Major Deities not in Scripture
EGYPT
Osiris—deathIsis—lifeHorus—sunHathor—mother-goddessRa (Re)—sunSeth—evil stormPtah—artists; Memphite creatorMESOPOTAMIA
Anu—head of pantheon (officially recognized gods)Enlil—stormEa/Enki—fresh water and subterranean waterSin (Nanna)—moonIshtar—sex, fertilityNinurta—warTiamat—salt waterCANAAN-ARAM-HATTI
El—head of Canaanite pantheonAnath—love and warMot—death, sterilityAdad—Aramean storm godTeshub—Hittite storm godHannahanna—Hittite mother-goddessArinna—Hittite sun goddess
Deities of these civilizations, particularly Egypt, vary as to attributes and rank, depending on the time period and the areas of the country. The ones listed are basic.
Adapted from Chronological and Background Charts of the Old Testament by JOHN H. WALTON. Copyright © 1978, 1994 by John H. Walton, p. 83. Used by permission of Zondervan.
Elijah and Obadiah
1 ‡ After a long time, in the third † year, the word of the LORD came to Elijah: “Go and present † yourself to Ahab, and I will send rain † on the land.” 2 So Elijah went to present himself to Ahab.
Now the famine was severe † in Samaria, 3 ‡ and Ahab had summoned Obadiah, his palace administrator. † (Obadiah was a devout believer † in the LORD . 4 While Jezebel † was killing off the LORD ’s prophets, Obadiah had taken a hundred prophets and hidden † them in two caves, fifty in each, and had supplied † them with food and water.) 5 ‡ Ahab had said to Obadiah, “Go through the land to all the springs † and valleys. Maybe we can find some grass to keep the horses and mules alive so we will not have to kill any of our animals.” † 6 So they divided the land they were to cover, Ahab going in one direction and Obadiah in another.
7 As Obadiah was walking along, Elijah met him. Obadiah recognized † him, bowed down to the ground, and said, “Is it really you, my lord Elijah?”
8 ‡ “Yes,” he replied. “Go tell your master, ‘Elijah is here.’ ”
9 “What have I done wrong,” asked Obadiah, “that you are handing your servant over to Ahab to be put to death? 10 As surely as the LORD your God lives, there is not a nation or kingdom where my master has not sent someone to look † for you. And whenever a nation or kingdom claimed you were not there, he made them swear they could not find you. 11 But now you tell me to go to my master and say, ‘Elijah is here.’ 12 ‡ I don’t know where the Spirit † of the LORD may carry you when I leave you. If I go and tell Ahab and he doesn’t find you, he will kill me. Yet I your servant have worshiped the LORD since my youth. 13 ‡ Haven’t you heard, my lord, what I did while Jezebel was killing the prophets of the LORD ? I hid a hundred of the LORD ’s prophets in two caves, fifty in each, and supplied them with food and water. 14 And now you tell me to go to my master and say, ‘Elijah is here.’ He will kill me!”
15 Elijah said, “As the LORD Almighty lives, whom I serve, I will surely present † myself to Ahab today.”
Elijah on Mount Carmel
16 So Obadiah went to meet Ahab and told him, and Ahab went to meet Elijah. 17 ‡ When he saw Elijah, he said to him, “Is that you, you troubler † of Israel?”
18 ‡ “I have not made trouble for Israel,” Elijah replied. “But you † and your father’s family have. You have abandoned † the LORD ’s commands and have followed the Baals. 19 ‡ Now summon † the people from all over Israel to meet me on Mount Carmel. † And bring the four hundred and fifty prophets of Baal and the four hundred prophets of Asherah, who eat at Jezebel’s table.” †
20 So Ahab sent word throughout all Israel and assembled the prophets on Mount Carmel. † 21 ‡ Elijah went before the people and said, “How long will you waver † between two opinions? If the LORD † is God, follow him; but if Baal is God, follow him.”
But the people said nothing.
