Introduction: Spying between the Lines in the National Press Building
1. National Press Club Yearbook (Washington, DC: National Press Club, 1932), p. 28.
2. Ibid., p. 30.
3. Ibid., p. 31.
4. Ibid., p. 32.
5. Reliable Sources: 100 Years at the National Press Club (Nashville, TN: Turner, 2008), p. 42.
6. Advertisement in the Evening Star (Washington, DC), December 9, 1925, p. 31.
7. “Concrete in Press Building Would Build 15-Mile Road,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), September 4, 1926, p. 13.
8. “National Press Building Opens September First,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), August 21, 1927, p. 10.
9. “The National Press Club,” Washington Post, December 30, 1927, p. 6.
10. Theodore Tiller, “Bareheaded Men in Elevators,” Washington Post, October 2, 1927, p. M13.
11. “National Press Building Houses Capitol Newsmen,” Holland (MI) Evening Sentinel, April 20, 1948, p. 10.
12. Karl Schriftgiesser, “European News Hardest to Get, 3 Tell Editors: Brains, Courage, Spying Needed, Correspondents Declare Here,” Washington Post, April 20, 1935, p. 7.
13. Reliable Sources, p. 8.
Chapter One: Washington Merry-Go-Round
1. “Vassiliev Yellow Notebook, No. 4, 1923–1950,” 2009, Alexander Vassiliev Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, pp. 24–25, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112859 (accessed April 11, 2018); Charles Fisher, The Columnists (New York: Howell, Soskin, 1944), p. 241.
2. “Vassiliev Yellow Notebook, No. 4,” p. 24.
3. “Leaders in Capital Twitted in a Book,” New York Times, July 16, 1931, p. 25.
4. “Vassiliev Yellow Notebook, No. 4,” p. 25.
5. Ibid.
6. “Biography: Robert S. Allen: Co-Author of ‘Daily Washington Marry-Go-Round’ (1932?),” (Washington, DC: American University Special Collections, Digital Research Archive), http://auislandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/pearson%3A25554#page/1/mode/1up (accessed April 11, 2018); Sam G. Riley, Biographical Dictionary of American Newspaper Columnists (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995), p. 7.
7. Dan Nimmo and Chevelle Newsome, Political Commentators in the United States in the 20th Century: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997), p. 270.
8. [Robert S. Allen], “Guilt Admitted by Adolf Hitler,” Christian Science Monitor, February 27, 1924, p. 1.
9. Riley, American Newspaper Columnists, pp. 7–8.
10. “Vassiliev Yellow Notebook, No. 4,” p. 24.
11. Walter F. Jones, “Espionage System at White House Revealed in Book,” Modesto (CA) News-Herald, October 6, 1931, p. 11.
12. Robert Sharon Allen and Drew Pearson, More Merry-Go-Round (New York: Liveright, 1932), pp. 299–300.
13. Samuel Nicholson, “A Most Unlikely Agent: Robert S. Allen,” Washington Decoded, September 11, 2010, http://www.washingtondecoded.com/site/2010/09/a-most-unlikely-agent.html (accessed April 11, 2018); Fisher, Columnists, p. 230; Nimmo and Newsome, Political Commentators, p. 270.
14. Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen, Daily Washington Merry-Go-Round, December 8, 1932, American University Digital Research Archives, http://islandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/pearson%3A25481#page/1/mode/1up/search/december+8%2C+1932 (accessed April 11, 2018); Pearson and Allen, Daily Washington Merry-Go-Round, December 19, 1932, http://auislandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/pearson%3A27042?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=cf04c4a293b162039007&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=7#page/1/mode/1up (accessed April 11, 2018).
15. “Vassiliev Yellow Notebook, No. 4,” p. 25.
16. Dennis J. Dunn, Caught between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1998), pp. 6–7; Nikolai Sivache and Nikolai Yakovlev, Russia and the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 103.
17. Christopher Andrew and Julie Elkner, “Stalin and Foreign Intelligence,” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 4, no. 1 (2003); John Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009).
18. “Vassiliev Yellow Notebook, No. 4,” p. 25.
19. Ibid., pp. 25–26.
20. “Vassiliev Black Notebook, 1932–1954,” 2009, Alexander Vassiliev Papers, p. 4, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112860 (accessed April 11, 2018).
21. “Vassiliev Yellow Notebook, No. 4,” p. 27.
22. Donald Ritchie, Reporting from Washington: The History of the Washington Press Corps (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 136.
Chapter Two: A Popular Spy
1. Theodore R. Weeks, “From ‘Russian’ to ‘Polish’: Vilna-Wilno 1900–1925,” (paper; Washington, DC: National Council for Eurasian and East European Research, 2004), http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2004_819-06g_Weeks.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).
2. Kazuo Nakai, “Soviet Agricultural Policies in the Ukraine and the 1921–1922 Famine,” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 6, no. 1 (March 1982): 43–61.
3. Julius Wachtel, Stalin's Witnesses (New York: Knox Robinson, 2012), pp. 375–404.
4. Andrew Meier, The Lost Spy: An American in Stalin's Secret Service (London: Orion, 2010), p. 161; Christopher Andrew and Julie Elkner, “Stalin and Foreign Intelligence,” in Redefining Stalinism, ed. Harold Shukman (London: Frank Cass, 2003).
5. John T. Whitaker, We Cannot Escape History (New York: Macmillan, 1943), p. 340.
6. Constance Drexel, “Spotlight on Foreign Affairs,” Brooklyn (NY) Daily Eagle, January 26, 1937, p. 7.
7. Harold Denny, “Soviet to Send First Permanent Reporter; Americans Tell Him There Is Freedom Here,” New York Times, June 2, 1934, p. 19.
8. Goldfish Bowl 4, no. 6, National Press Club newsletter, July 1934, p. 3.
9. “Dictatorships Temporary, Says Soviet Envoy Who Sees Russians Turning to Democracy,” New York Times, June 27, 1935, p. 1.
10. George Durno, “The National Whirligig,” Detroit Free Press, June 15, 1934, p. 6.
11. Ernie Pyle, “Party First, Soviet Writer Considers Self Secondary in Importance,” The Toledo (OH) News-Bee, February 6, 1936, p. 13.
12. “President Gives Talk at Dinner of Press Club,” Washington Post, May 10, 1936, p. M15.
13. San Francisco Chronicle, January 1, 1937, p. 2, cited in Institute of Pacific Relations, Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, US Senate, 82nd Cong., 2nd session (May 2 and June 20, 1952), https://archive.org/stream/instituteofpacif14unit/instituteofpacif14unit_djvu.txt (accessed April 11, 2018).
14. Robert Whymant, Stalin's Spy: Richard Sorge and the Tokyo Espionage Ring (London: I. Tauris, 1996), p. 93; “Red I. P. R. Delegate in Attack on Japan: Lauds Red Army, Raps Nippon Trade Policy,” China Press, August 23, 1936, p. 1.
15. Whymant, Stalin's Spy, p. 93.
16. “American Writers Attempt to Save Romm,” New York Times, January 24, 1937; Walter G. Krivitsky, In Stalin's Secret Service (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939), p. 28.
17. Walter Duranty, “Radek Wins Tilt of Wits at Trial,” New York Times, January 25, 1937, p. 3.
18. “American Writers Attempt to Save Romm.”
19. Joseph B. Phillips, “Radek Flaunts Story of Plot, Blames Trotsky,” New York Herald Tribune, January 25, 1937, p. 6.
20. “Old & New Bolsheviks,” Time, February 1, 1937, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788639,00.html (accessed April 11, 2018); Leon Trotsky, “Trotsky Gives His Proof of Moscow Trial Falsity,” New York Times, February 16, 1937.
21. Duranty, “Radek Wins Tilt of Wits.”
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.”“
24. Joseph Davies, “Mission to Moscow,” Times Herald (Olean, NY), June 10, 1942, p. 4.
25. “Friends Act Again in Romm's Behalf,” New York Times, January 27, 1937, p. 10; “Reporters Visit Troyanovsky in Plea for Romm,” New York Herald Tribune, January 27, 1937, p. 13.
26. “Friends Act Again in Romm's Behalf,” New York Times.
27. Isidor Feinstein, “????????????” New York Post, January 26, 1937, p. 6, as quoted in D. D. Guttenplan, American Radical: The Life and Times of I. F. Stone (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2012), p. 109.
28. Robert K. Landers, “Iffy Izzy,” Commonweal, February 12, 2010, pp. 22–23.
29. D. D. Guttenplan, “Red Harvest: The KGB in America,” Nation, May 6, 2009, p. 25.
30. Max Holland, “I. F. Stone: Encounters with Soviet Intelligence,” Journal of Cold War Studies 11, no. 3 (Summer 2009): pp. 144–205, https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/jcws.2009.11.3.144 (accessed April 11, 2018); “Vassiliev Black Notebook, 1932–1954,” 2009, Alexander Vassiliev Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, p. 23 http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112860 (accessed April 11, 2018); Oleg Kalugin, personal interview with author, March 7, 2014.
31. “Vassiliev Black Notebook,” p. 24.
32. Ibid., p. 23.
33. Ernst Hanfstaengl, Hitler: The Missing Years (New York: Arcade, 1994), pp. 153–54; William E. Dodd, letter to FDR, March 20, 1935, FDR Library Digital Collections, http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box32/t299t03.html (accessed April 11, 2018).
34. “Vassiliev Black Notebook,” p. 24; “Vassiliev White Notebook, No. 2, 1927–1975,” Alexander Vassiliev Papers, p. 69, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112565 (accessed April 11, 2018).
35. Rodney Dutcher, “Behind the Scenes in Washington,” Ogden (UT) Standard-Examiner, January 30, 1937, p. 4.
36. Davies, “Mission to Moscow,” p. 4.
37. Julius Wachtel, “Vladimir Georgievich Romm (1896–1937)” (unpublished paper, 2001).
38. Photo caption, “Newsmen Hear Russian Ambassador. Washington, DC,” LC-H22-D-1322, April 22, 1937, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/hec.22609/ (accessed April 11, 2018); “Romm, Ex-DC Correspondent, Feared Shot in Russian Purge,” Washington Post, March 1, 1938, p. 1.
39. Wachtel, “Vladimir Georgievich Romm.”
Chapter Three: “Kike Killer”
1. United Press, “Hour of Triumph Strikes for F. D. Roosevelt Today,” March 4, 1933, Piqua (OH) Daily Call, p. 1.
2. United Press International, “Zangara Says Crowd Kept Him from Killing Roosevelt,” February 16, 1933, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1933/02/16/Zangara-says-crowd-kept-him-from-killing-Roosevelt/7871007408139/ (accessed May 15, 2018).
