Index

A
Adaptive nonbinary LDPC-coded modulation, 261–262
Advanced modulation formats, 949–950, 952
utilization of, 956–958
All-optical OFDM, 355–356
AWGN channel, 6–7

B

BCJR algorithm, 277
calculation of information capacity of multilevel modulation schemes by forward recursion of, 281–283
Bitrate Variable Transceiver (BVT), 659–661
B-PON, 991
Broadband Forum (BBF), 905–906

C

Channel, 5
analog waveforms of the “physical world,”, 6
Channel capacity of channels with memory, 279–281
CN-ROADMs and CNC-ROADMs in dynamic optical networks, 698–699
CO consolidation, 1017
Coded modulation, 246–261
multidimensional coded modulation, 257–261
multilevel coding and block-interleaved coded modulation, 246–249
nonbinary LDPC-coded modulation, 253–257
polarization-multiplexed coded-OFDM, 249–253
Codes on graphs, 221–222, 229–246
decoding of binary LDPC codes and BER performance evaluation, 237–242
FPGA implementation of decoders for large-girth QC-LDPC codes, 244–246
low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, 234–235
nonbinary LDPC codes, 242–244
Quasi-cyclic (QC) binary LDPC code design, 235–237
turbo codes, 229–232
turbo-product codes (TPCs), 232–234
Coding for optical communications, advance, 221–223
adaptive nonbinary LDPC-coded modulation, 261–262
coded modulation, 246–261
multidimensional coded modulation, 257–261
multilevel coding and block-interleaved coded modulation, 246–249
nonbinary LDPC-coded modulation, 253–257
polarization-multiplexed coded-OFDM, 249–253
codes on graphs, 229–246
decoding of binary LDPC codes and BER performance evaluation, 237–242
FPGA implementation of decoders for large-girth QC-LDPC codes, 244–246
low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, 234–235
nonbinary LDPC codes, 242–244
Quasi-cyclic (QC) binary LDPC code design, 235–237
turbo codes, 229–232
turbo-product codes (TPCs), 232–234
information capacity of fiber-optics communication systems, 279–286
calculation of information capacity of multilevel modulation schemes by forward recursion of BCJR algorithm, 281–283
channel capacity of channels with memory, 279–281
information capacity of systems with coherent detection, 283–286
LDPC-coded turbo equalization, 262–279
MAP detection, 262–264
multilevel turbo equalization, 264–268
multilevel turbo equalization with digital backpropagation, 276–279
multilevel turbo equalizer robust toI/Q-imbalance and polarization offset, 272–276
performance of LDPC-coded turbo equalizer, 268–272
linear block codes, 223–229
coding gain, 228–229
generator matrix, 225–227
parity-check matrix, 227–228
Coexistence and wavelength plan, 1013
Coherent detection, 52, 58–59, 66
coherent transmission technology in undersea systems, 1046
information capacity of systems with, 283–286
linear impairment compensation with, 1050
long-reach WDM PON using, 947–949
Coherent MIMO-SDM with selective mode excitation, 440–451
MIMO system capacities and outage, 442–451
signal orthogonality, 440–442
Coherent mode-division multiplexing, 539–558
average channel capacity of narrowband systems, 540–546
signal processing for mode-division-multiplexing, 551–558
wideband systems and frequency diversity, 546–551
Coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM), 347–350
coherent detection for linear down-conversion and noise suppression, 348–350
principle of coherent optical OFDM, 347–348
Coherent transmission
configuration of OPLL for, 309
Coherent transmission technology in undersea systems, 1045
coherent detection, 1046
linear impairment compensation with coherent detection, 1050
nonlinearity accumulation in dispersion uncompensated transmission, 1056
Coherent WDM PON, 915–916
Colorless light sources, 927–928, 952
limitation on operating speed of, 952–953
Commercial 100-Gbit/s coherent transmission systems, 45–47
beyond commercial 100G system, 68–74
100G channel, 55–60
to service provider networks, 60–63
impact of commercial 100G system to transport network, 63–68
optical channel designs, 47–55
Commercially available technologies, 122–126
optical channel, 124
receive channel, 124–126
transmit channel, 123–124
Converged networks, 709, 712
Converged ROF transmission system
baseband, microwave, and millimeter wave, 881–884
generation and transmission of multiple RF bands, 880–881
60-GHz sub-bands generation, 885–887
millimeter wave with wireless services in low RF regions, 884–885
Convergence of IP and optical networking, 709–710, 712–726
control plane functions, 716–717
management, control, and data planes, 714–716
motivation
network architectures, 710–711
network services, 710
network technologies, 711–712
multi-domain, 723–726
path computation element, 725–726
network stack, 712–714
next-generation control and management
drivers, 729
highly heterogeneous networks, 741–744
novel framework, 729–741
recovery, 720–723
protection, 722–723
recovery approaches, 720–721
restoration, 721–722
standards, 726–729
traffic management, 717–720
grooming, 719–720
routing and wavelength assignment, 718–719
Coupled-power theory (CPT), 620–621
Cross-phase modulation (XPM), 15–16

