retirement-in-poverty-at-higher-rates-than-men.

85 Max Fisher, “Map: How 35 Countries Compare on Child Poverty (the U.S. is ranked 34th),” The Washington Post, April 15, 2013, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/04/15/map-how-35-countries-compare-on-child-poverty-the-u-s-is-ranked-34th/.

86 Ueli Schiess and Jacqueline Schön-Bühlmann, “Satellitenkonto Haushaltsproduktion: Pilotversuch für die Schweiz (Satellite Account of Household Production for Switzerland)” (Neuchâtel, CH: Statistik der Schweiz, 2004).

87 Mignon Duffy, Randy Albelda, and Clare Hammonds, “Counting Care Work: The Empirical and Policy Applications of Care Theory,” Social Problems 60 (2) (2013): 145–167.

88 Benjamin Bridgeman and others, “Accounting for Household Production in the National Accounts, 1965-2010” (Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2012), available at http://www.bea.gov/scb/pdf/2012/05%20May/0512_household.pdf.

89 S.A. Hoenig and A.R.E. Page, “Counting on Care Work in Australia” (Prepared by AECgroup Limited for economic Security4Women, Australia, 2012), available at http://www.security4women.org.au/wp-content/uploads/eS4W-Counting-on-Care-Work-in-Australia-Final-Report.pdf (last accessed September 2013).

90 Caring Economy Campaign, “Public Policy: Social Wealth Indicators Project,” available at http://www.caringeconomy.org/content/public-policy-social-wealth-indicators-project (last accessed September 2013).

91 S.P. Walker and others, “Building Human Capacity Through Early Childhood Intervention,” West Indian Medical Journal 61 (4) (2012): 216–322.

92 David Kirp, ed., The Sandbox Investment: the Preschool Movement and Kids-First Policies, Harvard University Press, 2009, pp. 5-10.

93 Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, and Saadia Zahidi, “The Global Gender Gap Report 2012” (Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2012).

94 Xavier Sala-i-Martin and others, “The Global Competitiveness Report 2012-2013” (Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2012), 1.1 Table 3: The Global Competitiveness Index 2012-2013 Rankings and 2011-2012 Comparisons.

95 Riane Eisler, The Real Wealth of Nations: Creating a Caring Economics, Berrett-Koehler, 2007, p. 60.

The Gender Wage Gap: A Civil Rights Issue for Our Time

1 Reshma Jagsi and others, “Gender Differences in the Salaries of Physician Researchers,” Journal of the American Medical Association 307 (22) (2012): 2410–2417, available at http://www.med.upenn.edu/focus/user_documents/GenderDifferencesintheSalariesofPhysicianResearchers-JAMA.pdf.

Making the Care Economy a Caring Economy

1 Author interview with Anna, New York, New York, March 2013.

2 U.S. Census Bureau, “DataFerrett: American Community Survey, 2004-2010,” available at http://www.census.gov/acs/www/data_documentation/data_ferrett_for_pums/ (last accessed August 2013).

3 Linda Burnham and Nik Theodore, “Home Economics: The Invisible and Unregulated World of Domestic Work” (New York: National Domestic Workers Alliance, 2012), available at http://www.domesticworkers.org/pdfs/HomeEconomicsEnglish.pdf.

4 Ibid.

5 Ibid.

6 Author interview with Marlene Champion, Brooklyn, New York, September 27, 2012.

7 New York Department of Labor, “Domestic Workers’ Bill of Rights,” available at http://www.labor.ny.gov/legal/domestic-workers-bill-of-rights.shtm (last accessed August 2013).

8 Bryce Covert, “Hawaii Becomes Second State To Pass A Domestic Workers Bill of Rights,” ThinkProgress, May 2, 2013, available at http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2013/05/02/1955901/hawaii-domestic-workers-bill-of-rights/.

9 National Domestic Workers Alliance, “Governor Brown Signs California Domestic Workers Bill of Rights,” Press release, September 26, 2013, available at http://www.domesticworkers.org/news/2013/governor-brown-signs-california-domestic-worker-bill-of-rights.

10 National Domestic Workers Alliance, “Who We Are,” available at http://www.domesticworkers.org/who-we-are (last accessed September 2013).

11 Covert, “Hawaii Becomes Second State To Pass A Domestic Workers Bill of Rights.”

12 U.S. Department of Labor, “Minimum wage, overtime protections extended to direct care workers by US Labor Department,” Press release, September 17, 2013, available at http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/whd/WHD20131922.htm.

Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Broke

1 Laura E. Durso and Gary J. Gates, “Serving Our Youth: Findings from a National Survey of Services Providers Working with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth Who Are Homeless or At Risk of Becoming Homeless” (The Palette Fund, The True Colors Fund, and the Williams Institute, 2012), available at http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Durso-Gates-LGBT-Homeless-Youth-Survey-July-2012.pdf

2 Andrew Phifer and Jeff Krehely, “Gay and Transgender Homeless Youth Face Huge Obstacles” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2012), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/report/2012/07/12/11954/gay-and-transgender-homeless-youth-face-huge-obstacles/.

3 Movement Advancement Project, Human Rights Campaign, and Center for American Progress, “A Broken Bargain: Discrimination, Fewer Benefits and More Taxes for LGBT Workers” (2013), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/report/2013/06/04/65133/a-broken-bargain/.

4 Ibid.

5 M.V. Lee Badgett, Laura E. Durso, and Alyssa Schneebaum, “New Patterns of Poverty in the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Community” (Los Angeles: The Williams Institute, 2013), available at http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/census-lgbt-demographics-studies/lgbt-poverty-update-june-2013/.

6 Aisha C. Moodie-Mills, “Jumping Beyond the Broom: Why Black Gay and Transgender Americans Need More Than Marriage Equality” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2012), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2012/01/pdf/black_lgbt.pdf.

7 Jaime M. Grant, Lisa A. Mottet, and Justin Tanis, “Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey” (National Center For Transgender Equality and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 2011), available at http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/reports/reports/ntds_full.pdf.

8 Badgett, Durso, and Schneebaum, “New Patterns of Poverty in the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Community.”

9 Jennifer Chrisler, Ineke Mushovic, and Jeff Krehely, “Making Public Policy Work for All Households: How Current Laws Fail to Address the Changing Reality of American Families” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2011), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/report/2011/10/25/10474/making-public-policy-work-for-all-households/.

The Changing Face of American Women

1 Vanessa Cárdenas and Sarah Treuhaft, eds., All-In Nation: An America that Works for All (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2013), p. 32, available at http://www.allinnation.org.

2 Author’s calculations based on U.S. Census Bureau, “2012 National Population Projections: Downloadable Files,” available at http://www.census.gov/population/projections/data/national/2012/downloadablefiles.html (last accessed September 2013).

3 Sabrina Tavernise, “Whites Account for Under Half of Births in U.S.,” The New York Times, May 17, 2013, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/17/us/whites-account-for-under-half-of-births-in-us.html?pagewanted=all.

4 Insight Center for Community Economic Development, “Lifting as we Climb: Women of Color, Wealth, and America’s Future” (2010), available at http://www.cunapfi.org/download/198_Women_of_Color_Wealth_Future_Spring_2010.pdf.

5 Sophia Kerby, “The State of Women of Color in the United States” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2012), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/report/2012/07/17/11923/the-state-of-women-of-color-in-the-united-states/.

6 National Partnership for Women & Families, “African American Women and the Wage Gap” (2013), available at http://go.nationalpartnership.org/site/DocServer/Wage_Gap_for_African_American_Women_in_20_States.pdf?docID=11702.

7 National Partnership for Women & Families, “Latinas and the Wage Gap” (2013), available at http://go.nationalpartnership.org/site/DocServer/Wage_Gap_for_Latinas_in_20_States.pdf?docID=11701.

8 National Women’s Law Center, “Women’s Poverty Rate Stabilizes, Remains Historically High,” available at http://www.nwlc.org/womens-poverty-rate-stabilizes-remains-historically-high (last accessed September 2013).

9 University of Michigan National Poverty Center, “Poverty in the United States: Frequently Asked Questions,” available at http://www.npc.umich.edu/poverty/ (last accessed September 2013).

10 U.S. Department of Commerce, “Minority Women-Owned Firms Are the Fastest Growing,” available at http://www.mbda.gov/node/1201 (last accessed September 2013).

11 Shetal Vohra-Gupta, “Women of Color and Minimum Wage: A Policy of Racial, Gender, and Economic Discrimination” (Austin, TX: The University of Texas at Austin Institute for Urban Policy Research & Analysis, 2012), available at http://www.utexas.edu/cola/insts/iupra/_files/pdf/IUPRA%20brief%20Minimum%20Wage.pdf.

12 Cárdenas and Treuhaft, All-In Nation.

13 National Fair Housing Alliance, “Summer 2008 Lott Leadership Exchange: Race, Religion and Reconciliation in a Comparative Dialogue,” PowerPoint presentation, July 3, 2008, available at http://www.nationalfairhousing.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=mkUgz4m5QGE%3D&tabid=3917&mid=5418.

14 Patrick Sharkey, “Neighborhoods and the Black-White Mobility Gap” (Washington: Pew Charitable Trusts, 2009), available at http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Economic_Mobility/PEW_SHARKEY_v12.pdf.

Empowering Latinas

1 U.S. Census Bureau, “American FactFinder,” available at http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=SBO_2007_00CSA01&prodType=table (last accessed September 2013).

2 Education Week, “Trailing Behind, Moving Forward: Latino Students in U.S. Schools,” June 7, 2012, available at http://www.edweek.org/ew/toc/2012/06/07/.

3 National Women’s Law Center, “Poverty Among Women and Families, 2000-2010: Extreme Poverty Reaches Record Levels as Congress Faces Critical Choices” (2011), available at http://www.nwlc.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/povertyamongwomenandfamilies2010final.pdf.

4 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age,” available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t03.htm (last accessed September 2013).

5 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Table 7. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, annual averages,” available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/wkyeng.t07.htm (last accessed September 2013).

6 U.S. Census Bureau, “National Characteristics: Vintage 2011,” available at http://www.census.gov/popest/data/national/asrh/2011/tables/NC-EST2011-03.xls (last accessed September 2013).

