Index
Page numbers in italics refer to photographs. Marie Rose refers to Marie Rose Delorme Smith, and Charlie refers to her husband, Charlie Smith. Isabella refers to Isabella Clark Hardisty Lougheed, and James refers to her husband, James Lougheed.
Aberdeen, Lady (Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon)
Coldstream Ranch, 150, 406n117
maternal feminism, 117, 393n200
National Council of Women, 116–19, 393n192, 393n194
Aboriginal, terminology, xiii–xiv
See also terminology
“The Adventures of the Wild West of 1870” (Marie Rose Smith)
date of composition, 204, 290, 297, 420n1
unpublished, 189
“The Adventures of the Wild West of 1870” (Marie Rose Smith), subjects
alcohol use, 230
arranged marriages, 224
child care, 252–53
father as fur trader, 189
Frenchy Riviere, 251
friendliness of oldtimers, 290
Jughandle Ranch, 264
Kootenai Brown, 246–47
Marie Rose’s independence, 254, 263–65
marriages of white men and Indigenous women, 243
maverick cattle, 258–59
Metis conflicts and Riel, 315
Metis songs, 296
obedience of wives, 230, 263–64
survival skills, 267
sweat lodges, 308
transitional economy, 290
agriculture. See farms; ranches
Alberta
fur trade transitional era, xxi
land speculation, 143
oil and gas industry, 146, 405n105
population (1901), 306
western autonomy movement, 145–46, 169, 405n105
See also Calgary; Edmonton; Pincher Creek
Albright, Frederick S. and Evelyn, 177, 416nn229–30
alcohol
about, 358n9
Lacombe’s disapproval, 238–39
traders, bootleggers, and smugglers, 227, 231–32, 250, 358n9, 358n11
See also Smith, Charlie (Marie Rose’s husband), trader
Alderson, ghost town, 450n207
Allen, Charlotte Scarborough (Robert’s wife, Mary Anne’s mother, Isabella’s grandmother), 44–45, 46, 364n72
Allen, Edwin and Robert (Mary Anne’s brothers), 48–49
Allen, Mary (Robert’s mother), 44, 364n73
Allen, Mary Anne (later Hardisty, later Thomas) (Isabella’s mother)
birth (1840) and ancestry, 21, 44–49
life in Fort Dunvegan, 49
life in Pacific Northwest, 44–49, 364n72
marriage to W. Hardisty (1857), 38–39, 49
physical appearance, 367n111
See also Hardisty, Mary Anne Allen (William’s wife, Isabella’s mother); Thomas, Mary Anne Allen Hardisty (Edwin’s wife, Isabella’s mother)
Allen, Robert (Charlotte’s husband, Mary Anne’s father, Isabella’s grandfather)
Alloway, Mrs. W.F., 181
Anderson, Chris, 460n5, 460n9, 461n12
André, Alexis, 316–17
Anglos. See Euro-North Americans
Archibald, Heber, 160–61
Armitage, Susan, 13
Arthur, Prince, Duke and Duchess of Connaught, 111–12, 407n122
Baalim, Harry, 268, 279, 287–88
Badger, Jim, 410n170
Baergen, William Peter, 453n40
Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 28, 30
Baker, Hugh C., 400n48
Banff National Park
British royalty visits, 107–08, 150
Isabella’s auto trips, 100–03, 135, 342, 380n64, 387n140
Lougheed summer home, 179, 380n64, 407n120, 417n240, 418n241
Bank of Montreal
Hardisty kinship network, 80, 131
Batoche. See conflicts in 1885
Battle of Seven Oaks. See conflicts in 1816
Beattie, Judith Hudson, 21, 38, 367n109
Beaulieu family
free traders, 55–58, 368nn135–36, 369n136
Beaulieu House
architecture and gardens, 82–83, 106–07, 112, 148–49, 149, 420n271
auction of contents (1938), 170, 172, 184, 419n264, 419n267, 420n270
James’s estate, 175–76
library, 185–87, 186, 420nn270–71
location, 82–83
National Historic Site (2005), 148, 379n61, 419n267
repossession for unpaid taxes (1930s), 147, 173, 182–83, 419n267
restoration (1993), 104, 419n267
sandstone construction, 17, 147, 148–49, 406n110
use after repossession (1938), 419n267
Beaulieu House, Isabella’s management
about, 88–89, 110, 115, 186, 337–38
accommodations for guests, 90, 111–12, 174, 183, 389n154, 407n119
British royalty, 90, 106–08, 111–12, 390n165, 407n119
ceremonial events, 391n166
clubs and organizations, 118–19, 123–24, 126, 183, 342
dances, 104–05, 108–09, 111, 389n152
dignitaries, 22, 89–90, 106–08, 111–12, 167, 377n44
early years, 82–83
garden parties, 118–19, 149, 149–50
Isabella’s widowhood, 22, 167, 172–73, 175–76, 181–83, 339, 419n267
James’s absence from events, 109–10
“Lady Belle Lougheed,” 17, 22, 25–26
Lougheed children at, 85, 109, 167, 419n267
media coverage, 71, 83, 88–89, 104–10, 183–85
New Year’s celebrations, 82, 182, 379n50
private vs. public sphere, 125–26
pushing of protocol boundaries, 103
social capital, 182–83, 185, 338
Bedingfeld, Agnes, 177–78
Bennett, Richard Bedford
community booster, 413n212, 414n217
dispute with James, 172, 173, 414n217, 440n97
Isabella’s relationship with, 172–73
James’s law partnership, 97, 142, 403n78, 403n81, 414n217
land speculation, 142, 143, 401n65
personal qualities, 173, 383n96, 404n96, 413n212, 414n217
prime minister, 144, 413n212, 414n217
views on transitional economy, 141–42
biographies of women, xxiv–xxv, 15, 351n17
See also comparison of Isabella and Marie Rose
Bird, Madeline Mercredi, 211
Birney, Charlotte Beaulieu, 47, 48–49, 52, 365nn89–90
Birney, James, 46–49, 52, 365n87, 365nn89–90
“Bits of My Home Life” (Marie Rose Smith), 237
Blackfoot, 236, 253, 303, 456n70
Blake, Samuel and Edward, 74, 374n15
Blanchet, Father, 365nn89–90
Bly, David, 86–87
boarding school education. See education at boarding schools
Bobrovitz, Jennifer, 84–85, 103, 107, 379n61, 382n89
bois brulé, xii
See also terminology for Metis
Bone, P. Turner and Elizabeth, 137, 396n227
boosterism
about, 185
agriculture, 129–30
back to the land movement, 450n207
Calgary Stampede, 446n181, 461n23
gendered images, 128
Indigenous peoples, 446n181
James’s kinship network, 145
Prairie regionalism, 169–70
remittance men, 245
self-interest, 143
women’s clubs, 151–52
See also transitional era (1885 to 1920); transitional economy (1885 to 1920)
Borden, Robert, 93, 150–51, 384n101, 419n264
Boyer, Cecilia, 204–05
Boy Scouts, 111
Brady, Jim, 305
Breland, Marie Anne, 52
Brennan, Brian, 97
Brooke, Lionel
death (1939), 244, 439n82, 445n159
Marie Rose’s social network, 244–46, 439n82, 445n159
nomadic life, 244, 251, 312, 439n82
public regard for, 251
See also remittance men
Brown, Jennifer, 2, 340–41, 355n47
Brown, Kootenai
folksongs, 215
Marie Rose’s social network, 215, 246–49, 248, 265–66
Ni-ti-mous (wife), 215, 247–49, 248, 265–66, 308–09, 434n26, 439n91
nomadic life, 246–47, 251, 312
personal qualities, 439n91
public regard for, 251, 439n91
in Waterton Lakes area, 215, 246–49
Buck, Minnie, 123
buffalo hunt, 195–200
See also fur trade
Burney, Alexandre, 365n89
Burney, James and Charlotte Beaulieu, 365n89
Burns, Pat, 405n105
Buss, Helen M., 21, 38, 322, 367n109
Byrne, Danny (great-grandson of Marie Rose)
“Jughandle” name, 433n20
Calgary
beer and alcohol, 405n105
cattle industry, 228, 397n11, 405n105
federal control of natural resources, 146, 405n105
golf courses, 395n217
government agencies, 132
insurance companies, 400n48
Isabella’s life before marriage (1882), 73–74
land speculation, 134–35, 137–38, 143, 403n81
law firms, 141, 403n81, 403n85
library, 185–87, 420nn270–71
Lougheed buildings, 147–48, 400n41
meat industry, 405n105
oil and gas industry, 146, 405n105
real estate, 137–38
sandstone architecture, 147–49, 182, 406n110
western autonomy movement, 145–46, 405n105
wheat production, 134–35
See also Beaulieu House; CPR (Canadian Pacific Railway)
Calgary, organizations
arts scene, 91–93, 104–05, 113–14, 126, 133–34, 185, 389n154
health care, 121–23, 151–52, 395n217, 396n218, 407n123
Ku Klux Klan, xxv, 294–95, 453n40
National Council of Women, 114, 116–19, 393n194, 394n203
Ranchmen’s Club, 103, 106, 388nn143–44
social reform, 116–18, 122, 394n203
social services, 120–21, 151–52
suffrage movement, 116–17