D

DBP-based DSP to optical fiber transmission in nonlinear regime, application of
digital backpropagation of central channel, 201–206
multi-channel digital backpropagation, 206–211
nonlinearity compensation in optical communications, 181–182
single-channel digital backpropagation, 191–196
single channel optical transmission performance, 182–191
WDM transmission, 196–201
Digital signal processing (DSP) and its application in optical communication systems, 163–167
application of DBP-based DSP to optical fiber transmission in nonlinear regime
digital backpropagation of central channel, 201–206
multi-channel digital backpropagation, 206–211
nonlinearity compensation in optical communications, 181–182
single-channel digital backpropagation, 191–196
single channel optical transmission performance, 182–191
WDM transmission, 196–201
digital signal processing and its functional blocks, 167–181
optical coherent receiver and digital signal processing functionality, 167–181
maximizing capacity in optical transport networks, 163–167
Direct-detection mode-division multiplexing, 537–539
Direct-detection optical OFDM (DDO-OFDM), 350–355
linearly mapped DDO-OFDM, 351–353
minimize penalty due to second-order nonlinearity term, 352
nonlinearly mapped DDO-OFDM (NLM-DDO-OFDM), 353–355
Dynamic optical networks
CN-ROADMs and CNC-ROADMs in, 698–699

E

Elastic optical networking, 653–658
comparison of EON and fixed DWDM, 672–677
comparison includes client network, 675–677
network level comparison, 673–675
point to point comparison, 672–673
enabling technologies, 658–665
EON vision and some new concepts, 665–672
adaptive restoration, 671–672
flexible choice of EOP parameters, 666–667
flexible client interconnect, 669
managing connection per demand instead of managing wavelength, 670–671
sliceable transceiver, 667–669
spectrum allocation and reallocation, 669–670
standards progress, 677–680
ASON, WSON, and GMPLS, 678–680
OTN mapping and multiplexing, 678
OTN network architecture, 678
standardizing on flexible spectrum, 680
Energy consumption
of optically amplified transport, lower bound on, 766–769
in optical transmitters and receivers, 769–772
Energy efficiency, 771–772
Energy-efficient telecommunications, 747–753
energy in optical communication systems, 761–765
energy use in commercial optical communication systems, 753–761
access networks, 756–758
long reach and core transmission systems, 753–756
overhead energy and common equipment constraints, 760–761
switching and routing equipment, 758–760
network energy models, 773–788
comparison of energy projections with network-based data, 786–788
end-to-end network energy models, 783–786
switching devices and fabrics, 775–781
switching sub-system energy, 781–783
transmission and switching energy models
energy consumption in optical transmitters and receivers, 769–772
lower bound on energy consumption of optically amplified transport, 766–769
transmission system energy model, 765–766
transmission system lower bounds, 772–773
EON trials and other proof points, 664–665
Extended reach systems, 1016
Extended role of network control systems, 659–661
Extremely higher-order modulation formats, 297–299
fundamental configuration and key components of QAM coherent optical transmission, 302–315
coherent light source, 303–306
coherent optical receiver and optical PLL, 307–311
optical IQ modulator, 306–307
higher-order QAM transmission experiments, 315–331
1024 QAM (60 Gbit/s) single-carrier transmission, 315–320
256 QAM-OFDM coherent transmission, 320–326
ultrahigh-speed OTDM-RZ/QAM transmission, 326–331

F

Fan-in/fan-out (FI/FO), 628
FDM-PONs, 916–920
incoherent OFDM, 917–919
optical OFDM, 919–920
pure FDM, 916–917
Fiber-based transmission links, 590–600
coupling and controlling OAM in fibers, 595–598
fiber-based data transmission in OAM, 599–600
fiber design, 591–595
long-length propagation of OAM in fiber, 598–599
Fiber capacity, 71–72
analytic formula of, 15–17
Fiber effective area, 9
Fiber nonlinear coefficient, 9, 13–14
Fiber nonlinearity and capacity, 1–2
information theory, 5–9
SE versus SNR, 8
multicore and multimode fibers, 19–36
capacity scaling with number of modes, 21–24
description of few-mode fiber, 27–31
generalized Manakov equations for multimode fibers, 24–27
inter-modal cross-phase modulation, 31–34
inter-modal four-wave mixing, 34–36
types of multicore and multimode fibers, 20–21
network traffic and optical systems capacity, 2–5
commercial system capacities and total network traffic including voice, 3
representation by blocks of typical functions that allow efficient transmission of information, 6
spectral efficiencies for commercial WDM systems, 4
single-mode fibers, 17–19
capacity of PDM systems, 18–19
nonlinear propagation, 17–18
single polarization, 9–17
advanced single-mode fibers, 12–15
analytic formula of fiber capacity, 15–17
nonlinear capacity of standard single-mode fiber, 10–12
Stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation, 9–10
Fiber-to-the-X (FTTX), 985
Field trial, 61–62
Fixed DWDM
comparison of EON and, 672–677
comparison includes client network, 675–677
network level comparison, 673–675
point to point comparison, 672–673
Flexible Spectrum ROADM (FS-ROADM), 658–659
Forward error correction (FEC), 223
Free-space communication links using OAM multiplexing, 583–590
OAM + PDM link, 585–588
OAM+WDM link, 583–585
scalability of OAM+PDM in spatial domain, 588–590
Free-space systems, 370–371
Frequency-stabilized laser, 297–298
FTTX Worldwide Deployment, 985
fiber architectures
passive optical networks. See Passive optical networking (PON)
point to point, 988
Next, 1035
status and, 1018
Africa, 1024
Americas, 1028
Asia, 1019
Europe, 1024
technology variants, 989
B-PON, 991
CO consolidation, 1017
coexistence and wavelength plan, 1013
extended reach systems, 1016
GE-PON, 996
G-PON, 999
next-generation PON technologies, 1003
Fundamental configuration and key components of QAM coherent optical transmission, 302–315
coherent light source, 303–306
coherent optical receiver and optical PLL, 307–311
optical IQ modulator, 306–307