7 U.S. Census Bureau, “Facts for Features: Hispanic Heritage Month 2012: Sept. 15 — Oct. 15,” Press release, August 6, 2012, available at http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb12-ff19.html.

8 U.S. Census Bureau, “An Older and More Diverse Nation by Midcentury,” Press release, August 14, 2008, available at http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb08-123.html.

9 Patricia Gándara and others, “Making Education Work for Latinas in the U.S.” (Los Angeles: Eva Longoria Foundation, 2013), available at http://www.evalongoriafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Making-Education-Work-for-Latinas-in-the-US-by-the-Eva-Longoria-Foundation1.pdf.

Marriage, Motherhood, and Men

1 American Rhetoric, “Lyndon Baines Johnson: First State of the Union Address,” available at http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/lbj1964stateoftheunion.htm (last accessed October 2013).

2 Stephen D. Sugarman, “What is a ‘Family’? Conflicting Messages from Our Public Programs,” Family Law Quarterly 42 (2) (2008): 231–261, available at http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/What_is_a_Family-Conflicting_Messages(1).

3 U.S. Department of Labor, “The Negro Family: The Case for National Action,” available at http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/webid-meynihan.htm (last accessed October 2013).

4 For a thoughtful look at the Moynihan Report nearly 50 years later, see Gregory Arcs and others, “The Moynihan Report Revisited” (Washington: Urban Institute, 2013), available at http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412839-The-Moynihan-Report-Revisited.pdf.

5 Data for births in 1964 were derived from U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, “Vital Statistics of the United States: 1964” (1964), available at http://www.nber.org/vital-stats-books/nat64_1.CV.pdf. The number of total births in 1964 was 4,027,490 (Table 1-1 [1-3], p. 12), and the number of total unmarried births—or illegitimate births—was 275,700 (Table 1-26 [1-30], p. 39) for a rate of 6.8 percent.

6 Joyce Martin and others, “Births: Final Data for 2011” (Washington: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013), available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr62/nvsr62_01.pdf.

7 National Marriage Project at the University of Virginia, National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, and Relate Institute, “Knot Yet: The Benefits and Costs of Delayed Marriage in America,” available at http://twentysomethingmarriage.org/ (last accessed October 2013).

8 Martin and others, “Births.”

9 Kristin Anderson Moore, Susan M. Jekielek, and Carol Emig, “Marriage From A Child’s Perspective: How Does Family Structure Affect Children, And What Can We Do About It?” (Washington: Child Trends, 2002), available at http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/MarriageRB602.pdf.

10 Andrew Cherlin, The Marriage-Go-Round (New York: Vintage Books, 2009).

11 Gretchen Livingston and D’Vera Cohn, “Record Share of New Mothers are College Educated” (Washington: Pew Research Center, 2013), available at http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/05/10/record-share-of-new-mothers-are-college-educated/.

12 Ibid.

13 Ibid.

14 Rachel M. Shattuck and Rose M. Kreider, “Social and Economic Characteristics of Currently Unmarried Women with a Recent Birth: 2011” (Washington: Census Bureau, 2013), available at http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-21.pdf.

15 Martin and others, “Births.”

16 Ibid.

17 Shattuck and Kreider, “Social and Economic Characteristics of Currently Unmarried Women with a Recent Birth.” In households with incomes between $15,000 and $24,999, 53 percent of births were to unmarried mothers; in households with incomes between $25,000 and $34,999, 46.5 percent of births were to unmarried mothers. The federal poverty level in 2013 for a family of two—one adult and one child—is $15,510; the federal poverty level for a family of three—one adult and two children—is $19,530. See Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, “2013 Poverty Guidelines,” available at http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/13poverty.cfm.

18 U.S. Census Bureau, “American Community Survey 2011 1-Year Estimates,” tables B13014, B13002, B13010, available at http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/state_census_data_center/american_community_survey/#ACS2011x1.

19 Sandra L. Hofferth, Lori Reid, and Frank L. Mott, “The Effects of Early Childbearing On Schooling over Time,” Family Planning Perspectives 33 (6) (2001): 259–267; Margaret Mooney Marini, “Women’s Educational Attainment and the Timing of Entry into Parenthood,” American Sociological Review 49 (4) (1984): 491–511.

20 Martin and others, “Births.”

21 Mark Mather, “U.S. Children in Single-Mother Families” (Washington: Population Reference Bureau, 2010); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “New Report Sheds Light on Trends and Patterns in Marriage, Divorce, and Cohabitation,” Press release, July 24, 2002, available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/02news/div_mar_cohab.htm.

22 National Marriage Project at the University of Virginia, National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, and Relate Institute, “Knot Yet.”

23 Matthew Bramlett and William Mosher, “Cohabitation, Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage in the United States” (Washington: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002), available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_23/sr23_022.pdf.

24 Adam Isen and Betsey Stevenson, “Women’s Education and Family Behavior: Trends in Marriage, Divorce and Fertility.” Working Paper 15725 (University of Pennsylvania, 2010).

25 Bramlett and Mosher, “Cohabitation, Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage in the United States.”

26 Mather, “U.S. Children in Single-Mother Families.”

27 Julissa Cruz, “Single, Cohabiting, and Married Mothers in the U.S., 2011,” (Bowling Green, OH: National Center for Family & Marriage Research, 2011), available at http://ncfmr.bgsu.edu/pdf/family_profiles/file119797.pdf.

28 William D. Mosher, Jo Jones, and Joyce C. Abma, “Intended and Unintended Births in the United States: 1982–2010” (Washington: Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012), available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr055.pdf. Also, see Elizabeth Wildsmith, Nicole R. Steward-Streng, and Jennifer Manlove, “Childbearing Outside of Marriage: Estimates and Trends in the United States” (Washington: Child Trends, 2011), available at http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Child_Trends-2011_11_01_RB_NonmaritalCB.pdf.

29 Gretchen Livingston and Kim Parker, “A Tale of Two Fathers: More are Active, But More are Absent” (Washington: Pew Research Center, 2011), available at http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2011/06/fathers-FINAL-report.pdf.

30 Ibid.

31 Kathryn Edin, “What about the Fathers?”

32 Ibid.

33 Ibid.

34 Wendy Wang, Kim Parker, and Paul Taylor, “Breadwinning Moms” (Washington: Pew Research, 2013), available at http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2013/05/Breadwinner_moms_final.pdf.

35 Timothy Grall, “Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support: 2009” (Washington: U.S. Census Bureau, 2011), available at http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-240.pdf.

36 See Charles Murray, Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010 (New York: Crown Forum, 2012); Naomi Cahn and June Carbone, Red Families v. Blue Families (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010); Cherlin, The Marriage-Go-Round.

37 Christine Bachrach and others, “Unplanned Pregnancy and Abortion in the United States and Europe: Why So Different?” (Washington: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, 2012), available at http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/resources/pdf/pubs/international-comparisons.pdf.

38 Mather, “U.S. Children in Single-Mother Families.” Also, see Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, “Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study Fact Sheet,” available at http://www.fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/documents/FragileFamiliesandChildWellbeingStudyFactSheet.pdf (last accessed October 2013).

39 Sheila B. Kamerman and others, “Social Policies, Family Types and Child Outcomes in Selected OECD Countries” (Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2003), available at http://www.oecd.org/social/family/2955844.pdf; Paul R. Amato, “The Impact of Family Formation Change on the Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Well-Being of the Next Generation,” The Future of Children 15 (2) (2005): 75–96; Simon Chapple, “Child Well-Being and Sole-Parent Family Structure in the OECD: An Analysis,” (Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2003), available at http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?doclanguage=en&cote=delsa/elsa/wd/sem(2009)10. This suggests that earlier research summaries may overstate the conclusiveness of the effect.

40 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, “PISA 2009 Results: Executive Summary” (2010), available at http://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisaproducts/46619703.pdf.

41 Timothy Casey and Laurie Maldonado, “Worst Off – Single-Parent Families in the United States: A Cross-National Comparison of Single Parenthood in the U.S. and Sixteen Other High-Income Countries” (Washington: Legal Momentum, 2012), available at http://www.legalmomentum.org/sites/default/files/reports/worst-off-single-parent.pdf.

42 Jane Waldfogel, Terry-Ann Craigie, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, “Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing,” Future Child 20 (2) (2010): 87–112, available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074431/. Also, see Bendheim-Thoman Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, “Maternal Stress and Mother Behaviors in Stable and Unstable Families” (2004), available at http://www.fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/briefs/ResearchBrief27.pdf.

43 Isabel Sawhill, Adam Thomas, and Emily Monea, “An Ounce of Prevention: Policy Prescriptions to Reduce the Prevalence of Fragile Families,” Future Child 20 (2) (2010): 133–155, available at http://futureofchildren.org/futureofchildren/publications/docs/20_02_07.pdf.

44 Robert Pianta and Byron Egeland, “Life Stress and Parenting Outcomes in a Disadvantaged Sample: Results of the Mother-Child Interaction Project,” Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 19 (4) (1990): 329–336; Aurora P. Jackson and others, “Single Mothers in Low-Wage Jobs: Financial Strain, Parenting, and Preschoolers’ Outcomes,” Child Development 71 (5) (2003): 1409–1423.

45 Professor Melissa Murray recognized this agreement and has written a thought-provoking piece about what the agreement may mean for “illegitimate” children. See Melissa Murray, “What’s So New about the New Illegitimacy?”, American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law 20 (2012): 387.

46 United States of America v. Edith Schlain Windsor and Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group of the United States House of Representatives, Supreme Court of the United States (January 22, 2013) (No. 12-307), available at http://sblog.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/BLAG-merits-brief-1-22-131.pdf.

47 United States of America v. Edith Schlain Windsor, in her Capacity as Executor of the Estate of Thea Clara Spyer, et al., Supreme Court of the United States (March 1, 2013) (No. 12-307), available at http://www.scribd.com/doc/128173263/12-307-Brief-for-the-American-Psychological-Association.

48 Dennis Hollingsworth, et al. v. Kristin M. Perry, et al., & United States, Petitioner, v. Edith Schlain Windsor in her Capacity as Executor of the Estate of Thea Clara Spyer, And Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group of The United States House of Representatives, Respondents, Supreme Court of the United States (February 28, 2013) (No. 12-144), available at http://www.scribd.com/doc/127819899/12-144-307-American-Sociological-Association-Amicus.