women’s clubs, 114, 116–19, 123–26, 151–52
See also Calgary Stampede; Methodist Church (Central United), Calgary; Southern Alberta Women’s Pioneer Association
Calgary Eye Opener, 92
Calgary Golf and Country Club, 395n217
Calgary Grain Exchange, 134–35
Calgary Herald
Conservative paper, 81, 88, 378n48, 405n105
provincial autonomy movement, 145–46, 405n105
scrip advertisements, 164–65
Calgary Petroleum Products Co., 146
Calgary Stampede
Indigenous peoples, 269, 271, 446n181
Isabella’s support, 461n23
Marie Rose’s buckskin work, 235, 269, 271
pioneer identity, 405n105, 461n23
Campbell, Andrew, 96, 384n110, 385nn111–12
Campbell, Robert, 27
Camsell, Charles, 31–35, 360n22
Camsell, Julian and Sarah, 360n22
Canada Life Assurance Co., 136, 400n48
Canadian Pacific Railway. See CPR (Canadian Pacific Railway)
Carpenter, Jock (Marie Rose’s granddaughter)
Fifty Dollar Bride, 297–99
her mother (Mary Hélène), 267, 270, 445n168
portrayals of Metis, 297–98
pride in ancestors, 192
Carpenter, Jock (Marie Rose’s granddaughter), views on
buffalo hunts, 199
cattle purchases, 228
conflicts in 1885, 298
convent education, 428n110
her ancestors, 192
Joseph’s birth place, 443n140
Marie Rose’s husband, 229–30, 298, 330, 433n22, 435n37
Marie Rose’s mother, 421n11
Marie Rose’s Sioux brother, 421n9
midwifery, 267
move to town of Pincher Creek, 445n159
Carter, Sarah, xxiv, 92, 353n12, 354n39, 424n34
Catholics
about, 211
childbearing, 259
class and status, 10
convent education, 211–16, 238, 260–62, 261, 295, 428n110, 454n42
“dit,” French naming practice, 422n14
godparents, 3, 53, 259–60, 336, 365n90
IODE chapter categories, 396n227
Marie Rose’s children and husband, 243, 276
Marie Rose’s faith, 238, 243, 260, 276
Marie Rose’s social network, 243, 265, 295, 310
Metis spirituality, 198–99, 208–09
patriarchal ideology, 238, 436n51
support for free traders, 57–58
See also Lacombe, Albert
Cattle (Eaton), 459n130
cattle ranches. See ranches
Charles, Burwell James, 71, 374n2
Charlie. See Smith, Charlie (Marie Rose’s husband)
children
celebrations, 379n50
child care, 209–10, 231, 252–53, 259, 311
domestic labour, 15–16, 37, 54, 203
godparents, 3, 53, 259–60, 336, 365n90
Indigenous culture at HBC posts, 55, 386n129
See also education; education at boarding schools; Lougheed, Isabella, children and extended family; Smith, Marie Rose Delorme, children
Chinook people
M.A. Allen’s early life, 45, 48, 365n82
slave trading, 47–48
churches. See Catholics; Methodists; Protestants
Clairmont, Adelaide (Marie Rose’s grandmother), 192
class and status
education of Isabella, 59, 333–34, 370n146
education of M.A. Hardisty, 38
education of Marie Rose, 189–90, 333–34
financial losses and changes, 331
fur trade, 11, 189–90, 196, 224–25, 330–31
HBC northern posts, 11, 37, 54, 330–31
IODE chapter categories, 396n227
Metis class system, 305, 331, 338, 355n47
religion, 10
servants, 415
skin colour, 280–81
successful management of transitional era, 127–28, 337–38, 346–48
transitional era, 19, 127–28, 144, 173–74, 274–75, 330–31, 343
urban elite in women’s clubs, 118–19, 123–24, 393n192
See also gracious womanhood
Coatsworth, Emerson, 382n90
Coatsworth, Nettie (Janet), 64
Cochrane Ranch, 256
Coldstream Ranch, 406n117
Coltman Commission, 190
comparison of Isabella and Marie Rose
about, xx–xxiii, xxvi–xxviii, 326, 347–48
Anglo-Metis culture, xxiii, 10, 296, 335
biographical approach, xxiii–xxv, 15, 351n17
class and status, 10, 21, 330–31, 337–38
community recognition of identity, 337
critical questions on, xx–xxii, xxvii–xxviii
deaths of children, 21
fluid identity, xxiii, 333–34, 337, 347–48
French-Metis culture, xxiii, 10, 296, 335, 337
historical sources, xv–xvi
influence of “first homes,” 340–41
kinship networks, xxvii–xxviii, 326–27
languages, xxii
management of personae, xxvi, 22–23, 124–25, 337, 344–48
marriage to Euro-North American men, xxi
names, xvii
organizations, xxii
personal qualities, xxi
pioneer identity, 337, 341–42, 463n28
scrip applications, 332–33
skills for transitional economy, 338–39
social capital, xxvii, 15, 331, 338–39, 346
See also Lougheed, Isabella Clark Hardisty; Smith, Marie Rose Delorme
comparison of Metis men in transitional era
scholarship on, xxvii, 343, 346
conflicts with outsiders
Delorme family, xix–xx, 190, 224–25
Metis identity, xii–xiii, xx, 332–33
Prairie regionalism, 169
property rights, 7, 164, 430nn128–29
terminology, xii–xiii
conflicts in 1816
Delorme kinship network, 190, 192, 422n16
land policies, 420n3
North West Company’s role, xiii
Seven Oaks, xii, 192, 420n3, 422n16
conflicts in 1869–1870
class and status, 10
Delorme kinship network, 190, 215–16, 222, 300
Hardisty kinship network, 66, 372n172
Marie Rose’s loyalties, 215, 313–16, 344
property rights, 8, 216, 430nn128–29
Riel’s leadership, 215–16, 430n128
conflicts in 1885
Batoche, 222, 235, 242, 298, 303, 431n159
class and status, 10
Delorme kinship network, 190–91, 222–23, 236, 242, 300, 455n59
in Fifty Dollar Bride, 298
Hardisty kinship network, 66–67, 85, 236, 372n172
historiography, 5
impact on settlers, 20
Isabella’s brother’s death, 66–67, 85, 155–56, 165
Marie Rose’s fiction on, 313–17, 322, 344
Marie Rose’s views on, 236, 300
Rocky Mountain Rangers, 235–36
underground nationalism after, 333
Connaught, Duke and Duchess of, 111–12, 150, 407n122
Conservative Party
Calgary Herald, 81, 88, 378n48
James’s membership, 81, 88, 144–45, 150–51
Constitution Act, 1982
Metis terminology and rights, xi, xiii, 326
country-born, xii
See also terminology for Metis
Cowan, Trudy, 84, 379n61, 463n35
Cox, George, 400n48
CPR (Canadian Pacific Railway)
Bennett’s interests, 401n65, 404n96
cancellation of monopoly, 145, 404n97
fires, weeds, and sicknesses, 147–48, 287
impact on economic development, 132
James’s legal and business relations, 80, 137–40, 143–45, 160, 401n65
Marie Rose’s sales of sewn goods, 265, 271
media satire on, 143–44
transitional economy, 132
travel of itinerant workers, 263, 444n154
Cross, Alfred Ernest (A.E.), 405n105
Crowfoot, Chief, 236, 302–03, 456n72
Dakota (Sioux)
Marie Rose’s adopted brother, 191, 421n9, 428n107
Metis conflicts with, 202, 425n61
Daly, Harold Mayne, 140
Dartnell, Valerie, 367n111
Davin, Nicholas Flood, 108–09, 377n44
Davis, Donald W., 250, 440n98, 441n101
Davis, Matilda, 59–60, 370n145
See also Miss Davis’s school, Red River
Davis, Rosie (Charlie Smith’s daughter), 433n22
Delorme family
about, xix
Charlie’s kinship network, 329–30, 334–35
class and status, 11, 224–25, 275, 331, 339–40
conflicts with outsiders, 190–91, 215–16, 225, 274, 300–01
“dit,” as naming practice, 422n14
fur trade culture, 194–201
godparents, 259–60
Marie Rose’s brothers, xxvii, 343, 345–46
Marie Rose’s kinship network, xxvii, 18, 240–42, 316, 328–31, 335, 343
mercantile capitalism, 329
Pincher Creek residents, 240–42
political activism, xix, 192, 216
scholarship on men in, xxvii
support for Riel, 11, 215–16, 301, 331
transitional economy, 225, 329–30
wealth, xix
Delorme, Charles (dit Ross). See Ross, Charles Delorme (dit Ross) (Marie Rose’s adopted brother)
Delorme, Donald Ross (Marie Rose’s uncle)
conflict of 1885, 216, 298, 301
namesake for Charles Ross, 191
Delorme, Elise (Marie Rose’s sister). See Ness, Elise Delorme (Eliza) (Marie Rose’s sister)
Delorme, François Enos (et Hénault) dit (Marie Rose’s great-grandfather)
conflicts of 1816, 190, 422n16
Delorme, Joseph (Urbain Sr.’s son, Marie Rose’s uncle)
conflict of 1885, 216, 298, 301, 455n59
with father in 1870, 430n132
Delorme, Madelaine (Marie Rose’s sister). See Gareau, Ludger and Madeleine Delorme (Marie Rose’s sister)
