ENDNOTES

INTRODUCTION. ANTEDILUVIAN STRUCTURES

1. April Holloway, “Ancient Humans Bred with Completely Unknown Species,” Ancient Origins, November 24, 2013, www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/ancient-humans-bred-completely-unknown-species-001059?nopaging=1.

2. April Holloway, “Ancient Humans Bred with Completely Unknown Species,” Ancient Origins, November 24, 2013, www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/ancient-humans-bred-completely-unknown-species-001059?nopaging=1.

3. This and all biblical quotations not otherwise attributed are from the King James Version of the Bible.

4. Flavius Josephus, “The Works of Flavius Josephus,” trans. William Whiston, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, accessed September 15, 2017, www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/JOSEPHUS.HTM.

5. Flavius Josephus, “The Works of Flavius Josephus,” trans. William Whiston, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, accessed September 15, 2017, www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/JOSEPHUS.HTM.

CHAPTER 1. ANCIENT GIANTS OF IRELAND AND BRITAIN

1. “12΄2˝ Irish Giant,” Strand, London, 1895, reproduced in Greater Ancestors, accessed September 15, 2017, http://greaterancestors.com/1194-2.

2. Chris Titley, “Thirsk—Enter a land of giants and curses and rediscover this North Yorkshire market town,” Yorkshire Life, July 20, 2010, www.yorkshirelife.co.uk/out-about/places/thirsk_8211_enter_a_land_of_giants_and_curses_and_re_discover_this_north_yorkshire_market_town_1_1865946.

3. “7 foot skeleton near Stonehenge,” Historical, Topographical, and Descriptive View of the County of Northumberland, 1825, reproduced in Greater Ancestors, accessed September 15, 2017, http://greaterancestors.com/7-foot-skeleton-near-stonehenge.

4. W. Max Muller and Kaufmann Kohler, “Amorites,” Jewish Encyclopedia, accessed September 15, 2017, www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1422-amorites.

5. “Anak,” Abarim Publications, accessed September 15, 2017, http://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Anak.html#.WgeqL7bMy_I.

6. “Giant Hand-Axe from Sheringham, Norfolk,” Nature 135, June 8, 1935, 963–65, accessed September 15, 2017, www.nature.com/nature/journal/v135/n3423/abs/135963a0.html.

7. “Northumberland, England giants,” reproduced in Greater Ancestors, accessed September 15, 2017, http://greaterancestors.com/northumberland-england-giants.

8. Walter Scott, “The Monthly Chronicle of North Country Lore and Legend,” Newcastle-On-Tyne, 5, no. 1–5, 1891, 278.

9. “A Giants Skeleton,” Milwaukee Sentinel, June 28, 1914, reproduced in Greater Ancestors, accessed September 15, 2017, http://greaterancestors.com/10-foot-high-skeleton.

10. “Dysarth Louth 3 10΄ Giants,” Fielding Star, XI, no. 2363, May 16, 1914, 4, reproduced in Greater Ancestors, accessed September 15, 2017, http://greaterancestors.com/dysarth-louth-3-10-giants.

11. “Island of Hibernia, Traces of Ancient Giants Unearthed in Ireland,” St. Petersburg Times, 1951, reproduced in Greater Ancestors, accessed September 15, 2017, http://greaterancestors.com/island-of-hibernia.

12. John Milton, History of Britain (London: Ri Chiswell, 1695), 10–20.

13. Alan Ward, The Myths of the Gods: Structures in Irish Mythology, (CreateSpace, 2015), 15, https://www.scribd.com/doc/23476603/THE-MYTHS-OF-THE-GODS-Structures-in-Irish-Mythology.

14. Elizabeth A. Gray, trans., The Second Battle of Mag Tuired, Internet Sacred Text Archive, accessed November 11, 2017, http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/cmt/cmteng.htm.

CHAPTER 2. ANCIENT GIANTS OF FRANCE AND SPAIN

1. Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History, Book V (Loeb Classical Library edition, 1939), chapters 28–31, accessed September 15, 2017, http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5B*.html).

2. “Montpellier France, Skulls 28-32,” Oelwein Register, November 8, 1894, figure 40, reproduced in Greater Ancestors, accessed September 15, 2017, http://greaterancestors.com/montpellier-france-skulls-28-32.

3. Georges Vacher de Lapouge, “Le Gėant Fossile de Castelnau,” La Nature, 888, 1891, 11–12.

4. Dr. Paul Louis André Kiener, “Le géant de Castelnau,” La Nature, 992, 1892, 142.

5. M. R. Reese, “The Glozel Controversy: Amazing Historical Discovery or Elaborate Hoax?” Ancient Origins, December 24, 2014, www.ancient-origins.net/artifacts-other-artifacts/glozel-controversy-amazing-historical-discovery-or-elaborate-hoax-002493?nopaging=1.

6. “8΄7˝Skeleton, Gap, France,” Evening Tribune, November 16, 1935, reproduced in Greater Ancestors, accessed September 15, 2017, http://greaterancestors.com/8-7-skeleton-gap-france.

7. “Bones of Giant Are Unearthed near Paris,” Miami News, December 26, 1918, accessed September 15, 2017, https://rephaim23.wordpress.com/2012/06/11/prehistoric-giants-of-france-and-spain.

8. “Skeletons of Giants Are Found near Paris,” Freeport Journal Standard, April 15, 1933, reproduced in Rephaim 23 (blog), accessed September 15, 2017, https://rephaim23.wordpress.com/2012/06/11/prehistoric-giants-of-france-and-spain.

9. “Skeletons of Giants Are Found near Paris,” Freeport Journal Standard, April 15, 1933, reproduced in Rephaim 23 (blog), accessed September 15, 2017, https://rephaim23.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/sevenfootneolithicgiantsfrancefreeport-journal-standard1933-04-15.jpg.

10. “Giants: Press Reports from the 19th and 20th Centuries,” Geraldton Guardian and Express, April 1930, reproduced in Frontiers of Anthropology (blog), accessed September 15, 2017, http://frontiers-of-anthropology.blogspot.com/2014/04/more-on-french-giant-skeletons.html.

11. “Giants: Press Reports from the 19th and 20th Centuries,” Geraldton Guardian and Express, April 1930, reproduced in Frontiers of Anthropology (blog), accessed September 15, 2017, http://frontiers-of-anthropology.blogspot.com/2014/04/more-on-french-giant-skeletons.html.