3. Arthur Krock, “100,000 at Inauguration,” New York Times, March 5, 1933, p. 1.
4. “The Presidency,” Time, March 13, 1933, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745289,00.html (accessed April 11, 2018).
5. Arthur Sears Henning, “For Dictatorship if Necessary,” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 5, 1933, p. 1.
6. George Wolfskill and John Hudson, All But the People: Franklin D. Roosevelt and His Critics, 1933–39 (London: Macmillan, 1969), p. 69.
7. James True, Policeman's Truncheon, US Patent 2,026,077, “‘” filed September 30, 1935, issued December 31, 1935.
8. Wolfskill and Hudson, All But the People, p. 69.
9. Ibid., pp. 66, 69.
10. Charles P. Stewart, “Dies and Ickes Exaggerate,” New Castle (PA) News, December 7, 1938, p. 4; Charles P. Stewart, “What's What at a Glance,” Nevada State Journal (Reno, NV), June 23, 1935.
11. “Better Luck Next Time,” Goldfish Bowl 7, no. 48 (first quarter 1940), p. 9.
12. Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States, Hearings Before a Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 77th Cong., p. 2743; Industrial Control Report, Washington, DC, November 23, 1935.
13. Wolfskill and Hudson, All But the People, p. 92.
14. Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities, p. 2747; John Roy Carlson, Under Cover: My Four Years in the Nazi Underworld of America—The Amazing Revelation of How Axis Agents and Our Enemies Within Are Now Plotting to Destroy the United States (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1943), p. 145; Drew Pearson, Washington Merry-Go-Round, July 18, 1944, American University Digital Research Archives, http://hdl.handle.net/1961/2041-20579 (accessed April 11, 2018).
15. Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States, vol. 5, May 18, May 22–24, May 31–June 1, 1939, Special House Committee on Un-American Activities, p. 3470.
16. James True trading as the James True Associates, US Bureau of Investigation file no. 62-2930, September 18, 1934; Acting Attorney General William Stanley, correspondence to Louis McHenry Hoew, secretary to the president, August 17, 1934; Memorandum for the Secretary of the Treasury, October 19, 1937; all in the James True folder, FDR archives, Hyde Park, NY.
17. Regin Schmidt, Red Scare: FBI and the Origins of Anticommunism in the United States (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2004), p. 34; Paul Rosier, Serving Their Country: American Indian Politics and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), p. 75; Timothy Dowling, ed., Personal Perspectives: World War II, vol. 2 (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2005), pp. 233–34; Charles J. Weeks, “The Eastern Cherokee and the New Deal,” North Carolina Historical Review 53, no. 3 (July 1976): pp. 303–19, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23529643 (accessed April 11, 2018).
18. “Blind Senator Thomas D. Schall of Minnesota Uses a Revolver for Target Practice, Guided by Sound as a Wand Taps the Bulls Eyes,” December 1935, ed. danielharden44, Critical Past, April 12, 2012, http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675060566_Senator-Thomas-D-Schall_blind-Senator_making-score-with-revolver_bulls-eye (accessed May 25, 2018).
19. Wolfskill and Hudson, All But the People, pp. 69–70; “Death of Schall,” Time, December 30, 1935.
20. “America First! Incorporated: Confidential Statement,” FDR archives, James True folder.
21. “Oust 24 Aides, America First! Asks Roosevelt,” New York Herald Tribune, September 17, 1934, p. 6; James True, “Seeks Dismissal of Those ‘Prolonging Depression,’” Register (Sandusky, OH), September 16, 1934, p. 3.
22. Edward A. Williams, “Washington's ‘Big Leagues’ Take a Hand in Political Game,” Washington Post, October 28, 1934, p. B2; John L. Spivak, “Plotting the American Pogroms, Part I: Organization of the Anti-Semitic Campaign,” New Masses, October 2, 1934, pp. 9–13, http://www.unz.org/Pub/NewMasses-1934oct02?View=PDF (accessed May 25, 2018).
23. John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), p. 160; “Whalen Offers Secret Proof of Soviet Plot,” New York Herald Tribune, July 19, 1930, p. 1; Harvey Klehr, John Haynes, and Fridrikh Firsov, The Secret World of American Communism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 26.
24. “Vassiliev White Notebook, No. 2, 1927–1975,” 2009, Alexander Vassiliev Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, p. 33, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112565 (accessed April 11, 2018).
25. Ibid.; “Vassiliev Black Notebook, 1932–1954,” Alexander Vassiliev Papers, p. 11, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112860 (accessed April 11, 2018).
26. “Vassiliev Black Notebook,” p. 14.
27. Raymond Lonergan, “Wild Yarns Broadcast,” Labor, September 15, 1935, p. 1.
28. Wolfskill and Hudson, All But the People, p. 69.
29. United Press, “Dies Hears Evans, Moseley Named: Atlantans Mentioned in Letter to Goebbels on Proposed Newspaper,” Atlanta Constitution, October 22, 1939, p. 14A.
30. “The Sedition Trial: A Study in Delay and Obstruction,” University of Chicago Law Review 15, no. 3 (Spring 1948): 691–702; James E. Chinn, “Court Removes Two From Trial,” Washington Post, July 14, 1944, p. 1.
Chapter Four: American Liberty League
1. Ranjit Dighe, “Pierre S. du Pont and the Making of an AntiProhibition Activist,” Social History of Alcohol & Drugs: An Interdisciplinary Journal 24, no. 2 (Summer 2010): 97–118.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.; Daniel Okrent, “No Closing Time for Income Taxes,” New York Times, June 12, 2010, p. WK11.
4. Sheldon Richman, “A Matter of Degree, Not Principle: The Founding of the American Liberty League,” Journal of Libertarian Studies 6, no 2 (Spring 1982).
5. Arthur Krock, “AAPA, Its Work Well Done, Passes Out of Existence,” New York Times, December 31, 1933, p. E1.
6. Investigation of Lobbying Activities, Special Committee to Investigate Lobbying Activities, US Senate, 74th Congress, 2nd Session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1936), p. 2059.
7. Frederick Rudolph, “The American Liberty League, 1934–1940,” American Historical Review 56, no. 1 (October 1950): 19–33.
8. Blanche Wiesen Cook, The Defining Years, 1933–1938, vol. 2, Eleanor Roosevelt (New York: Viking Penguin, 1999), chap. 17.
9. Elliott Thurston, “Leaders of 2 Parties Set to Sift New Deal,” Washington Post, August 23, 1934, p. 1.
10. Associated Press, “President Cool on Liberty Body,” Washington (DC) Star, August 25, 1934, p. 1; David Kyvig, Repealing National Prohibition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 191.
11. Smedley Butler, “On War,” The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), 1933, http://quaker.org/legacy/co/Writings/SmedleyButler.htm.
12. “Investigation of un-American propaganda activities in the United States. Hearings before a Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, Seventy-fifth Congress, third session-Seventy-eighth Congress, second session,” US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1935, p. 20.
13. Paul Comly French, “$3,000,000 Bid for Fascist Army Bared,” Philadelphia Herald, November 20, 1934, p. 1.
14. Ibid.
15. Special Committee on Un-American Activities, “Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities ad Investigation of Certain Other Propaganda Activities, House of Representatives, Seventy-third Congress, second session” US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1935, p. 10.
16. Sally Denton, The Plots against the President: FDR, A Nation in Crisis, and the Rise of the American Right (London: Bloomsbury, 2012), p. 215.
17. “Investigation of Lobbying Activities, Special Committee to Investigate Lobbying Activities,” pp. 1948–49, 1958, 2051–52, 2094; Jared A. Goldstein, “The American Liberty League and the Rise of Constitutional Nationalism,” Temple Law Review 86, no. 2 (Winter 2014): 287–330.
18. Robert Burk, The Corporate State and the Broker State: The Du Ponts and American National Politics, 1925–1940 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 158; Patrick C. Patton, “Standing at Thermopylae: A History of the American Liberty League” (PhD diss., Temple University, 2015), pp. 177–88.
19. Roger Biles, The South and the New Deal (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994), p. 140.
20. Patton, “Standing at Thermopylae,” p. 188.
21. Franklyn Waltman Jr., “Happy Warrior ‘Looks at Record,’ Sees ‘Debts, but No Progress,’” Washington Post, January 26, 1936, p. M1.
22. “Smith's Oratory Dominates 2,000 Hilarious New Deal Foes,” Washington Post, January 26, 1936, p. M1.
23. Ibid.
Chapter Five: We, the People
1. John Franklin Carter, Murder in the State Department (London: J. Cape & H. Smith, 1930.), p. 19.
2. Bruce Rae, “New Mystery Stories,” New York Times, October 19, 1930, p. 70.
3. John Franklin Carter, What We Are About to Receive (New York: Covici, Friede, 1932), p. 21.
4. John Franklin Carter, “The Year of Crisis,” John Franklin Carter Papers, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
5. John Franklin Carter, interview by Charles T. Morissey, John Franklin Carter Papers, FDR Library, Hyde Park, NY.
6. Ibid.
7. Ernst Hanfstaengl, Hitler: The Missing Years (New York: Arcade, 1994), p. 188.
8. “US All Set for Welcome to Hanfstaengl,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, June 15, 1934, http://www.jta.org/1934/06/15/archive/u-s-all-set-for-welcome-to-hanfstaengl (accessed April 12, 2018); Scott Christianson, The Last Gasp: The Rise and Fall of the American Gas Chamber (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2010), p. 127.
9. Ernst Hanfstaengl, Hitler: The Missing Years (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1957), p. 100.
10. Christof Mauch, The Shadow War against Hitler: The Covert Operations of America's Wartime Secret Intelligence Service (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), p. 49.
11. “Back Channels,” Washingtonian 31 (June 1996).
12. Jay Franklin, We, the People, Evening Star (DC), October 6, 1939, p. A-13.
13. FDR PSF files, subject file, “Carter, John F., 1939,” box 97, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0214.pdf (accessed April 12, 2018).
14. Jay [John Franklin] Carter, 1940 (New York: Viking, 1940), p. 9.
15. Carter, interview by Morissey.
16. The chapters were serialized in Liberty magazine in 1935 and assembled into a book, The President's Mystery Story (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1936).
17. Joseph E. Persico, Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage (New York: Random House, 2001), pp. 8–11. In addition to Astor, the Room's members included the three other companions who accompanied FDR on the Nourmahal: Kermit Roosevelt, Teddy Roosevelt's son; William Rhinelander Stewart, a wealthy philanthropist; and Frederic Kernochan, a member of the Roosevelt clan and a state judge.