49 Joan Kelly, “Children’s Adjustment in Conflicted Marriage and Divorce: A Decade Review of Research,” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 39 (8) (2000): 963–973; Paul R. Amato, “The Consequences of Divorce for Adults and Children,” Journal of Marriage and Family 62 (4) (2000): 1269–1287.

50 Melvin Stephens Jr., “Worker Displacement and the Added Worker Effect.” Working Paper 8260 (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011), available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w8260.pdf?new_window=1.

51 Dorit Geva, “Not Just Maternalism: Marriage and Fatherhood in American Welfare Policy,” Social Politics 18 (1) (2011): 24–51; Sean Brotherson and William Duncan, “Rebinding the Ties that Bind: Government Efforts to Preserve and Promote Marriage,” Family Relations 53 (5) (2004): 459–468.

52 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, Public Law 193, 104th Cong., (August 22, 1996).

53 Peter Edelman, “Beyond Welfare Reform: Economic Justice in the 21st Century,” Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law 24 (1) (2003): 475–486.

54 Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, Public Law 171, 109th Cong., (February 8, 2006).

55 Joy Moses, “Strengthening Families and Communities: Strategies to Promote Better Economic and Social Outcomes for All Families.” In Half in Ten Annual Report 2013 (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2013).

56 Stephanie Coontz, “Marriage, Poverty, and Public Policy,” The American Prospect, March 21, 2002, available at http://prospect.org/article/marriage-poverty-and-public-policy.

57 Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas, Promises I Can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood before Marriage (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005).

58 Valerie Oppenheimer and Vivian Lew, “American Marriage Formation in the 1980s.” In Karen Mason and An-Magritt Jensen, eds., Gender and Family Change in Industrialized Countries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 105–138; Sharon Sassler and Robert Schoen, “The Effects of Attitudes and Economic Activity on Marriage,” Journal of Marriage and the Family 61 (1) (1999): 148–149.

59 Cruz, “Single, Cohabiting, and Married Mothers in the U.S., 2011.”

America’s Working Single Mothers: An Appreciation

1 The White House, “Remarks by the President in Welcoming the Miami Heat,” Press release, January 28, 2013, available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/01/28/remarks-president-welcoming-miami-heat.

To the Brink and Back

1 Women Work! The National Network for Women’s Employment, “Chutes and Ladders: The Search for Solid Ground for Women in the Workforce” (2005), available at http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.womenwork.org/ContentPages/52424749.pdf.

Marriage and Children: Another View

1 Unless otherwise indicated, all references to Census Bureau data are taken from a Brookings Institution analysis of the past five decennial Census Bureau reports (1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010).

2 Sheela Kennedy and Larry Bumpass, “Cohabitation and Children’s Living Arrangements: New Estimates from the United States,” Demographic Research 19 (47) (2008).

3 Sara McLanahan and Gary Sandefur, Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).

4 For reviews of this literature, see Sara McLanahan, Elisabeth Donahue, and Ron Haskins, “Introducing the Issue,” The Future of Children: Marriage and Child Wellbeing 15 (2) (2005); David Autor and Melanie Wasserman, “Wayward sons: The emerging gender gap in labor markets and education” (Washington: Third Way, 2013).

5 Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2012, Current Population Reports” (Washington: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013).

6 Isabel V. Sawhill and Ron Haskins, “Work and Marriage: The Way to End Poverty and Welfare” (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 2003).

7 Jane Waldfogel and Elizabeth Washbrook, “Early Years Policy,” Child Development Research (2011): 1–12; Ariel Kalil, “Inequality Begins at Home: The Role of Parenting in the Diverging Destinies of Rich and Poor Children,” Paper prepared for the 21st Annual Symposium on Family Issues, Pennsylvania State University, October 7–8, 2013.

8 Gregory Acs and Elaine Maag, “Irreconcilable Differences? The Conflict between Marriage Promotion Initiatives for Cohabiting Couples with Children and Marriage Penalties in Tax and Transfer Programs” (Washington, Urban Institute, 2005).

A Call to Men: Ending Men’s Violence Against Women

1 U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, “Violence Against Women: A Week In the Life of America” (1992).

2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “NISVS: An Overview of 2010 Summary Report Findings” (2010), available at http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/cdc_nisvs_overview_insert_final-a.pdf.

Women and Poverty: The Role of Lawyers and Family Law

1 Legal Services Corporation, “Documenting the Justice Gap In America: The Current Unmet Civil Legal Needs of Low-Income Americans” (2009), available at http://www.lsc.gov/sites/default/files/LSC/pdfs/documenting_the_justice_gap_in_america_2009.pdf.

2 See Stephanie Coontz, “Divorce, No-Fault Style,” The New York Times, June 16, 2010, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/17/opinion/17coontz.html?_r=0.

3 Child support collection systems have developed in all states under Title IV-D of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. 651 et seq.

4 Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013, Public Law 113-4, 113th Cong. (March 7, 2013), available at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-113publ4/pdf/PLAW-113publ4.pdf.

5 Legal Momentum, “State Law Guide: Employment Rights for Victims of Domestic or Sexual Violence” (2013), available at http://www.scribd.com/doc/160011402/State-Law-Guide-Employment-Rights-for-Victims-of-Domestic-or-Sexual-Violence.

6 Safe Homes Act, 765 ILCS 750 (January 1, 2007), available at http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=2817&ChapterID=62

7 Ensuring Success in School Task Force, Public Act 95-0558 (August 30, 2007), available at http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/fulltext.asp?Name=095-0558.

8 See, for example, Illinois Child Support, “Child Support Services,” available at http://childsupportillinois.com (last accessed October 2013).

9 The shortage of attorneys engaging in policy-type activity on behalf of women in poverty is due in part to the fact that, since 1996, Congress has forbidden attorneys in legal-services programs to engage in legislative advocacy and related activities. See 45 CFR Part 1612.

Evolution of the Modern American Family

1 For this and the next two paragraphs, see Stephanie Coontz, The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap (New York: Basic Books, 1992); Stephanie Coontz, Marriage, a History: How Love Conquered Marriage (New York: Penguin Books, 2005).

2 Michael Greenstone and Adam Looney, “Trends: Men in Trouble,” Milken Institute Review (2011), available at http://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/review/2011_7/08-16mr51.pdf; Lawrence Mishel and Heidi Shierholz, “A Decade of Flat Wages: The Key Barrier to Shared Prosperity and a Rising Middle Class” (Washington: Economic Policy Institute, 2013), available at http://www.epi.org/publication/a-decade-of-flat-wages-the-key-barrier-to-shared-prosperity-and-a-rising-middle-class/.

3 Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1963).

4 Stephanie Coontz, A Strange Stirring: The Feminine Mystique and American Women at the Dawn of the 1960s (New York: Basic Books, 2011).

5 Joan C. Williams and Heather Boushey, “The Three Faces of Work-Family Conflict” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2010), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/report/2010/01/25/7194/the-three-faces-of-work-family-conflict/.

6 Sylvia Ann Hewlett, Off Ramps and On Ramps (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2007), p. 45; Ann Crittendon, The Price of Motherhood (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2001), p. 89.

7 Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011” (Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce, 2012), available at http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p60-243.pdf.

8 Eva Bertram, “NET Gains and Losses: A Modern Labor Market and a New Deal Welfare State” (Washington: Third Way, 2013), available at http://content.thirdway.org/publications/648/Third_Way_Report_-_Net_Gains_and_Losses_A_Modern_Labor_Market_and_a_New_Deal_Welfare_State_.pdf.

9 Stephanie Coontz and Nancy Folbre, “Marriage, Poverty, and Public Policy” (Coral Gables, FL: Council on Contemporary Families, 2002), available at http://www.contemporaryfamilies.org/Marriage-Partnership-Divorce/marriage-poverty-and-public-policy.html; Gabrielle Raley, “Avenue to Adulthood.” In Stephanie Coontz, ed., American Families (New York: Routledge, 2008); The Economist, “Economist Debates: Marriage: Opening statements,” December 11, 2012, available at http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/908; The Economist, “Economist Debates: Marriage: Rebuttal statements,” December 14, 2012, available at http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/913; The Economist, “Economist Debates: Marriage: Closing statements,” December 19, 2012, available at http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/914.

10 Greenstone and Looney, “Trends: Men in Trouble.”

11 Although domestic-violence rates have been falling in the United States, Duke University researcher Linda Burton and her team of Fragile Families researchers discovered that two-thirds of the impoverished single mothers they interviewed had experienced serious abuse at the hands of their partners. Council on Contemporary Families, “Is That a Fact? Council on Contemporary Family Researchers Offer Guidance on Making Sense of Competing Factoids and Claims about What Causes What,” Press release, August 18, 2009, available at http://www.contemporaryfamilies.org/all/is-that-a-fact.html.

12 Shelley J. Correll, “Equal Pay? Not Yet for Mothers,” Council on Contemporary Families, available at http://www.contemporaryfamilies.org/Economic-Issues/equal-pay-not-yet-for-mothers.html.

13 Ibid.

14 Scott Coltrane and others, “Fathers and the Flexibility Stigma,” Journal of Social Issues 69 (2) (2013).

15 Kerstin Aumann, Ellen Galinsky, and Kenneth Matos, “The New Male Mystique” (New York: Families and Work Institute, 2011), available at http://familiesandwork.org/site/research/reports/newmalemystique.pdf; Ellen Galinsky, Kerstin Aumann, and James T. Bond, “Times are Changing: Gender and Generation at Work and at Home” (New York: Families and Work Institute, 2011), available at http://familiesandwork.org/site/research/reports/Times_Are_Changing.pdf.

16 Joy Misra, “Which Policies Promote Gender Pay Equality?”, Council on Contemporary Families, available at http://contemporaryfamilies.org/Economic-Issues/which-policies-promote-gender-pay-equality.html.

17 Janet Gornick and Markus Jantti, eds., Income Inequality: Economic Disparities and the Middle Class in Affluent Countries (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013), p. 29; Female Labor Supply: Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn, “Why is the US Falling Behind?” Working Paper 18702 (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2013).

18 Jody Heymann and Kristin McNeil, Children’s Chances: How Countries Can Move from Surviving to Thriving (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013).