G

Gaussian unitary ensemble, 509, 519
Zero-trace, 507–509
100-Gb/s channel, 53–56
GE-PON, 996
G-PON, 999
Grooming, 719–720
Ground terminal
acquisition, pointing, and tracking assembly, 154–155
telescope and optomechanics assembly, 150–152
uplink transmitter, 152–154

H

Heterogeneous MCF, 623–625
Higher-order QAM transmission experiments, 315–331
1024 QAM (60 Gbit/s) single-carrier transmission, 315–320
256 QAM-OFDM coherent transmission, 320–326
ultrahigh-speed OTDM-RZ/QAM transmission, 326–331
High-frequency, recent advances in, 853–854
photonic links for receive-only applications, 854–863
effect of balanced photodetection, 862–863
effect of modulator bias point, 860–862
photonic links for transmit and receive applications, 863–870
broad bandwidth TIPRx, 865–867
high frequency TIPRx, 867–870
Hollow-core fibers (HCFs), 13–14
Homogeneous MCF, 618
Hybrid TWDM-PON, 920–922

I

Incoherent OFDM, 917–919
Information capacity, 282
of fiber-optics communication systems, 279–286
calculation of information capacity of multilevel modulation schemes by forward recursion of BCJR algorithm, 281–283
channel capacity of channels with memory, 279–281
stationary, 281
Information spectral limit in multicarrier systems, 362–366
application of closed-form expressions
information spectral efficiency, 366
systemQfactor and optimum launch power, 364–366
derivation of analytical expressions for FWM noise in dual-polarization multicarrier transmission systems
FWM noise power density, 362
optimal launch power density, maximumQ, and nonlinear threshold of launch power density, 363–364
signal-to-noise ratio and spectral efficiency limit in presence of nonlinearity, 362–363
Information theory, fiber nonlinearity and capacity, 5–9
link to optical communication, 8–9
Inter-core crosstalk, 617–618
in heterogeneous uncoupled MCFs, 623–628
in homogeneous uncoupled MCFs, 619–623

L

Laguerre-Gaussian mode
concept of MDM/SDM of, 645
division multiplexing transmission in MCFS, 644–648
Laser beam propagation through atmosphere, 130–134
atmospheric attenuation (absorption and scattering), 130
atmospheric (clear air) turbulence, 131–133
atmospheric (sky) radiance (background light), 130–131
turbulence mitigation approaches, 133–134
Lasercom link budgets, 126–130
LDPC-coded turbo equalization, 262–279
MAP detection, 262–264
multilevel turbo equalization, 264–268
multilevel turbo equalization with digital backpropagation, 276–279
multilevel turbo equalizer robust toI/Q-imbalance and polarization offset, 272–276
performance of LDPC-coded turbo equalizer, 268–272
LDPC-coded turbo equalizer
performance of, 268–272
LDPC codes. See Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes
Light sources for WDM PON, 929–937
distributed feedback (DFB) laser, 929–931
reflective light sources, 934–936
re-modulation scheme for upstream transmission, 936–937
spectrum-sliced incoherent light source, 932–934
tunable laser, 931–932
Linear block codes, 223–229
coding gain, 228–229
generator matrix, 225–227
parity-check matrix, 227–228
Long-reach WDM PON, 942–952
fundamental limitations on reach of WDM PON, 942–947
using coherent detection technique, 947–949
WDM PON using remote optical amplifiers, 947–949
Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, 221–222, 234–235