22 ‡ Then Elijah said to them, “I am the only one of the LORD ’s prophets left, † but Baal has four hundred and fifty prophets. † 23 Get two bulls for us. Let Baal’s prophets choose one for themselves, and let them cut it into pieces and put it on the wood but not set fire to it. I will prepare the other bull and put it on the wood but not set fire to it. 24 ‡ Then you call † on the name of your god, and I will call on the name of the LORD . † The god who answers by fire † —he is God.”
Then all the people said, “What you say is good.”
25 Elijah said to the prophets of Baal, “Choose one of the bulls and prepare it first, since there are so many of you. Call on the name of your god, but do not light the fire.” 26 ‡ So they took the bull given them and prepared it.
Then they called † on the name of Baal from morning till noon. “Baal, answer us!” they shouted. But there was no response; † no one answered. And they danced around the altar they had made.
27 ‡ At noon Elijah began to taunt them. “Shout louder!” he said. “Surely he is a god! Perhaps he is deep in thought, or busy, or traveling. Maybe he is sleeping and must be awakened.” † 28 ‡ So they shouted louder and slashed † themselves with swords and spears, as was their custom, until their blood flowed. 29 ‡ Midday passed, and they continued their frantic prophesying until the time for the evening sacrifice. † But there was no response, no one answered, no one paid attention. †
30 ‡ Then Elijah said to all the people, “Come here to me.” They came to him, and he repaired the altar † of the LORD , which had been torn down. 31 ‡ Elijah took twelve stones, one for each of the tribes descended from Jacob, to whom the word of the LORD had come, saying, “Your name shall be Israel.” † 32 With the stones he built an altar in the name † of the LORD , and he dug a trench around it large enough to hold two seahs [81] of seed. 33 ‡ He arranged † the wood, cut the bull into pieces and laid it on the wood. Then he said to them, “Fill four large jars with water and pour it on the offering and on the wood.”
34 “Do it again,” he said, and they did it again.
“Do it a third time,” he ordered, and they did it the third time. 35 The water ran down around the altar and even filled the trench.
36 ‡ At the time † of sacrifice, the prophet Elijah stepped forward and prayed: “ LORD , the God of Abraham, † Isaac and Israel, let it be known † today that you are God in Israel and that I am your servant and have done all these things at your command. † 37 Answer me, LORD , answer me, so these people will know † that you, LORD , are God, and that you are turning their hearts back again.”
38 ‡ Then the fire † of the LORD fell and burned up the sacrifice, the wood, the stones and the soil, and also licked up the water in the trench.
39 When all the people saw this, they fell prostrate † and cried, “The LORD —he is God! The LORD —he is God!” †
40 ‡ Then Elijah commanded them, “Seize the prophets of Baal. Don’t let anyone get away!” They seized them, and Elijah had them brought down to the Kishon Valley † and slaughtered † there.
41 ‡ And Elijah said to Ahab, “Go, eat and drink, for there is the sound of a heavy rain.” 42 ‡ So Ahab went off to eat and drink, but Elijah climbed to the top of Carmel, bent down to the ground and put his face between his knees. †
43 ‡ “Go and look toward the sea,” he told his servant. And he went up and looked.
“There is nothing there,” he said.
Seven times Elijah said, “Go back.”
44 ‡ The seventh time † the servant reported, “A cloud † as small as a man’s hand is rising from the sea.”
So Elijah said, “Go and tell Ahab, ‘Hitch up your chariot and go down before the rain stops you.’ ”
45 Meanwhile, the sky grew black with clouds, the wind rose, a heavy rain † started falling and Ahab rode off to Jezreel. † 46 ‡ The power † of the LORD came on Elijah and, tucking his cloak into his belt, † he ran ahead of Ahab all the way to Jezreel.
Elijah Flees to Horeb
1 ‡ Now Ahab told Jezebel † everything Elijah had done and how he had killed † all the prophets with the sword. 2 ‡ So Jezebel sent a messenger to Elijah to say, “May the gods deal with me, be it ever so severely, † if by this time tomorrow I do not make your life like that of one of them.” †
3 ‡ Elijah was afraid [82] and ran † for his life. † When he came to Beersheba † in Judah, he left his servant there, 4 ‡ while he himself went a day’s journey into the wilderness. He came to a broom bush, † sat down under it and prayed that he might die. “I have had enough, LORD ,” he said. “Take my life; † I am no better than my ancestors.” 5 Then he lay down under the bush and fell asleep. †
All at once an angel † touched him and said, “Get up and eat.” 6 He looked around, and there by his head was some bread baked over hot coals, and a jar of water. He ate and drank and then lay down again.