12. W. A. Seaver, “Giants and Dwarfs,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 39, 1869, 202–10.

13. Chris Chaplow, “Dolmens of Antequera,” andalucia.com, accessed September 15, 2017, www.andalucia.com/antequera/dolmens-de-menga.htm.

14. Rachel Corbett, “A Journey Deep inside Spain’s Temple of Cave Art,” BBC Travel, November 19, 2014, www.bbc.com/travel/story/20141027-a-journey-deep-inside-spains-temple-of-cave-art.

15. “Update! Prehistoric Giants of France and Spain, Part 2.0,” Rephaim23 (blog), accessed September 15, 2017, https://rephaim23.wordpress.com/2014/02/17/update-prehistoric-giants-of-france-and-spain-part-2.

16. “Update! Prehistoric Giants of France and Spain, Part 2.0,” Rephaim23 (blog), accessed September 15, 2017, https://rephaim23.wordpress.com/2014/02/17/update-prehistoric-giants-of-france-and-spain-part-2.

17. “Update! Prehistoric Giants of France and Spain, Part 2.0,” Rephaim23 (blog), accessed September 15, 2017, https://rephaim23.wordpress.com/2014/02/17/update-prehistoric-giants-of-france-and-spain-part-2.

18. Brad Steiger, Worlds before Our Own (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1978) 51.

19. Nikolai F. Zhirov, Atlantis: Atlantology: Basic Problems (Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2001), 215.

20. Ersjdamoo, “Giants of the Canary Islands,” Ersjdamoo’s Blog, September 26, 2012, https://ersjdamoo.wordpress.com/2012/09/26/giants-of-the-canary-islands.

21. Ersjdamoo, “Giants of the Canary Islands,” Ersjdamoo’s Blog, September 26, 2012, https://ersjdamoo.wordpress.com/2012/09/26/giants-of-the-canary-islands.

22. Ersjdamoo, “Giants of the Canary Islands,” Ersjdamoo’s Blog, September 26, 2012, https://ersjdamoo.wordpress.com/2012/09/26/giants-of-the-canary-islands.

CHAPTER 3. ANCIENT GIANTS OF ITALY AND GERMANY

1. Melissa, “Maximinus Thrax: The Giant Who Was a Roman Emperor Who Never Set Foot in Rome,” July 25, 2015, www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2015/07/maximinus-thrax-7-foot-tall-roman-emperor-never-set-foot-capital-empire-ruled.

2. Chris L. Lesley, “Bones of an 8 Foot Tall Giant Lombardy, Italy,” Greater Ancestors, December 7, 2011, http://greaterancestors.com/bones-of-8-foot-giant-lombardy.

3. Joseph Comstock, “Girgenti Sicily 10΄6˝,” A Tongue of Time: Girgenti Giant 1807, reproduced in Greater Ancestors, accessed September 15, 2017, http://greaterancestors.com/girgenti-sicily-106.

4. “Giant Femurs Burma Grande,” Rephaim23 (blog), December 1, 2012, reproduced in Greater Ancestors, accessed September 15, 2017, http://greaterancestors.com/giant-femurs-burma-grande.

5. “Palermo Giant,” Easton Free Press, July 31, 1909; Euroa Advertiser, September 22, 1893, reproduced in Greater Ancestors, accessed September 15, 2017, http://greaterancestors.com/palermo-giant.

6. Paola Harris, “Sardinia Giant Teeth,” Greater Ancestors, November 11, 2012, http://greaterancestors.com/sardinia-giant-teeth.

7. “Ancient Race of Giant Humans Excavated in Munich, Germany,” Los Angeles Times, May 6, 1934, reproduced in Tnephilim (blog), accessed November 11, 2017, https://encyclopediaancientgiantsnorthamerica.blogspot.com/2013/12.

8. Barbara DeLong, “Breitenwinner Cave,” Barbara DeLong (website), 2016, accessed September 15, 2017, www.barbaradelong.com/special-projects/secrets-of-the-stones/the-breitenwinner-cave.

9. Chris L. Lesley, “Elongated Skull, Germany,” Greater Ancestors, December 19, 2011, http://greaterancestors.com/elongated-skull-germany.

10. Chris L. Lesley, “Armor 8 Feet Tall,” Greater Ancestors, March 17, 2014, http://greaterancestors.com/armor-8-feet-tall.

CHAPTER 4. ANCIENT GIANTS OF RUSSIA

1. John Jensen, “Super Megaliths in Gornaya Shoria, Southern Siberia,” Academia, accessed September 15, 2017, www.academia.edu/6200990/Super_Megaliths_in_Gornaya_Shoria_Southern_Siberia.

2. Paul Seaburn, “Elongated Skull Found at Russian Stonehenge,” Mysterious Universe, July 28, 2015, http://mysteriousuniverse.org/2015/07/elongated-skull-found-at-russian-stonehenge.

3. “Bronze Age Giants: Kurgan Warriorsof Russia& Asia 7 Feet Tall,” Rephaim23 (blog), January 7, 2015, https://rephaim23.wordpress.com/2014/07/16/bronze-age-giants-kurgan-warriors-of-russia-and-asia-7-feet-tall.

4. “Bronze Age Giants: Kurgan Warriorsof Russia& Asia 7 Feet Tall,” Rephaim23 (blog), January 7, 2015, https://rephaim23.wordpress.com/2014/07/16/bronze-age-giants-kurgan-warriors-of-russia-and-asia-7-feet-tall.

5. “Bronze Age Giants: Kurgan Warriorsof Russia& Asia 7 Feet Tall,” Rephaim23 (blog), January 7, 2015, https://rephaim23.wordpress.com/2014/07/16/bronze-age-giants-kurgan-warriors-of-russia-and-asia-7-feet-tall.

6. “Bronze Age Giants: Kurgan Warriorsof Russia& Asia 7 Feet Tall,” Rephaim23 (blog), January 7, 2015, https://rephaim23.wordpress.com/2014/07/16/bronze-age-giants-kurgan-warriors-of-russia-and-asia-7-feet-tall.

7. “Bronze Age Giants: Kurgan Warriorsof Russia& Asia 7 Feet Tall,” Rephaim23 (blog), January 7, 2015, https://rephaim23.wordpress.com/2014/07/16/bronze-age-giants-kurgan-warriors-of-russia-and-asia-7-feet-tall.