18. “Memo from Miss Tully,” John Franklin Carter, April 24, 1945, in JFC papers, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0244.pdf (accessed April 12, 2018).
19. Mauch, Shadow War against Hitler, p. 63.
20. “Raw Material Situation in Belgium,” John Franklin Carter, March 1, 1941, in JFC papers, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0215.pdf (accessed March 16, 2018)
21. “Nazi Activities in the Union of South Africa,” John Franklin Carter, March 8, 1941, in JFC papers, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0215.pdf (accessed March 16, 2018)
22. Carter, interviewed by Morissey.
23. Ibid.
24. “Navy Department, 1940–1941,” Box 44, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Files of Dr. Henry Field, p. 6, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/archives/pdfs/findingaids/findingaid_field.pdf (accessed April 12, 2018).
25. Executive Office of the White House, transcription of press conference, April 25, 1941, p. 35, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/pc/pc0116.pdf (accessed April 12, 2018).
26. Ibid., p. 43.
27. Ibid.
28. Associated Press, “President Defines Lindbergh's Niche,” New York Times, April 26, 1941, p. 5.
29. Unsigned, “Lindbergh Quits Air Corps,” New York Times, April 29, 1941, p. 1.
30. Albert Fried, FDR and His Enemies (New York: St. Martin's, 1999), p. 196.
31. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Memorandum for Nelson Rockefeller,” May 19, 1941, in JFC papers, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0215.pdf (accessed April 12, 2018).
32. “Memorandum on Report From Stockholm to a Chicago Investment Trust,” May 16, 1941, in JFC papers, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0215.pdf (accessed May 16, 2018)
33. Christopher Andrew and Julie Elkner, “Stalin and Foreign Intelligence,” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 4, no. 1 (2003): 78–79.
34. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Memorandum for John Franklin Carter,” June 7, 1941, in JFC papers, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0215.pdf (accessed April 12, 2018).
35. John Franklin Carter, “Memorandum on Martinique,” June 23, 1941, in JFC papers, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0215.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).
36. Transcription of FDR press conference, August 22, 1941, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/pc/pc0122.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).
37. Byron Fairchild, “Chapter 3: Decision to Land United States Forces in Iceland, 1941,” in Command Decisions, ed. Kent Roberts Greenfield (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, Department of the Army, 1958), http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_03.htm (accessed April 16, 2018).
38. “Says Wheeler Put Troops in Danger,” New York Times, July 9, 1941, p. 12.
39. “Mr. Whitley Tele. from New York,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, January 30, 1937, FBI File 62-47509-1; “Memorandum for Mr. Joseph,” January 7, 1937, FBI File 62-47509-2.
40. Ibid.
41. “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, September 5, 1941, FBI File 62-47509-6.
42. C. B. Munson, “Japanese on the West Coast,” in Asian American Studies: A Reader, ed. Jean Yu-wen Shen Wu and Min Song (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000).
43. John Franklin Carter, “Memorandum Concerning Japanese Situation on the West Coast,” October 22, 1941, in JFC papers, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0215.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Ken Ringle, “What Did You Do Before The War, Dad?,” Washington Post, December 6, 1981, p. SM54.
48. John Franklin Carter, “Memorandum Concerning Japanese Situation on the West Coast,” October 22, 1941, in JFC papers, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0216.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).
49. John Franklin Carter, “Memorandum Concerning Japanese Situation on the West Coast (Supplementary)” November 10, 1941, in JFC papers, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0216.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).
50. John Franklin Carter, “Memorandum Concerning Japanese Situation on the West Coast (Supplementary)” November 10, 1941, in JFC papers, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0216.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).
51. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Dear Jack,” November 11, 1941, in JFC papers, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0216.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).
52. Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Congress of the United States, Pursuant to S. Con; Res; 27, 79th Cong., pp. 453, 455.
53. David A. Pfeiffer, “Sage Prophet or Loose Cannon?” Prologue Magazine 40, no. 2 (Summer 2008), https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2008/summer/zacharias.html (accessed April 6, 2018).
54. Munson, “Japanese on the West Coast.”
Chapter Six: British Security Coordination
1. Ernest Cuneo, “CIA's British Parentage,” Cuneo papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.
2. Curt Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and His Secrets (New York: Norton, 2001), p. 265.
3. Nigel West, The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940–1945 (Mt. Prospect, IL: Fromm International, 1999), p. 1.
4. H. Montgomery Hyde, Room 3603: The Incredible True Story of Secret Intelligence Operations during World War II (New York: Lyons, 2001), pp. 26–27.
5. West, Secret History of British Intelligence, p. 3.
6. Ibid., p. 20.
7. Thomas Mahl, Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939–44 (London: Brassey's, 1999), p. 50.
8. West, Secret History of British Intelligence, p. 11.
9. West, Secret History of British Intelligence, p. 9; Joseph E. Persico, Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 64; Christof Mauch, The Shadow War against Hitler: The Covert Operations of America's Wartime Secret Intelligence Service (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), p. 21.
10. Kermit Roosevelt, “War Report of the OSS (Office of Strategic Services)” (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1949), p. 26.
11. Mauch, Shadow War against Hitler, pp. 20–21; Associated Press, “Edgar Ansel Mowrer Dies at 84,” New York Times, March 4, 1977, p. 32.
12. Edgar Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil: A Personal History of Our Time (New York: Weybright & Talley, 1968), pp. 314–15.
13. Ibid.
14. Persico, Roosevelt's Secret War, pp. 65–66; West, Secret History of British Intelligence, p. 9; “Colonel Donovan Leaves on the Atlantic Clipper,” New York Times, July 16, 1940, p. 30.
15. Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, pp. 316–17.
16. Mauch, Shadow War against Hitler, p. 21;
17. “British Plane Here on Regular Flight,” New York Times, August 5, 1940, p. 1.
18. West, Secret History of British Intelligence, p. 10.
19. Persico, Roosevelt's Secret War, p. 68.
20. “Radio Today,” New York Times, February 19, 1941, p. 42; “Today's Radio Programs,” New York Herald Tribune, February 19, 1941, p. 36; “Radio Today,” New York Times, December 31, 1942, p. 31.
21. Hyde, Room 3603, p. 41.
22. Mauch, Shadow War against Hitler, pp. 14–15; Edgar Mowrer, “Donovan Bares 5th Column Acts in Europe and Warns America,” New York Herald Tribune, August 20, 1940, p. 7.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Message to Congress on Exchanging Destroyers for British Naval and Air Bases,” Washington, DC, September 3, 1940, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16004 (accessed April 16, 2018).
27. Sanford Levinson and Jack M. Balkin, “Constitutional Crises,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 157, no. 3 (February 2009): 707–53.
28. “USA: Liaison with Authorities in USA and London,” June 6, 1940–January 29, 1943, FO 1093/238, UK National Archives.
29. Cuneo, “CIA's British Parentage.”
30. Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, p. 323.
31. Ibid., pp. 325–426.
32. Jon Lellenberg, “The Secret War, 1939–45,” “Churchill's North America,” 29th International Churchill Conference, Toronto, October 13, 2012 http://www.bsiarchivalhistory.org/BSI_Archival_History/Toronto.html (accessed April 12, 2018)
33. Mark Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), pp. 44–45.
34. Ibid., p. 178; Carl Bernstein, “The CIA and the Media,” Rolling Stone, October 20, 1977, p. 3.
35. Betty Houchin Winfield, FDR and the News Media (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1990), p. 58; “May 24, 1935,” Franklin D. Roosevelt Day by Day, FDR Presidential Library, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/daylog/may-24th-1935/ (accessed April 16, 2018); “May 16, 1937,” Franklin D. Roosevelt Day by Day, FDR Presidential Library, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/daylog/may-16th-1937/ (accessed April 16, 2018); and “April 9, 1938,” Franklin D. Roosevelt Day by Day, FDR Presidential Library, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/daylog/april-9th-1938/ (accessed April 16, 2018).
36. Chadwin, Hawks of World War II, pp. 51–52; Lynne Olson, Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II, 1939–1941 (New York: Random House, 2014), p. 324.
37. Chadwin, Hawks of World War II, p. 205.
38. Ibid., p. 74.
39. Bernard Kilgore, “G.O.P. Convention: Roosevelt's Cabinet Changes May Make G.O.P. the ‘Peace Party,’ Help-Allies Group Weakened by Stimson and Knox Action, Observers Feel Effect on Candidates Unclear,” Wall Street Journal, June 21, 1940, p. 1; Turner Catledge, “Republicans Confused on Eve of Convention,” New York Times, June 23, 1940, p. E10.
40. “Delegate Poll Says 60% Favor Help for Allies,” New York Herald Tribune, June 26, 1940, p. 1;
41. Ibid; “Opinion Poll at the Republican National Convention,” June 19–25, 1940, Francis Henson folder, Ernest Cuneo papers, FDR Library, Hyde Park, NY.
42. Mahl, Desperate Deception, p. 87; “Sanford Griffith, Internal Security Act Investigation,” Francis J. Galiant, March 10, 1952, FBI NY 65-4098.
43. Mahl, Desperate Deception, p. 91.
44. August 9, 1940, correspondence in Francis Henson folder, Ernest Cuneo papers, FDR Library, Hyde Park, NY.
45. “Opinion Poll at the Republican National Convention,” Francis Henson folder.
46. “Francis Henson to Ernest Cuneo,” December 27, 1948, in Francis Henson folder, Ernest Cuneo papers, FDR Library, Hyde Park, NY.
47. Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, p. 318.
48. William Allen White, “G.O.P. Convention Clash Between Old and New Party Ideas,” Boston Globe, June 28, 1940, p. 10.
49. “Poll Shows Delegates Fear Nazi Peril to US,” New York Herald Tribune, July 15, 1940, p. 34; Sanford Griffith to Ernest Cuneo, July 22, 1940, Francis Henson folder, Ernest Cuneo papers, FDR Library, Hyde Park, NY.
50. “Poll Shows Delegates Fear Nazi Peril to US.”
51. Mahl, Desperate Deception, p. 93.
52. Chadwin, Hawks of World War II, p. 105.
Chapter Seven: Frying Fish and Fixing Franks
1. Thomas Mahl, Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939–44 (London: Brassey's, 1999), p. 107.
2. Francis Henson to Ernest Cuneo, October 18, 1940, in Francis Henson folder, Ernest Cuneo papers, FDR Library, Hyde Park, NY.