M

Manakov equations, 17–18
MAP detection, 262–264, 272
Media access control (MAC) protocol and implications on routing, 840–845
Metro regional and core transport, advancements in, 793–794
network architecture evolution, 794–799
network value
of optical transport innovation, 808–813
of photonics technology innovation, 804–808
transport technology innovations, 799–804
fully flexible DWDM add-drop multiplexing and switching, 803
100 Gb/s interconnections and coherent DWDM transmission, 801–802
IP/MPLS transport, 800–801
optical transport networking, 802–803
WSON and GMPLS control-plane advancements, 803–804
Microwave photonic, 853–854
1-100 GHz microwave photonics, advances in, 873–874
converged ROF transmission system
baseband, microwave, and millimeter wave, 881–884
generation and transmission of multiple RF bands, 880–881
60-GHz sub-bands generation, 885–887
millimeter wave with wireless services in low RF regions, 884–885
optical RF wave generation, 874–880
conversion efficiency, 878–880
OCS millimeter wave, 877–878
ODSB millimeter wave, 875–876
OSSB+C millimeter wave, 876–877
types of optical RF waves, 875
using microwave photonics, 874–875
MIMO DSP, 451–461
adaptive MIMO equalization, 455–458
channel estimation, 453–455
MIMO equalizer complexity, 458–461
receiver DSP functional blocks, 452–453
Modal dispersion, 504–520
coupled modal dispersion, 504–507
group delay statistics in strong-coupling regime, 507–516
statistics of group delay spread, 516–520
Mode coupling and its impact on spatially multiplexed systems, 491–493
coherent mode-division multiplexing, 539–558
average channel capacity of narrowband systems, 540–546
signal processing for mode-division-multiplexing, 551–558
wideband systems and frequency diversity, 546–551
direct-detection mode-division multiplexing, 537–539
modal dispersion, 504–520
coupled modal dispersion, 504–507
group delay statistics in strong-coupling regime, 507–516
statistics of group delay spread, 516–520
mode-dependent loss and gain, 520–537
frequency-dependent mode-dependent loss and gain, 533–537
model for mode-dependent loss and gain, 523–524
numerical simulations of mode-dependent loss and gain, 527–530
properties of product of random matrices, 524–527
spatial whiteness of received noise, 530–533
statistics of strongly coupled mode-dependent gains and losses, 521–523
modes and mode coupling in optical fibers, 493–504
mode coupling and its origins, 495–496
mode coupling models, 496–504
modes in optical fibers, 493–495
Mode-dependent gain, 520
Mode-dependent loss, 528, 520
Mode-dependent loss and gain, 520–537
frequency-dependent mode-dependent loss and gain, 533–537
model for mode-dependent loss and gain, 523–524
numerical simulations of mode-dependent loss and gain, 527–530
properties of product of random matrices, 524–527
spatial whiteness of received noise, 530–533
statistics of strongly coupled mode-dependent gains and losses, 521–523
Mode-division multiplexing, 491
coherent, 539–558
average channel capacity of narrowband systems, 540–546
signal processing for mode-division-multiplexing, 551–558
wideband systems and frequency diversity, 546–551
direct-detection, 537–539
Mode multiplexing components, 461–470
mode couplers for few-mode fibers, 463–470
mode couplers for multi-core fibers, 470
mode multiplexer characteristics, 461–462
mode multiplexer design, 462–463
Modes and mode coupling in optical fibers, 493–504
mode coupling and its origins, 495–496
mode coupling models, 496–504
modes in optical fibers, 493–495
Multicarrier optical transmission
applications of optical multicarrier transmissions, 368–371
indoor and free-space multicarrier optical systems, 370–371
long-reach and high-capacity systems, 368–369
optical access networks, 369–370
nonlinearity in optical multicarrier transmission, 357–368
application of closed-form expressions, 364–366
high spectral-efficiency long-haul transmission, 358–359
information spectral limit in multicarrier systems, 362–366
nonlinearity mitigation for multicarrier systems, 366–368
optimal symbol rate in multicarrier systems, 359–362
OFDM basics, 339–347
cyclic prefix for OFDM, 343–345
discrete fourier transform (DFT) implementation of OFDM, 341–343
mathematical formulation of OFDM signal, 340–341
spectral efficiency for optical OFDM, 345–347
optical multicarrier systems based on electronic FFT (OFDM), 347–355
coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM), 347–350
direct-detection optical OFDM (DDO-OFDM), 350–355
optical multicarrier systems based on optical multiplexing, 355–357
all-optical OFDM, 355–356
optical frequency division multiplexing, 357
optical superchannel, 356–357
optical multicarrier transmission, 337–339
research trends in optical multicarrier transmission, 339
variations of optical multicarrier transmission methods, 338–339
Multi-channel digital backpropagation, 206–211
Multicore and multimode fibers, 19–36
capacity scaling with number of modes, 21–24
description of a few-mode fiber, 27–31
generalized Manakov equations for multimode fibers, 24–27
inter-modal cross-phase modulation, 31–34
inter-modal four-wave mixing, 34–36
types of multicore and multimode fibers, 20–21
Multicore fibers (MCFs)
MCF design, 618–628
inter-core crosstalk in heterogeneous uncoupled MCFs, 623–628
inter-core crosstalk in homogeneous uncoupled MCFs, 619–623
types, 618–619
methods of coupling to MCFS
fiber-based systems and waveguide-based systems, 630–634
lens coupling systems, 628–630
splicing techniques, 634–636
transmission experiments with uncoupled cores, 636–644
1-R repeated demonstrations, 642–644
scalability of core number, 641–642
transmission systems using
expectations of multicore fibers, 617–618
Laguerre-Gaussian mode division multiplexing transmission in MCFS, 644–648
Multidimensional coded modulation, 257–261
Multi-level modulation, 297–298
Multimode communications using OAM
challenges of OAM communications, 609–610
fiber-based transmission links, 590–600
coupling and controlling OAM in fibers, 595–598
fiber-based data transmission in OAM, 599–600
fiber design, 591–595
long-length propagation of OAM in fiber, 598–599
free-space communication links using OAM multiplexing, 583–590
OAM+PDM link, 585–588
OAM+WDM link, 583–585
scalability of OAM+PDM in spatial domain, 588–590
fundamentals of OAM, 570–576
OAM detection, 583
OAM generation, 576–583
cylindrical lens mode converter, 576–577
fiber mode converter, 578–579
spatial light modulator (SLM), 577–578
spiral phase plate (SPP), 577
OAM multiplexing/demultiplexing, 579–583
free-space mode sorter, 581
free-space multiplexing/demultiplexing, 579–581
integrated mode (de)multiplexer, 581–583
OAM multiplexing in communication systems, perspective on, 569–570
optical signal processing using OAM, 600–609
add/drop, 603–605
data exchange, 600–603
monitoring and compensation, 605–609
multicasting, 605
Multiplexing
advances in Tb/s superchannels, 88–97
multiplexing with guard band, 89–93
schemes, 88–89
seamless multiplexing, 89–93
coherent mode-division. See Coherent mode-division multiplexing
direct-detection mode-division, 537–539
free-space communication links using OAM. See Free-space communication links using OAM multiplexing
mode-division, 491
optical, 355–357, 400–417
OTN mapping and, 678
spatial, 433–440
transmission, 100–105, 644–648