Delorme, Madeleine Vivier (Marie Rose’s grandmother)
marriage (1823), 422n13
Delorme, Marie Desmarais (Marie Rose’s mother)
about, xix
birth (1839), 421n11
children, 191
fur trade kinship network, 190–91
independent trader, 204–06, 212, 329, 426n69
Indigenous healing, 209
Marie Rose’s arranged marriage (1877), 190–91
Marie Rose’s love for her mother, 211
marriage to Cuthbert Gervais (1872), 204
marriage to Urbain Delorme, Jr., 190–91
support for education, 211
traditional handiwork, 211
widowhood, 190, 201, 204–06, 212
See also Gervais, Marie Delorme (Marie Rose’s mother)
Delorme, Marie Rose (later Smith)
about, xix
age at marriage, 218
ancestry, 18, 273, 296, 327–28, 454n46
arranged marriage (1877), 18, 190–91, 217–21
brothers, 191, 343, 421n9, 428n107
class and status as fur trade elite, 224–25
clothing and jewelry, 305
convent education, 18, 189, 211–16, 428n110
health, 449n206
languages (French, English, Cree), 18, 252, 271, 296
Metis identity formation, 328
musical training, 214
physical appearance, 307
sewing and handiwork, 210–13
as valuable commodity, 224–25
See also fur trade; Smith, Marie Rose Delorme
Delorme, Norbert (Urbain Sr.’s son, Marie Rose’s uncle)
conflict of 1885, 216, 242, 298, 301, 455n59
in Pincher Creek, 240, 242, 301
silences in Marie Rose’s writing, 301
wife as sister of Marie Rose’s stepfather, 242
Delorme, Urbain, Jr. (Urbain Sr.’s son, Marie Rose’s father)
Crowfoot meeting, 302–03
farmer and free trader, 18, 200–01, 288
wealth and estate, 201, 203, 206, 221, 238, 432n3
Delorme, Urbain, Sr. and Madeleine Vivier (Marie Rose’s grandparents, “le chef des prairies”)
about, 192–94
ancestry, 192–93
education in Quebec, 193
fur trade culture, 190, 193, 195, 199, 216
marriage (1823), 422n13
wealth and estate, 193–94
Delorme, Urbain II and Nellie Gladstone (Urbain Jr.’s son, Marie Rose’s brother)
in Batoche, 240
childless, 437n61
class and status, 343
Marie Rose’s relationship with, xxvii
marriage (1892), 240
physical appearance, 241
in Pincher Creek, 191, 240, 301
siblings, 191
Urbain Jr.’s estate, 206, 221, 240, 436n59
Dempsey, Hugh, 383n96, 437n72, 440n98
Depression
Bennett’s unpopularity, 144
impact on Lougheed–Hardisty family, 147, 170–72, 180, 183
repossession of mansions, 147, 182
Desmarais, Joseph (Marie Rose’s grandfather)
Desmarais, Marie (Marie Rose’s mother)
birth (1839), 421n11
See also Delorme, Marie Desmarais (Marie Rose’s mother); Gervais, Marie Delorme (Marie Rose’s mother)
Devine, Heather, 2–3, 421n4, 460n6
Dewdney, Edgar, 81, 88, 228, 457n99
“dit,” as naming practice, 422n14
Dobbin, Murray, 354n31
doctors and medicine. See health care
“Does God Know His Business?” (Marie Rose Smith), 313, 319–21
Dominion Lands Act, 145, 411n175
Dooley, Pat, 250–51
Douglas Block, 147
dower rights, 417n237, 448n199
See also land
Drever, William and Helen, and family, 103–04, 388n145
Duck Lake, Battle of. See conflicts in 1885
Eaton, Winnifred (Onoto Watanna), 286, 318–19, 451n5, 458n125, 459n130
economy, transitional. See transitional economy (1885 to 1920)
Edgar Block, 147
Edmonton
Isabella at ceremonies, 105
Marie Rose’s life in, 22, 205, 297, 309, 457n96
McDougall network, 130, 376n30
See also Fort Edmonton
education
Catholic education, 189, 211–13, 238, 260–62, 295
charitable donations, 392n188
children of HBC men, 9
“civilize” children of ranchers, 238
class and status, 10, 38, 59, 189–90, 214, 370nn145–46, 10214
day schools, 213
Hardisty family’s belief in, 27, 38–41, 59
M.A. Hardisty’s lack of education, 38–41, 59
Indigenous ways of learning, 386n129
See also Red River, education
education at boarding schools
age at attendance, 35, 52–53, 60, 66, 212
assimilation of Metis, 211–12
children from HBC posts, 35, 52, 54–55, 59
convents, 211–16, 238, 260–62, 261, 295, 428n110, 454n42
deaths of children, 260–62, 261, 443n142, 444n145
English and French languages, 428n110
gracious womanhood, 54–55, 68–69, 333–34
husband’s enrollment of wives, 232
Indigenous students, 213
living conditions, 214
musical training, 65, 91, 105, 214–15
separation of families, 52, 61–62, 370n147
social capital for transition era, 32, 333–34, 371n152
See also Miss Davis’s school, Red River; Wesleyan Ladies’ College, Ontario
Edwards, Bob
popular satire, 86, 92–93, 143–44, 151, 383n96, 383n98
Edwards, Henrietta Muir, 116
Edward VII, Prince of Wales, 106, 178, 182, 390n165, 391n166
“Eighty Years on the Plains” (Marie Rose Smith)
about, 286–87
Canadian Cattlemen articles, 204, 279, 286–87, 297, 305, 311–12
confirmation of Metis identity, 342
Euro-Canadian identity in photos, 305–06
“Eighty Years on the Plains” (Marie Rose Smith), subjects
agricultural expansionism, 290–91
alcohol use, 231
buckskin work, 271–72
Calgary Stampede, 269
Charlie’s bootlegging, 231–32
Charlie’s Catholic conversion, 276
child care, 209–10, 231, 259, 311
courtship and wedding (1877), 218–20, 222
family economy, 265
First World War, 262
fur trade, 202
horse racing, 256–57
hospitality at the Jughandle, 311
hunting expedition, 288–89
Indigenous ceremonies, 207–09
Kootenai Brown, 246–47
lamps and candles, 253
near-drowning, 421n9
New Year’s celebrations, 251–52
Ni-ti-mous (Kootenai Brown’s wife), 248, 249
obedience as wife, 230–31
pride in her father, 202
roundup time, 291–92
sewing and handiwork, 211–13
simple life of pioneer, 307–08
Smith as “big trader,” 222
storytelling by her mother, 15, 207–08
winter homes, 217–18
Elofson, Warren, 253, 257, 293
English, John, 168
English language. See languages
Ens, Gerhard, 343–44, 355n47, 402n70, 427n96, 430nn128–29
Erasmus, Peter, 452n10
Esquimaux Bay district, 42
ethnicity
as cultural construction, xxiii
IODE chapter categories, 396n227
kinship networks, 3–4
terminology, 350n2
See also race and ethnicity
Euro-North Americans
British wives for HBC men, 9, 49–50, 213
Hardisty marriages to, 40–41
Marie Rose’s children’s marriages to, 263, 335
Pincher Creek, 243
terminology, xiv
before transitional era, 20
See also education; gracious womanhood; marriage, Euro-North American men and Indigenous women
Faraud, Henri, 39
farms
back to the land movement, 450n207
cash crops, 293
expansionism, 129–30, 279, 290–91
irrigation initiatives, 169–70
Metis farms, 6–8, 194, 200, 206–07, 354n39, 424n34
mixed farms, 292–93
natural hazards, 200–01, 206–07, 291, 425n51, 425n58
technologies, 425n51
See also homesteads; land
females. See Indigenous women; marriage, Euro-North American men and Indigenous women; Metis women; women
fences and boundaries
ethnic boundaries, 19
financial boundaries, 282
geographic boundaries, 19
Metis and Indigenous boundaries, 297
racial boundaries, xxi, 19, 282–83
social fences, 285–86
Fidler, Moses, 296
Fidler, Véronique Gervais, 242
Fifty Dollar Bride (Carpenter), 297–99
fires, 147–48, 294–95, 416n229
First Nations, terminology, xiii–xiv, 355n43
See also Indigenous peoples; terminology; treaties
First World War
James’s political career, 93, 150–51, 384n101, 407n123
Marie Rose’s sons’ enlistments and deaths, 262–63, 277, 278, 449n203
military hospitals, 93, 384n101, 407n123
Foggo, Cheryl, 440n94
Fooks, Georgia Green, 433n22
Forsland, Eva Smith (Marie Rose’s daughter, S. McCargar’s mother)
marriage to NWMP officer, 263
Metis identity, 324
newspaper articles on, 279–80
Fort Calgary
Parlow family, 389n154
Fort Dunvegan
M.A. Allen’s early life, 46, 49, 366n102
Fort Edmonton
alcohol use, 28
Big House, 43
Catholic missionaries, 376n30
Marie Rose’s mother’s homestead, 228
Metis social customs, 36–37
Fort George, 365n89
Fort Liard
C. Camsell’s memoir, 31–32, 360n22
W. Hardisty as HBC man, 27, 32
location and grounds, 32, 33, 37