3. Mahl, Desperate Deception, p. 111.
4. Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen, Daily Washington Merry-Go-Round, October 21,1940, American University Digital Research Archives, http://islandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/pearson%3A25481#page/1/mode/1up/search/october+21%2C+1932 (accessed April 11, 2018).
5. Mahl, Desperate Deception, p. 110.
6. Sanford Griffith to Ernest Cuneo, November 13, 1940, in Francis Henson folder, Ernest Cuneo papers, FDR Library, Hyde Park, NY.
7. Henry Hoke, Black Mail (New York: Reader's Book Service, 1944), p. 4.
8. Ibid., p. 5.
9. Ibid., p. 6.
10. Mahl, Desperate Deception, p. 124; “Nazi Propaganda in US and Abuse of the US Congressional Frank,” November 10, 1941, Report No. S.O. 517, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, British National Archives, http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11029414 (accessed April 16, 2018); Mark Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), p. 213.
11. Nigel West, The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940–1945 (Mt. Prospect, IL: Fromm International, 1999), pp. 75–80.
12. “Nazi Propaganda in US” British National Archives; West, Secret History of British Intelligence, pp. 75–80.
13. “Nazi Propaganda in US,” British National Archives.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. West, Secret History of British Intelligence, p. 78–79.
17. “Dennett, Fish Deny Knowing Secret of Wandering Files,” Washington Post, September 26, 1941, p. 1.
18. “Nazi Propaganda in US,” British National Archives.
19. Dillard Stokes, “8 Bags of Evidence in Nazi Probe ‘Turn Up’ at Rep. Fish's Bin,” Washington Post, September 28, 1941, p. 1.
20. “Nazi Propaganda in US,” British National Archives.
21. “Fish Is Linked to Removal of Dennett's Files,” New York Herald Tribune, September 26, 1941, p. 8; “Mail Bags Linked to No-War Groups Are Investigated,” New York Times, September 27, 1941, p. 1; West, Secret History of British Intelligence, p. 79.
22. “Nazi Propaganda in US,” British National Archives.
23. “Anti-Semitic Propaganda Carried in Franked Envelopes of Congressman Fish,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, August 28, 1941, https://www.jta.org/1941/08/28/archive/anti-semitic-propaganda-carried-in-franked-envelopes-of-congressman-fish (accessed April 16, 2018); Edward Willards, “Fish Assails Smear Drive by War Mongers: Tells Foes’ Tactics in House Speech,” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 30, 1941, p. 1; Chadwin, Hawks of World War II, p. 214.
24. Mahl, Desperate Deception, p. 131.
25. West, Secret History of British Intelligence, p. 80.
Chapter Eight: Zapping Zapp
1. Nigel West, The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940–1945 (Mt. Prospect, IL: Fromm International, 1999), p. 68.
2. Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States. Hearings before a Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 75th Cong., 3rd Session, and 78th Second Session, on H. Res. 282 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1940), http://www.archive.org/stream/investigationofu194102unit/investigationofu194102unit_djvu.txt (accessed April 16, 2018).
3. George E. Sterling, The History of the Radio Intelligence Division Before and During World War II, ed. Albert A. Evangelista and E. Merle Glunt, http://users.isp.com/danflan/sterling/ridhist.pdf (accessed May 25, 2018).
4. Donald Ritchie, Reporting from Washington: The History of the Washington Press Corps (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 98; Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities.
5. B. N. Timmons, “Nazi Newsman Is Captured,” Amarillo (TX) Daily News, April 27, 1945, p. 10.
6. “Horrors of War,” Goldfish Bowl 7I, no. 47, p. 1.
7. “News Service Bureau Chief to Accept Subpoena Dies,” Washington Evening Star, September 17, 1940, p. 1.
8. Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. “Letter by Zapp Tells Woes of a Propagandist,” New York Herald Tribune, June 17, 1941, p. 6.
12. Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen, Washington Merry-Go-Round, November 15, 1940, American University Digital Research Archives, http://auislandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/pearson%3A8150?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=5e2f233f6371cb367541&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=5#page/1/mode/1up/search/zap (accessed April 16, 2018).
13. “Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities,” p. 1054.
14. Philip Jenkins, Hoods and Shirts: The Extreme Right in Pennsylvania, 1925–1950 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), p. 154; FDR Press Conference no. 630, March 19, 1940, White House transcription, p. 19, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/pc/pc0095.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).
15. Dillard Stokes, “Jurors Want Fish to Face Widened Quiz,” Washington Post, November 22, 1941, p. 1.
16. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Address at the Annual Dinner of White House Correspondents’ Association,” March 15, 1941, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16089 (accessed April 16, 2018).
17. “Propaganda Trial,” Time, August 4, 1941, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,884360,00.html (accessed April 16, 1941).
18. Associated Press, “US Jury Convicts Nazi News Agency: Transocean Found Guilty,” Baltimore Sun, July 26, 1941, p. 1.
19. PR Blue Book and supplement to the International Who's Who in Public Relations, 1960 (Meriden, NH: PR Pub. Co., 1960–70).
Chapter Nine: Fake News
1. “News Agency Set Up,” New York Times, July 15, 1940, p. 32.
2. “Czechs Charge Girls Transported to Reich for White Slavery,” Overseas News Agency 1, no. 2 (August 15, 1940).
3. For example, in British National Archives, “America: Fortnightly Progress Reports—SOE Activities in America,” November 22, 1941: “ONA Cover Provided for Hacswnski, New Agent of G4000,” http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11029664 (accessed April 17, 2018).
4. Foxworth to Hoover, FBI file 62-67633-1, April 23, 1942.
5. Ibid.
6. Moscow to Mexico City, September 7, 1944 (cable), Mexico City KGB–Moscow Center Cables: Cables Decrypted by the National Security Administration's Venona Project, arr. John Earl Haynes (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 2011), p. 216, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Venona-Mexico-City-KGB.pdf (accessed April 24, 2018); New York to Moscow, February 2, 1944 (cable), New York KGB Station–Moscow Center Cables, 1944, p. 7, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Venona-New-York-KGB-1944.pdf (accessed April 24, 2018); Mexico City to Moscow, January 15, 1944 (cable), p. 17.
7. Nigel West, The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940–1945 (Mt. Prospect, IL: Fromm International, 1999), pp. 58–59.
8. Ibid.
9. Zbynek Zeman, Selling the War: Art and Propaganda in World War II (Ossining, NY: Orbis, 1978), p. 132.
10. Pat Frank, “US Navy Alert; Hint Nazis May Man Warplanes: Where US Navy Keeps Watch,” Boston Globe, November 14, 1940, p. 1.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Pat Frank, “US Defense Imperiled by Fascist Bands in Puerto Rico, Haiti,” Oakland (CA) Tribune, February 11, 1941, p. 2.
14. Overseas News Agency, “Bedouin Chief Dies at 130,” New York Times, August 31, 1941, p. 22.
15. Associated Press, “Hitler's Star Setting, Declare Astrologers in Convention,” Los Angeles Times, August 7, 1941, p. 1.
16. West, Secret History of British Intelligence, p. 125.
17. Political Warfare Executive Correspondence, Underground Propaganda Committee Minutes (SIBS) MS/42/XI/4a, British National Archives.
18. Nicholas Cull, Selling War: The British Propaganda Campaign Against American “Neutrality” in World War II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 132.
19. Political Warfare Executive, “The Meaning, Techniques, and Methods of Political Warfare,” File 462/88G, Political Warfare Executive paper, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, British National Archives, p. 4, http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/d2df6ab4-71c4-4ccc-933b-65a1dbfe7d20 (accessed April 24, 2018).
20. Ibid.
21. “Underground Propaganda Committee: Meetings, Minutes, and Reports,” FO 898/69, Minutes 1940–1945, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, British National Archives, http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C257620 (accessed April 24, 2018).
22. Overseas News Agency, “Report Hitler in Collapse.” New York Post, August 15, 1941, p. 1.
23. Overseas News Agency, “Mind of Hitler Slipping, Rumor in Geneva,” Boston Globe, August 17, 1941, p. B1; Overseas News Agency, “Report Hitler in Collapse,” New York Post, August 15, 1941.
24. Lee Richards, Whispers of War: Underground Propaganda Rumour-Mongering in the Second World War (East Sussex, UK: Psywar.org, 2010), pp. 26–27, https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4CBDJIW-ZwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false (accessed April 24, 2018); Associated Press, “Japan Said to Fear Soviet,” New York Times, July 12, 1941, p. 2.
25. Joseph S. Evans Jr., “Purge of Nazi Minor Officials? Division between Party and Army Over,” Baltimore Sun, August 18, 1941, p. 1.
26. FO 898/70, Memo, Underground Propaganda Committee, September 27, 1940, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, British National Archives.
27. Richards, Whispers of War, p. 16.
28. West, Secret History of British Intelligence, p. 112; Associated Press, “British Using Deadly New Sea Explosive: Secret Weapon Reported 47 Times as Powerful as TNT in Depth Charge,” New York Herald, November 2, 1941, p. 1; Associated Press, “New High Power British Explosive May Be Decisive in Atlantic Battle,” Boston Globe, November 2, 1941, p. B21.
29. “Super-Explosive Tales,” New York Times, November 3, 1941, p. C18.
30. FO 898/70, Memo, Underground Propaganda Committee, December 5, 1940, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, British National Archives.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Propaganda: Underground Propaganda Committee Minutes Correspondence, February 1942, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, British National Archives.
Chapter Ten: Battling the French and Irish
1. Mary Lovell, Cast No Shadow: The Life of the American Spy Who Changed the Course of World War II (New York: Pantheon Books, 1992), pp. 198–99.
2. Nigel West, The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940–1945 (Mt. Prospect, IL: Fromm International, 1999), p. 198.
3. Ansel E. Talbert, “Vichy Embassy in US Shown as Heading Clique of Agents Aiding Nazis,” New York Herald Tribune, August 31, 1941, p. 1.
4. Ansel E. Talbert, “Vichy Agents in US Tried to Steal Plans for Improved Bren Machine Gun,” Washington Post, September 2, 1941, p. 2.
5. Talbert, “Vichy Embassy in US Shown as Heading Clique of Agents.”
6. Nigel West, The Secret History of British Intelligence, p. 201.
7. Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen, Washington Merry-Go-Round, May 15, 1941, American University Digital Research Archives, https://auislandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/pearson%3A9858?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=86297a489a747019dd5b&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=6#page/1/mode/1up/search/Schering (accessed April 24, 2018).
8. West, Secret History of British Intelligence, p. 136–43.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Lee Rashall, “Federal Men Air Financial Blitzkrieg,” (Cincinnati) Enquirer, April 11, 1941, p. 2.