N

Network architecture description and layering
need for new architecture constructs for optical networks, 829–830
OFS architectural principals, 830–832
Network control plane, 729
Network energy models, 773–788
comparison of energy projections with network-based data, 786–788
end-to-end network energy models, 783–786
switching devices and fabrics, 775–781
switching sub-system energy, 781–783
Network protection, WDM PONs
by duplicating fiber links, 963–964
by rerouting disrupted traffic via adjacent ONU, 964–965
by rerouting disrupted traffic via adjacent RN, 965–967
by using ring topology for WDM PON, 967–968
Network service provider, 47
Network traffic and optical systems capacity, 2–5
Next-generation high-speed WDM PON, 952–959
limitation on operating speed of colorless light sources, 952–953
modulation bandwidth of RSOA and its equalization technique, 953–956
ultrahigh-speed WDM PON, 958–959
utilization of advanced modulation formats, 956–958
Next-generation PON technologies, 1003
NGPON, 1016
Nonbinary LDPC-coded modulation, 253–257
adaptive, 261–262
Nonlinear capacity of standard single-mode fiber, 10–12
Nonlinearity compensation in optical communications, 181–182
Nonlinearity in optical multicarrier transmission, 357–368
application of closed-form expressions, 364–366
high spectral-efficiency long-haul transmission, 358–359
information spectral limit in multicarrier systems, 362–366
nonlinearity mitigation for multicarrier systems, 366–368
optimal symbol rate in multicarrier systems, 359–362
Novel architectures for streaming/routing in optical networks
connection and connectionless oriented optical transports, 819–821
cost, power consumption throughput, and delay performance, 846–849
essence of major types of optical transports, 821–829
media access control (MAC) protocol and implications on routing, 840–845
network architecture description and layering
need for new architecture constructs for optical networks, 829–830
OFS architectural principals, 830–832
network “capacity” and evaluation of achievable network capacity regions of different types of optical transports, 832–833
network management and control functions and scalable architectures, 838–840
physical topology of fiber plant and optical switching functions, 833–838
transport layer protocol for new optical transports, 845–846
Nyquist carrier spacing, 1063
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, 1065
spectral shaping for single channel modulation formats, 1064
super-channels, 1067
Nyquist filter, 315–317
Nyquist multiplexing, optical OFDM and, 381–385
encoding and decoding of OFDM signals, 417–424
example of all-optical implementation, 421–424
OFDM receivers, 420–421
OFDM transmitter, 417–420
optical fourier transform based multiplexing, 400–417
electronic fourier transform processing, 402–403
optical fourier transform processors, 406–417
optical fourier transform receiver, 403–406
optical fourier transform transmitter, 406
orthogonal shaping of temporal or spectral functions for efficient multiplexing, 385–400
avoiding interchannel and intersymbol interference, 390–398
channel, 389
orthogonality, definitions, 385–388
receiver, 389–390
transmitter, 388–389
Nyquist-WDM, 83, 85–86
superchannel transmission based on, 105–106