Get Smart: A 21st-Century Education for All Women

1 Thomas D. Snyder and Sally A. Dillow, “Digest of Education Statistics 2012” (Washington: National Center for Education Statistics, 2013), Table 221.

2 Ibid.

3 Snyder and Dillow, “Digest of Education Statistics 2012,” Table 310.

4 Ibid.

5 National Center for Education Statistics, “Digest of Education Statistics 2012 — Table 10. Number of persons age 18 and over, by highest level of educational attainment, sex, race/ethnicity, and age: 2012,” available at http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d12/tables/dt12_010.asp.

6 Patricia Gándara and others, “Making Education Work for Latinas in the U.S.” (Los Angeles: Eva Longoria Foundation, 2013), available at http://www.evalongoriafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Making-Education-Work-for-Latinas-in-the-US-by-the-Eva-Longoria-Foundation1.pdf.

7 Anthony P. Carnevale, Stephen J. Rose, and Andrew R. Hanson, “Certificates: Gateway to Gainful Employment and College Degrees” (Washington: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, 2012), available at http://cew.georgetown.edu/certificates/.

8 Carnevale, Rose, and Hanson, “Certificates: Gateway to Gainful Employment and College Degrees”; Anthony P. Carnevale, Stephen J. Rose, and Ban Cheah, “The College Payoff: Education, Occupations, Lifetime Earnings” (Washington: Georgetown University, Center for Education and the Workforce, 2011), available at http://cew.georgetown.edu/collegepayoff/.

9 582,000 boys won’t go either. Authors’ estimate based on analysis of previous year’s continuation rate and current enrollment levels. See Bureau of Labor Statistics, “College Enrollment and Work Activity of 2012 High School Graduates,” News release, April 17, 2013, available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/hsgec.nr0.htm.

10 National Center for Education Statistics, “Digest of Education Statistics 2012.”

11 Lumina Foundation, “A Stronger Nation through Higher Education: Visualizing data to help us achieve a big goal for college attainment” (2013), available at http://www.luminafoundation.org/publications/A_stronger_nation_through_higher_education-2013.pdf.

12 Carnevale, Rose, and Cheah, “The College Payoff: Education, Occupations, Lifetime Earnings.”

13 Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment Projections: Earnings and unemployment rates by educational attainment,” available at http://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_chart_001.htm.

14 Carnevale, Rose, and Cheah, “The College Payoff: Education, Occupations, and Lifetime Earnings.”

15 Kevin Miller and Barbara Gault, “Improving Child Care Access to Promote Postsecondary Success Among Low-Income Parents” (Washington: Institute for Women’s Policy Research, 2011).

16 Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce calculations using National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2011 — Table 341. Percentage distribution of 1990 high school sophomores, by highest level of education completed through 2000 and selected student characteristics: 2000,” available at http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d11/tables/dt11_341.asp (last accessed June 2013).

17 See James J. Heckman, “The Case for Investing in Disadvantaged Young Children.” In First Focus, ed., Big Ideas for Children: Investing in our Nation’s Future (Washington: First Focus, 2009), p. 49, available at http://www.heckmanequation.org/content/resource/case-investing-disadvantaged-young-children.

18 See, for example, Peter R. Huttenlocher, “Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development,”Neuropsychologia 28 (6) (1990): 517–527; Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley, Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children (Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing, 1995).

19 The Ounce of Prevention Fund, “Why Investments in Early Childhood Work,” available at http://www.ounceofprevention.org/about/why-early-childhood-investments-work.php.

20 Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Table 2. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, October 2012,” available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/hsgec.t02.htm.

21 Lisa Shuger, “Teen Pregnancy and High School Dropout: What Communities Can Do to Address These Issues” (Washington: National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy and America’s Promise Alliance, 2012), available at http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/resources/pdf/teen-preg-hs-dropout.pdf.

22 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “About Teen Pregnancy,” available at http://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/aboutteenpreg.htm.

23 Kate Perper, Kristen Peterson, and Jennifer Manlove, “Diploma Attainment Among Teen Mothers” (Washington: Child Trends, 2010), available at http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/child_trends-2010_01_22_FS_diplomaattainment.pdf.

24 Ibid.

25 See Alexandria City Public Schools, “Report of TC Satellite Student Progress” (2013), available at http://www.acps.k12.va.us/satellite/update.pdf.

26 See Michael Alison Chandler, “Virtual school in shopping mall helps Alexandria students graduate,” The Washington Post, June 14, 2013, available at http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-14/local/39976865_1_shopping-mall-t-c-williams-high-school-virtual-school.

27 Center for American Progress analysis of National Center for Education Statistics, 2003-04 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study, Second Follow-up, available at http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/bps/ (last accessed September 2013).

28 For some “at-risk” students, however, completion of the GED may present better options that the alternative of not completing it at all. A study of the impact of a GED on wages and earnings of young adults by cognitive ability showed that 27-year-old male dropouts with weak cognitive skills as 10th graders were able to earn higher wages with a GED than not having one at all. Richard J. Murnane, John B. Willett, and John H. Tyler, “Who Benefits from Obtaining a GED? Evidence from High School and Beyond,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, 82 (1) (2000): 23-37, available at http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/003465300558605?journalCode=rest.

29 CDC, “About Teen Pregnancy.”

30 Bruce D. Baker and Sean P. Corcoran, “The Stealth Inequities of School Funding: How State and Local Finance Systems Perpetuate Inequitable Student Spending” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2012); Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane, “Introduction: The American Dream, Then and Now.” In Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane, eds., Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011).

31 Cynthia G. Brown, “Toward a Coherent and Fair Funding System.” In Paul Manna and Patrick McGuinn, eds., Education Governance for the Twenty-First Century: Overcoming the Structural Barriers to School Reform (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, Thomas B. Fordham Institute, and Center for American Progress, 2013).

32 National Center for Education Statistics, “Monitoring Quality: An Indicators Report” (2000), available at http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2001/2001030.pdf; Heather G. Peske, and Kati Haycock, “Teaching Inequality: How Poor and Minority Students are Shortchanged on Teacher Quality” (Washington: The Education Trust, 2006); Tennessee Department of Education, “Tennessee’s Most Effective Teachers: Are They Assigned to the Schools That Need Them Most?” (2007), available at http://www.state.tn.us/education/nclb/doc/TeacherEffectiveness2007_03.pdf.

33 Nicole S. Sorhagen, “Early teacher expectations disproportionately affect poor children’s high school performance,” Journal of Educational Psychology 105 (2) (2013): 465–477.

34 Ibid.

35 Hart and Risley, Meaningful differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children.

36 Susan C. Levine and others, “What counts in the development of young children’s number knowledge?” Developmental Psychology 46 (5) (2010): 1309–1319.

37 Meredith Philips, “Parenting, time use, and disparities in academic outcomes.” In Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane, eds., Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011).

38 Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort, is analyzed by Lee and Burkam in Valerie E. Lee and David T. Burkam, Inequality at the Starting Gate: Social Background Differences in Achievement as Children Begin School (Washington: Economic Policy Institute, 2002).

39 Richard J. Murnane and Jennifer L. Steele, “What is the problem? The challenge of providing effective teachers for all children,” The Future of Children 17 (1) (2007): 15–43; Hamilton Lankford, Susanna Loeb, and James Wyckoff, “Teacher sorting and the plight of urban schools: A descriptive analysis,” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 24 (1) (2002): 37–62.

40 Catherine Hill, Christianne Corbett, and Andresse St. Rose, “Why So Few? Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics” (Washington: American Association of University Women, 2010), available at http://www.aauw.org/files/2013/02/Why-So-Few-Women-in-Science-Technology-Engineering-and-Mathematics.pdf.

41 Hill and others (2010) above cite the following among other works by Carol Dweck on beliefs about intelligence. Carol S. Dweck and Ellen Leggett, “A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality,” Psychological Review 95 (2) (2010): 256–273.

42 Catherine Good, Aneeta Rattan, and Carol S. Dweck, “Why Do Women Opt Out? Sense of Belonging and Women’s Representation in Mathematics,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102 (4) (2012): 700–717.

43 Ibid.; Shelley J. Correll, “Gender and the career choice process: The role of biased self-assessments,” American Journal of Sociology 106 (6) (2004): 1691–1730; Shelley J. Correll, “Constraints into preferences: Gender, status, and emerging career aspirations,” American Sociological Review 69 (1) (2004): 93–113.

44 Ibid.

45 Keith Wagstaff, “‘Girls Who Code’ Looks to Close the Tech Gender Gap,” Time, June 28, 2012, available at http://techland.time.com/2012/06/28/girls-who-code-looks-to-close-the-tech-gender-gap/.

46 Miller and Gault, “Improving Child Care Access.”

47 National Center for Education Statistics, “Digest of Education Statistics — Table 9. Percentage of persons 25 to 29 years old with selected levels of educational attainment, by race/ethnicity and sex: Selected years, 1920 through 2012),” available at http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d12/tables/dt12_009.asp.

48 Phil Oliff and others, “Recent Deep State Higher Education Cuts May Harm Students and the Economy for Years to Come” (Washington: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2013), available at http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=3927.

49 State Higher Education Executive Officers Association, “State Higher Education Finance (SHEF) Report for FY2012 Released,” Press release, March 6, 2013, available at http://www.sheeo.org/news/state-higher-education-finance-shef-report-fy2012-released.

50 John Schmitt and Heather Boushey, “The College Conundrum: Why the Benefits of a College Education May Not Be So Clear, Especially to Men” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2010), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2010/12/pdf/college_conundrum.pdf.

51 The Project on Student Debt, “Student Debt and the Class of 2011” (2012), available at http://projectonstudentdebt.org/files/pub/classof2011.pdf.

52 Meta Brown and others, “Grading Student Loans,” Liberty Street Economics Blog, comment posted March 5, 2012, available at http://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2012/03/grading-student-loans.html.

53 Tracey Hunt-White, “2011-2012 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:12)” (Washington: National Center for Education Statistics, 2013).

54 National Center for Education Statistics, “Fast Facts: Tuition costs of colleges and universities,” available at http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=76.

55 The College Board Advocacy and Policy Center, “Trends in College Pricing 2012” (2012), available at http://trends.collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/college-pricing-2012-full-report-121203.pdf.