8. “Bronze Age Giants: Kurgan Warriorsof Russia& Asia 7 Feet Tall,” Rephaim23 (blog), January 7, 2015, https://rephaim23.wordpress.com/2014/07/16/bronze-age-giants-kurgan-warriors-of-russia-and-asia-7-feet-tall.

9. “Svyatogor,” Epika, accessed September 15, 2017, http://epika.org/house-of-mythology/24-svyatogor.

10. “Giant’s skeleton found by Soviets,” Washington Post, October 30, 1945, reproduced in the Nephilim Chronicles (blog), accessed September 15, 2017 http://thenephilimchronicles.blogspot.com/2016/07/ancient-race-of-giant-humans-discovered.html.

11. “Laptey Sea Giant,” Lethbridge Herald, February 6, 1946, reproduced in Greater Ancestors, accessed September 15, 2017 http://greaterancestors.com/laptey-sea-giant.

12. “Archaeologists Discover Strange Elongated Skull in Russia,” Youtube, accessed September 15, 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMofrAm_xhE.

13. “Archaeologists Discover Strange Elongated Skull in Russia,” Youtube, accessed September 15, 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMofrAm_xhE.

14. “Modern Armenian Fossils of Giants,” Greater Ancestors, April 7, 2013, http://greaterancestors.com/modern-armenian-fossils-giants.

15. “Modern Armenian Fossils of Giants,” Greater Ancestors, April 7, 2013, http://greaterancestors.com/modern-armenian-fossils-giants.

16. “Modern Armenian Fossils of Giants,” Greater Ancestors, April 7, 2013, http://greaterancestors.com/modern-armenian-fossils-giants.

CHAPTER 5. ANCIENT GIANTS OF MALTA AND GREECE

1. Garry Shaw, “Malta: Island of Giants,” Timeless Travels, reproduced in Ancient History et cetera, Febuary 11, 2016, http://etc.ancient.eu/travel/malta-islands-of-giants.

2. Lisa Zyga, “Researchers Demonstrate Acoustic Levitation of a Large Sphere,” Phys.org, August 12, 2016, http://phys.org/news/2016-08-acoustic-levitation-large-sphere.html.

3. John Black, “The Hypogeum of Hal Saflieni and an Unknown Race with Elongated Skulls,” Ancient Origins, January 2, 2014, www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-europe/hypogeum-hal-saflieni-and-unknown-race-elongated-skulls-001190.

4. John Black, “The Hypogeum of Hal Saflieni and an Unknown Race with Elongated Skulls,” Ancient Origins, January 2, 2014, www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-europe/hypogeum-hal-saflieni-and-unknown-race-elongated-skulls-001190.

5. Philip Coppens, “Malta: The Small Island of Giants,” Philip Coppens (website), accessed September 15, 2017, www.philipcoppens.com/malta.html (accessed September 15, 2017).

6. Philip Coppens, “Malta: The Small Island of Giants,” Philip Coppens (website), accessed September 15, 2017, www.philipcoppens.com/malta.html.

7. Katie Allawala, “Adrienne Mayor on the Amazons,” Foreign Affairs, June 15, 2015, www.foreignaffairs.com/audios/2015-06-05/adrienne-mayor-amazons.

8. John Noble Wilford, “Greek Myths: Not Necessarily Mythical,” New York Times, July 4, 2000, www.nytimes.com/2000/07/04/science/greek-myths-not-necessarily-mythical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

9. Hugh G. Evelyn-White, trans., “The Theogony of Hesiod,”1914, Internet Sacred Text Archive, accessed September 15, 2017, www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hesiod/theogony.htm.

10. “Gigantes,” Theoi Project, accessed September 15, 2017, www.theoi.com/Gigante/Gigantes.html.

11. “Gigantes,” Theoi Project, accessed September 15, 2017, www.theoi.com/Gigante/Gigantes.html.

CHAPTER 6. ISRAEL AND THE ANCIENT BIBLICAL GIANTS

1. “Numbers 13:28,” Biblehub, accessed September 15, 2017, http://biblehub.com/numbers/13-28.htm.

2. Walid Shoebat, “Archeologists Discovered the Place Where Goliath Lived, Yet Ancient Goliaths Discovered in Israel Prove the Bible,” Shoebat.com, August 17, 2015, http://shoebat.com/2015/08/17/archeologists-discovered-the-place-where-goliath-lived-ancient-bodies-discovered-in-israel-prove-that-there-were-several-goliaths-living-in-ancient-israel.

3. “1 Samuel 17:4,” Biblehub, accessed September 15, 2017 http://biblehub.com/1_samuel/17-4.htm.

4. Adam Eliyahu Berkowitz, “Return of the Giants: Biblical Story of Goliath Proven True,” Breaking Israel News, August 16, 2015, www.breakingisraelnews.com/46930/giant-discovery-israel-uncovers-proof-goliaths-rule-jerusalem/#t6Uyto1JL2lqVmTY.97.

5. Adam Eliyahu Berkowitz, “Return of the Giants: Biblical Story of Goliath Proven True,” Breaking Israel News, August 16, 2015, www.breakingisraelnews.com/46930/giant-discovery-israel-uncovers-proof-goliaths-rule-jerusalem/#t6Uyto1JL2lqVmTY.97.

6. “Philistine Giants Destroyed,” 2 Samuel 21:15–22, Bible Gateway, accessed September 15, 2017, www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Samuel+21%3A15-22&version=NKJV.

7. Adam Eliyahu Berkowitz, “No Fairy Tale: Will Giants Return to Usher in the Messianic Era?” Breaking Israel News, July 14, 2015, www.breakingisraelnews.com/45098/no-fairy-tale-giants-return-messianic-era-jewish-world/#DLFUtlwByV8djh0B.97.

8. “Numbers 13:32–33,” Biblehub, accessed September 15, 2017, http://biblehub.com/numbers/13-32.htm.

9. Adam Eliyahu Berkowitz, “No Fairy Tale: Will Giants Return to Usher in the Messianic Era?” Breaking Israel News, July 14, 2015, www.breakingisraelnews.com/45098/no-fairy-tale-giants-return-messianic-era-jewish-world/#DLFUtlwByV8djh0B.97.

CHAPTER 7. ANCIENT GIANTS OF EGYPT, SYRIA, IRAQ, AND IRAN

1. “Bones of 10-Feet Men Found in Kalar Historical Sites,” Aknews, July 18, 2012, reproduced in One Iraqi Dinar, accessed September 15, 2017, www.oneiraqidinar.com/bones-of-10-feet-men-found-in-kalar-historical-sites.