O

OAM, multimode communications using
challenges of OAM communications, 609–610
fiber-based transmission links, 590–600
coupling and controlling OAM in fibers, 595–598
fiber-based data transmission in OAM, 599–600
fiber design, 591–595
long-length propagation of OAM in fiber, 598–599
free-space communication links using OAM multiplexing, 583–590
OAM+PDM link, 585–588
OAM+WDM link, 583–585
scalability of OAM+PDM in spatial domain, 588–590
fundamentals of OAM, 570–576
OAM detection, 583
OAM generation, 576–583
cylindrical lens mode converter, 576–577
fiber mode converter, 578–579
spatial light modulator (SLM), 577–578
spiral phase plate (SPP), 577
OAM multiplexing/demultiplexing, 579–583
free-space mode sorter, 581
free-space multiplexing/demultiplexing, 579–581
integrated mode (de)multiplexer, 581–583
OAM multiplexing in communication systems, perspective on, 569–570
optical signal processing using OAM, 600–609
add/drop, 603–605
data exchange, 600–603
monitoring and compensation, 605–609
multicasting, 605
Optical access network, 927–929
Optical access networks, 369–370
Optical amplifiers
for coupled-mode transmission, 470–474
for few-mode fibers, 471–474
for multi-core fibers, 474
Optical channel capacity, 47–48
Optical coherent receiver and digital signal processing functionality, 167–181
Optical communications
nonlinearity compensation in, 181–182
Optical communication systems
energy in, 761–765
energy use in commercial, 753–761
access networks, 756–758
long reach and core transmission systems, 753–756
overhead energy and common equipment constraints, 760–761
switching and routing equipment, 758–760
Optical control plane, 728
Optical fiber telecommunications
FDM-PONs, 916–920
incoherent OFDM, 917–919
optical OFDM, 919–920
pure FDM, 916–917
hybrid TWDM-PON, 920–922
introduction to PON, 891–893
TDM PONs, 893–907
10 Gbit/s PONs, 902–906
Generation 4, 902–906
40G serial, 906–907
review of standards, 897–902
video overlay, 907–909
WDM PONs, 909–916
coherent, 915–916
injection locked, 910–911
self-seeded, 912–913
tunable, 913–915
wavelength reuse, 911–912
Optical fiber transmission in nonlinear regime, application of DBP-based DSP to
digital backpropagation of central channel, 201–206
multi-channel digital backpropagation, 206–211
nonlinearity compensation in optical communications, 181–182
single-channel digital backpropagation, 191–196
single channel optical transmission performance, 182–191
WDM transmission, 196–201
Optical fourier transform based multiplexing, 400–417
electronic fourier transform processing, 402–403
optical fourier transform processors, 406–417
optical fourier transform receiver, 403–406
optical fourier transform transmitter, 406
Optical multicarrier systems based on electronic FFT (OFDM), 347–355
coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM), 347–350
direct-detection optical OFDM (DDO-OFDM), 350–355
Optical multicarrier systems based on optical multiplexing, 355–357
all-optical OFDM, 355–356
optical frequency division multiplexing, 357
optical superchannel, 356–357
Optical multicarrier transmission, 337–339
research trends in optical multicarrier transmission, 339
variations of optical multicarrier transmission methods, 338–339
Optical multicarrier transmissions, applications of, 368–371
indoor and free-space multicarrier optical systems, 370–371
long-reach and high-capacity systems, 368–369
optical access networks, 369–370
Optical network capacity scaling through spatial multiplexing, 433–440
capacity crunch, 433–436
crosstalk management in SDM systems, 438–440
spatial multiplexing, 436–438
Optical OFDM, 919–920
coherent, 347–350
direct-detection, 350–355
spectral efficiency for, 345–347
Optical OFDM and nyquist multiplexing, 381–385
encoding and decoding of OFDM signals, 417–424
example of all-optical implementation, 421–424
OFDM receivers, 420–421
OFDM transmitter, 417–420
optical fourier transform based multiplexing, 400–417
electronic fourier transform processing, 402–403
optical fourier transform processors, 406–417
optical fourier transform receiver, 403–406
optical fourier transform transmitter, 406
orthogonal shaping of temporal or spectral functions for efficient multiplexing, 385–400
avoiding interchannel and intersymbol interference, 390–398
channel, 389
orthogonality, definitions, 385–388
receiver, 389–390
transmitter, 388–389
Optical phase-locked loop (OPLL), 299
Optical RF wave generation, 874–880
conversion efficiency, 878–880
OCS millimeter wave, 877–878
ODSB millimeter wave, 875–876
OSSB+C millimeter wave, 876–877
types of optical RF waves, 875
using microwave photonics, 874–875
Optical satellite communications, 121–126
available bandwidth, 122
commercially available technologies, 122–126
optical channel, 124
receive channel, 124–126
transmit channel, 123–124
ground terminal
acquisition, pointing, and tracking assembly, 154–155
telescope and optomechanics assembly, 150–152
uplink transmitter, 152–154
laser beam propagation through atmosphere, 130–134
atmospheric attenuation (absorption and scattering), 130
atmospheric (clear air) turbulence, 131–133
atmospheric (sky) radiance (background light), 130–131
turbulence mitigation approaches, 133–134
lasercom link budgets, 126–130
optical transceivers for space applications, 134–145
FSO modulation formats and sensitivities, 135–139
receiver technologies and performance, 142–145
transmitter technologies, 139–142
reduced diffraction, 121–122
space terminal
flight optomechanics assembly, 149–150
pointing, acquisition, and tracking (PAT), 147–149
space environment, 145–147
Optical signal processing using OAM, 600–609
add/drop, 603–605
data exchange, 600–603
monitoring and compensation, 605–609
multicasting, 605
Optical SNR, 8
Optical superchannel, 356–357
Optical systems capacity
network traffic and, 2–5
Optical transceivers for space applications, 134–145
FSO modulation formats and sensitivities, 135–139
receiver technologies and performance, 142–145
transmitter technologies, 139–142
Optical transmission, 45
Optical transport innovation, network value of, 808–813
Optical transport networking, 802–803
Optical transport network (OTN), 47, 53–54
mapping and multiplexing, 678
network architecture, 678
Optical transport networks, maximizing capacity in, 163–167
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes, 644
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), 83, 297–298, 391–394
basics, 339–347
cyclic prefix for OFDM, 343–345
discrete fourier transform (DFT) implementation of OFDM, 341–343
mathematical formulation of OFDM signal, 340–341
spectral efficiency for optical OFDM, 345–347
cyclic prefix for, 343–345
Orthogonal shaping of temporal or spectral functions for efficient multiplexing, 385–400
avoiding interchannel and intersymbol interference, 390–398
channel, 389
orthogonality, definitions, 385–388
receiver, 389–390
transmitter, 388–389
OTN mapping and multiplexing, 678
OTN network architecture, 678

P

Passive optical networking (PON), 986
FDM-PONs, 916–920
incoherent OFDM, 917–919
optical OFDM, 919–920
pure FDM, 916–917
hybrid TWDM-PON, 920–922
introduction to PON, 891–893
TDM PONs, 893–907
10 Gbit/s PONs, 902–906
Generation 4, 902–906
40G serial, 906–907
review of standards, 897–902
video overlay, 907–909
WDM PONs, 909–916
coherent, 915–916
injection locked, 910–911
self-seeded, 912–913
tunable, 913–915
wavelength reuse, 911–912
Photonic networks, 684
Photonics technology innovation, network value of, 804–808
Polarization-division multiplexing (PDM), 18
PON. See Passive optical networking (PON)
Protection, 722–723