Fort Macleod
cattle industry, 397n11
Marie Rose’s seasonal trips, 223
Fort McPherson (Peel River)
location and grounds, 33
Fort Norman
grounds, 37
Petitot’s visit, 35–36
Fort Providence
Grey Nuns convent school, 39, 41
Fort Rae
Beaulieu family, 58
Indigenous gatherings, 53
Isabella’s memories of, 124
location and grounds, 33
Fort Resolution
free traders, 55–56
history and location, 27, 367n114
Isabella’s birth (1861), 27, 53
Lockhart as chief trader, 360n19
scientific expeditions to, 30
Fort Simpson
Beaulieu free traders, 55–58, 368nn135–36, 369n136
C. Camsell’s memoir, 35–36, 360n22
children’s activities, 34–35, 39
class and status, 11
country food, 33, 360n30, 361n34
food shortages, 54, 58, 65, 124
W. Hardisty as chief factor (1862–1877), 11, 27, 30, 34, 360n22
W. Hardisty’s marriage to M.A. Allen (1857), 38, 49, 366n106
HBC centre for district, 34, 49, 366n106
Isabella’s life, 42, 53, 59, 65–66, 124
living conditions, 33–34, 37–38, 58, 65
New Year’s celebrations, 82, 379n50
Fort Vancouver
baptisms, 365n90
Mary Anne’s birth (1840), 44
schools, 46
slaves, 48
Fort Yukon
Foster, Martha Harroun, 3–4, 268, 353n17
Freeman, Ronald, 99
freemen, xii
See also terminology for Metis
free traders
Beaulieu family, 55–58, 368nn135–36, 369n136
class and status, 11
Desmarais family, 192
Gaetz family, 128–30
HBC relations, 55–58, 130, 368nn135–36, 421n4
marriages to Indigenous women, 11
transitional economy, 128–30, 427n100
French, Maida Parlow, 389n154
French language. See languages
Friesen, Gerald, 354n32
fur trade
about, 194–201
alcohol use, 358n9
buffalo hunts, 195–200, 205, 247, 249
buffalo robe economy, 206
carts, 197, 199–200, 203, 204, 424n36
class and status, 11, 189–90, 196, 224–25, 330–31
diversity of economy, 201
histories by pioneer association members, 341
Indigenous relations, 202–03
laws of the hunt, 197
mercantile capitalism, 6, 16, 329
Metis identity and, 328
North West Company, 356n75, 420n3, 422n16
pemmican economy, 205, 206, 309, 420n3
seasonal activities, 194–96, 202, 210–11, 288
spirituality, 208–09
transitional economy, xv, 132, 203, 206–07, 212
wealth and profits, 196, 228, 432n3
widows as independent traders, 204–07, 212, 329, 426n69
winter homes, 217–18
women’s work, 200, 205, 210, 217–18, 288–89
See also free traders; HBC (Hudson’s Bay Company); Metis culture and society; Metis kinship
Gadsby, H.F., 90
Gaetz, Annie, 129
Gareau, Ludger and Madeleine Delorme (Marie Rose’s sister)
in Batoche, 191, 222, 242, 298
carpenter, 222
conflicts in 1885, 222–23, 242, 298
godparents, 259
Madeleine’s marriage to Euro-North American man, 222
Madeleine’s siblings, 191
Metis burning of home, 298
in Pincher Creek, 223, 242, 301
in Quebec, 431n159
gender
biographies as historical sources, xxiv
boosterism and gendered images, 128
Metis identity formation, 331
Metis maternal ancestry, 332
Metis men in transitional era, xxvii, 343, 346
See also gracious womanhood; marriage; women
gens libres, xii
See also terminology for Metis
George V, King, and Queen Mary, 113, 150, 182
Gervais, Cuthbert (Marie Rose’s stepfather)
cattle, 228
children, 242
marriage to Marie Delorme (1872), 204, 207, 426n74
property inventory (1906), 256
Urbain Jr.’s estate, 206
Gervais, Joseph and Alex (Marie and Cuthbert’s children), 242
Gervais, Marie Delorme (Marie Rose’s mother)
ancestry and birth (1839), 192, 421n11
arranged marriage for Marie Rose (1877), 190–91, 216–22
cattle, 228
marriage to Cuthbert Gervais (1872), 204, 207, 426n74
physical appearance, 270
property inventory (1906), 256
Urbain Jr.’s estate, 206, 221–22
See also Delorme, Marie Desmarais (Marie Rose’s mother)
Gilruth, James, 259
Giraud, Marcel, 4
Gladstone, Azilda Gervais (Zilda) (Robert’s wife, Marie Rose’s stepsister)
godparents, 259
in Pincher Creek, 242
property inventory (1906), 256
Gladstone, Nellie (wife of H. Riviere), 437n61
Gladstone, Nellie (wife of Urbain Delorme)
marriage to Urbain (1892), 191, 240
See also Delorme, Urbain II and Nellie Gladstone (Urbain Jr.’s son, Marie Rose’s brother)
Gladstone, Robert (Azilda’s husband)
with Kootenai Brown, 239
property inventory (1906), 256
gracious womanhood
about, 71–72
avoidance of controversy, 67, 116–17, 119–20, 124, 126
education at boarding schools, 54–55, 68–69, 333–34
suppression of Metis identity, 68–69
See also Lougheed, Isabella, personal qualities
Grahame, James, 41
Grandin, Vital-Justin, 219
Grand Theatre, Calgary, 104–05, 109, 113–14, 133
Grant, Cuthbert, Jr.
conflicts of 1816, 420n3
as first leader of Metis, 192–93
Grant, John, 402n70
Grant, Johnny
dispute with D.A. Smith, 140–41, 402n70
on education at boarding schools, 52
Ens’s annotation of his diary, 427n96
kinship network, 329
on Metis women’s work, 210
Grant, Richard and Marie Anne, 52
Great Depression. See Depression
Green, Jim, 239–40
Griesbach, William, 151
Hackland, Alfred and Mary Louise Hardisty (Isabella’s sister)
Mary Thomas’s life with, 159
Haig, Douglas, 167
half-breed, terminology, xii, 9
See also terminology for Metis
Hall, David, 95
Hamilton, Ontario, college. See Wesleyan Ladies’ College, Ontario
Hamilton-Gordon, Ishbel. See Aberdeen, Lady (Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon)
Hardisty family
about, xx
Anglo-Metis ancestry, xx
conflicts in 1869–1870, 372n172
Depression’s impact, 147, 170–72, 180, 183
ethics in business, 140
gracious womanhood, 68–69
HBC aristocracy, 17, 27, 36, 37, 80, 335–36
Indigenous ancestry, 168
Isabella’s brothers, xxvii, 152–54, 343, 345–46
Isabella’s kinship network, 25–26, 44, 136–37, 328–30, 335–36
James’s kinship network, 17, 76–80, 82, 86–88, 329–30
Lord Strathcona as family patriarch, 42–44, 136–37
marriage of men to Euro-North American women, 40–41
mercantile capitalism, 329
scholarship on men in, xxvii
transitional economy, 86, 130–33, 329–30
Hardisty (town), 93
Hardisty, Edward Stewart (Isabella’s brother)
death in Lachine (1868), 61, 371n154
Hardisty, Eliza McDougall (Richard Jr.’s wife)
W. Hardisty’s letters to, 40, 54, 62–63
Isabella and James’s letters to, 82, 174
marriage to R. Hardisty Jr., 40, 362n53
McDougall kinship network, 73, 77, 130
widowhood, 82
Hardisty, Frank Allen (Isabella’s brother)
class and status, 343
conflict in 1885, 236
gold prospecting, 153
W. Hardisty’s estate, 153–54, 156–59, 179–80
R. Hardisty’s views on, 153–54
Isabella’s relationship, xxvii, 152–53
life in Calgary, 73
Rocky Mountain Rangers volunteer, 236
Hardisty, Isabella Clark (later Lougheed)
arrival in Calgary, 73–74
class and status, 10
father’s death, 73
Fort Liard, 32
Fort Simpson, 32–40, 42, 53, 58, 65–66, 124
gracious womanhood, 68–69
Indigenous peoples, 32
Metis identity formation, 328
transitional era, 23
See also Lougheed, Isabella Clark Hardisty
Hardisty, Isabella Clark (later Lougheed), education
Miss Davis’s school, 39, 41–42, 52–53, 59–61, 370n147
suitability as James’s wife, 68–69, 76
Wesleyan college, 16, 42, 60, 63–68, 105, 187
W. Hardisty’s views on education
See also education at boarding schools; Miss Davis’s school, Red River; Wesleyan Ladies’ College, Ontario
Hardisty, Jessie
Hardisty, Marguerite Sutherland (Richard Sr.’s wife, Isabella’s grandmother)
children, 27
James as Hardisty patriarch, 363n61
marriage to Richard Sr., 27, 357n5
Hardisty, Mary Anne Allen (William’s wife, Isabella’s mother)
about, xx
birth place and childhood, 357n4
Chinook kinship network, 45
early life in Pacific Northwest, 26, 44–49
Fort Simpson, 30–31
W. Hardisty’s estate, 156–59, 179–80
Isabella’s relationship with, xxvi, 76–77, 152–55, 166
lack of education, 38–41, 50, 59, 363n55, 408n136
life in Lachine, 154
