CONTENTS

Acknowledgments  ix

1    Introduction  1

1.1.    Elements of Relational Normativity  5

1.2.    Overview of the Argument  12

2    The Problem of Moral Obligation  24

2.1.    Practical Requirements: The Basic Challenge  26

2.2.    Moral Obligation: The Specific Challenge  34

2.3.    A Relational Approach to Moral Obligation  47

2.4.    Refining the Picture  54

3    Morality as a Social Phenomenon  66

3.1.    The Interpersonal Significance of Moral Right and Wrong  67

3.2.    Individualistic and Relational Conceptions of the Moral Right  76

3.3.    The Relational Structure of Interpersonal Accountability  86

3.4.    The Relational Content of Blame  95

4    Relational Requirements without Relational Foundations  105

4.1.    Obligations and Relationships  107

4.2.    Self-Standing Relational Requirements  115

4.3.    Anti-Individualism about the Normative  125

4.4.    Agent-Relativity and Morality as an Ideal  135

5    From Interests to Claims  146

5.1.    Defining the Manifold: Who Are the Claimholders?  148

5.2.    Interests, Claims, and Moral Wrongs  156

5.3.    Moral Justification and Moral Reasoning: From Interests to Claims  165

5.4.    A Theory of Relational Morality?  176

6    Some Practical Consequences  190

6.1.    Foreseeability, Claims, and Wrongs  192

6.2.    Claims without Rights: Imperfect Moral Duties  201

6.3.    Numbers and Non-Identity  210

6.4.    Extramoral Concern for Moral Persons  221

Notes  235

Bibliography  275

Index  285