12. William Stevenson, A Man Called Intrepid: The Incredible WWII Narrative of the Hero Whose Spy Network and Secret Diplomacy Changed the Course of History (Guilford, CT: Lyons, 2000), p. 132.
13. Menzies to Cadogan, April 1, 1941, FO 1093/238, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, British National Archives.
14. “Wheeler Blasts Irish-American War Propaganda,” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 11, 1941, p. 17; Congressional Record, November 10, 1941, pp. 8692–94.
15. Ibid.
16. “Wheeler Blasts Irish-American War Propaganda,” Chicago Daily Tribune.
17. West, Secret History of British Intelligence, pp. 84–86.
18. Mark Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), p. 148.
19. West, Secret History of British Intelligence, p. 85.
20. Albert Fried, FDR and His Enemies (New York: St. Martin's, 1999), p. 161.
21. Fred Warner Neal, “John L. Lewis: He Hates Roosevelt; He Hates War; He Wants a Showdown,” Wall Street Journal, November 19, 1941, p. 1.
22. West, Secret History of British Intelligence, pp. 82–83.
23. George Tagge, “CIO Delegates Put Approval on Mine Strike,” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 18, 1941, p. 2.
24. Paul Tobenkin, “C.I.O. Votes All Aid to Defense as Murray Backs Coal Strike,” New York Herald Tribune, November 19, 1941, p. 1.
25. West, Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, p. 84.
26. Wendell Willkie met with William Stephenson, the head of British Security Coordination, in January 1941 to strategize on tactics for getting Congress to approve lend-lease. Willkie briefed Stephenson on a confidential meeting with President Roosevelt, FO 1093_238-6.
Chapter Eleven: Eight Days in December
1. Amanda Smith, Newspaper Titan: The Infamous Life and Monumental Times of Cissy Patterson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011), p. 392.
2. Frank C. Waldrop, “A ‘Scoop’ Gave Axis Our World War II Plans: Called ‘Rainbow Five,’” Washington Post, January 6, 1963, p. E5.
3. Chesly Manly, “FDR's War Plans!: Goal Is 10 Million Armed Men,” Chicago Daily Tribune, December 4, 1941, p. 1.
4. Ibid.
5. Waldrop, “‘Scoop’ Gave Axis Our World War II Plans.”
6. Smith, Newspaper Titan, p. 394.
7. George H. Tinkham, “The American Republic Betrayed,” Congressional Record, December 4, 1941, p. A5448.
8. William Lambertson, Congressional Record, December 4, 1941, p. 9449.
9. James C. Gaston, Planning the American Air War: Four Men and Nine Days in 1941 (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1982), p. 100.
10. Documents on German Foreign Policy, series D, vol. 13 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1954), p. 950, https://archive.org/details/DocumentsOnGermanForeignPolicy-SeriesD-VolumeXiii-June23- (accessed April 25, 2018).
11. Gaston, Planning the American Air War, p. 101.
12. Paul Dull, A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2007), p. 7.
13. William Strand, “Nation Stirred by AEF Plan: House in Uproar Over FDR War Aims,” Chicago Daily Tribune, December 5, 1941, p. 1.
14. Burton Wheeler with Paul Healy, Yankee from the West: The Candid, Turbulent Life Story of the Yankee-Born US Senator from Montana (London: Octagon Books, 1977), p. 32.
15. Ibid.
16. Thomas Fleming, The New Dealers’ War: FDR and the War Within World War II (New York: Basic Books, 2001), pp. 22–23.
17. Smith, Newspaper Titan, p. 395.
18. Masuo Kato, The Lost War: A Japanese Reporter's Inside Story (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946), p. 39.
19. John Hughes-Wilson, Military Intelligence Blunders (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 110.
20. Kato, Lost War, p. 22.
21. Peter de Mendelssohn, Japan's Political Warfare (Crow's Nest, New South Wales, Australia: George Allen & Unwin, 1944), p. 67.
22. H. R. Baukhage, “Popular Mr. Kato,” Atlanta Constitution, October 14, 1937, p. 6.
23. Hugh Byas, “Japan Sends US an Admiral,” New York Times, February 9, 1941, p. SM14.
24. The “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 1978), p. 4, https://archive.org/stream/MagicBackgroundOfPearlHarbor/MagicbackgroundofPearlHarborvolumeI%28February141941-May121941%29#page/n1/mode/2up (accessed April 25, 2018).
25. Ibid., p. 9.
26. “Red and Purple,” Pearl Harbor Review, May 3, 2016, https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/center-cryptologic-history/pearl-harbor-review/red-purple.shtml (accessed April 25, 2018).
27. Office of Naval Intelligence, “Japanese Intelligence and Propaganda in the United States During 1941,” December 4, 1941, http://www.mansell.com/eo9066/1941/41-12/IA021.html (accessed April 25, 2018).
28. Ladislas Farago, Burn After Reading: The Espionage History of World War II (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), p. 180.
29. “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor, vol. 3, p. 32.
30. Ibid., vol. 1. pp. A-75–76.
31. “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor, vol. 1, p. A-87.
32. Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen, Washington Merry-Go-Round, October 8, 1941, http://auislandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/pearson%3A2934#page/1/mode/1up (accessed April 25, 2018).
33. Tom Treanor, “The Home Front,” Los Angeles Times, June 30, 1941, p. 1A.
34. Roger B. Jeans, Terasaki Hidenari, Pearl Harbor, and Occupied Japan: A Bridge to Reality (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2011), p. 83; “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor, vol. 1, p. A-73.
35. “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor, vol. 1, p. A-87.
36. Kato, Lost War, p. 28.
37. Ibid., p. 27.
38. Ibid., p. 29.
39. Ibid., p. 32.
40. Kato, The Lost War, p. 37.
41. David Kahn, The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet (New York: Scribner's and Sons, 1997), p. 44.
42. Kato, Lost War, p. 36.
43. Ibid., p. 38.
44. Ibid., p. 56.
45. Ibid., p. 57.
46. Ibid., p. 59.
47. Lyle C. Wilson, “Recalls Pearl Harbor Day in Washington on Sabbath,” Chicago Defender, December 7, 1959, p. 5.
48. Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen, Washington Merry-Go-Round, December 14, 1941, https://auislandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/pearson%3A8383#page/1/mode/1up (accessed April 25, 2018).
49. Adolf Hitler, “Speech Declaring War against the United States,” December 11, 1941, Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hitler-s-speech-declaring-war-against-the-united-states (accessed April 25, 2018).
Chapter Twelve: Carter Goes to War
1. Memorandum for Mr. Nichols, March 4, 1947, FBI HQ File 62-47509-70.
2. John Franklin Carter to FDR, “Report on the Organization or Development of a World-Wide Intelligence,” January 9, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 122, FDRL.
3. Ibid.
4. Memo for Mr. Tolson, Mr. Tamm, Mr. Ladd, January 16, 1942, FBI 62-49507-21, 62-49507-22.
5. Vannevar Bush to John Franklin Carter, January 1, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 122, FDRL, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0217.pdf (accessed April 25, 2018).
6. Tully to John Franklin Carter, January 2, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 122, FDRL.
7. “Report on Interview with C. C. Smith,” January 3, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 122, FDRL, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0217.pdf (accessed April 25, 2018).
8. “Report on Stalin's Secret Board of Strategy,” January 7, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 122, FDRL, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0217.pdf (accessed April 25, 2018).
9. “Report on Confidential Soviet Intelligence,” PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 122, FDRL, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0217.pdf (accessed April 25, 2018).
10. Memorandum for Jack Carter, January 9, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 122, FDRL, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0217.pdf (accessed April 25, 2018).
11. “Report on Polish Prisoners of War,” January 9, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 122, FDRL.
12. Memorandum for Mr. Carter, January 13, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 122, FDRL.
13. “Report on Japanese Activities along the West Coast of Mexico from Nogales, Sonora, South to Manzanillo,” January 16, 1942, John Franklin Carter, box 122, FDRL.
14. “Report on Alleged Intrigue between Free French and John L. Lewis,” October 8, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 123, FDRL.
15. John Franklin Carter, “Poland and Lithuania,” July 1942, box 128, FDRL; PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 123, FDRL.
16. Ibid.
17. C. B. Munson to Grace Tully, undated, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 122, FDRL.
18. J. Franklin Carter, “Memorandum on Summary of West Coast and Honolulu Reports by Munson Etc.,” December 16, 1941, John Franklin Carter, box 121, FDRL.
19. Memorandum for Mr. Ladd, November 17, 1941, FBI 62-47508-7; Memorandum for the Director, December 13, 1941, FBI 62-47509-14; Hoover to Carter, January 7, 1942, 62-47509-19; J. Franklin Carter, “Memorandum on Summary of West Coast and Honolulu Reports by Munson Etc.,” December 16, 1941, John Franklin Carter, box 121, FDRL; “Progress Report on the West Coast Japanese Problem,” January 13, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 122, FDRL; Stimson to FDR, February 5, 1942, PSF, Stimson, Henry L, box 84, FDRL.
20. John Franklin Carter, oral history interview, February 9, 1966, John Franklin Carter Papers, FDRL, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/archives/collections/franklin/index.php?p=collections/findingaid&id=345 (accessed April 25, 2018).
21. “‘Memorandum for the Director,” February 13, 1942, FBI 62-47509-30.
22. Carter, oral history interview, February 9, 1966.
23. Peter Conradi, Hitler's Piano Player: The Rise and Fall of Ernst Hanfstaengl: Confidant of Hitler, Ally of FDR (Boston: Da Capo, 2009), p. 267; Jay Franklin [pseud.], The Catoctin Conversation, with an introduction by Sumner Welles (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1947), p. xiii.
24. Carter, oral history interview.
25. “Memorandum on the Hanfstaengl Case,” January 31, 1943, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 123, FDRL, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0223.pdf (accessed April 25, 2018).
26. Jay Franklin, “Hess for ‘German’ Germany, Hitler for World Conquest: Rift Seen Nearing Climax,” Boston Globe, May 14, 1941, p. 7.
27. David George Marwell, “Unwonted Exile: A Biography of Ernst ‘Putzi’ Hanfstaengl” (PhD dissertation, SUNY Binghamton, 1988), p. 509.
28. Memorandum on Ernst Hanfstaengl, Henry Field, October 29, 1965, Files of Henry Field, box xx1, FDRL; Conradi, Hitler's Piano Player, p. 259.
29. Carter, oral history interview.
30. Ibid.
31. Conradi, Hitler's Piano Player, p. 302.
32. Ibid., pp. 297–98.
33. “Report on ‘Sedgwick's’ Answer to Your Question,” December 1, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 123, FDRL, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0221.pdf (accessed April 25, 2018).