56 Anthony P. Carnevale, Jeff Strohl, and Michelle Melton, “What’s It Worth: The Economic Value of College Majors” (Washington: Georgetown University, Center on Education and the Workforce, 2011) available at http://cew.georgetown.edu/whatsitworth/.

57 Department of Education, “Proposed Rule Links Federal Student Aid to Loan Repayment Rates and Debt-to-Earnings Levels for Career College Graduates,” Press release, July 23, 2010, available at http://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/proposed-rule-links-federal-student-aid-loan-repayment-rates-and-debt-earnings-l.

58 Carnevale, Rose, and Hanson, “Certificates: Gateway to Gainful Employment and College Degrees.”

59 Ibid.

60 Unpublished CAP analysis of data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, or IPEDS. Data available at National Center for Education Statistics, “IPEDS Data Center,” available at http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/datacenter/.

61 Miller and Gault, “Improving Child Care Access.”

62 Ibid.

63 Ibid.

64 Ibid.

65 Ibid.

Turning Poverty Around: Training Parents to Help Their Kids

1 Save the Children, “Jennifer Garner Calls for Early Education Investment at Senate Hearing,” Press release, November 18, 2010, available at http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=8rKLIXMGIpI4E&b=6196021&ct=8884603&notoc=1.

2 Ibid.

Preschool for All: The Path to America’s Middle-Class Promise

1 Office of the Press Secretary, “Remarks by the President in the State of the Union Address,” Press release, February 12, 2013, available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/remarks-president-state-union-address.

2 T.D. Snyder and S.A. Dillow, Digest of Education Statistics 2011 (U.S. Department of Education, 2012).

3 Jack P. Shonkoff and Deborah A. Phillips, From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development (Washington: National Academy Press, 2000).

4 James J. Heckman and others, “The Rate of Return to the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program.” Working Paper 15471 (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009), available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w15471.

5 U.S. Census Bureau, “Table 6: Average Weekly Child Care Expenditures of Families with Employed Mothers that Make Payments by Age Groups and Selected Characteristics: Spring 2011,” available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/childcare/data/sipp/2011/tables.html (last accessed September 2013).

6 Tarja K. Viitanen, “Cost of Childcare and Female Employment in the UK,” Labour 19 (1) (2005): 149–170, available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9914.2005.00325.x/abstract.

7 Heather Boushey, “Staying Employed After Welfare: Work Supports and Job Quality Vital to Employment Tenure and Wage Growth” (Washington: Economic Policy Institute, 2002), available at http://www.epi.org/page/-/old/briefingpapers/128/bp128.pdf.

8 U.S. Department of Education, “Early Learning: America’s Middle Class Promise Begins Early,” available at http://www.ed.gov/early-learning (last accessed September 2013).

9 Association of School Business Officials International, “Archive of Past 100 Announcements,” available at http://network.asbointl.org/Home/Announcements/ (last accessed September 2013).

10 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, “Education at a Glance 2012: OECD Indicators” (2012), available at http://www.oecd.org/edu/EAG%202012_e-book_EN_200912.pdf.

Higher Education: Interrupting the Cycle of Poverty

1 Center for American Progress tabulation of data from Current Population Survey, 2013 Annual Social and Economic Supplement using Census Bureau CPS Table Creator.

2 Ibid.

3 Miami Dade College and Single Stop USA, “2-year Report” (2013), p. 1, available at http://www.singlestopusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/FINAL_MDC_2_YR.pdf.

4 Single Stop USA, “Programs,” available at http://www.singlestopusa.org/program/ (last accessed September 2013).

5 iMentor, “Mission and Work,” available at http://www.imentor.org/mission-and-work (last accessed September 2013); Year Up, “About Year Up,” available at http://www.yearup.org/about/main.php?page=aboutus (last accessed September 2013).

6 Miami Dade College, “General Information,” available at https://www.mdc.edu/hr/employeehandbook/generalinformation.asp (last accessed September 2013).

7 Paul A. Attewell and David E. Lavin, “Passing the Torch: Does Higher Education for the Disadvantaged Pay Off Across Generations?” (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007), p. 103.

8 Ibid., p. 82.

The Chronic Stress of Poverty: Toxic to Children

1 The patient’s name and identifying details have been changed in the interest of confidentiality.

2 The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, “What is The ACE Study?”, available at http://acestudy.org (last accessed September 2013).

3 University of California, San Francisco, “Alicia F. Lieberman, PhD,” available at http://psych.ucsf.edu/faculty.aspx?id=322 (last accessed September 2013).

The Trap: Mental Illness and Women in Poverty

1 Christopher G. Hudson, “Socioeconomic Status and Mental Illness: Tests of the Social Causation and Selection Hypotheses,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 75 (1) (2005):. 3–18, available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1037/0002-9432.75.1.3/abstract ; Jack Carney, “Poverty & Mental Illness: You Can’t Have One Without the Other,” Mad in America, March 7, 2012, available at http://www.madinamerica.com/2012/03/poverty-mental-illness-you-cant-have-one-without-the-other/.

Armed and Vulnerable: Women in the U.S. Military

1 Women Veterans Task Force, Strategies for Serving Our Women Veterans (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2012), available at http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ffVPbiefkdYJ:www.va.gov/opa/publications/draft_2012_women-veterans_strategicplan.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a.

2 Jessica A. Turchik and Susan M. Wilson, “Sexual assault in the U.S. military: A review of the literature and recommendations for the future,” United States Aggression and Violent Behavior 15 (1) (2010): 267–277, available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/222606398_Sexual_assault_in_the_U.S._military_A_review_of_the_literature_and_recommendations_for_the_future.

3 Donna L. Washington and others, “Risk Factors for Homelessness among Women Veterans,” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 21 (1) (2010): 82–91, available at http://bpwfoundation.org/documents/uploads/Washington_JHCPU_2010_corrected.pdf; Katherine M. Skinner and others, “The Prevalence of Military Sexual Assault Among Female Veterans’ Administration Outpatients,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 15 (3) (2000): 291–310, available at http://jiv.sagepub.com/content/15/3/291.short; A.G. Sadler and others, “Health-related consequences of physical and sexual violence: women in the military,” Obstetrics and Gynecology 96 (3) (2000): 473–480, available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10960645; S.M. Frayne and others, “Medical profile of women Veterans Administration outpatients who report a history of sexual assault occurring while in the military,” Journal of Women’s Health & Gender-Based Medicine 8 (6) (1999): 835–845, available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10495264; S.G. Haskell and others, “The association of sexual trauma with persistent pain in a sample of women veterans receiving primary care,” Pain Medicine 9 (6) (2008): 710–717, available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565005; U.A. Kelly and others, “More than military sexual trauma: interpersonal violence, PTSD, and mental health in women veterans,” Research in Nursing and Health 34 (6) (2011): 457–467, available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21898452; Alina Suris and Lisa Lind, “Military Sexual Trauma: A Review of Prevalence and Associated Health Consequences in Veterans,” Trauma Violence and Abuse 9 (4) (2008): 250–269, available at http://tva.sagepub.com/content/9/4/250.

4 Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office, Department of Defense Annual Report on Sexual Assault in the Military: Fiscal Year 2012 (U.S. Department of Defense, 2013), available at http://www.sapr.mil/index.php/annual-reports.

5 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Situation of Veterans – 2012 (U.S. Department of Labor, 2013).

6 Stacy Vasquez, “Homelessness Among Women Veterans” (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2011), available at http://www.va.gov/WOMENVET/2011Summit/VasquezFINAL.pdf.

7 Kathryn E. Kanzler, Amanda C. McCorkindale, and Laura J. Kanzler, “U.S. Military Women and Divorce: Separating the Issues,” Journal of Feminist Family Therapy 23 (1) (2011): 250–262, available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08952833.2011.604866#preview; A.E. Street, D. Vogt, and L. Dutra, “A new generation of women veterans: stressors faced by women deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan,” Clinical Psychology Review 29 (8) (2009): 685–694, available at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19766368.

8 Women Veterans Task Force, Strategies for Serving Our Women Veterans.

9 Ibid.

Human Trafficking and Slavery in the United States: ‘You Don’t See the Chains’

1 Kevin Bales, Zoe Trodd, and Alex Kent Williamson, Modern Slavery: The Secret World of 27 Million People (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009).

2 The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “Transnational organized crime: the globalized illegal economy,” available at http://www.unodc.org/toc/en/crimes/organized-crime.html (last accessed September 2013).

3 Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 (U.S. Department of State, 2012), p. 359, available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/192598.pdf.

4 Heather J. Clawson and others, “Human Trafficking Into and Within the United States: A Review of the Literature” (Washington: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009), available at http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/07/humantrafficking/litrev/.

5 Carissa Phelps, “How I Came to Talk About My Abuse,” The Huffington Post Blog, July 19, 2012, available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/carissa-phelps/child-abuse-runaway-girl_b_1686791.html.

A New America that Cares

1 Anne-Marie Slaughter, The Idea that Is America: Keeping Faith with Our Values in a Dangerous World (New York: Basic Books, 2007).

2 Emmanuel Saez, “Report Striking it Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States,” (Berkeley: University of California, 2013).

3 Carol Gilligan, Joining the Resistance (Cambridge: Policy Press, 2011).

Putting Women at the Center of Policymaking

1 Center for American Progress analysis of the Center for Economic and Policy Research Extracts of the 2012 Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group Files, available at http://ceprdata.org/cps-uniform-data-extracts/cps-outgoing-rotation-group/.

2 Francine Blau and Lawrence Kahn, “Female Labor Supply: Why Is the U.S. Falling Behind?” (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2013).

3 Economists have estimated that the value of unpaid household production in the United States, including unpaid care and housework, is equal to roughly 30 percent of GDP. See Joseph E. Stiglitz and others, “Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress” (Paris: Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress, 2008), available at http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/documents/rapport_anglais.pdf. And AARP has estimated that the economic value of unpaid family caregiving just for adults with limitations in daily activities amounted to about $450 billion in 2009. See Lynn Feinberg and others, “Valuing the Invaluable: 2011 Update—The Growing Contributions and Costs of Family Caregiving” (Washington: AARP Public Policy Institute, 2011).