life in Winnipeg (1878), 42–43, 66
marriage to E. Thomas (1881), 51, 72, 155, 364n72
marriage to W. Hardisty (1857), 38–39, 41, 49, 366n106
media coverage, 87
physical appearance, 51, 67–68, 71, 367n111
scrip application, 166, 332–33, 411n183
self-identification as Metis, 411n183
status of, 49–50
transitional era, 21
See also Allen, Mary Anne (later Hardisty, later Thomas) (Isabella’s mother); Thomas, Mary Anne Allen Hardisty (Edwin’s wife, Isabella’s mother)
Hardisty, Mary Louise (Isabella’s sister). See Hackland, Alfred and Mary Louise Hardisty (Isabella’s sister)
Hardisty, Richard, Jr. (Eliza McDougall’s husband, William’s brother, Isabella’s uncle)
cattle industry, 397n11
conflicts in 1869–1870, 372n172
father’s views on his marriage, 41
Hardisty kinship network, 25–26
HBC chief factor and inspector, 43, 80, 377n41
Indigenous ancestry, 166
Isabella’s arrival in Calgary, 73–74
Isabella’s kinship network, 76–78, 328–29, 335–36, 372n172
James’s kinship network, 17, 76–80, 130
land holdings, 131–33
marriage to Eliza McDougall, 40, 130, 362n53
McDougall kinship network, 73, 77–78, 130
Protestant, 76
real estate, 80
senator (1888), 17, 79–80, 94, 336
transitional economy, 80, 130–33, 397n11
views on William’s sons, 153
wealth, 17, 73, 77, 79, 130–33, 335
Hardisty, Richard, Sr. (William’s father, Isabella’s grandfather)
children, 27
class and status, 330–31
death (1865), 42
education in Red River, 27
home in Lachine, 180
marriage to Marguerite Sutherland, 27, 357n5
views on William’s marriage, 41
Hardisty, Richard George (Richard Jr.’s son, Isabella’s cousin)
education overseas, 62
W. Hardisty’s estate, 398n29
kinship network, 43–44
scrip dealings, 164
Hardisty, Richard Robert Thomas (Isabella’s brother)
class and status, 343
death at Duck Lake (1885), 66–67, 85, 155–56, 165
W. Hardisty’s estate, 153–54, 155–59
R. Hardisty’s views on, 153–54
Isabella’s relationship, xxvii, 152–53
scrip application for, 165–66, 332–33
Hardisty, Thomas Alexander Thomas (Isabella’s brother)
class and status, 343
W. Hardisty’s estate, 156–59, 179–80
Hardisty, William Lucas (Mary Anne’s husband, Isabella’s father)
ancestry and birth place, 27, 30, 357n4, 367n109
death (1881), 43, 72, 363n66, 369n144
death of his young son (Edward), 61, 371n154
education in Red River, 27
education of his children, 27, 30, 35, 39, 52–53, 59, 370n147
HBC posts, xx, 11, 27–31, 29, 36, 56–58, 358n11
languages (Yukon and Chipewyan), 30
on Loucheux people, 30
marriage to M.A. Allen (1857), 38–39, 41
media coverage, 89
siblings, 27
support for scientific expeditions, 28, 30–31, 359n12
views on Mary Anne, 11, 49–50, 55, 59, 63
views on Mary Anne’s lack of education, 38–41, 59, 363n55
wealth and estate, 17, 153–59, 179–80, 398n29
in Winnipeg after retirement (1878), 42–43, 66, 363n64
See also Fort Simpson
Hardisty, William Lucas, Jr. (Isabella’s brother)
class and status, 343
W. Hardisty’s estate, 153–59, 179–80
R. Hardisty’s letter on, 153–54
Isabella’s relationship, xxvii, 152–53
letters to Clarence Lougheed, 408n141
life in Manitoba, 155
Hatt, Ken, 411n176
Haultain, Frederick, 250
HBC (Hudson’s Bay Company)
assistance with scientific expeditions, 359n12
class and status, 11, 127–28, 330–31
fear of Metis strength, 56–57
James as legal counsel for, 80, 160, 399n36
kinship and corporate models, 12–13, 44
marriages as business partnerships, 127–28
native, terminology, 358n6
reciprocal family model, 12–13, 16, 44
Simpson’s leadership, 11, 13, 38, 49–50, 213, 399n37
HBC (Hudson’s Bay Company), northern posts
alcohol use, 358n9
C. Camsell’s memoir, 31–35, 360n22
class and status, 11
country food, 33, 360n30, 361n34
education at posts, 368n124, 370n146
education away, 54–55
food shortages, 54, 58, 65, 124
free traders, 55–58
HBC men’s duties, 31–32, 37, 126
Indigenous culture, 11, 32–33, 36, 39, 53–54, 55, 361n40
languages, 30
living conditions, 11, 33–34, 37–38
locations and grounds, 32–33, 37
New Year’s celebrations, 251–52
slaves, 48
women’s skills, 31, 37, 40–41, 54
See also Fort Liard; Fort Simpson; Mackenzie district
HBC (Hudson’s Bay Company), transitional era
cattle ranches, 80
class and status, 330–31
company records, 132, 398n26, 399n37
department stores, 133, 137, 399n36
Euro-North American wives, 213
HBC men’s personal gains, 130–32
historiography, 1–2
James’s businesses, 133, 137, 141, 160
land speculation, 131–32
mining and forestry, 130–31
relations with non-HBC men, 129–30, 402n72
shift away from Metis workers, 203
health care
abortion, 96, 384n110, 385nn111–12
hospitals, 93, 122–23, 151–52, 384n101, 395n217, 396n218, 407n123
Indigenous healing, 209, 267–69, 302, 308, 347, 445n173
professions for women, 121–22
VON nurses, 121–23, 395n214, 395n216, 396n218
Healy, Joe, 433n22
historiography
biographical approach, xxiv–xxv, 15, 351n17
oral history vs. oral tradition, xv
sources for this book, xv–xvi, xxiii–xxiv
terminology for Aboriginal, xiii–xiv
Williams on “structure of feeling,” xxvi, 352n23
See also terminology
Home Guard. See Rocky Mountain Rangers
homesteads
claims on adjacent land, 442n118
cultivation requirement, 453n35
dry belt, 145
fires, 257
government agencies in Calgary, 132
head of household’s eligibility, 449n203
Marie Rose’s second homestead, 277–79, 449n203
mortgage lenders, 448n201
sale of military bounty warrants, 447n194
women’s eligibility, 417n237, 449n203
See also Jughandle Ranch, title to homestead; land
household economy, Marie Rose’s. See Smith, Marie Rose Delorme, transitional economy
Hudson’s Bay Company. See HBC (Hudson’s Bay Company)
Hull, William Roper and Mrs., 122, 148–49, 181
Humorous Cowboy Poetry, 239–40
Hussey, Nolen and Dorothy (Isabella’s daughter and son-in-law), 182
See also Lougheed, Dorothy Isabelle (daughter of James and Isabella)
Hustak, Allan, 161, 165, 170–71, 387n141, 401n59, 413n208
Hutchison, J.A. and Dorothy (Isabella’s daughter and son-in-law), 173
See also Lougheed, Dorothy Isabelle (daughter of James and Isabella)
The Identities of Marie Rose Delorme Smith (MacKinnon), xix, xxi–xxii, 350n1
identity, Metis. See Metis identity
identity as Metis, Isabella and Marie Rose. See Lougheed, Isabella, identity as Metis; Smith, Marie Rose Delorme, identity as Metis
identity as pioneer, Isabella and Marie Rose. See Lougheed, Isabella, identity as pioneer; Smith, Marie Rose Delorme, identity as English-speaking pioneer
Inderwick, Mary, 19–20, 243, 356n75, 437n72
Indian Act
assimilation strategies, 353n12, 454n49
enfranchisement, 99–100, 386n125, 386n127
Indigenous costume permission, 454n49
Marie Rose’s exclusion from, 277
“marrying out,” 353n12
prohibition on ceremonies, 296–97, 454n49
reserves near settlements, 98, 454n49
status and identity under, xi, 4
women’s inheritance rights, 175, 448n199
See also Indigenous peoples
Indian band, terminology, 355n43
See also terminology
Indigenous peoples
assimilation, 125–26
fur trade transitional era, xxi
Isabella and assimilation, 344–45
kinship networks, 2–3, 22–23, 53, 57
Marie Rose’s portrayals, 302–04
organizations, xiii–xiv
reserves near settlements, 98
residential schools, 262
treaty money, 227–28
See also Indian Act; Metis culture and society; race and ethnicity; terminology; treaties
Indigenous traditional culture
buffalo corrals, 247
ceremonies, 207–09, 296–97, 457n99
healing and remedies, 209, 267–69, 308, 445n173
oral tradition, 319–20, 458n125
skills of chiefs, 126
spirituality, 208–09, 297, 458n125
storytelling, 207–08
sweat lodges, 308
tricksters, 458n125
ways of learning, 386n129
weapons, 209
Indigenous women
class and status, 11
healing skills, 445n173