2. “Gilgamesh Tomb Believed Found,” BBC News, April 29, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2982891.stm.

3. D. M. Mulhern, “A Probable Case of Gigantism in an Egyptian Skeleton at Giza,” Frontiers of Anthropology (blog), December 2, 2013, http://frontiers-of-anthropology.blogspot.com/2013/12/a-probable-case-of-gigantism-in.html.

4. “A 38-Centimeter Long Finger Found in Egypt: Evidence of the Nephilim?” Ancient Code, May 21, 2015, www.ancient-code.com/a-38-centimeter-long-finger-found-in-egypt-evidence-of-the-nephilim.

5. “Dr. Ernst Muldashev,” MojVideo, accessed September 15, 2017, www.mojvideo.com/uporabnik/rikisuave/slika/ernst-s-expedition-in-syria-looking-for-giants/296875.

CHAPTER 8. ANCIENT GIANTS OF AFRICA

1. “Giants Roamed the Earth Millions of Years Ago,” MessagetoEagle.com, June 28, 2014, www.messagetoeagle.com/giants-roamed-the-earth-millions-of-years-ago.

2. Polly Jae Lee, Giant: The Pictorial History of the Human Colossus (South Brunswick: Barnes, 1970), 44.

3. Peter Kolosimo, Timeless Earth (New Hyde Park, N.Y.: University Books, 1968), 32.

4. Glenn D. Kittler, Let’s Travel in the Congo (Chicago: The Children’s Press, 1961), 30.

5. The Travels of Marco Polo (New York: Facts on File Publications, 1984), 175–76.

6. Alice Werner, “The Story of Liongo,” Myths and Legends of the Bantu (London: George W. Harrap and Co., 1933), Internet Sacred Text Archive, accessed September 15, 2017, www.sacred-texts.com/afr/mlb/mlb12.htm.

CHAPTER 9. ANCIENT GIANTS OF AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND, AND PACIFIC ISLANDS

1. “Timaru Herald from New Zealand 1875 reports of Giants Remains,” Timaru Herald, February 24, 1875, reproduced in Greater Ancestors, accessed September 15, 2017, http://greaterancestors.com/timaru-herald-from-new-zealand-1875-reports-of-giants-remains.

2. “Timaru Herald from New Zealand 1875 reports of Giants Remains,” Timaru Herald, February 24, 1875, reproduced in Greater Ancestors, accessed September 15, 2017, http://greaterancestors.com/timaru-herald-from-new-zealand-1875-reports-of-giants-remains.

3. Rex Gilroy, “And There Were Giants,” Psychic Australian, October 1976, reproduction in Mysterious Australia, accessed September 15, 2017, www.mysteriousaustralia.com/strangephenomenonb.html.

4. Shino Konishi, “Inhabited by a Race of Formidable Giants,” Australian Humanities Review, 2008, www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-March-2008/konishi.html.

5. “Eight-Foot Chieftain,” Austin’s Hawaiian Weekly, October 7, 1899, reproduced in Greater Ancestors, accessed September 15, 2017, http://greaterancestors.com/eight-foot-chieftain.

6. Jonathan Gray, “Does a Giant Race Still Exist in the Solomon Islands?” Archaeology Answers, 2016, www.beforeus.com/giant_solomons.html.

7. William J. Thompson, “Te Pito Te Henua, or Easter Island,” Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution, 1891, Internet Sacred Text Archive, accessed September 15, 2017 www.sacred-texts.com/pac/ei/ei14.htm.

CHAPTER 10. ANCIENT GIANTS OF EAST ASIA

1. Beth, “Pangu and the Chinese Creation Story,” Ancient Origins, April 16, 2013, www.ancient-origins.net/human-origins-folklore/pangu-and-chinese-creation-myth-00347?nopaging=1.

2. “Giants in Asia,” Biblioteca Pleyades, 2016, www.bibliotecapleyades.net/gigantes/Asia.html.

3. “Japan, 8-Foot Mummy,” Greater Ancestors, 2011, http://greaterancestors.com/japan-8-foot-mummy.

4. Chris L. Lesley, “Huge Mummies in the Valley of the Giants,” Greater Ancestors, 2014, http://greaterancestors.com/huge-mummies-giants.

5. Chiara Palazzo, “Dinosaur Footprint among Largest on Record Discovered in Mongolia’s Gobi Desert,” Telegraph, October 4, 2016, www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/10/04/worlds-largest-dinosaur-footprint-discovered-in-mongolias-gobi-d.

6. “Sam Poh Footprint Temple,” Timeout, 2015, www.timeout.com/penang/attractions/sam-poh-footprint-temple.

7. Michael Newton, “‘Cyclops Skulls’ Baffle Tribal Folk,” Philippine Star, February 24, 2012, www.bigfootencounters.com/hominids/cylcops.htm.

8. “Longest Sword Ever Excavated from an Ancient Japanese Tomb,” MessagetoEagle.com, November 2, 2016, www.messagetoeagle.com/longest-sword-ever-excavated-from-ancient-underground-tomb-in-japan.

9. Brian Snoddy, “Giant Artifacts from the Tokyo National Museum,” Genesis 6 Giants, 2016, www.genesis6giants.com/index.php?s=600.

10. “A Giant Footprint Has Been Discovered in China,” Ancient Code, October 3, 2016, www.ancient-code.com/giant-footprint-discovered-china.

CHAPTER 11. ANCIENT GIANTS OF INDIA

1. Mark Miller, “5000-Year-Old Skeletons of Harappan Civilization Excavated in India,” Ancient Origins, April 18, 2015, www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/5000-year-old-skeletons-harappan-civilization-excavated-india-002920.

2. “Giant Prehistoric Ape,” The Argus, August 10, 1934, National Library of Australia, accessed September 15, 2017, http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/10982620.

3. “The Mystical Giant Footprint and Ancient Pyramid in Lepakshi, India,” Strange True News, January 24, 2015, www.strangetruenews.com/2015/01/the-mystical-giant-footprint-and.html.

4. Dhasa Maha Yodhayo, “The Legendary Ten Giants of King Dutugemunu,” LankaNewspapers.com, January 15, 2011, www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2011/1/63722_space.html.