Q

256 QAM-OFDM coherent transmission, 320–326
QAM signal and Shannon limit, spectral efficiency of, 299–302
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 297–298
Quasi-homogeneous MCF, 618
Quasi-Nyquist WDM, 85

R

Random matrix, 508–509, 513
properties of product of, 524–527
Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (ROADM), 683
Recovery, 720–723
approaches, 720–721
Reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOA), 929
Remote optical amplifier, 938–939
Resource assignment, optimal, 738–741
Resource representation, 732–734
Restoration, 721–722
ROADM. See Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (ROADM)
ROADM-node, 686–697
architectures for reconfigurable photonic networks, 683–686
client-side switching, 695–696
compatible visions of future, 701–703
highly dynamic network, 701–703
space-division multiplexed systems, 703
evolution of switching core, 690–692
features, 686–690
flexible transponders, 696–697
mux/demux section of ROADM node, 692–695
network applications, 697–701
automated wavelength restoration, 700–701
bandwidth on demand, 701
CN-ROADMs and CNC-ROADMs in dynamic optical networks, 698–699
predeployment of regenerators for faster provisioning and lower MTTR, 699–700
wavelength grooming and traffic re-routing, 700
Routing, 718, 734–737
and wavelength assignment, 718–719

S

Shannon limit, 297, 301
Single-channel digital backpropagation, 191–196
Single channel optical transmission performance, 182–191
Single-mode fibers, 17–19
advanced, 12–15
fiber dispersion, 14–15
fiber loss, 13
fiber nonlinear coefficient, 13–14
capacity of PDM systems, 18–19
nonlinear capacity of standard, 10–12
nonlinear propagation, 17–18
Single-mode fibers (SMF), 17
Single polarization, 9–17
advanced single-mode fibers, 12–15
analytic formula of fiber capacity, 15–17
nonlinear capacity of standard single-mode fiber, 10–12
Stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation, 9–10
Space-division multiplexing (SDM), 617–618
Space terminal
flight optomechanics assembly, 149–150
pointing, acquisition, and tracking (PAT), 147–149
space environment, 145–147
Spatially multiplexed systems, mode coupling and its impact on, 491–493
coherent mode-division multiplexing, 539–558
average channel capacity of narrowband systems, 540–546
signal processing for mode-division-multiplexing, 551–558
wideband systems and frequency diversity, 546–551
direct-detection mode-division multiplexing, 537–539
modal dispersion, 504–520
coupled modal dispersion, 504–507
group delay statistics in strong-coupling regime, 507–516
statistics of group delay spread, 516–520
mode-dependent loss and gain, 520–537
frequency-dependent mode-dependent loss and gain, 533–537
model for mode-dependent loss and gain, 523–524
numerical simulations of mode-dependent loss and gain, 527–530
properties of product of random matrices, 524–527
spatial whiteness of received noise, 530–533
statistics of strongly coupled mode-dependent gains and losses, 521–523
modes and mode coupling in optical fibers, 493–504
mode coupling and its origins, 495–496
mode coupling models, 496–504
modes in optical fibers, 493–495
Spatial multiplexing using multiple-input multiple- output signal processing
coherent MIMO-SDM with selective mode excitation, 440–451
MIMO system capacities and outage, 442–451
signal orthogonality, 440–442
MIMO DSP, 451–461
adaptive MIMO equalization, 455–458
channel estimation, 453–455
MIMO equalizer complexity, 458–461
receiver DSP functional blocks, 452–453
mode multiplexing components, 461–470
mode couplers for few-mode fibers, 463–470
mode couplers for multi-core fibers, 470
mode multiplexer characteristics, 461–462
mode multiplexer design, 462–463
optical amplifiers for coupled-mode transmission, 470–474
optical amplifier for multi-core fibers, 474
optical amplifiers for few-mode fibers, 471–474
optical network capacity scaling through spatial multiplexing, 433–440
capacity crunch, 433–436
crosstalk management in SDM systems, 438–440
spatial multiplexing, 436–438
systems experiments, 474–482
MIMO-SDM in coupled multi-core fiber, 480–482
multi-span MIMO-SDM transmission over few-mode fiber, 478–480
single-span MIMO-SDM transmission over few-mode fiber, 475–478
Spectral efficiency, 163–164, 297
increasing by bandwidth constraint, 1058
inter-symbol interference compensation by linear filters, 1058
multi-symbol detection, 1060
increasing by increasing constellation size, 1068
coded modulation, 1071
higher order modulation formats, 1068
information, 366
and net-bitrate per channel for given symbol-rate and modulation format, 183
progress in fiber-optic transmission capacity and, 164
of QAM signal and Shannon limit, 299–302
5spectral efficiency
increasing by increasing constellation size
receiver sensitivity, 1070
Splice, 630, 635
Standard single-mode fiber (SSMF), nonlinear capacity of, 10–12
limit of, 11
Stationary information capacity, 281
Stochastic Manakov equations, 17–18
Stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation (SNSE), 9–10
Sum-product algorithm (SPA), 235
half-iterations of, 238
Superchannel, 48–49, 53, 69–70, 83
optical, 356–357
principle, 85–87
transmission, 99–109
optimization of spectral-efficiency distance product, 106–109
transmission based on Nyquist-WDM, 105–106
transmission based on OFDM modulation and O-OFDM multiplexing, 101–105
transmission based on single-carrier modulation and O-OFDM multiplexing, 100–101
in WDM systems, 83–84
Survivable WDM PONs, 963–968
network protection by duplicating fiber links, 963–964
network protection by rerouting disrupted traffic via adjacent ONU, 964–965
network protection by rerouting disrupted traffic via adjacent RN, 965–967
network protection by using ring topology for WDM PON, 967–968
Switching energy models, transmission and
energy consumption in optical transmitters and receivers, 769–772
lower bound on energy consumption of optically amplified transport, 766–769
transmission system energy model, 765–766
transmission system lower bounds, 772–773
Systems experiments, 474–482
MIMO-SDM in coupled multi-core fiber, 480–482
multi-span MIMO-SDM transmission over few-mode fiber, 478–480
single-span MIMO-SDM transmission over few-mode fiber, 475–478