4 Rose M. Kreider and Diana B. Elliott, “Historical Changes in Stay-at-Home Mothers: 1969 to 2009” (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010), available at http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/ASA2010_Kreider_Elliott.pdf.

5 For pregnancy disability leave, a doctor needs to certify that the mother is disabled and incapable of doing her regular and customary work because of pregnancy. Typically, the covered disability period is four weeks before the expected delivery date and up to six weeks after the actual delivery. See State of California Employment Development Department, “FAQs—Pregnancy,” available at http://www.edd.ca.gov/disability/FAQ_DI_Pregnancy.htm.

6 Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey: Employee Benefits in the United States, March 2013 (U.S. Department of Labor, issued September 2013), Civilian Worker Table 32, available at http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/benefits/2013/ebbl0052.pdf.

7 National Partnership for Women & Families, “Fact Sheet: The Case for a National Family and Medical Leave Insurance Program (The FAMILY Act)” (2013), available at http://www.nationalpartnership.org/research-library/work-family/paid-leave/family-act-fact-sheet.pdf.

8 For a thorough review of research on this point, see Heather Boushey and Sarah Jane Glynn, “The Effects of Paid Family and Medical Leave on Employment Stability and Economy Security” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2012).

9 Linda Houser and Thomas Vartanian, “Pay Matters: The Positive Economic Impacts of Paid Family Leave for Families, Businesses and the Public” (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center for Women and Work, 2012).

10 Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey: Employee Benefits in the United States, March 2013 (U.S. Department of Labor, issued September 2013), Private Worker Table 32, available at http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/benefits/2013/ebbl0052.pdf.

11 Ibid.

12 Our American Story, “Elose’s Story About Paid Sick Days,” available at http://halfinten.org/stories/eloses-story-about-paid-sick-days/ (last accessed October 2013).

13 Healthy Families Act, H.R. 1286, 113 Cong. 1 sess. (Government Printing Office, 2013); Healthy Families Act, S. 631, 113 Cong. 1 sess. (Government Printing Office, 2013).

14 Joint Economic Committee, Expanding Access to Paid Sick Leave: The Impact of the Healthy Families Act on America’s Workers (Government Printing Office, 2010).

15 Ibid. The Joint Economic Committee estimates that 6 million food service workers and 1.4 million personal care workers who currently lack paid sick time would gain access to it under the Healthy Families Act.

16 Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic (ASEC) Supplement (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2012), Table POV8, “Families with Related Children Under 6 by Number of Working Family Members and Family Structure, Below 200 Percent of Poverty,” available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032013/pov/pov08_200.htm.

17 Ibid.

18 See Sharmila Lawrence and others, “Parent Employment and the Use of Child Care Subsidies” (New York: National Center for Children in Poverty, 2006).

19 U.S. Department of Education, School Readiness, Fiscal Year 2014 Request, page C-8, available at http://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget14/justifications/c-schoolreadiness.pdf. For links to leading studies and research summaries, see Ounce of Prevention Fund, “Why Investments in Early Childhood Work,” available at http://www.ounceofprevention.org/about/why-early-childhood-investments-work.php.

20 Child Care Aware of America, “Parents and the High Cost of Child Care: 2012 Report” (Arlington, VA: Child Care Aware, 2012), available at http://www.naccrra.org/publications/naccrra-publications/2012/8/parents-and-the-high-cost-of-child-care-2012-report.

21 Bureau of the Census, Who’s Minding the Kids? Child Care Arrangements: 2011—Detailed Tables (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2011), Tables 5 and 6, available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/childcare/data/sipp/2011/tables.html.

22 Ibid. at Table 2A.

23 This is the percentage of children in 2010 who received child care subsidies from all federal sources (Temporary Assistance, Child Care and Development Fund, and Social Services Block Grant) compared to all children with income at or below 85 below of the median income of the state where they live. See Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families, Child Care and Development Fund, FY 2014 Budget Justification (2013), p. 54, available at https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/olab/sec2c_ccdbg_2014cj.pdf.

24 W.S. Barnett and others, “The State of Preschool 2012: State Preschool Yearbook” (New Brunswick, NJ: National Institute for Early Education Research, 2012), available at http://nieer.org/sites/nieer/files/yearbook2012.pdf.

25 Our American Story, “Jennifer’s Story About CCDBG and Head Start,” available at http://halfinten.org/stories/jennifers-story-about-ccdbg-and-head-start/(last accessed October 2013).

26 See details of President Obama’s Pre-School for All initiative, U.S. Department of Education, “Early Learning: America’s Middle Class Promise Begins Early,” at http://www.ed.gov/early-learning.

27 See, e.g., NBC News, “Working Americans turn down pay raise to avoid ‘cliff effect’,” May 24, 2013, available at http://www.nbcnews.com/video/rock-center/51996100.

28 See Cynthia Brown and others, “Investing in Our Children: A Plan to Expand Access to Preschool and Child Care” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2013).

29 Anna Danziger and Shelley Waters Boots, “The Business Case for Flexible Work Arrangements, Workplace Flexibility 2010” (Washington: Georgetown University Law Center and The Urban Institute, 2008).

30 Ibid.

31 See Government of the United Kingdom, “Guide to Flexible Working,” available at https://www.gov.uk/flexible-working/overview.

32 Vermont Act 31, An Act Related to Equal Pay, Section 5, signed by Gov. Peter Shumlin on May 14, 2013, available at http://www.leg.state.vt.us/DOCS/2014/ACTS/ACT031.PDF.

33 Specifically, employers would be required to respond to employees’ requests for any of the following: 1) the number of hours they are required to work; 2) the times when they are required to work or be on call for work; 3) where they are required to work; and 4) the amount of notification they receive of work schedule assignments.

34 Susan Anderson, director of human resources policy, Confederation of British Industries, quoted in Ariane Hegewisch, “Employers and European Flexible Working Rights,” WorkLife Law, UC Hastings College of Law (Fall 2005), available at http://www.worklifelaw.org/pubs/european_issue_brief_printversion.pdf.

35 John Schmitt, “The Minimum Wage is Too Damn Low” (Washington: Center for Economic and Policy Research, 2012).

36 Janelle Jones and Schmitt, The Minimum Wage is Not What it Used To Be,” CEPR Blog, July 17, 2013, available at http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/cepr-blog/the-minimum-wage-is-not-what-it-used-to-be.

37 David Cooper and Doug Hall, “Raising the Federal Minimum Wage to $10.10 Would Give Working Families, and the Overall Economy, a Much-Needed Boost” (Washington: Economic Policy Institute, 2013).

38 Small Business Majority, “Opinion Poll: Small Businesses Support Increasing Minimum Wage” (2013), available at http://www.smallbusinessmajority.org/small-business-research/downloads/042413-minimum-wage-poll-report.pdf.

39 U.S. Department of Labor, “Minimum Wage Laws in the States - January 1, 2013,” available at: http://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/america.htm.

40 Marc Lifsher, “California Legislature approves raising minimum wage to $10,” Los Angeles Times, September 12, 2013, available at http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-minimum-wage-20130913,0,1527959.story.

41 Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2013, H.R. 1010, 113^{Cong. 1 sess. (Government Printing Office, 2013).}

42 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers: 2012 (U.S. Department of Labor, 2013).

43 The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, “Health Reform: Implications for Women’s Access to Coverage and Care” (2013), available at http://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/7987-03-health-reform-implications-for-women_s-access-to-coverage-and-care.pdf. This is from 2012 CPS-ASEC, should update with most recent number when Census site is back up.

44 Authors’ calculation from Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2013.

45 See Sarah Baron, “10 Frequently Asked Questions About Medicaid Expansion,” Center for American Progress, April 2, 2013, available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/healthcare/news/2013/04/02/58922/10-frequently-asked-questions-about-medicaid-expansion/; John Holahan, Matthew Buettgens, and Stan Dorn, “The Cost of Not Expanding Medicaid” (Washington: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2013), available at http://kff.org/medicaid/report/the-cost-of-not-expanding-medicaid/.

46 Chuck Marr, Jimmy Charite, and Chye-Ching Huang, “Earned Income Tax Credit Promotes Work, Encourages Children’s Success at School, Research Finds” (Washington: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2013).

47 For more information see WE Connect’s website, available at http://www.weconnect.net/.

48 Scott Cody and others, “Simplification of Health and Social Services Enrollment and Eligibility: Lessons for California from Interviews in Four States” (Washington: Mathematica Policy Research, 2010), p. 12.

49 Urban Institute, “Work Support Strategies: Streamlining Access, Strengthening Families,” available at http://www.urban.org/worksupport/.

50 Government Accountability Office, “Medicaid and CHIP: Considerations for Express Lane Eligibility,” GAO-13-178R, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Finance, United States Senate, December 2012.

51 Authors’ calculations from Bureau of the Census, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2012-Detailed Tables (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2013), Table 1, available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/education/data/cps/2012/tables.html.

52 Authors’ calculation from Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2012 (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2013).

53 Women and Workforce Investment for Nontraditional Jobs Act, H.R. 951, 113 Cong. 1 sess. (Government Printing Office, 2013).

54 Wages estimates are from Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2012 National Occupational Employment and Wages Estimates (U.S. Department of Labor, 2013), available at http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm. In 2012, about 94 percent of child care workers were women—roughly the percentage of truck drivers who were men. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Household Data, Annual Averages: Employed Persons by Detailed Occupation, Sex, Race, and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity (Department of Labor, 2013), available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.pdf.

55 National Women’s Law Center citing Corinne A. Moss-Racusin and others, “Science Faculty’s Subtle Gender Biases Favor Male Students,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109 (41) (2012), available at http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/09/14/1211286109.full.pdf.

56 National Women’s Law Center, “The Next Generation of Title IX: STEM—Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math” (Washington: National Women’s Law Center, 2012), available at http://www.nwlc.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/nwlcstem_titleixfactsheet.pdf.

57 Ibid.

58 Authors’ calculations from ibid.

59 Bureau of Labor Statistics, The 30 occupations with the fastest projected employment growth, 2010-20 (U.S. Department of Labor, 2012), available at www.bls.gov/news.release/ecopro.t07.htm.

60 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wages—May 2012 (U.S. Department of Labor, 2013), available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ocwage.htm.