APPENDIX. Finding the Book of Giants

1. Numerous variants (p. 126, Dobschütz), e.g. de ogiae, de oggie, diogiae, diogine, diogenes, de ozia, de ugia, de ugica, de ogiga, de eugia, de uegia, de eugenia, and so forth. In Migne’s Patrologia Latina the text is in vol. 59, 162–63.

2. See Charles, The Book of Enoch, 2nd ed., 1912. For the Greek fragments (and Georgius S.) the edition by Flemming and Radermacher ( = Fl.-R.) is quoted here. For Mani’s use of the Enoch literature see my papers in Sb.P.A.W., 1934, 27–32, and in ZDMG., 90, 2–4.

3. See below A 86–94, and compare G 19–21 with Enoch 67, 4, and G 38 with Enoch 17, 1; 21, 7; 54, 6; 67, 4–13. On chaps. 72 sqq. see Sb.P.A.W., 1934, 32.

4. Namely the Kamsarakan-k‘ (mentioned often in the Armenian history of the fourth century) who claimed descent from the royal house of the Arsacids. This is clear from the Chinese-Manichæan text that preceded the Fragment Pelliot, now printed in the Taishô Tripit.aka but hitherto untranslated: “He was born in the country of Sulin (= Babylonia), in the royal abode of B‘uât-tiei (= Patī-g), by his wife Muân-i̯ äm (= Maryam) of the family of Ki̯ əm-sât-g‘i̯ ɒn (= Kamsar(a)gān).” The name Κάρασσα in the Byzantine formula of abjuration (Migne, Patr. Gr., i, 1468) may be corrupted from Kamsar-. Thus there is a grain of truth in the assertion in the K. al-Fihrist, 327, 31, that Mani’s mother had belonged to the Arsacid house: Maryam (ed, Marmaryam) is given as one of her names.—It is not proposed to discuss the origin of Mani’s father here.

5. The Fragment Pelliot, now printed in the Taishô Tripit.aka as No. 2141a, vol. 54, p. 1280A.

6. I have abandoned my earlier opinion on this point (ZDMG., 90, 4) which was based on insufficient material. The important Sogdian fragment, text H, was not then known to me.

7. See BSOS., viii, 583; ZDMG., 90, 4. See also Bal. girōk, Geiger, No.107.

8. Cf. also Parthian bgpwhr’n, Sogd. βγpšyt, lit. “sons of God” = angels (also fem. Sogd. βγpwryšt). Thus bgpwhr has a double meaning in Parthian, it being (Sogd. βγpwr) also the translation of Chin. T‘ien-tzŭ, or rather of Skt. devaputra.

9. Herein he differed from the common interpretation of the passage (Nephilim = giants), shared also by the authors of the Book of Enoch.

10. M 41: ’br q’rc’r ’wt zmbg ‘stft cy ’whrmyzdbg qyrd ’d dyw’n: dw q’w’n ’wt dw nyw’n.

11. This word, in the anti-Manichæan book by Alexander Lycopolitanus, p. 8, 10, ed. Brinkmann, refers neither to the Manich. “First Battle”, nor to Mani’s Book of the Giants, as Cumont, Rech., i, 3; ii, 160 sq., erroneously states. Cumont goes so far as to say that in the quoted passage Alexander had given a summary of Mani’s work, and Benveniste, MO., xxvi, 213, has repeated this statement. In fact, Alexander says that experts in Greek mythology might quote, from the Greek poets, the Greek γιγαντομαχία, as a parallel to the Manich. doctrine of the rising by the Hyle against God. In ch. 25 (p. 37, 13 sqq.) Alexander explains that such poetical fables about giants could not be regarded as a satisfactory parallel, because they were myths and meant to be understood as allegories. He then (37, 17) quotes the story of Genesis 6:2–4, which he provides with an allegorical explanation. But he ascribes it to the History of the Jews without even mentioning the Book of the Giants. This shows conclusively that he had no knowledge of Mani’s book.

12. Jackson, Researches, 37, 67 sq., has “poisonous mass”; See OLZ., 1934, 752.

13. Hence the comparative mzndr (e.g. Mir.Man., i) and the superlative Pahl. mā˘zan-tum (e.g. Dd., p. 118, 12 ed. Anklesaria).

14. Clearly to be derived from Av. mazan“greatness.” See also Jackson, Researches, on mzn. Hence, the first part of the name of Māzandarān probably = “gigantic.”

15. Thus Dobschütz, Decret. Gelas., p. 305.

16. Dobschütz, Decret. Gelas., who quotes Fabricius, Cod. pseudepigr., 799 sq., and Migne, Dict. des apocr., ii, 649, 1295.

17. For example, Men.Khr., 68, 12; 69, 12, ed. Andreas; Pahl. Yasna, 9, 10 (p. 71, 19).

18. Shm, of course, transcribes S’hm, not S’m. See Christensen, Kayanides, p. 130.

19. MPers. m’hw’y A 7, with suff. m’hwy-c A 19, Sogd. m’h’wy C 15 ( = Wrogdad oγlϊ in B). Hardly = Māhōi (as suggested ZDMG., 90, 4), for the ending -ōi was pronounced -ōi also in the third century (cf. e.g. wyrwd = Wērōi in the inscription of Shapur, line 34). Furthermore, there was no Māhōi among the heroes of the Iranian epos (M. is well known as the name of the governor of Marv at the time of the last Yezdegerd). More likely Māhawai was a non-Iranian name and figured already in the Aramaic edition of the Kawān; it may have been adapted to Persian. See Mḥwy’l, Genesis 4:18?

20. But see Mir.Man., iii, 858 (b 134 sqq.).

21. The children of the Egrēgoroi share with the inhabitants of Airyana Vaēĵah, the distinction of being regarded as the inventors (or first users) of the arts and crafts.

22. For the spelling of Aryān-Vēžan see also Appendix, text U. It is not clear whether Yima (text V) had been given a place in the Sogdian Kawān. Ymyh, i.e. Imi, is the correct Sogdian form of the name.

23. BSOS., X, pp. 941 sqq.

24. But possibly Frg. i should occupy the first place; see below, notes on lines 95–111.

25. = far less than he could say. Cf. əž hazār yak, ŠGV., xiv, 2, əž hazāra̢ baewara̢ yak, ibid., xvi; Salemann, Zap. Imp. Ak. Nauk, sér. viii, t. vi, No. 6, 25, quoted Persian az hazār yakī va az bisyār andakī.