Indian Act and inheritance rights, 175, 448n199
Isabella as evidence of assimilation, 114, 124–25, 185, 344–45
Marie Rose’s portrayals of, 304
sewing and handiwork, 210–13
stereotypes, 125
transitional economy, 16
See also marriage, Euro-North American men and Indigenous women; Metis women
Inuit, terminology, xiii, 355n43
See also Indigenous peoples; terminology
IODE (Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire), 111, 123–24, 395n214, 396n227
Iroquois freeman, xii
See also terminology for Metis
Isabella. See Lougheed, Isabella Clark Hardisty
Ives, Mrs. G.C., 341
Jaffray, M., 99
James. See Lougheed, James Alexander (Isabella’s husband)
Jephson, J.P.J., 103–04
Jetté, Melinda, 4
Johnson, E. Pauline, 71, 317–18, 458n125, 459n129
Johnston, G.E.H., 99
Judd, Carol M., 358n6
Jughandle Ranch
cattle, 18, 228, 255–56, 264, 287–88, 293
fires, 448n202
one-room log cabin, 223–24, 230
property inventory (1906), 256
use of land today, 433n20
work force, 264
Jughandle Ranch, Marie Rose’s management
alcohol use by Charlie and guests, 230, 237
boarders, 267
early years, 223–24, 230, 237, 254, 264
her independence, 254, 263–65, 273, 334–35
hospitality for all, 230, 234–35, 237–38, 264, 311
kinship network, 328
Metis sustainability skills, 293
New Year’s celebrations, 251–52
obedience as wife, 230–31, 237–38, 263–64
Queen of the Jughandle, 18, 224, 264, 282
Jughandle Ranch, title to homestead
about, 263, 273, 275–78, 442n118, 447n194
appeals by white friends, 278, 281
Charlie’s death (1914), 442n118
Charlie’s letters to/from officials, 281, 432n12, 442n118
claim on adjoining homestead, 256, 275, 278, 432n12, 442n118, 447n194
cultivation requirement, 453n35
debts, 278, 291, 448n201, 449n203, 449n206
Marie Rose’s financial hardships, 262, 273, 275–78, 281, 447n194
Marie Rose’s title confirmed (1920), 277, 448n202, 449n206
Marie Rose’s title disputed (1915), 278, 448n202, 450n215
military bounty warrant, 447n194
policy changes, 442n118, 447n194
“Jughandle Smith Goes to Town” (Green), 239–40
Kennicott, Robert, 28, 30, 359n12
Kermaria convent, Pincher Creek, 260, 454n42
Kerr, John, 199–200
Kinnisten, Christina Grant, 176–77
kinship, Metis. See Metis kinship
Kipling, Charles, 434n31
Klassen, Henry C., 403n81
Knox Presbyterian Church, 90
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), xxv, 294–95, 453n40
Lachine, Quebec
W. Hardisty’s death, 363n66, 369n144
W. Hardisty’s retirement to, 16, 43, 72, 363n66
Isabella’s visits, 59–61, 65, 73, 369n144
Lacombe, Albert
competition with Methodists, 362n53
Marie Rose’s social network, 238–39, 243, 260, 295, 296
views on convent education, 238–39, 260, 262
views on Indigenous peoples, 262, 310, 457n99
land
class and status, 275
common use, 8, 275, 287–88, 291–92, 326, 430n129, 442n118, 452n10, 463n28
dower rights, 417n237, 448n199
HBC men’s personal gain in land deals, 130–31
Indigenous territorial boundaries, 8
individual ownership, 8, 275, 287, 463n28
Metis conflicts and property rights, 7–8, 430n129
Metis ownership in fur trade era, 347
open-range grazing, 287–88
ownership and rights, xxvii
reserves near settlements, 98
Riel’s views on, 430n129
scrip and land occupancy, 164–66
transitional era, 8, 130–31, 275, 287
women’s ownership, 176–79, 417n237, 448n199, 449n203, 463n28
See also farms; homesteads; ranches; scrip; treaties
Lane, George, 405n105
Lang, Wilbur, 269
languages
comparison of Isabella and Marie Rose, 296
critical questions on, xxii
education at boarding schools (English, French), 428n110
W. Hardisty’s languages, 30
Marie Rose’s languages, 18, 252, 271, 296
Lapierre House, 37
Larkin, Ed, 248
Laurence, Margaret, 340–41
LeBoeuf, Nancy Gervais, 242
Legal, Émile-Joseph, 295
Lépine, Ambroise, 215, 429n125
Leslie, Jean, 107
See also comparison of Isabella and Marie Rose
Lindsay, Debra, 359n12
Lockhart, James, 30–31, 360n19
Loft, Fred, 100, 386n125, 386n127
Long Lance, 67–68, 286, 317, 345, 367n177, 451n4
Loucheux people, 28
Lougheed family
Depression’s impact, 18, 170–72, 183
Lougheed House. See Beaulieu House
Lougheed (town), 93
Lougheed, Clarence Hardisty (son of James and Isabella)
club memberships, 103, 388nn143–44, 395n214
commercial building named for, 147
death and burial (1933), 167, 171, 413n209
financial hardships, 22
W. Hardisty estate, 154–59, 180, 408n136, 418n246
lawyer, 159–60
letters to/from Mary Thomas (Isabella’s mother), 154–55, 408n136, 418n246
military service, 93
Lougheed, Donald (grandson of James and Isabella)
on Depression, 146–47
memories of James and Isabella, 85, 97
Lougheed, Dorothy Isabelle (daughter of James and Isabella)
birth (1898), 84
British royalty visits, 107–08, 390n165
death of her mother, 184
letters to/from R.B. Bennett, 172–73
marriage to J.A. Hutchison, 173
marriage to Nolen Hussey, 182
social events, 104, 109, 111, 166–67
Lougheed, Douglas Gordon (son of James and Isabella)
birth (1901), 84
commercial building named for, 147
death (1931), 167, 171, 181, 413n208
financial hardships, 22
social events, 107
Lougheed, Edgar Donald (son of James and Isabella)
alcohol use, 170–71
birth (1893), 83–84
commercial building named for, 147
death (1951), 168
financial hardships, 22, 170–71, 176
his mother’s death, 184
James’s estate, 168, 171, 175–76
military service, 93
video of, 374n2
wealth, 168
Lougheed, Elizabeth, 375n16
Lougheed, Flora (wife of Norman Lougheed Jr.)
on Isabella’s personal qualities, 85–86
Lougheed, Isabella Clark Hardisty
ancestry, 44–49, 152, 327–28, 345
death (1936), 167
historical sources on, xv–xvi, xx, xxiii–xxiv, 84–85, 350n1
“Lady Belle Lougheed,” 25–26, 187
management of personae, xxvi, 22–23, 124–25, 337, 344–48
Metis identity, 345–46
obituary and notices, 181, 184
physical appearance, 17, 64, 67, 71, 110, 115, 135, 186, 345–46
success in transitional era, 26, 127–28, 346–48
See also comparison of Isabella and Marie Rose; Hardisty, Isabella Clark (later Lougheed); Hardisty, Isabella Clark (later Lougheed), education
Lougheed, Isabella, children and extended family
children’s deaths, 21
children’s marriages to Euro-North Americans, 336
family trips to Banff, 100–03, 380n64, 387n140
godparents, 336
overseas travel, 166–67
relationship with her mother and siblings, 76–77, 152–59, 166, 398n29
sons’ legal careers, 159–60
See also Hardisty family
Lougheed, Isabella, community networks and boosterism
arts scene, 91–93, 104–05, 113–14, 126, 133–34, 389n154
boosterism, 89, 109–10, 461n23
Calgary Stampede, 461n23
fundraisers, 111, 118, 121, 126
health care, 121–23, 395n214, 395nn216–17, 407n123
National Council of Women, 114, 116–19, 393n194, 394n203
social reform, 92, 114, 116–18, 122, 394n203
veterans, 407n123
women’s clubs, 114, 116–19, 123–26, 151–52
Lougheed, Isabella, homes
log hut as first home, 78
summer home in Banff, 179, 380n64, 407n120, 417n240, 418n241
See also Beaulieu House; Beaulieu House, Isabella’s management
Lougheed, Isabella, identity as Metis
“being Metis” as adaptive social construct, 332–37
fur trade family, xxvii, 124–25
management of personae, xxvi, 22–23, 124–25, 337, 344–48
media coverage, xx, 124–25, 184–85, 344–45
private vs. public sphere, 125–26
Red River jigs and songs, 36
Lougheed, Isabella, identity as pioneer
community recognition, 337, 341–42
fluidity of identity, 124–25, 337, 347–48
gracious womanhood, 68–69
Hardisty kinship network, 25–26, 93–94
management of personae, xxvi, 22–23, 124–25, 337, 344–48
media coverage, 25–26, 88–89, 93–94, 112, 124–25, 184–85, 337, 344–45
organizations of pioneers, 340, 341–42
private vs. public sphere, 125–26
Lougheed, Isabella, marriage
community ceremonies, 105–06