34. Memorandum on Hitler's Speech, November 8, 1943, “Franklin D. Roosevelt, Papers as President: The President's Secretary's File,” (PSF), box 99, FDRL.
35. File Note, June 28, 1944, PSF, John Franklin Carter, FDRL, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0239.pdf (accessed April 25, 2018); “Analysis of the Personality of Hitler,” President's Secretary's File (Franklin D. Roosevelt administration), October 1943, FDRL.
36. Conradi, Hitler's Piano Player, p. 283.
37. “Report on Public-Relations Technique in the Hanfstaengl News-Release,” February 1, 1943, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 123, FDRL.
38. North American Newspaper Alliance, “Hanfstaengl Is Now Aiding US,” New York Times, January 28, 1943, p. 1.
39. Memorandum on the Hanfstaengl Case, January 31, 1943, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 123, FDRL.
40. John Franklin Carter, “The Year of Crisis—1943,” diary in the American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming.
41. File Memo, Grace Tully, June 28, 1944, PSF, John Franklin Carter, box 100, FDRL.
42. .”Report on Turning Putzi Hanfstaengl Over to the British,” July 7, 1944, PSF, John Franklin Carter, FDRL, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0239.pdf (accessed April 25, 2018).
43. Carter, oral history interview.
44. Memorandum for John Franklin Carter, July 30, 1942, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0219.pdf (accessed April 25, 2018).
45. Greg Robinson, After Camp: Portraits in Midcentury Japanese American Life and Politics (Berkley: University of California Press, 2012).
46. Report on Interview with Dr. Ales Hrdlička, July 30, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, FDRL, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0219.pdf (accessed April 25, 2018).
47. Memorandum for Dr. Hrdlička, July 30, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, FDRL, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0219.pdf (accessed April 25, 2018).
48. “As Roosevelt Sees It,” Macon (GA) Telegraph, April 21, 1925, http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/history/article/franklin-d.-roosevelts-editorials-for-the-macon-telegraph#april21 (accessed April 25, 2018).
49. Memorandum for Dr. Hrdlička, August 7, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, FDRL; Memorandum for Dr. Hrdlička, July 30, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, FDRL.
50. Ibid.
51. Memorandum for Miss Tully: Hrdlička correspondence, August 7, 1942, PSF, John Franklin Carter, FDRL, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfc0221.pdf (accessed April 25, 2018).
52. Jason Kalman, “Dark Places Around the University: The Johns Hopkins University Admissions Quota and the Jewish Community, 1945–1951,” Hebrew Union College Annual 81 (2010): 233–79, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23509958 (accessed April 25, 2018).
53. FDR to Bowman, November 2, 1938, in FDRL, President's Personal File 5575, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/hol/hol00107.pdf (accessed May 22, 2018).
54. Rafael Medoff, “What FDR Said about Jews in Private,” Los Angeles Times, April 7, 2013, p. A26.
55. Franklin, Catoctin Conversation.
56. John Franklin Carter, oral history interview by Jerry N. Hess, October 7, 1966, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum, Washington, DC, https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/carter.htm (accessed April 25, 2018).
57. “John F. Carter Dead; News, Political Figure,” Washington Post, November 29, 1967, p. C9; “John Franklin Carter, 70, Dies,” New York Times, November 29, 1967.
Chapter Thirteen: TASS: The Agency of Soviet Spies
1. Biography of Roland Abbiate, School of Karl May [in Russian], http://www.kmay.ru/sample_pers.phtml?n=5 (accessed May 25, 2018).
2. E. L. Spencer to Deputy Assistant Commissioner, Special Branch (memo), September 1, 1946, KV 2/2389, p. 80, Soviet Intelligence Agents and Suspected Agents, Records of the Security Service, National Archives, Kew, Surrey, UK, http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11287909 (accessed April 25, 2018); M. J. Lynch to Mr. R. H. Hollis (memo), October 25, 1944, KV 2/2389, p. 96.
3. Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 2000), p. 75.
4. “Vassiliev White Notebook, No. 1, 1930–1947,” 2009, Alexander Vassiliev Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, pp. 61–62, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112564 (accessed April 11, 2018).
5. Gary Kern, A Death in Washington: Walter G. Krivitsky and the Stalin Terror, rev. ed. (New York: Enigma Books, 2004), p. 129.
6. Ibid., pp. 127–30, 440.
7. Case No. 14, September 3, 1938, KV 2/2389.
8. Lynch to Hollis, KV 2/2389; H. Shillito to H. A. R. Philby, August 10, 1945, KV 2/2389, p. 96.
9. H. A. R. Philby to H. Shillito, August 25, 1945, KV 2/2389; “Re. Olga Pravdina,” n.d. (memo), KV 2/2389.
10. “Briton and TASS Writer Lead Field as Prophets,” Baltimore Sun, November 5, 1936, p. 2; Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen, Washington Merry-Go-Round, March 23, 1941, American University Digital Research Archive, https://auislandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/pearson%3A45450#page/1/mode/1up (accessed May 22, 2018).
11. “Vassiliev Black Notebook, 1932–1954,” Alexander Vassiliev Papers, pp. 172–73, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112860 (accessed April 25, 2018).
12. New York to Moscow, May 17, 1944 (cable), New York KGB Station–Moscow Center Cables, 1944: Cables Decrypted by the National Security Administration's Venona Project, arr. John Earl Haynes (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 2010), p. 127, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Venona-New-York-KGB-1944.pdf (accessed May 22, 2018).
13. “Vassiliev Black Notebook,” pp. 174–76.
14. John Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), p. 176.
15. “Vassiliev White Notebook, No. 1,” p. 60.
16. Dayna L. Barnes, Architects of Occupation: American Experts and Planning for Postwar Japan (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2017), p. 180.
17. New York to Moscow, May 16, 1944 (cable), New York KGB Station–Moscow Center Cables, 1944, p. 117.
18. New York to Moscow, December 23, 1944 (cable), New York KGB Station–Moscow Center Cables, 1944, p. 748.
19. Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (London: Bodley Head, 1980), pp. 193–94.
20. New York to Moscow, October 23, 1944 (cable), New York KGB Station–Moscow Center Cables, 1944, p. 599.
21. “Vassiliev Black Notebook,” pp. 23–24, 101; “Vassiliev White Notebook, No. 1,” p. 56; “Vassiliev White Notebook, No. 3, 1934–1951,” Alexander Vassiliev Papers, pp. 73, 76, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112566 (accessed April 25, 2018); “Vassiliev Yellow Notebook, No. 2, 1934–1971,” Alexander Vassiliev Papers, p. 40–41, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112857 (accessed April 25, 2018); New York KGB–Moscow Center Cables, 1944, pp. 488, 599, 748.
22. “Vassiliev White Notebook, No. 1,” p. 77.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., pp. 77, 78.
26. Ibid., p. 78.
27. Moscow to New York, March 28, 1945, New York KGB Station–Moscow Center Cables, 1945: Cables Decrypted by the National Security Administration's Venona Project, arr. John Earl Haynes (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 2010), p. 123, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Venona-New-York-KGB-1945.pdf (accessed April 25, 2018).
28. Haynes, Klehr, and Vassiliev, Spies, p. 276.
29. Ibid., p. 509–13.
30. “Vassiliev White Notebook, No. 1,” pp. 71–73.
31. Ben Macintyre, A Spy Among Friends: Kim Philby and the Great Betrayal (Oxford: Isis, 2015), p. 144.
32. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, p. 126.
33. Haynes, Klehr, and Vassiliev, Spies, p. 260.
34. San Francisco to Moscow, May 5, 1945, San Francisco KGB Station–Moscow Center Cables, 1943–46: Cables Decrypted by the National Security Administration's Venona Project, arr. John Earl Haynes (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 2010), p. 228, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Venona-San%20Francisco-KGB.pdf (accessed May 22, 2018).
35. “Vassiliev Black Notebook,” p. 53.
36. Ibid., p. 86.
37. Ibid., pp. 163–64.
38. Ibid.
39. Haynes, Klehr, and Vassiliev, Spies, p. 183.
40. Ibid.
41. Preface, Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939–1957 (Washington, DC: National Security Agency and Central Intelligence Agency, 1996), https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/preface.htm (accessed April 25, 2017).
42. “Re. Olga Pravdina,” KV 2/2389, p. 69.
43. “Vassiliev White Notebook, No. 2, 1927–1975,” Alexander Vassiliev Papers, p. 32, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112565 (accessed April 25, 2018); Kathryn Olmsted, Red Spy Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth Bentley (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014), pp. 93–94.
44. “Vassiliev White Notebook, No. 2,” p. 30.
45. Ibid., p. 31.
46. “Vassiliev White Notebook, No. 1,” p. 79.
47. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, p. 145.
48. FBI File No. 100-17076, “TASS News Agency,” July 31, 1951.
49. Ibid.; FBI File No. 100-17076-159, Hotel to Springston, September 21, 1950; FBI File No. 100-17076-226, September 6, 1951, USSR Information Bulletin Internal Security.
50. Sam Roberts, “Judith Coplon, Haunted by Espionage Case, Dies at 89,” New York Times, March 2, 2011, p. A22.
51. “Procedure Followed in Preparing Oatis for Trial” (information report), August 10, 1951, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, DC, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP83-00415R008700120007-5.pdf (accessed April 26, 2018).
52. A. H. Raskin, “Report on Moscow's Reporters in America,” New York Times, November 4, 1951, p. 188; NYHT News Service, “FBI Is Probing TASS Bureau,” Washington Post, October 24, 1951, p. A6.
53. Christy Wise, “Oral History Interview with Frank Holeman,” transcript (Washington, DC: National Press Club, October 21, 1991), https://www.press.org/sites/default/files/Holeman21Oct91.pdf (accessed April 26, 2018).
54. Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, “One Hell of a Gamble”: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958–1964 (New York: Norton, 2001), p. 111.
55. Michael Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960–63 (London: Faber & Faber, 1991), p. 132.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid., p. 153.
Chapter Fourteen: Back Channels
1. Steve Smith, Amelia Hadfield, Tim Dunne, Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 272.
2. John R. Cauley, “A Calm Career Man at Heart of Cuban Missile Crisis,” Kansas City (MO) Times, April 24, 1963, p. 32, quoted in Robert Anthony Waters Jr., “Only Ninety Miles Away: A Narrative History of the Cuban Missile Crisis” (PhD dissertation, University of Mississippi, 1994).