26. The texts B and C (Uygur and Sogdian) could be inserted here (or hereabouts).

27. Probably one of the twenty “decarchs” (Enoch 6, 7), viz. No. 4 Kokabiel = Χωχαριήλ in the Greek fragments, and Χωβαβιήλ apud Syncellus.

28. This also could be a “decarch,” Arakib’Î'ρακιήλ, or Aramiel‘Ραμιήλ.

29. Incomplete name.

30. Cf. Enoch 7, 5.

31. txtg might be appellative, = “a board.” This would fit in three of the passages, but hardly in the fourth.

32. Evidently this is the dream that Enoch reads in the fragment M 625c ( = Text D, below), which therefore probably belonged to the Kawān. It should be inserted here.

33. Here (or hereabouts) the texts E and F should be entered, both of which deal with the judgment on the fallen angels. Text F approximates to Enoch, ch. 10 (pronouncement of the judgment by God), while Text E is nearer to Enoch, ch. 13 (communication of the judgment the angels by Enoch).

34. = Enoch, 12, 4–5: εἰπὲ τοι̑ς ἐγρηγόροις . . . . οὐκ ἔσται ὑμι̑ν εἰρήνη.

35. = Enoch, 13, 1–2: ὁ δὲ ’Ενώχ . . . ει̑πεν . . . οὐκ ἔσται σοι εἰρήνη κρι̑μα μέγα ἐξη̑ λθεν κατὰ σου̑ δη̑σαί σε . . . περί . . . τη̑ς ἀδικίας καὶ τη̑ς ἀμαρτίας κτλ.

36. = Enoch, 14, 6: ἴδητε τὴν ἀπώλειαν τω̑ ν υἱω̑ ν ὑμω̑ ν.

37. = Syncellus, pp. 44–5 Fl.-R. (ad cap. xvi), cf. Genesis, vi, 3. ἀπολου̑ νται οἱ ἀγαπητοὶ ὑμω̑ ν . . . . ὅτι πα̑ σαι αἱ ἡμέραι τη̑ς ζωη̑ς αὐτω̑ ν ἀπὸ του̑ νυ̑ ν οὐ μὴ ἔσονται πλείω τω̑ ν ἑκατὸν εἴκοσιν ἐτω̑ ν.

38. In Jewish Persian trwš is “ram” (Lagarde, Pers. Stud., 73), but in the dialect of Rīšahr nr. Bushire (according to the notes made on this dialect by Andreas about seventy years ago) tîštär is “a young she-goat.” See JRAS., 1942, 248. [trwš, Is. 111, Ier. 5140 = Hebr. ‘attūd, probably understood as “he-goat.”]

39. These lines evidently refer to the promise of peace and plenty that concludes the divine judgment in Enoch, 10. Hence = “each pair of those animals shall have two hundred young”?

40. sārišn: cf. DkM. 487apu.–488, 3, “when they provoke (sārēn-) him he does not get irritated (sār- and better, sārih-).” GrBd. 5, 8, “if you do not provoke, or instigate (sārēn-) a fight” (differently Nyberg, ii, 202). sār-, if from sarəd- (Skt. śardh-), is presumably the transitive to syrydn (from srdhya- according to Bartholomæ), cf. NGGW., 1932, 215, n. 3.

41. Cf. Enoch, 10, 19: ἡ ἄμπελος [sic] ἣν ἂν φυτεύσωσιν ποιήσουσιν πρόχους οἴνου χιλιάδας . . . . ἐλαίας . . . .

42. ty or ty[y] = tai from taih from taiγ (cf. GGA., 1935, 18), is ambiguous: (1) sharp instrument, (2) burning, glow, brightness, sunrays, etc. So also is tyzyy: (1) sharpness, (2) speed. One could also restore ty[gr].

43. Lit. “but the Wing(s) that (is, are) with him.” The curious expression was chosen probably on account of the rhythm. For the same reason byc is employed in the place of ’n’y in line 73.

44. Lit. “beats.”

45. ‘ystyh- is obviously different from ‘styh- (on which see BSOS., IX, 81), and possibly derived from ‘yst-, cf. z’yh- “to be born” from z’y- “to be born.” ‘ystyh- is met with in W.-L., ii, 558, p. 62 Ri 25, “blessed chief who stands (‘ystyhyd ?) as the sign of the Light Gods.” Lentz has ‘ystyhnd, but without having seen the manuscript one may presume a misreading (cf. ibid., R i l, Lentz: pd [. . .] dg, but probably pr[’d]ng, R i 2, Lentz: p.d’r, but probably pyr’r, ibid., R ii 22, Lentz: ’n.z, but probably ”wn; for further cases see OLZ., 1934, 10).

46. St. John, 13, 18.

47. phrystn: phryz = Parth. prx’štn: prxyz- (cf. Av. pārihaēza-, Sogd. pr-γyž; Parth. ’x’št: MPers. ’xyst) is mostly “to stand around, to be about, versari,” sometimes “to stand around for the purpose of looking after someone” = “serve, nurse, protect,” often merely “to be.” phryz- “to stand off, to abstain” is presumably different (para-haēza-).

48. The series of visions in which Enoch sees the arrangements for the punishment of the fallen angels, etc., and of “the kings and the Mighty” (chaps. xvii sqq.), follows immediately upon the announcement of the divine judgment. Hence, frgg. k-g must be placed after frg. l. Text G (below), which describes, the execution of the divine order, could perhaps be inserted here.

49. It is difficult to decide whether this fragment should be placed at the end or at the beginning of the book. The 400,000 Righteous may have perished when the Egrēgoroi descended to the earth. The “choosing of beautiful women,” and so forth strongly suggests the misbehavior of the Egrēgoroi on their arrival upon the earth. The hard labour imposed on the Mesenians and other nations may be due to the insatiable needs of their giant progeny (Enoch, 7, 2 sqq.). On the other hand, “fire, naphtha, and brimstone” are only mentioned as the weapons with which the archangels overcame the Egrēgoroi, after a prolonged and heavy fight (Text G, 38), and the 400,000 Righteous may well have been the innocent non-combatant victims of this battle which may have had a demoralizing effect even upon the electae. To clear up the debris the archangels would naturally commandeer the men. We do not know whether Mani believed Enoch to have been moved out of sight (ἐλήμφθη Enoch, 12, 1) before the Egrēgoroi appeared, or before they were punished.