family unit as work unit, 121
Hardisty kinship network, 10, 87, 93–94
James’s knighthood (1916), 17, 92–93, 151
marriage as partnership, 86–87
metis ancestry as political liability, 97–98
personal relationship with James, 174–75
political support in Ottawa, 89
social capital, xxvii, 87, 185, 331, 334, 336, 338–39, 346, 380n72
wedding (1884), 76–78, 389n154
See also Beaulieu House, Isabella’s management; Lougheed, Isabella, homes; Lougheed, James, marriage and kinship network
Lougheed, Isabella, media coverage
arrival in Calgary, 73
early life, 124
family trips to Banff, 100–03, 387n140
fur trade aristocracy, 184–85
government ceremonies, 105–06
gracious womanhood, 72, 124, 184–85, 344–45
Hardisty kinship network, 93–94
her views on boarding schools, 66
identity as Metis, xx, 184–85, 344–45
identity as pioneer, 25–26, 88–89, 93–94, 112, 184–85, 337
as successful woman, 112
wedding (1884), 76–77
Lougheed, Isabella, personal qualities
avoidance of controversy, 67, 116–17, 119–20, 124, 126
dominance, 85–86
gracious womanhood, 67–69, 71–72, 333–34
kindness, 173
love of dancing, 104
outgoing nature, 126
parenting style, 100–01, 386n129
private person, 84–85, 125–26, 174–75
pushing of boundaries, 102–03
strictness, 86
suppression of Metis identity, 68–69, 344–45
Lougheed, Isabella, views
avoidance of controversy, 116–17, 119–20, 124
Catholic faith, 60
maternal feminism, 117, 120–21, 393n200
women’s suffrage, 120
Lougheed, Isabella, widowhood
about, 339–40
at Beaulieu House, 22, 167, 172, 175–76, 181–84, 186, 339, 419n267
R.B. Bennett’s support, 172–73
community activities, 22, 123, 167, 181–83, 339
death (1936), 167
deaths of children, 167, 171, 181
financial difficulties, 155, 180
W. Hardisty’s estate, 155, 179–80
James’s estate, 168, 171, 175–76, 180, 415n221
social capital, 182–83, 339–40
Lougheed, James Alexander (Isabella’s husband)
birth (1854), 74
death (1925) and burial, 167, 175, 415n221
early career, 74–75
estate, 175–76, 180–81, 415n221
knighthood (1916), 17, 92–93, 151
life in Medicine Hat, 396n227
life in Toronto, 74–75, 90–91, 128, 381n88, 397n2
obituary, 181
popular satire, 92–93
successful management of transitional era, 127–28
Lougheed, James, career before marriage
law practice, 135–36
life in Medicine Hat, 74–75, 137, 396n227
life in Winnipeg, 75
move to Calgary (1883), 74
wealth, 403n81, 414n217, 415n221
Lougheed, James, career in business and real estate
about, 403n81
agriculture and irrigation, 169–70
Calgary Herald investor, 81, 88, 378n48
commercial buildings, 133, 147–48
CPR land, 137–40, 143–44, 160, 401n65
Depression’s impact, 183
entertainment, 133
ethics and self-interest, 133, 137–41, 143–44, 151, 160–61, 165, 401n65
HBC land and businesses, 133, 137, 141, 160
insurance loans, 136
life in Manitoba, 75
life in Medicine Hat, 75, 137, 396n227
media satire on, 143–44
oil and gas industry, 146, 405n105
partnership with E. Taylor, 80, 133, 399n37
partnership with Tweed, 75
power companies, 151
real estate, 79, 87, 133, 135–40, 377n37
resource speculation, 146
scrip dealings, 161–66, 411n181
Lougheed, James, career in law
Bank of Montreal legal counsel, 80
CPR legal counsel, 75, 80, 137–40, 143–44, 401n65
dispute with Bennett, 172, 173, 414n217, 440n97
early law practice, 75–76, 135–36, 376n22
education, 75
fire loss, 148
Hardisty legal counsel, 136
law firm (Lougheed and Bennett), 142, 403n78, 403n81, 414n217
media coverage, 74
transitional economy, 135, 329, 336, 403n85
Lougheed, James, career in politics
about, 150–51
ambition to be prime minister, 97
Conservative Party member, 81, 88, 93, 144–45, 150–51
dispute with Bennett, 172, 173, 414n217
Isabella’s ancestry as political liability, 97–98
knighthood (1916), 17, 92–93, 151
leader of the Opposition, 144, 150
Senator, 17, 80–82, 88, 90–91, 94–95, 144
wartime service, 93, 150–51, 384n101, 407n123
western autonomy movement, 145–46, 169–70, 405n105
Lougheed, James, community networks and boosterism
agriculture, 169–70
arts scene, 91–93, 104–05, 113–14, 126, 133–34, 389n154
British royalty visits, 72, 106–08, 111–12, 390n165
business leaders, 72
Calgary Board of Trade, 89
ceremonial events, 105–06
political leaders, 72
Protestant networks, 72
Ranchmen’s Club, 103, 106, 388nn143–44
school trustee, 89
See also Lougheed, Isabella, community networks and boosterism
Lougheed, James, marriage and kinship network
class and status, 127–28
family photo, 110
family unit as work unit, 121
Hardisty family patriarch, 154
Hardisty kinship network, 17, 76–80, 86–88, 93–94, 329, 334
Isabella’s ancestry as political liability, 97–98
marriage as partnership, 86–87, 127–28, 178–79, 185
media satire on, 143–44
personal relationship with Isabella, 165, 174–75
W. Hardisty estate management, 17, 154, 158–59, 179–80
See also Lougheed, Isabella, children and extended family; Lougheed, Isabella, marriage
Lougheed, James, personal qualities
aristocratic persona, 90–91, 382n92
authoritarian, 151
booster-joiner pioneer, 135, 414n217
British accent, 90–91, 381n85, 381n88, 383n96
clever, 151
dominance, 407n124
executive, 110
executive abilities, 151
friendliness, 414n217
love, 382n90
Methodist faith, 382n90, 386n129
mild sarcasm, 382n92
paternalism, 178
ruthlessness, 407n124
Lougheed, James, views
becoming a “company man,” 78
CPR insider information and land speculation, 138–39
ethics, 140
Indigenous peoples, 95, 98–100, 152, 386n125, 386n127
land speculation, 140
marriage as partnership, 86–87, 127–28
patronage, 382n92
reserves near settlements, 98
sale of Indian lands, 95
scrip statute of limitations, 162
women’s rights, 119–20
Lougheed, Jane, 375n16
Lougheed, Marjorie Yolande (daughter of James and Isabella)
birth (1904), 84
with Isabella (1911), 135
Lougheed, Mary Ann Alexander (James’s mother)
death, 76
James’s admiration for, 76
religious strictness, 91
Lougheed, Mary Stringer (wife of Norman Lougheed)
family trips to Banff, 100–03, 380n64, 387nn140–41
on Isabella’s personal qualities, 85–86
social events, 380n64
Lougheed, Norman, Jr. (grandson of James and Isabella)
oldest surviving descendant of Isabella and James, 85
Lougheed, Norman Alexander (son of James and Isabella)
birth (1889), 83
commercial building named for, 147, 148
family trips to Banff, 100–03, 380n64, 387n140
financial hardships, 22
lawyer, 159–60
life at Beaulieu House, 85, 167, 419n267
Lougheed, Peter (grandson of James and Isabella, son of Edgar)
Alberta premier, 85, 168, 412n198, 414n217
auction of Beaulieu House’s contents (1938), 419n264, 419n267, 420n270
economic diversification, 168–70, 412n198
Indigenous ancestry, 168, 412n201
law practice, 414n217
memories of Isabella, 85
provincial rights, 169
resistance to Central Canada, 168–69
on sale of oil and gas shares in Depression, 146–47
Lougheed, Robert (great-grandson of James and Isabella)
views on marital partnership, 87
Lougheed, Samuel (James’s brother)
carpenter, 375n17
early years in Calgary, 75–76, 79
Lougheed House National Historic Site, 148, 379n61, 419n267
See also Beaulieu House
Lynch-Staunton, Emma (Mrs. C.)
local historian, 194, 279, 296, 341, 423n30, 451n6
Macdonald, John A.
Banff summer home, 179
Calgary visit (1886), 89–90
James’s appointment to Senate, 81
Macdougall, Brenda, 2–3, 11, 326, 328, 331–32, 355n47, 460n1, 461n13
MacGregor, James G., 77, 376n29
Mackenzie district
class and status, 11
convent schools, 39
Fort Simpson as headquarters, 34
W. Hardisty as HBC man and chief factor, xx, 11, 27, 358n11
HBC fear of Metis strength, 56–57
See also Fort Liard; Fort Simpson; HBC (Hudson’s Bay Company), northern posts
Macleod, James F.