7 ‡ The angel of the LORD came back a second time and touched him and said, “Get up and eat, for the journey is too much for you.” 8 ‡ So he got up and ate and drank. Strengthened by that food, he traveled forty † days and forty nights until he reached Horeb, † the mountain of God. 9 ‡ There he went into a cave † and spent the night.
The LORD Appears to Elijah
And the word of the LORD came to him: “What are you doing here, Elijah?” †
10 ‡ He replied, “I have been very zealous † for the LORD God Almighty. The Israelites have rejected your covenant, † torn down your altars, † and put your prophets to death with the sword. I am the only one left, † and now they are trying to kill me too.”
11 The LORD said, “Go out and stand on the mountain † in the presence of the LORD , for the LORD is about to pass by.” †
Then a great and powerful wind † tore the mountains apart and shattered † the rocks before the LORD , but the LORD was not in the wind. After the wind there was an earthquake, but the LORD was not in the earthquake. 12 ‡ After the earthquake came a fire, † but the LORD was not in the fire. And after the fire came a gentle whisper. † 13 ‡ When Elijah heard it, he pulled his cloak over his face † and went out and stood at the mouth of the cave.
Then a voice said to him, “What are you doing here, Elijah?”
14 ‡ He replied, “I have been very zealous for the LORD God Almighty. The Israelites have rejected your covenant, torn down your altars, and put your prophets to death with the sword. I am the only one left, † and now they are trying to kill me too.”
15 ‡ The LORD said to him, “Go back the way you came, and go to the Desert of Damascus. When you get there, anoint Hazael † king over Aram. 16 ‡ Also, anoint † Jehu son of Nimshi king over Israel, and anoint Elisha † son of Shaphat from Abel Meholah † to succeed you as prophet. 17 ‡ Jehu will put to death any who escape the sword of Hazael, † and Elisha will put to death any who escape the sword of Jehu. † 18 ‡ Yet I reserve † seven thousand in Israel—all whose knees have not bowed down to Baal and whose mouths have not kissed † him.”
LIVES OF ELIJAH AND ELISHA
The life-and-death struggle with Baalism, acute in Elijah’s day, intensified under Elisha and culminated in bloody purges of the priests of Baal. Ahab’s line was overthrown, and reforms were promulgated by Jehu.Elijah’s rugged figure became a model of the ideal prophet in Israel. Jesus fulfilled 40 days and nights of desert fasting, as Elijah had done; many believed he was a reincarnated Elijah (see 1Ki 19:8 ; Mt 4:2 ; 16:14 and notes).Elisha also became a model for the prophets. Jesus’ miracle of feeding the 5,000 was similar to Elisha’s feeding 100 men with 20 barley loaves.
ElijahElijah of Tishbe was instrumental in Israel’s reaction to Baalism. Jezebel of Tyre was symbolic of the nation’s corruption.1. Fed by ravens2. Miracle of the widow’s jar of oil3. After the triumph on Mount Carmel, Elijah ordered the people to slaughter the prophets of Baal.4. Elijah was so discouraged that he wanted to die. Fleeing to Sinai, he was told to anoint a new generation of political and religious leaders.5. At Naboth’s vineyard in Jezreel, God’s servant confronted Jezebel’s puppet, the king.
ElishaElisha, like Elijah, performed miracles and was called “the chariots and horsemen of Israel” ( 2Ki 13:14 ).1. Born west of the Jordan, the prophet frequented shrines at Mount Carmel and Gilgal. Dothan, a flourishing town in this period, was probably his residence.2. Spring healed3. Jeered by youths4. Elisha journeyed from Mount Carmel to Shunem to raise a child from the dead, as Elijah had done at Zarephath.5. Vision of chariots of fire6. Elisha and his servant anointed Hazael and Jehu, completing Elijah’s commission at Horeb.