50. See texts R, and Q (where 4,000 instead of 400,000).

51. See BSOS., X, 398.

52. See text T, line 3.

53. Cf. Enoch, 7, 1 ?

54. On myšn’yg’n see BSOS., X, 945, n. 2, on hwjyg, ibid., 944, n. 7.

55. py(y) always = nerves, sinews (not “fat” as in Mir.Man., i, etc., as alternative rendering). It is equivalent to nerfs (Chavannes-Pelliot, Traité Man., 32/3 [528/9]), Uygur singir (T.M., iii, 18/9), Copt. = Sehne (Keph., 96, etc.), Sogd. pδδw’ (unpubl.). Cf. also GrBd., 196, 4, where Goetze, ZII., ii, 70, wrongly has “fat”. MPers. pai = NPers. pai = Pashto pala = Sogd. pδδw’ (not Av. piθwā-).

56. Hardly “to”. See Cumont, Rech., i, 49, and my paper NGGW., 1932, 224.

57. Or: over the Just God, sun and moon, the (or: his) two flames. The “Just God” is the Messenger (not = bgr’štygr, i.e. Zrwān).

58. Unintelligible. Lit. “. . . two flames given into the (or: his) hand.”

59. Cf. Sb.P.A.W., 1934, 27, and BSOS., VIII, 585.

60. Cf. M 171, 32 sqq. ’wt ’st ngwš’g ky ’w ’b[w](r)[s] m’nh’g ky hmyw zrgwng ‘štyd ’wš zmg ’wd t’b’n png ny ryzynd. ’w’gwn hwyc hwrw’n ngwš’g pd pzd ’wd wšyd’x pd xw’r ’wt dyjw’r, kd dwr ’c wjydg’n ’wt kd nzd ’w wjydg’n, hw pd wxybyy frhyft ’wd w’wryft ‘škbyd, etc. “And some Hearers are like unto the juniper which is ever green, and whose leaves are shed neither in summer nor in winter. So also the pious Hearer, in times of persecution and of free exercise (lit. openmindedness), in good and bad days, under the eyes of the Elect or out of their sight,—he is constant in his charity and faith.” Although the word ’brws is incomplete in both passages, its restoration is practically a certainty.

61. Possibly the parable of St. Mark, iv, 3 sqq.

62. BSOS., IX, 86.

63. An elaborate version of this parable is found in M 221 R 9-23: u nywš’g ky h’n rw’ng’n ’w wjyydg’n ’’wryyd, ’’wn m’n’g c’wn ‘škwh myrd [ky] dwxt ‘y nyq z’d hy, ’wd pd wryhryy ’wd ’gr’yyh ’byr hwcyyhr hy. ’wd h’n myrd ‘y ‘škwh ’w hwcyhryyh ‘y ’wy qnyycg xwyš dwxtr prg’ myyh cy ’byr h[wcyhr] [h]y. ’wd ’wy dwxtr ‘y hwcyhr [ ]. ’wš ’w š’h hndyym’n [qwnyh] ’wd š’h ’wy qnycg ps[ndyh ?] ’wd pd znyy nš’yy. ’wš [ ] pws ’cyyš z’ynd[ ] pwsryn ‘yš ’c ’w[y myrd ‘y ‘š]kwh dwxtr z[’d (remainder missing), “The Hearer that brings alms to the Elect, is like unto a poor man to whom a pretty daughter has been born, who is very beautiful with charm and loveliness. That poor man fosters the beauty of that girl, his daughter, for she is very beautiful. And that beautiful daughter, he presents her to the king. The king approves of her, and puts her into his harem. He has [several] sons by her. The sons that were born to that poor man’s daughter . . . .”. Throughout the story the parabolic optative is in use.

64. For a similar parable see below, lines 258 sqq.

65. zyyg: this word, hitherto unexplained, occurs in the Šābuhragān (M 470 V 14, spelt z‘yg). The sinners, roasting in hell, see the Righteous enjoying the New Paradise, and ask them: . . . ’wm’n . . . z‘yg ’w dst dyy[d ’wd ’]c ‘yn swcyšn bwzy[d] “. . . put a rope (or: life-line) in our hands and rescue us from this conflagration.” Cf. Pahl., Pers. zīg, Nyberg, Mazd. Kal., 68.

66. Possibly “weapons.”

67. Cf. Kephalaia, 192/3.

68. Cf. āhīd-gar-ān below, F 43/4. For a discussion of āhīd see Zaehner; BSOS., IX, 315 sq. Perhaps one can understand Av. āhitias “something that causes shame”, hence “stain”, etc. In that case Anāhitā could be compared to Apsaras. As regards NPers. χīre, mentioned by Zaehner, this may be connected with Sogd. γyr’k “foolish.” The word in DkM., 2058, is not necessarily hyrg-gwn (thus Zaehner, ibid., 312). It might be hyl= Pashto xər. “ashen, grey, etc.”

69. Cf. supra, lines 206–212.

70. On boγuq see Bang, loc. cit., p. 15, who has: “the door of the closed (locked) sun.” Acc. to Enoch, chaps. 72 sqq., there are 180 doors in the east one of which is opened each morning for the sun to pass through (the idea, familiar also from Pahlavi books, is of Babylonian origin).

71. Cf. Enoch, 13, 9, ἠ̑ λθον πρὸς αὐτούς, καὶ πάντες συνηγμένοι ἐκάθηντο πενθου̑ ντες κτλ.

72. Cf. Enoch, 13, 4–6.

73. i.e. the divine order for their punishment (Enoch, 10).

74. [Other fragments of the same manuscript (“T I”), not however belonging to the Kawān, show that there were three columns to a page; hence, the correct order of the columns is: BCDEFA. Perhaps this text, too, is not a fragment of the Kawān.]

75. murzīdan is “persecute, harass,” not “show pity” as hitherto translated (S 9; Mir Man., ii; W.-L., ii, 556, r 6).

76. ghwd (Mir.Man., ii), ghwdg’n (Mir.Man., i), ghwyn- (ZII., ix, 183, 27): the derivation of these words from vi + hū by Schaeder, Sb.P.A.W., 1935, 492, n. 3, is based on the translation I had given; this translation, however, was based on nothing but this selfsame etymology.

77. 75. Enoch, 10, 10.