death, 177
James’s honouring of, 123
Marie Rose’s social network, 249, 303
marriage to Mary Drever, 104
in Pincher Creek, 249
Macleod, Mary Drever
ancestry, 388n145
“colored” housemaid, 249, 440n94
marriage to James MacLeod, 103–04
widowhood, 177–78
MacMillan, Hugh P., 437n73
Macoun, John, 145
MacRae, Archibald Oswald, 99, 99–100
Mactavish, William, 28
MacWilliams, Carson, 414n217
Maher, Valerie, 356n69
Major, J.C., 414n217
Manitoba
Metis terminology, xi
out-migration, 6–7
population (1881, 1886), 6
transitional economy, 6–8, 404n97
See also Red River
Marie Rose. See Smith, Marie Rose Delorme
marriage
British wives for HBC men, 9, 49–50
Catholic teachings, 265–66
HBC reciprocal family model, 12–13
mistresses, 50
marriage, Euro-North American men and Indigenous women
about, 2
abandoned women, 265–66, 445n161
arranged marriages, 190–91, 224
class and status, 11
fur trade era, 49–50
Indigenous women in Euro-American clothing, 266
Marie Rose and Charlie, 221–22
Marie Rose’s views, 265–66
“marrying into” kinship networks, 2, 10, 222, 334–37
“marrying out” under the Indian Act, 353n12
racism, 243
women as cultural mediators, 2
maternal feminism, 117, 120–21, 393n200
McCargar, Donald (Shirley-Mae’s son, Marie Rose’s great-grandson)
Metis identity, 323–24
McCargar, Shirley-Mae Forsland (Marie Rose’s granddaughter)
ancestry in family records, 423n23
on Charlie’s ancestry, 230
descendants’ beliefs on parents’ wealth, 257
Dutch identity, 446n181
Edmonton home for Marie Rose, 297, 306, 309
on Marie Rose’s pemmican, 309, 457n96
McCartney, Barry (Marie Rose’s great-grandson)
Metis identity, 446n181
McClung, Nellie, 393n198
McCormack, Patricia, xxiv
McCormick, Eneas, 178
McDougall family
McDougall kinship network, 73, 77–78, 130
Protestant influence of, 376n30
McDougall, David (Eliza’s brother, John’s son)
free trader and cattle, 130
McDougall kinship network, 77–78
McDougall, Eliza (Richard Hardisty Jr.’s wife, George’s daughter)
marriage to R. Hardisty Jr., 40, 362n53
See also Hardisty, Eliza McDougall (Richard Jr.’s wife)
McDougall, Elizabeth Boyd (John’s second wife), 87
McDougall, George (Eliza’s father)
first Methodist missionary, 73, 362n53
McDougall, John (George’s son, Eliza’s brother)
Gaetz’s friendship, 128–29
Hardisty kinship network, 162, 362n53, 379n57
Methodist missionary, 87, 362n53
Secord’s business partnership, 162
wealth, 162
on whiskey traders, 250
McGillis, Cuthbert and Marguerite Delorme (dit Hénault) (Urbain Delorme Jr.’s sister, Rose Marie’s aunt)
Delorme kinship network, 192–93, 232
free trader, 130
scrip, 434n30
McGillis, Marie
marriage to Cuthbert Grant, 193, 423n19
McGillis, Melanie (Marie Rose’s cousin, daughter of Cuthbert and Marguerite)
education, 232
Marie Rose’s travel companion, 238, 255
wife of Addison McPherson, 232, 434n31
See also McPherson, Melanie (Addison’s wife, Marie’s cousin)
McInnes, H., 99
McKenna, Marian C., 133, 165, 376n22, 401n59
McLachlan, Irene, 118–19
McLaurin, C.C., 105
McLaws, William, 141
McLaws Redman Lougheed and Cairns
W. Hardisty’s estate, 154, 155, 157, 159
McLean, Archie, 405n105
McLoughlin, John, 13
McNeill, Leishman, 134, 400n41
McPherson, Addison (Marie Rose’s kinship network)
Charlie’s partnership with Addison, 130, 232–34
Marie Rose’s kinship network, 434n31
wolfing expeditions, 233, 274–75
McPherson, Melanie (Addison’s wife, Marie’s cousin)
Marie Rose’s kinship network, 232–33, 434n31
trip to Winnipeg (1882), 232–33
McPherson, Mary Hardisty (Isabella’s aunt)
widow, 43
media coverage
Edwards’s popular satire, 86, 92–93, 143–44, 151, 383n96, 383n98
Marie Rose’s life, 279–80
See also Beaulieu House, Isabella’s management; Lougheed, Isabella, media coverage
medicine. See health care
Medicine Hat
James and case of mistaken identity, 96–97, 385n116
James’s early life in, 74–75, 137, 396n227
Meeres, Edwin L., 233
Melnyk, George, 168
men. See gender
Menez, Louis, 55–56
Methodists
Hardisty kinship network, 73
James as, 72, 76, 381n81, 382n90
maternal feminism, 120–21, 393n200
McDougall kinship network, 73, 77–78, 376n30
missionaries, 362n53
Red Deer, 81
Methodist Church (Central United), Calgary
cornerstone ceremony (1904), 106
fires, 416n229
location, 106
Lougheed support, 76, 120–21, 381n81, 416n229
wedding of James and Isabella, 76–77
Metis culture and society
arranged marriages, 224
cultural preservation, 457n96, 457n98
as distinct social group, 57
“dit,” as naming practice, 422n14
historical knowledge, 14–15
historiography, 1–2, 5–7, 23, 325–26, 352n2
New Year’s celebrations, 251–52
obedience to parents, 219–20, 224
Red River as political centre, 192
Roman Catholic, 57
seasonal activities, 194–95, 200, 210–11
sewing, 210–12
signifiers (clothing, dance, music, religious beliefs, scrip), 14, 198, 327, 345
spirituality, 198–99, 297, 454n50, 458n125
transitional economy, 203, 206
wedding traditions, 219–20
winter hunting grounds, 194–95, 217–18
See also conflicts with outsiders; fur trade; Red River; scrip; terminology for Metis
Metis identity
about, xxi–xxiii, 14–15, 325–26, 332–37
accommodation of racism, 327
ancestry factor, 327–28
Anglo-Metis culture, xxiii, 10
“being Metis” as adaptive social construct, xxiii, 273–74, 330, 332–37, 344
Catholic faith, 10
class and status, 10, 189–90, 338
common resources, 326, 442n118
conflicts with outsiders, xii–xiii, xx
critical questions on, xxi, xxvi–xxviii
debates on, xx, xxiii, 14–15, 325–28
distinct from First Nations, 208–09
diversity of, xx, 14–15, 125, 305
fluidity of, xxiii, 14, 337, 347–48, 454n41
French-Metis culture, xxiii, 10
gracious womanhood and suppression of identity, 68–69
historical knowledge, 14–15
historiography, 325–26
identification by others, 345
“in between” two cultures, 5, 14, 328, 347
integration pressures in 1920s, 454n41
Isabella as evidence of assimilation, 114
kinship and identity, xx, 326–27, 331, 333–37
men’s identity, 343–44
“mixed-bloods,” 332
as political liability, 97–98, 113, 392n186
pride in, 327
private vs. public sphere, 3–4, 125–26, 322
scrip applications, 164–66, 332–33
self-identification as Metis, 3–4, 332, 345–46
signifiers (clothing, jigging, music, flag, Michif language, religious beliefs, scrip), 14, 327, 345
skin colour, 280–81
transitional era, xxi, 3–4, 344
See also Lougheed, Isabella, identity as Metis; race and ethnicity; Smith, Marie Rose Delorme, identity as Metis; terminology for Metis
Metis identity and Red River history
debates on, 14–15
diversity of identity, 9, 14–15
historical knowledge, 14–15
kinship ties, 10
Metis terminology, xii–xiii
North West Company’s role, xiii
response to conflicts with outsiders, xii–xiii, 332–33
scrip applications, 332–33
Metis kinship
about, xxii, xxvii, 2–5, 10, 326–27, 333–37
fictive kin networks in transitional era, 327
fur trade culture, xxii, 22–23, 44, 206, 327–28
godparents, 3, 53, 259–60, 335–36
historiography, 1–2
identity and, xx, 326–27, 333–34
inclusivity, 3–4
location less significant than kinship, 328
maternal and paternal links, 327
Roman Catholic networks as parallel, 2
threat to HBC, 57
traditions, 22–23
transitional era, xxvii
value of Euro-North American men, 222
Metis organizations
history of, 354n31
Manitoba Metis Federation, 14
Métis Nation of Alberta, xi, 324
terminology, xiii–xiv
See also Southern Alberta Pioneers and Their Descendants
Metis women
child care, 207, 209–11, 252–53, 259
domestic agency, 436n51, 436n5131
Metis skills, 31, 52, 54, 200, 204–05, 210, 289, 293
obedience to parents and husbands, 230–31
responsibility for education, 436n51
scholarship needed on, 340, 343
successful management of transitional era, 347–48
traders and businesswomen, 204–07
traditional handiwork, 211–13
transitional economy, 16, 206–07
unpaid labour, 15–16
women’s dress, 305
See also comparison of Isabella and Marie Rose; Lougheed, Isabella Clark Hardisty; Smith, Marie Rose Delorme; women
Miss Davis’s school, Red River
about, 59–60
arts, 91
backgrounds of students, 59–60, 61, 212, 388n145
class and status goals, 370n146, 371n152
M. Davis’s education, 59–60, 370n145
Drever sisters, 103–04, 388n145
gracious womanhood ideal, 54–55, 59–60, 333–34
W. Hardisty’s views on, 39, 42, 53, 60–61, 62–63
Isabella as student, 39, 41–42, 52–53, 59–60, 370n147
names of school, 59
parents’ goals, 371n152
religious education, 63
travel to school, 59
See also education at boarding schools
mixed-bloods, xii
See also terminology for Metis
Montana
Charlie and Marie Rose’s life in (1879, 1880), 228–29, 273, 287
Metis immigrants, 7
Spring Creek Metis, 3, 7, 268, 457n98
Montgomery, Ben, 230, 237, 307, 321
Morris, Alexander, 161
Murdoch, Irene, 417n237
National Council of Women, 114, 116–19, 393n192, 393n194, 394n203
national parks
automobiles in, 387n141
See also Banff National Park; Waterton Lakes National Park
natural resources
federal control, 146, 170, 405n105
resource speculation, 146
Ness, Elise Delorme (Eliza) (Marie Rose’s sister)
convent education, 212, 428n110
in Jackfish Lake, 437n66
Marie Rose’s arranged marriage, 217
marriage to Euro-North American man, 222
in Pincher Creek, 223, 242, 300, 437n66, 456n69
siblings, 191
Urbain Jr.’s estate, 206–07, 238, 240, 436n59
Ness, George (Marie Rose’s brother-in-law)
conflicts of 1869–1870, 216, 222, 300, 315
justice of the peace in Batoche, 191, 216, 222, 242, 300
in Pincher Creek, 223, 242, 437n66, 456n69
prisoner of Metis, 216, 298, 300
Nolan, Paddy and Mrs., 91–92, 179, 382n92, 383n94
Norquay, John, 6, 354n32, 404n97
Norris, Marjorie, 118
Northern Pacific Railway, 203
North West Company, 356n75, 420n3, 422n16
See also fur trade
North West Mounted Police
ranch in Pincher Creek, 243, 437n70
See also Macleod, James F.
Northwest Uprising. See conflicts in 1885