T

Tb/s superchannels, 84
advances in, 83–85
detection, 97–99
modulation, 87–88
multiplexing, 88–97
multiplexing with guard band, 89–93
schemes, 88–89
seamless multiplexing, 89–93
networking implications, 109–112
superchannel principle, 85–87
superchannel transmission, 99–109
optimization of spectral-efficiency distance product, 106–109
transmission based on Nyquist-WDM, 105–106
transmission based on OFDM modulation and O-OFDM multiplexing, 101–105
transmission based on single-carrier modulation and O-OFDM multiplexing, 100–101
TDM PONs, 893–907
10 Gbit/s PONs, 902–906
Generation 4, 902–906
40G serial, 906–907
review of standards, 897–902
Telecommunications
energy-efficient. See Energy-efficient telecommunications
Tracy-Widom distribution, 519–520, 559
Transmission and switching energy models
energy consumption in optical transmitters and receivers, 769–772
lower bound on energy consumption of optically amplified transport, 766–769
transmission system energy model, 765–766
transmission system lower bounds, 772–773
Transport equipment, 45
Transport technology innovations, 799–804
fully flexible DWDM add-drop multiplexing and switching, 803
100 Gb/s interconnections and coherent DWDM transmission, 801–802
IP/MPLS transport, 800–801
optical transport networking, 802–803
WSON and GMPLS control-plane advancements, 803–804
Trench-assisted MCFs (TA-MCFs), 622
Tunable WDM PON, 913–915
Turbo codes, 229–232
Turbo equalization, 272–273
LDPC-coded. See LDPC-coded turbo equalization
multilevel, 264–268
with digital backpropagation, 276–279
robust toI/Q-imbalance and polarization offset, 272–276
Turbo-product codes (TPCs), 232–234
TWDM-PON
hybrid, 920–922

U

Undersea transmission technology, modern, 1041
capacity challenge, 1043
coherent transmission technology in undersea systems, 1045
coherent detection, 1046
linear impairment compensation with coherent detection, 1050
nonlinearity accumulation in dispersion uncompensated transmission, 1056
increasing spectral efficiency by bandwidth constraint, 1058
inter-symbol interference compensation by linear filters, 1058
multi-symbol detection, 1060
increasing spectral efficiency by increasing constellation size, 1068
coded modulation, 1071
higher order modulation formats, 1068
receiver sensitivity, 1070
multi-core and multi-mode fiber, 1073
nonlinearity compensation, 1073
Nyquist carrier spacing, 1063
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, 1065
spectral shaping for single channel modulation formats, 1064
super-channels, 1067
reach, latency and capacity, 1042

W

Wavelength assignment
routing and, 718–719
Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed Passive Optical Networks (WDM PON), 909–916, 927–929, 989, 1011
advantages of, 892
architectures, 937–942
in broadcast-and-select architecture, 940–941
in ring/bus architectures, 941–942
WDM PON in wavelength-routing, 938–940
coherent, 915–916
fault localization techniques for WDM PON, 960–963
fault monitoring, localization and protection techniques, 959–968
fault localization by utilizing the downstream signals, 961–963
technique based on conventional OTDR and additional couplers at RN to bypass AWG, 961
technique based on tunable OTDR, 961
injection locked, 910–911
light sources for, 929–937
distributed feedback (DFB) laser, 929–931
reflective light sources, 934–936
re-modulation scheme for upstream transmission, 936–937
spectrum-sliced incoherent light source, 932–934
tunable laser, 931–932
long-reach, 942–952
fundamental limitations on reach of WDM PON, 942–947
WDM PON using remote optical amplifiers, 947–949
next-generation high-speed, 952–959
limitation on operating speed of colorless light sources, 952–953
modulation bandwidth of RSOA and its equalization technique, 953–956
ultrahigh-speed WDM PON, 958–959
utilization of advanced modulation formats, 956–958
self-seeded, 912–913
survivable WDM PONs, 963–968
network protection by duplicating fiber links, 963–964
network protection by rerouting disrupted traffic via adjacent ONU, 964–965
network protection by rerouting disrupted traffic via adjacent RN, 965–967
network protection by using ring topology for WDM PON, 967–968
wavelength reuse, 911–912
Wavelength grooming, 700
WDM PON architectures, 937–942
in broadcast-and-select architecture, 940–941
in ring/bus architectures, 941–942
WDM PON in wavelength-routing, 938–940
WDM transmission, 196–201

X

XG-PONs, 1003–1004
class of XG-PON 1 power budgets, 1004
eye-masks for XG-PON 1, 1005
new wavelength allocation after, 1014
TC (transmission convergence) layer of XG-PON 1, 1006

Z

Zero-trace Gaussian unitary ensemble, 507–509