The Call of Elisha
19 ‡ So Elijah went from there and found Elisha son of Shaphat. He was plowing with twelve yoke of oxen, and he himself was driving the twelfth pair. Elijah went up to him and threw his cloak † around him. 20 Elisha then left his oxen and ran after Elijah. “Let me kiss my father and mother goodbye,” † he said, “and then I will come with you.”
“Go back,” Elijah replied. “What have I done to you?”
21 ‡ So Elisha left him and went back. He took his yoke of oxen † and slaughtered them. He burned the plowing equipment to cook the meat and gave it to the people, and they ate. Then he set out to follow Elijah and became his servant. †
Ben-Hadad Attacks Samaria
1 ‡ Now Ben-Hadad † king of Aram mustered his entire army. Accompanied by thirty-two kings with their horses and chariots, he went up and besieged Samaria † and attacked it. 2 He sent messengers into the city to Ahab king of Israel, saying, “This is what Ben-Hadad says: 3 ‘Your silver and gold are mine, and the best of your wives and children are mine.’ ”
4 ‡ The king of Israel answered, “Just as you say, my lord the king. I and all I have are yours.”
5 The messengers came again and said, “This is what Ben-Hadad says: ‘I sent to demand your silver and gold, your wives and your children. 6 ‡ But about this time tomorrow I am going to send my officials to search your palace and the houses of your officials. They will seize everything you value and carry it away.’ ”
7 The king of Israel summoned all the elders † of the land and said to them, “See how this man is looking for trouble! † When he sent for my wives and my children, my silver and my gold, I did not refuse him.”
8 The elders and the people all answered, “Don’t listen to him or agree to his demands.”
9 ‡ So he replied to Ben-Hadad’s messengers, “Tell my lord the king, ‘Your servant will do all you demanded the first time, but this demand I cannot meet.’ ” They left and took the answer back to Ben-Hadad.
10 ‡ Then Ben-Hadad sent another message to Ahab: “May the gods deal with me, be it ever so severely, if enough dust † remains in Samaria to give each of my men a handful.”
11 ‡ The king of Israel answered, “Tell him: ‘One who puts on his armor should not boast † like one who takes it off.’ ”
12 Ben-Hadad heard this message while he and the kings were drinking † in their tents, [83] and he ordered his men: “Prepare to attack.” So they prepared to attack the city.
Ahab Defeats Ben-Hadad
13 ‡ Meanwhile a prophet † came to Ahab king of Israel and announced, “This is what the LORD says: ‘Do you see this vast army? I will give it into your hand today, and then you will know † that I am the LORD .’ ”
14 ‡ “But who will do this?” asked Ahab.
The prophet replied, “This is what the LORD says: ‘The junior officers under the provincial commanders will do it.’ ”
“And who will start † the battle?” he asked.
The prophet answered, “You will.”
15 ‡ So Ahab summoned the 232 junior officers under the provincial commanders. Then he assembled the rest of the Israelites, 7,000 in all. 16 They set out at noon while Ben-Hadad and the 32 kings allied with him were in their tents getting drunk. † 17 The junior officers under the provincial commanders went out first.
Now Ben-Hadad had dispatched scouts, who reported, “Men are advancing from Samaria.”
18 He said, “If they have come out for peace, take them alive; if they have come out for war, take them alive.”
19 The junior officers under the provincial commanders marched out of the city with the army behind them 20 ‡ and each one struck down his opponent. At that, the Arameans fled, with the Israelites in pursuit. But Ben-Hadad king of Aram escaped on horseback with some of his horsemen. 21 The king of Israel advanced and overpowered the horses and chariots and inflicted heavy losses on the Arameans.
22 ‡ Afterward, the prophet † came to the king of Israel and said, “Strengthen your position and see what must be done, because next spring † the king of Aram will attack you again.”
23 ‡ Meanwhile, the officials of the king of Aram advised him, “Their gods are gods † of the hills. That is why they were too strong for us. But if we fight them on the plains, surely we will be stronger than they. 24 Do this: Remove all the kings from their commands and replace them with other officers. 25 You must also raise an army like the one you lost—horse for horse and chariot for chariot—so we can fight Israel on the plains. Then surely we will be stronger than they.” He agreed with them and acted accordingly.