78. This passage in particular seems to show that the text is a fragment of the Kawān. There are two groups of sinners here: one is (apparently) to be transferred from a preliminary fire-prison to the permanent hell at the end of the world ( = the Egrēgoroi), the other consists of the κίβδηλοι ( = Giants). The digression on their final fate in the great conflagration, under the eyes of the self-satisfied Righteous (cf. Šābuhragān, M 470 V), is well in keeping with Mani’s discursive style.

79. w’y- (different from Parth. w’y- “to lead”) = “to fly” or “to hunt” ? Cf. w’ywg “hunter” (BBB., where the translation should be changed), Air. Wb. 1356, 1407.

80. My pupil I. Gershevitch thinks prβ’r should be derived from prβyr-. It is true that “explanation, announcement” fits most passages better than “chariot”! Hence, Mahāyāna rendered as “the great announcement”?

81. Enoch, 17,1: ὅταν θέλωσιν φαίνονται ὡσεὶ ἄνθρωποι. pts’δ, cf. Skt. praticchanda-.

82. viz. the human associates of the demons, esp. the “daughters of men.”

83. viz. the giants and their children ? Or merely the children of the giants ? See below, S. to Syncellus (apud Fl.-R., p. 25) there were three generations: (1) the giants, (2) the Nephīlīm, their sons, and (3) the Eliud, their grandsons. In the Book of Enoch the giants are killed, or rather incited to kill each other, before the Egrēgoroi are punished (ch. 10). Their spirits shall roam the world, until the day of judgement, as πνεύματα πονηρά (15,8–16,1).

84. This passage shows that the Sogdian text had been translated from either Middle-Persian or Parthian (MPers. ky myhryzd ’c nwx ’wyš’n r’y wyn’rd bwd, Parthian ky w’d jywndg ’c nwx hwyn wsn’d wyr’št bwd

85. ’nδyk probably = skill, art, ability (differently, BBB., p. 105).

86. See above, A 97. www.sacred-texts.com/chr/giants/giants.htm#page-69-note-8.

87. Fairly cursive, difficult to read.

88. Probably by assimilation from Šamšai ( = Šimšai in Ezra).

89. See above, G 28-9, and below, text M. According to Enoch, ch. 8, the fallen angels imparted to mankind unholy arts and undesirable knowledge, e.g. astrology, cosmetics, soothsaying, metallurgy, production of weapons, even the art of writing (ch. 69, 9).

90. Cf. JRAS. 1942, 232 n. 6.

91. 89. Cf. JRAS. 1942, 232 n. 6.

92. If Mani’s famous Ertenk was indeed a picture-book, this Vifrās may well have been the explanatory text published together with it; cf. Polotsky’s suggestion, Man. Hom., 18, n. 1, on Mani’s εἰκών (but see BBB., pp. 9 sq.). There is no reason for “identifying” the Ertenk with Mani’s Evangelion (Schaeder, Gnomon, 9, 347). The fragments of the Vifrās (M 35, M 186, M 205, M 258, M 740, T ii K, T iii D 278) will be published at some other opportunity.

93. The point is that A eats or kills B, after B had finished C. A man killed his brother over the treasure, but was killed by a third party, etc. The Great Fire will devour the bodily fire which had swallowed the “exterior fire.” Hence, Ohya killed Leviathan, but was killed by Raphael.

94. St. Wikander, Vayu, i [1941], 166, quotes my article on Enoch, and my paper in ZDMG., 1936, p. 4, and remarks that eigentuemlicherweise I had forgotten Al-Ghad. anfar’s notice on Sām and Narīmān. Less careless readers will find Ghad. anfar’s notice quoted in extenso on the page cited by Wikander.

95. See above, A 98.

96. Cf. above. A 105 sqq.

97. Presumably the number of years supposed to have passed from the time of Enoch to the beginning of the reign of Vištāsp. The date for Enoch was probably calculated with the help of the Jewish world-era, or the mundane era of Alexandria (beginning 5493 B.C.), or by counting backward from the Deluge. Taking 3237 B.C. (but 3251 B.C. according to the Coptic chronology) as the date of the Deluge (see S. H. Taqizadeh, BSOS., X, 122, under c), and adding 669 ( = from Enoch’s death to the Deluge according to the Hebrew Genesis), and subtracting the number in our fragment, 3,28[8 ?], from 3,237 + 669 = 3,906, the resulting date, 618 B.C., agrees perfectly with the traditional Zoroastrian date for the beginning of Vištāsp’s reign (258 + 30 years before Alexander’s conquest of Persia, 330 B.C.; cf. Taqizadeh, ibid., 127 sq.). From this one may infer that the famous date for Zoroaster: “258 years before Alexander” was known to Mani (Nyberg, Rel. Alt. Iran, 32 sqq., thinks it was invented toward the beginning of the fifth century).

98. The name is possibly to be restored in Türk. Man., iii, p. 39, No. 22, R 5, where wy.t’δlp was read by LeCoq.

99. In quoting this text in ZDMG., 90, p. 5, I took wyjn for what it seemed to be, viz. Vēžan. But as the appearance of Bēžan in connection with Vištāspa is incomprehensible, I have now restored [’ry’]n-wyjn, see above, G 26.

100. For the spelling, cf. kwdws apud Theodore bar Kōnay.

101. ’mwst = amwast = believer, faithful (not “sad”!), from hmwd-, Arm. havat-.

102. Hardly “food” or “banquet”? Cf. Parth. ’wxrn, etc. Also Budd. Sogd. ’wγr- (’wγ’r-) Impf. w’γr-, Inf. ’wγ’wrt, etc.) “to abandon” (SCE., 562; Dhuta, 41; P2, 97, 219; P 7, 82; etc., appears to be of no use here.

103. Cf. NPers. ĵehāniyān.

104. Cf. Vd., ii, 20 ? But the Manich. fragment appears to describe the election of Yima to the sovereignty over the world.

105. Cf. BSOS., X, 102, n. 4.

106. šyrn’m is a karmadhāraya, = acclamation(s), cheering, cf. e.g. Rustam frg. (P 13, 5) prw RBkw šyrn’m “with loud cheers”; it should not be confused with the bahuvrīhi šyrn’m’k “well-reputed, famous” (e.g. Reichelt, ii, 68, 9; šyrn’m’y, ibid., 61, 2, cf. BBB., 91, on a 11). But šyrn’m is also “(good) fame,” see e.g. V.J., 156, 168, 1139.