61 See Candace Howes, Carrie Leana, and Kristin Smith, “Paid Care Work.” In Nancy Folbre, ed., For Love and Money: Care Provision in the United States (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2012); and Shawn Fremstad, “Maintaining and Improving Social Security for Direct Care Workers” (Washington: Center for Economic and Policy Research, 2011).

62 Caring Across Generations, “About Us,” available at http://www.caringacross.org/about-us/.

63 U.S. Department of Labor, “We Count on Home Care: For Workers,” available at http://www.dol.gov/whd/homecare/workers.htm.

64 Heather Boushey, “Strengthening the Middle Class: Ensuring Equal Pay for Women,” Testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, March 11, 2010, available at http://www.americanprogressaction.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2010/03/pdf/Boushey_testimony.pdf.

65 Paycheck Fairness Act, S. 84, 113 Cong. 1 sess. (Government Printing Office, 2013).

We Have Blown a Huge Hole in Our Safety Net

1 Calculated from U.S. Census Bureau, “Current Population Survey (CPS): 2012 Poverty Table of Contents, Table POV13. Related Children by Number of Working Family Members and Family Structure,” available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032013/pov/toc.htm (last accessed September 2013).

2 The White House, “Fact Sheet: The President’s Plan to Reward Work by Raising the Minimum Wage,” Press release, February 13, 2013, available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/13/fact-sheet-president-s-plan-reward-work-raising-minimum-wage.

3 Democrats -Committee on Education and the Workforce, U.S. House of Representatives, “The Fair Minimum Wage Act (H.R. 1010),” available at http://democrats.edworkforce.house.gov/issue/fair-minimum-wage-act (last accessed September 2013).

From VISTA Corps to Shriver Corps: Providing Solutions for 50 Years

1 AmeriCorps service may also be part time, with benefits prorated.

On the Brink with a Disabled Child

1 Social Security Administration, “Table V.C2.—Disabled Child Claims: Disposition of Applications for SSI Disability Benefits by Year of Filing and Level of Decision.” In “Annual Report of the Supplemental Security Income Program” (2012), available at http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/ssir/SSI12/ssi2012.pdf.

2 U.S. Department of Education, “Restraint and Seclusion,” available at http://www2.ed.gov/policy/seclusion/index.html (last accessed September 2013).

What If Employers Put Women at the Center of Their Workplace Policies?

1 Estimate based on analysis of public-use data from the March 2012 Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau.

2 U.S. Census Bureau, Poverty Thresholds for 2012 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years (2012), available at http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxfacts/Content/PDF/poverty_thresholds.pdf.

3 Low-income employees are defined as those living in families below 200 percent of the federal poverty threshold (approximately the bottom quintile or bottom 20 percent); middle-income are defined as those living between 200 percent to 650 percent of poverty; and high-income are defined as those living at 650 percent or more of poverty (approximately the top quintile or top 20 percent). The median annual incomes of families in the three groups, stated in 2013 dollars, are approximately: $16,900 low income; $67,700 middle income; $152,300 high income.

4 Stacey Jones, interview with Eve Tahmincioglu of Families and Work Institute, on July 22, 2013, and on September 5, 2013. The name of the interviewee has been changed to protect her identity and the identity of others referenced in her story.

5 Ibid.

6 The National Study of the Changing Workforce, or NSCW, is an ongoing research program of Families and Work Institute that periodically surveys nationally representative samples of employed people in the United States using random-digit-dial telephone interviews. Unless otherwise noted, the research findings presented in this chapter are drawn from the 2008 NSCW survey and look only at wage and salaried employees in the U.S. workforce (sample size=2,769). The maximum sampling error for the total sample is approximately +/- 1 percent.

7 Ibid.

8 Families and Work Institute, “2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce.”

9 Katie Davis, interview with Eve Tahmincioglu of Families and Work Institute, July 23, 2013. The name of the interviewee has been changed to protect her identity and the identity of others referenced in her story.

10 Families and Work Institute, “2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce.”

11 Ibid.

12 Sofia Lopez, interview with Eve Tahmincioglu of Families and Work Institute, July 19, 2013. The name of the interviewee has been changed to protect her identity and the identity of others referenced in her story.

13 Families and Work Institute, “2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce.”

14 Lucia Herrera, interview with Eve Tahmincioglu of Families and Work Institute, July 23, 2013. The name of the interviewee has been changed to protect her identity and the identity of others referenced in her story.

15 Families and Work Institute, “2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce.”

16 Ibid.

17 Sofia Lopez, interview with Eve Tahmincioglu of Families and Work Institute, July 19, 2013. The name of the interviewee has been changed to protect her identity and the identity of others referenced in her story.

18 Lucia Herrera, interview with Eve Tahmincioglu of Families and Work Institute, on July 23, 2013. The name of the interviewee has been changed to protect her identity and the identity of others referenced in her story.

19 Families and Work Institute, “2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce.”

20 Sofia Lopez, interview with Eve Tahmincioglu of Families and Work Institute, July 19, 2013. The name of the interviewee has been changed to protect her identity and the identity of others referenced in her story.

21 Ibid.

22 Families and Work Institute, “2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce.”

23 The concept of “workplace effectiveness” evolved from our efforts to identify characteristics of jobs and workplaces most strongly associated with positive outcomes for employers and employees using data from the 1997, 2002, and 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce surveys. Fuller discussion of what makes for an effective workplace can be found in the following publications: J.T. Bond, E. Galinsky, and E.J. Hill, “When Work Works: Flexibility, a Critical Ingredient in Creating an Effective Workplace” (New York: Families and Work Institute, 2004); J.T. Bond and E. Galinsky, “How Can Employers Increase the Productivity and Retention of Entry-Level, Hourly Employees?” (New York: Families and Work Institute, 2006); J.T. Bond and E. Galinsky, “What Difference Do Job Characteristics Make to Low-Income Employees?” (New York: Families and Work Institute, 2012). These and other reports are available at Families and Work Institute’s website.

24 Ibid.

25 J.T. Bond and E. Galinsky, “What Difference Do Job Characteristics Make to Low-Income Employees?”

26 J. Heymann with M. Barrera, Profit at the Bottom of the Economic Ladder: Creating Value By Investing in Your Workforce (Boston: Harvard Business Press, 2010); W.F. Cascio, “The economic impact of employee behaviors on organizational performance.” In E. E. Lawler III and J. O’Toole, eds., America at work: Choices and challenges (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), pp. 241–256.

27 E. Galinsky, K. Matos, and K. Sakai-O’Neill, “Workplace flexibility: A model of change,” Community, Work & Family 16 (3) (2013): 285–306. The When Work Works project website also describes the project and results in detail.

28 Ibid.

29 The National Study of Employers periodically surveys nationally representative samples of employers in the United States. Findings from the most recent survey are published in K. Matos and E. Galinsky, “2012 National Study of Employers” (New York: Families and Work Institute, 2012).

30 Galinsky, Matos, and Sakai-O’Neill, “Workplace flexibility: A model of change.”

31 Kevin Schnieders, CEO of Educational Data Systems Inc., interview with Eve Tahmincioglu of Families and Work Institute, September 10, 2013, Dearborn, Michigan.

32 Families and Work Institute, “2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce.”

33 Families and Work Institute and the Society for Human Resource Management, “2014 Guide to Bold New Ideas for Making Work Work” (New York: Families and Work Institute and SHRM).

34 Ibid.

35 Families and Work Institute, “2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce.”

36 Ibid.

37 Families and Work Institute and the Society for Human Resource Management, “2013 Guide to Bold New Ideas for Making Work Work” (New York: Families and Work Institute and SHRM).

38 Ibid.

39 Families and Work Institute, “2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce.”

40 Families and Work Institute and the Society for Human Resource Management, “2014 Guide to Bold New Ideas for Making Work Work.”

41 Families and Work Institute, “2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce.”

42 Families and Work Institute and the Society for Human Resource Management, “2013 Guide to Bold New Ideas for Making Work Work.”

43 Ibid.

44 Families and Work Institute and the Society for Human Resource Management, “2014 Guide to Bold New Ideas for Making Work Work.”

45 Families and Work Institute, “2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce.”

46 Jennifer A. Hearne, director of employee success at Northwest Lineman College, Meridian, Idaho, interview with Eve Tahmincioglu of Families and Work Institute, September 13, 2013.

47 Anne King, email to Eve Tahmincioglu of Families and Work Institute, September 13, 2013.

48 The Center for Poverty Research at UC Davis is partially funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the policies of the Department of Health and Human Services.

Smart Business: Reviving the American Dream

1 CNN Money, “100 Best Companies to Work For: Starbucks,” available at http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/best-companies/2013/snapshots/94.html?iid=bc_fl_list (last accessed September 2013).

2 Alain C. Enthoven and Victor R. Fuchs, “Employment-Based Health Insurance: Past Present, and Future,” Health Affairs 25 (6) (2006): 1538–1547, available at http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/25/6/1538.long.

3 Starbucks, “Your Special Blend: Rewarding Our Partners” (2012), p. 11, available at http://www.starbucks.com/assets/7343fbbdc87845ff9a000ee009707893.pdf.

4 Create Jobs for USA, “Together We’re Stronger,” available at http://createjobsforusa.org/ (last accessed September 2013).

5 Create Jobs for USA, “How it Works,” available at http://createjobsforusa.org/how-it-works (last accessed September 2013).

6 Starbucks, “Your Special Blend,” p. 7.

7 Los Angeles Urban League, “Business Institute’s Youth Entrepreneurship Program,” available at http://www.laul.org/2012-01-13-00-22-23/business-services (last accessed September 2013).

Empower Women and You Recharge the World

1 Michael J. Silverstein and Kate Sayre, “The Female Economy” (2009), available at http://hbr.org/2009/09the-femaleecoomy/ar/1.

2 Center for Women’s Business Research, “The Economic Impact of Women-Owned Businesses In the United States” (2009), available at http://www.nwbc.gov/sites/default/files/economicimpactstu.pdf.

3 Donna J. Kelley and others, “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2012 Women’s Report” (Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, 2013), available at http://www.babson.edu/Academics/centers/blank-center/global-research/gem/Documents/GEM%202012%20Womens%20Report.pdf.