3. Roger Hilsman, To Move a Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy (New York: Doubleday, 1967), p. 194.
4. Georgi Bolshakov, “Goryachaya Linaya” [Hot Line], Novoye Vremya, no. 5 (1989).
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, “One Hell of a Gamble”: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958–1964 (New York: Norton, 2001), p. 112.
9. Bolshakov, “Goryachaya Linaya.”
10. Ibid.
11. Michael Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960–63 (London: Faber & Faber, 1991), p. 133.
12. Bolshakov, “Goryachaya Linaya.”
13. Frederick Kempe, Berlin 1961: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Most Dangerous Place on Earth (New York: Berkley, 2011), p. 19.
14. Pierre Salinger, With Kennedy (New York: Avon Books, 1967), p. 200.
15. Ibid., p. 198.
16. Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 2000), p. 182.
17. Bolshakov, “Goryachaya Linaya.”
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. President Kennedy news conference no. 43, State Department Auditorium, Washington, DC, September 13, 1962, https://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/Press-Conferences/News-Conference-43.aspx (accessed April 26, 2018).
21. Robert Kennedy, Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis, with introductions by Robert S. McNamara and Harold Macmillan (New York: Norton, 1969), pp. 22–23.
22. “The High Point in a Notable Week,” Life, December 19, 1960, p. 29; Charles Bartlett, oral history interview by Fred Holborn, JFK Presidential Library, no. 2, February 20, 1965, https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKOH-CLB-02.aspx (accessed April 26, 2018).
23. Warren Rogers, “Eyewitness at the Missile Brink,” Washington Times, October 23, 2002, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2002/oct/23/20021023-093448-8558r/ (accessed April 26, 2018).
24. Warren Rogers, “Capital Secrecy Hints New Crisis,” Boston Globe, October 22, 1962, p. 1.
25. John F. Kennedy, “Radio and Television Address to the American People on the Soviet Arms Build-Up in Cuba,” October 22, 1962, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/sUVmCh-sB0moLfrBcaHaSg.aspx (accessed April 26, 2018).
26. Ibid.
27. Evan Thomas, Robert Kennedy: His Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013), p. 222; Fursenko and Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, pp. 249–50; “Discussion between President Kennedy and Robert Kennedy on 23 October 1962,” Tapes 36.1 and 36.2, John F. Kennedy Library, President's Office Files, Presidential Recordings Collection, Digital Edition (Philip Zelikow and Ernest May, eds., The Great Crises, vol. 3 [Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2014], http://prde.upress.virginia.edu/conversations/8030012 (accessed April 26, 2018).
28. Fursenko and Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 251.
29. Bolshakov, “Goryachaya Linaya.”
30. “Discussion between President Kennedy and Robert Kennedy on 23 October 1962.”
31. Llewellyn King, in telephone interview with the author on September 24, 2017; Johnny Prokoff memorial plaque, Fourth Estate bar, National Press Building, text written by Llewellyn King.
32. King, in telephone interview with the author; Fursenko and Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 258.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid., p. 260–61.
35. Ibid., p. 261.
36. Ibid., p. 262.
37. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, pp. 182–83.
38. Fursenko and Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 264.
39. “John Scali, ABC News,” ABC transcript, August 13, 1964.
40. John Scali's notes on his first meeting with Alexander Fomin during the missile crisis, confidential, memorandum of conversation, October 26, 1962, p. 1, DNSA collection: Cuban Missile Crisis.
41. “Report on Meeting between John Scali and Aleksandr Fomin on October 26, 1962, 7:35 p.m.,” Digital National Security Archive collection: Cuban Missile Crisis.
42. Report on meeting between John Scali and Aleksandr Fomin on October 26, 1962.
43. Michael Dobbs, One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War (Waterville, ME: Thorndike Press, 2008), pp. 167–68.
44. Ibid., p. 168.
45. Ibid., p. 167–68.
46. Salinger, With Kennedy, p. 278.
47. Occidental restaurant plaque, http://www.occidentaldc.com/history/, accessed April 26, 2018.
48. Rogers, “Eyewitness at the Missile Brink.”
Chapter Fifteen: Continental Press
1. Seymour M. Hersh, “Hunt Tells of Early Work for a CIA Domestic Unit,” New York Times, December 31, 1974, p. 1.
2. Will Lester, “Former AP Correspondent Fred Zusy Dies,” Associated Press, June 4, 2010, http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/06/04/former_ap_correspondent_fred_zusy_dies/ (accessed April 26, 2018).
3. Frank Holeman, interviewed by Christy Wise of the NPC Oral History Committee, October 21, 1991, at the National Press Club, https://www.press.org/sites/default/files/Holeman21Oct91.pdf; Llewellyn King, in telephone interview with the author, September 24, 2017.
4. “Veil Ripped from Ugly Face of Jap Monster,” Los Angeles Times, December 31, 1944, p. B4; Associated Press, “Calls Enemy Torture Deliberate,” New York Times, January 30, 1944, p. 28.; “Copley News Head Named,” Los Angeles Times, May 23, 1960, p. 11; Official Congressional Directory, 88th Cong., 1st session (1963).
5. Joe Trento and Dave Roman, “The Spies Who Came in from the Newsroom,” Penthouse, July 1977, p. 45.
6. Herbert Foerstel, From Watergate to Monicagate: Ten Controversies in Modern Journalism and Media (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001), p. 76; Stephen Kinzer, The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2014), p. 125; Memorandum for Henry Kissinger from Brent Scowcroft, “Proposed New Membership of the PFIAB,” June 26, 1975.
7. Howard Hunt CIA file 104-10194-10023, pp. 197–200.
8. Hersh, “Hunt Tells of Early Work.”
9. “Praeger Discusses CIA Book Ties,” Publisher's Weekly, March 6, 1967, p. 48; “Praeger Published ‘15 or 16’ Books at CIA Suggestion,” New York Times, February 24, 1967, p. 16.
10. Howard Hunt CIA file, pp. 196–200.
11. US Intelligence Agencies and Activities, Hearings Before the Select Committee on Intelligence, US House of Representatives, Ninety-Fourth Congress, First Session, November 6, 1975, Statement of William Colby (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1976).
12. Howard Hunt CIA file, pp. 197–200.
13. E. Howard Hunt, American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate, and Beyond (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2007), p. 155;
14. William J. Middendorf II, Potomac Fever: A Memoir of Politics and Public Service (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2011), pp. 100–101.
15. Lee Edwards, “Johnson's ‘Watergate,’” National Review, June 7, 2005, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/214628/johnsons-watergate-lee-edwards (accessed April 26, 2018); “Partial Text of Goldwater's Seattle Coliseum Walk: Look at the Record,” Washington Post, September 10, 1964, p. A22.
16. Lyndon B. Johnson, The President's Press Conference, transcript, Washington, DC, September 9, 1964.
17. Robert Semple Jr., “Johnson Selects Foreign Advisors,” New York Times, September 10, 1964, p. A1.
18. Arthur Krock, “It's a Bit Easier for the President,” Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1964, p. 4.
19. Hunt, American Spy, p. 155.
20. Howard Hunt CIA file.
21. Lawrence Meyer and John Hanrahan, “Hunt Tells Senate Panel He Spied On Goldwater in ’64 on LBJ Order,” Washington Post, December 20, 1973, p. A1.
22. “Enoc P. Waters Gets Africa Assignment,” Chicago Daily Defender, June 10, 1965, p. 16; Doris E. Saunders, “Confetti,” Chicago Daily Defender, January 3, 1968, p. 12.
23. Hunt, American Spy, p. 155.
24. Seymour M. Hersh, “Hunt Tells of Early Work For a C.I.A. Domestic Unit,” New York Times, December 31, 1974, p. 1.
25. John M. Crewdson, “The CIA's 3-Decade Effort to Mold the World's Views,” New York Times, December 25, 1977, p. 1; Carl Bernstein, “The CIA and the Media,” Rolling Stone, October 20, 1977, p. 3.
26. Bernstein, “CIA and the Media,” p. 3.
27. Ibid.; The CIA and the Media, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Oversight of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House Of Representatives, 95th Cong., 1st and 2nd Sessions, December 27, 28, 29, 1977, January 4, 5, and April 20, 1978, p. 20.
28. Claire Sterling, The Terror Network (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1981)
29. George Lardner Jr. and Walter Pincus, “Former Analyst's Testimony Could Be Crucial for Gates: Hill Hearing Tuesday to Review CIA Tenure,” Washington Post, September 30, 1991, p. A1; Melvin A. Goodman, “Ending the CIA's Cold War Legacy,” Foreign Policy no. 106 (Spring 1997): 128–43; Garry Wills, “CIA's Planted Falsehoods Complete the Circle: The Amazing Mindset of Bill Casey,” Chicago Sun-Times, October 10, 1987, p. 17; Robert Pittman, “CIA's Planted Falsehoods Complete the Circle,” St. Petersburg [FL] Times, October 25, 1987.
Chapter Sixteen: Project Mockingbird
1. “US Aide Defends Lying to Nation,” New York Times, December 7, 1962, p. 5.
2. Arthur Krock, “Mr. Kennedy's Management of the News,” Fortune, March 1963, p. 82.
3. Hanson Baldwin, “Soviet Missiles Protected in ‘Hardened’ Positions,” New York Times, July 26, 1962, p. A1.
4. “Meeting of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board,” Washington, DC, August 1, 1962, John F. Kennedy Library.
5. Timothy Naftali, ed., “The Presidential Recordings, John F. Kennedy,” The Great Crises, vol. 1 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), p. 195.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Tim Weiner, “JFK Turns to the CIA to Plug a Leak,” New York Times, July 1, 2007, p. 4.
10. “CIA-Socialist Deals,” Izvestia, December 4, 1961.
11. Ibid.
12. Robert Allen and Paul Scott, “More Spy-in-the-Sky Satellites,” Los Angeles Times, January 8, 1962, p. B5.
13. Robert Allen and Paul Scott, “US Checks into Report of Soviet Poison Gas Shipments to Castro,” Los Angeles Times, February 14, 1962, p. A5.
14. Robert S. Allen and Paul Scott, “Shakeup of the CIA Will Keep a Civilian at Its Helm,” Miami News, July 13, 1961, p. 8.
15. “Project Mockingbird,” CIA memo, Box 3, folder “O-R (IV-FF), Project MOCKINGBIRD - Telephone Tap of Newspaper Columnists” of the US President's Commission on Central Intelligence Agency Activities within the United States Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, p. 9.
16. Ibid. p. 4.
17. Ibid. pp. 10–11.
18. Ibid. p. 17.
19. “Memorandum for the Record,” December 29, 1961, Box 3, folder “O-R (IV-FF), Project MOCKINGBIRD - Telephone Tap of Newspaper Columnists” of the US President's Commission on Central Intelligence Agency Activities within the United States Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library; “Project Mockingbird,” CIA memo, p. 25; Robert S. Allen and Paul Scott, “McCone Set to Curb Free Spending by CIA,” Los Angeles Times, December 4, 1961, p. B5.
20. “Memorandum for the Record,” December 29, 1961.
21. Robert S. Allen and Paul Scott, “Officials Battle Over War Plan,” Los Angeles Times, October 1, 1961, p. B5.
22. “Project Mockingbird,” CIA memo, pp. 11–12.
23. Ibid., p. 9.
24. Ibid., p. 17.
25. “Robert S. Allen, Political Columnist,” New York Times, February 25, 1981, p. B6.
26. John T. Conway, interview by Stanley A. Pimentel, June 9, 2009, Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI, http://www.nleomf.org/assets/pdfs/nlem/oral-histories/FBI_Conway_interview.pdf (accessed April 26, 2018); Edward L. Beach, Memorandum of Conference with the President, May 26, 1955, https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/declassified/fy_2012/1955_05_26.pdf (accessed April 26, 2018).
27. Conway interview by Pimentel; L. V. Boardman to A. H. Belmont, July 20, 1955, FBI file 65-63450.
28. David Binder, “How the Wiretapping Program Began,” New York Times, September 11, 1973, p. 10.
29. Nicholas M. Horrock, “Hoover Defended on 1969 Wiretaps,” New York Times, January 25,1976, p. 23; Nicholas M. Horrock, “Nixon Testifies Kissinger Picked Wiretap Targets,” New York Times, March 11, 1974, p. 1.
30. Richard Nixon, interview by Frank Gannon, transcript, June 13, 1983, Nixon/Gannon Interviews, Walter J. Brown Media Archives & Peabody Awards Collection, http://www.libs.uga.edu/media/collections/nixon/nixonday8.html (accessed April 26, 2018).
31. President Richard M. Nixon, Alexander M. Haig, and Stephen B. Bull, conversation 442-8, June 4, 1973, Secret White House Tapes, Miller Center, University of Virginia, https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/secret-white-house-tapes/442-8 (accessed April 26, 2018).
32. John Crewdson, “US Aides Dispute Nixon on Wiretapping of British Newsman,” New York Times, March 11, 1976, p. 28; Seymour Hersh, “Nixon and Kissinger in the White House,” Atlantic Monthly, May 1982, p. 35.
Chapter Seventeen: Active Measures
1. Shrdlu: An Affectionate Chronicle (Washington, DC: National Press Club, 1958).
2. David Wise, Thomas B. Ross, “US Admits Spy Flight Over Russia,” Washington Star, June 10, 1962, p. A3.
3. Leslie H. Whitten, “American ‘Nazi’ Reveals Trysts, $500 Aid from Russian Attaché,” Washington Post, August 12, 1960, p. A1.
4. Ibid.
5. Warren Rogers Jr., “Red Embassy Official Ousted by US as Spy: Russian First Secretary,” New York Herald Tribune, August 14, 1960, p. 1.
6. Robert S. Allen, “House Probers Are Probed,” Abilene (TX) Reporter-News, September 30, 1960, p. 51; Jack Anderson, “The Near Arm of Soviet Espionage,” Washington Post, September 4, 1960, p. E5.
7. Associated Press, “Retired Colonel Pleads Guilty in Soviet Agent Plot,” New York Times, December 7, 1966, p. 14.
8. Oleg Kalugin, The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage against the West (New York: St. Martin's, 1994), p. 72; Oleg Kalugin, in personal interview with the author, March 7, 2014.
9. Kalugin, First Directorate, p. 73.
10. Ibid., p. 74; Kalugin, in personal interview with the author.
11. Kalugin, in personal interview with the author.
12. Kalugin, First Directorate, p. 78; Kalugin, in personal interview with the author.
13. Kalugin, in personal interview with the author.
14. Kalugin, First Directorate, p. 91.
15. Kalugin, First Directorate, p. 91; W. Peyton George, interview by Brian R. Hollstein, June 29, 2009, transcript, Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI, http://www.nleomf.org/assets/pdfs/nlem/oral-histories/FBI_George_interview.pdf (accessed May 24, 2018).
16. George, interview.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Kalugin, First Directorate, pp. 84–85.
23. C. W. Young, “Soviet Active Measures in the US: An Updated Report by the FBI,” Congressional Record, December 9, 1987, pp. E-4716–17.
24. Kalugin, First Directorate, p. 93.
25. Tom Trede, “Vigilantes Keep an Unauthorized Eye on Soviet Spies,” Daily Intelligencer (Montgomery, Pennsylvania), July 7, 1983, p. 3.
26. Lurma Rackley, “Goat Is Chained to TASS Door,” Washington Star, May 18, 1971, p. 10; Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 2000), pp. 238, 240.
27. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, p. 238.
28. Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), p. 587.
29. Yuri Shvets, Washington Station: My Life as a KGB Spy in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), pp. 40–46; Yuri Shvets, C-SPAN Booknotes interview, June 18, 1995; “Soviet Active Measures in the ‘Post-Cold War’ Era 1988–1991,” report prepared at the request of the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations (Washington, DC: United States Information Agency, June 1992), http://intellit.muskingum.edu/russia_folder/pcw_era/sect_16a.htm (accessed April 26, 2018).
30. Shvets, Washington Station, pp. 134, 144, 159.
Chapter Eighteen: CovertAction
1. William J. Casey, “Statement for the Record,” before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism, May 8, 1981.
2. Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 2000), p. 230.
3. Philip Agee, Inside the Company: CIA Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 1975), pp. 558, 562.
4. Ibid. pp. 562–63.
5. Ibid., pp. 567–73.
6. Philip Agee, “Philip Agee on CIA Role,” letter to the editor, Los Angeles Times, August 22, 1992, http://articles.latimes.com/1992-08-22/local/me-5142_1_florintino-aspillaga-cia-diary-cia-money (accessed April 26, 2018).
7. Agee, Inside the Company, p. 389.
8. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, p. 3.
9. Ibid., pp. 3–15.
10. Ibid., p. 230.
11. Ibid., p. 206.
12. Oleg Kalugin, The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage against the West (New York: St. Martin's, 1994), p. 192.
13. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, p. 231.
14. “Inside the Company: CIA Diary,” Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 19 No. 2, Summer 1975, p. 35.
15. Philip Taubman, “Gadfly Exposes CIA's Covert Activities and Agents,” New York Times, July 10, 1980, p. A12.
16. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, p. 233.
17. Naming Names, CovertAction Information Bulletin, no. 1 (July 1978): 23.
18. Philip Agee, “Where Myths Lead to Murder,” CovertAction Information Bulletin, no. 1 (July 1978): 7.
19. Philip Taubman, “CIA Foe Blows Agents’ Cover,” Ottawa Journal [Ottawa, Canada], July 28, 1980, p. 26.
20. Jeff Stein, “Spooking the Namers,” Village Voice, November 12–18, 1980, p. 22.
21. CovertAction Information Bulletin, no. 2 (October 1978).
22. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, p. 233.
23. Ibid., p. 234.
24. Ellen Ray, William Schaap, Karl Van Meter, and Louis Wolf, eds., Dirty Work 2: The CIA in Africa (London: Zed Press, 1980), p. 3.
25. C. D. Edbrook, “Principles of Deep Cover,” Studies in Intelligence 5 (Summer 1961): 1–29, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000608982.pdf (accessed April 26, 2018).
26. C. D. Edbrook, “The Principles of Deep Cover,” CovertAction Information Bulletin, no. 10, August–September 1980, pp. 45–54.
27. Edbrook, “Principles of Deep Cover.” Studies in Intelligence 5 (Summer 1961).
28. “‘Destabilizing’ Jamaica,” editorial, Washington Post, July 28, 1980, p. A18.
29. Louis Wolf, interview by Eyewitness News, WDVM TV, July 10, 1980, Washington, DC; Editorial, CovertAction Information Bulletin, no. 10 (August–September 1980), p. 2.
30. Frank Carlucci, CIA deputy director, to Rep. C. W. Bill Young, letter, July 8, 1980, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP11M01338R000400470010-8.pdf (accessed April 26, 2018); “Passing the Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982,” Studies in Intelligence, approved for release December 29, 2008, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB431/docs/intell_ebb_008.PDF (accessed April 26, 2018).
31. Editorial, CovertAction, no. 10 (August–September 1980): 2–3.
32. “The Philip Agees, the Louis Wolfs,” Washington Post, July 20, 1981, p. A12.
33. Ellen Ray, William H. Schaap, and Louis Wolf, “To Call Us Terrorists Is a Dangerous Flimflam,” Washington Post, August 29, 1981, p. A21.
34. “Secrecy Is Not the Only Security,” editorial, New York Times, July 21, 1981.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. “A Dumb Defense of Intelligence,” editorial, New York Times, September 28, 1981, p. A18.
38. Jennifer K. Elsea, “Intelligence Identities Protection Act,” Congressional Research Service, April 10, 2013.
39. Naming Names, CovertAction Information Bulletin, no. 14–15 (October 1981): 7.
40. “Agee's Passport Revoked,” Washington Post, December 24, 1979, p. A1.
41. Haig v. Agee, 453 US 280 (1981), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/453/280/case.html (accessed April 26, 2018).
42. Bill Schaap, “US Biological Warfare: The 1981 Cuba Dengue Epidemic,” CovertAction no. 17 (Summer 1982): 28–31.
43. Ken Lawrence, “The History of US Bio-Chemical Killers,” CovertAction, no. 17 (Summer 1982): 5–7.
44. Robert Lederer, “Origin and Spread of AIDS: Is the West Responsible,” CovertAction Information Bulletin, no. 29 (Winter 1988)
45. Ibid.
46. Sean Gervasi, “Western Intervention in the USSR,” CovertAction Information Bulletin, no. 39 (Winter 1991–92): 4–9.
Epilogue
1. Kate Houghton, “Subverting Journalism: Reporters and the CIA,” Attacks on the Press in 1996, Committee to Protect Journalists, New York, 1996, https://cpj.org/attacks96/sreports/cia.html (accessed May 25, 2018); CIA's Use of Journalists and Clergy in Intelligence Operations, Select Committee on Intelligence of the United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Second Session (US Government Printing Office, 1996); Martha Bayles, Jeffrey Gedmin, “The CIA and Journalists,” Boston Globe, January 4, 2015, p. 16.