4 Ibid.

Microfinancing Women:Great Return on Investment

1 Tory Burch Foundation, “Graduates: TBF Entrepreneurs: Get Inspired,” available at http://www.toryburchfoundation.org/get-inspired/getinspired-tbf-entrepreneurs-graduates,default,pg.html (last accessed November 2013).

2 Tory Burch, “Empowering Women Through Entrepreneurial Education,” HuffPost What Is Working: Small Businesses, April 1, 2013, available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tory-burch/empowering-women-through-_b_2957017.html.

Personal Action, Collective Impact

1 U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey: Poverty (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2012), available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032013/pov/pov01_200.htm.

2 Lake Research Partners and Chesapeake Beach Consulting, “Voices for Two-Generation Success: Seeking Stable Futures” (2013), available at http://www.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/files/Ascend%20Lake%20Research%20Voices%20for%20Two-Generation%20Success.pdf.

3 Mark Mather, “U.S. Children in Single-Mother Families” (Washington: Population Reference Bureau, 2010), available at www.prb.org/pdf10/single-motherfamilies.pdf?.

4 See “The Heckman Equation” details and materials available at http://www.heckmanequation.org. See also Rob Grunewald and Arthur J. Rolnick, “Early Childhood Development: Economic Development with a High Public Return” (Minneapolis: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, 2003), available at http.//www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=3832.

5 Tom Hertz, “Understanding Mobility in America” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2006), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/kf/hertz_mobility_analysis.pdf.

6 Lake Research Partners and Chesapeake Beach Consulting, “Voices for Two-Generation Success: Seeking Stable Futures.”

7 Teresa Eckrich Sommer and others, “Early Childhood Education centers and Mothers’ Postsecondary Attainment: A New Conceptual Framework for a Dual-Generation Education Intervention” (New York: Teachers College Record, 2012); Sara Goldrick-Rab, Julie Minikel-Lacocque, and Peter Kinsley, “Managing to Make It: The College Trajectories of Traditional-age Students with Children.” Working Paper 1 (University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2011).

8 See, for example, Sandra Lawson, “Women Hold Up Half the Sky.” Global Economics Paper No. 164 (Goldman Sachs Economic Research, 2008), available at http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/focus-on/investing-in-women/bios-pdfs/women-half-sky-pdf.pdf.

9 Lake Research Partners and Chesapeake Beach Consulting, “Voices for Two-Generation Success: Seeking Stable Futures.”

10 Ibid.

11 Ascend at the Aspen Institute, “Two Generations, One Future” (2012), available at http://ascend.aspeninstitute.org/resources/two-generations-one-future.

12 See, for example, Katherine Magnuson, “The Effect of Increases in Welfare Mothers’ Education on their Young Children’s Academic and Behavioral Outcomes.” Discussion Paper 1274-03 (University of Wisconsin, Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper, 2003).

13 Ascend at the Aspen Institute, “Two Generations, One Future.”

14 See The Glen at St. Joseph, available at http://www.glenatstjoseph.org/.

15 Gail M. Mulligan, Sarah Hastedt, and Jill Carlivati, “First-Time Kindergartners in 2010-11: First Findings from the Kindergarten Rounds of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010-11 (ECLS-L:2011)” (Washington: National Center for Education Statistics, 2012), available at http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2012049.

16 Jeremiah Program, “2012 Annual Report,” available at http://www.jeremiahprogram.org/2012-annual-report/.

17 Ascend at the Aspen Institute, “Two Generations, One Future.”

18 Robert W. Glover and others, “CareerAdvance Implementation Report” (Ray Marshall Center for the Study of Human Resources, University of Texas, Austin, 2011), available at http://ascend.aspeninstitute.org/resources/careeradvance-implementation-report.

19 Personal communication from P. Lindsay Chase Lansdale, professor of human development and social policy, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, January 9, 2012; personal communication from Teresa Eckrich Sommer, senior research scientist/research associate, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, January 9, 2012.

20 See CFED, “Children’s Savings Accounts (CSAs),” available at http://cfed.org/programs/csa/.

21 Ibid.

22 See “The Equality of Opportunity Project,” available at http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/.

23 Nancy DiTomaso, The American Non-Dilemma: Racial Inequality Without Racism (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2012).

24 Lake Research Partners and Chesapeake Beach Consulting, “Voices for Two-Generation Success: Seeking Stable Futures.”

25 Ibid.

26 Ibid.

27 Ascend at the Aspen Institute, “Making Family Economic Security a Family Tradition” (2013), available at http://s.bsd.net/ascend/default/page/-/compressed%20-%20fullreport.pdf.

28 See Family Independence Initiative, available at http://ww.fiinet.org.

29 See Family Independence Initiative, “Strategies for Change: Incubate,” available at http://www.fii.org/strategy_for_change/incubate.

30 See Crittenton Women’s Union, “The Essential Elements of Mobility Mentoring,” available at http://www.liveworkthrive.org/research_and_tools/mobility_mentoring.

31 See Eduardo Padrón, “Helping the Poor Go to Good Colleges,” New York Times letter to the editor, August 6, 2013, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/07/opinion/helping-the-poor-go-to-good-colleges.html?_r=0.

32 Lake Research Partners and Chesapeake Beach Consulting, “Voices for Two-Generation Success: Seeking Stable Futures.”

33 Ibid.

34 Ibid.

35 Ibid.

36 Ibid.

37 Ibid.

38 Ibid.

39 Ibid.

40 See Girls on the Run, available at http://www.girlsontherun.org/.

41 See Futures Without Violence, available at http://www.futureswithoutviolence.org/.

42 See Eveline’s Sunshine Cottage, “Application Process, Past Successes,” available at http://www.evelinessunshinecottage.com/#!__application-process—past-successes.

43 See The National Crittenton Foundation, “Who We Are,” available at http://www.nationalcrittenton.org/who-we-are/.

44 Lake Research Partners and Chesapeake Beach Consulting, “Voices for Two-Generation Success: Seeking Stable Futures.”

45 Ibid.

46 See American Association of University Women, “What We Do: STEM Education,” available at http://www.aauw.org/what-we-do/stem-education/.

47 See Higher Education Alliance of Advocates for Students with Children, available at http://www.heaasc.org/.

48 Lake Research Partners and Chesapeake Beach Consulting, “Voices for Two-Generation Success: Seeking Stable Futures.”

49 Ibid.

50 Leo B. Hendry and others, “Adolescents’ perceptions of significant individuals in their lives,” Journal of Adolescence 15 (3) (1992): 255–270, available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1447412.

51 See Urban Alliance, “Curriculum Outreach,” available at http://www.theurbanalliance.org/about/programs/curriculum-outreach.

52 See The Links, Incorporated, available at http://www.linksinc.org/.

53 See Girls Write Now, available at http://www.girlswritenow.org/.

54 See Girls Write Now, “Who We Are: Our Story,” available at http://www.girlswritenow.org/who-we-are/our-story/.

55 Lake Research Partners and Chesapeake Beach Consulting, “Voices for Two-Generation Success: Seeking Stable Futures.”

56 Ibid.

57 See Girl Scouts, “Financial Literacy,” available at http://www.girlscouts.org/gs_central/financial_literacy/.

58 See Girls Inc., available at http://girlsinc.org/.

59 See Jump$tart, “Activities and Initiatives,” available at http://www.jumpstart.org/activities-and-initiatives.html.

60 See FUEL Education, “History,” available at http://fueleducation.org/history/.

61 Lake Research Partners and Chesapeake Beach Consulting, “Voices for Two-Generation Success: Seeking Stable Futures.”

62 See Margaret Farley Steele, “Noticed; Students Protest Provocative T-Shirts,” The New York Times, November 5, 2005, available at http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E0DF1F3EF933A15752C1A9639C8B63.

63 Catalyst, “Catalyst Quick Take: Buying Power” (2013).

64 See Women Moving Millions, “Who We Are: Our Story,” available at http://www.womenmovingmillions.org/who-we-are/our-story/.

When Working Women Thrive, Our Nation Thrives

1 National Partnership for Women & Families, “African American Women and the Wage Gap” (2013), available at http://go.nationalpartnership.org/site/DocServer/Wage_Gap_for_African_American_Women_in_20_States.pdf?docID=11702.

2 National Partnership for Women & Families, “Latinas and the Wage Gap” (2013), available at http://go.nationalpartnership.org/site/DocServer/Wage_Gap_for_Latinas_in_20_States.pdf?docID=11701.

3 Lean In, “Circles,” available at http://leanin.org/circles.

When Women Achieve Their Full Potential, So Will America

1 Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office, Department of Defense Annual Report on Sexual Assault in the Military (U.S. Department of Defense, 2013), p. 12, available at http://www.sapr.mil/public/docs/reports/FY12_DoD_SAPRO_Annual_Report_on_Sexual_Assault-VOLUME_ONE.pdf.

2 Luisita Lopez Torregrosa, “Women in Congress Confront the Military on Sexual Assault,” International Herald Tribune, May 28, 2013, available at http://rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/women-in-congress-confront-the-military-on-sexual-assault/?_r=0.

3 Economist.com, “Daily chart: The glass-ceiling index,” Graphic detail, March 7, 2013, available at http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/03/daily-chart-3.

4 Center for American Progress analysis of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data and Center for Economic and Policy Research Uniform Extracts of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group data for 2012.

5 Jennifer L. Lawless and Richard L. Fox, “Girls Just Wanna Not Run” (Washington: American University, 2013), p. 2, available at http://www.american.edu/spa/wpi/upload/Girls-Just-Wanna-Not-Run_Policy-Report.pdf.

6 Political Parity, “Women Candidates and their Campaigns” (2012), available at http://www.politicalparity.org/research-inventory/women-candidates-and-their-campaigns/.

Increasing Economic Opportunities for Women: The Right Thing to Do, and the Smart Thing to Do

1 All points and statements are from various speeches Clinton delivered all over the world from 2011 to 2013 as secretary of state.

Failure to Adapt to Changing Families Leaves Women Economically Vulnerable

1 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Women in the Labor Force: A Databook (U.S. Department of Labor, 2013), available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf.

2 Office of Policy Planning and Research, The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (U.S. Department of Labor, 1965).