26 ‡ The next spring † Ben-Hadad mustered the Arameans and went up to Aphek † to fight against Israel. 27 When the Israelites were also mustered and given provisions, they marched out to meet them. The Israelites camped opposite them like two small flocks of goats, while the Arameans covered the countryside. †
28 ‡ The man of God came up and told the king of Israel, “This is what the LORD says: ‘Because the Arameans think the LORD is a god of the hills and not a god † of the valleys, I will deliver this vast army into your hands, and you will know † that I am the LORD .’ ”
29 ‡ For seven days they camped opposite each other, and on the seventh day the battle was joined. The Israelites inflicted a hundred thousand casualties on the Aramean foot soldiers in one day. 30 ‡ The rest of them escaped to the city of Aphek, † where the wall collapsed † on twenty-seven thousand of them. And Ben-Hadad fled to the city and hid † in an inner room.
31 ‡ His officials said to him, “Look, we have heard that the kings of Israel are merciful. † Let us go to the king of Israel with sackcloth † around our waists and ropes around our heads. Perhaps he will spare your life.”
32 ‡ Wearing sackcloth around their waists and ropes around their heads, they went to the king of Israel and said, “Your servant Ben-Hadad says: ‘Please let me live.’ ”
The king answered, “Is he still alive? He is my brother.”
33 ‡ The men took this as a good sign and were quick to pick up his word. “Yes, your brother Ben-Hadad!” they said.
“Go and get him,” the king said. When Ben-Hadad came out, Ahab had him come up into his chariot.
34 ‡ “I will return the cities † my father took from your father,” Ben-Hadad † offered. “You may set up your own market areas † in Damascus, † as my father did in Samaria.”
Ahab said, “On the basis of a treaty † I will set you free.” So he made a treaty with him, and let him go.
A Prophet Condemns Ahab
35 ‡ By the word of the LORD one of the company of the prophets † said to his companion, “Strike me with your weapon,” but he refused. †
36 ‡ So the prophet said, “Because you have not obeyed the LORD , as soon as you leave me a lion † will kill you.” And after the man went away, a lion found him and killed him.
37 The prophet found another man and said, “Strike me, please.” So the man struck him and wounded him. 38 Then the prophet went and stood by the road waiting for the king. He disguised himself with his headband down over his eyes. 39 ‡ As the king passed by, the prophet called out to him, “Your servant went into the thick of the battle, and someone came to me with a captive and said, ‘Guard this man. If he is missing, it will be your life for his life, † or you must pay a talent [84] of silver.’ 40 ‡ While your servant was busy here and there, the man disappeared.”
“That is your sentence,” † the king of Israel said. “You have pronounced it yourself.”
41 Then the prophet quickly removed the headband from his eyes, and the king of Israel recognized him as one of the prophets. 42 ‡ He said to the king, “This is what the LORD says: ‘You † have set free a man I had determined should die. [85] † Therefore it is your life for his life, † your people for his people.’ ” 43 Sullen and angry, † the king of Israel went to his palace in Samaria.
Naboth’s Vineyard
1 ‡ Some time later there was an incident involving a vineyard belonging to Naboth † the Jezreelite. The vineyard was in Jezreel, † close to the palace of Ahab king of Samaria. 2 ‡ Ahab said to Naboth, “Let me have your vineyard to use for a vegetable garden, since it is close to my palace. In exchange I will give you a better vineyard or, if you prefer, I will pay you whatever it is worth.”
3 ‡ But Naboth replied, “The LORD forbid that I should give you the inheritance † of my ancestors.”
4 So Ahab went home, sullen and angry † because Naboth the Jezreelite had said, “I will not give you the inheritance of my ancestors.” He lay on his bed sulking and refused † to eat.
5 His wife Jezebel came in and asked him, “Why are you so sullen? Why won’t you eat?”
6 He answered her, “Because I said to Naboth the Jezreelite, ‘Sell me your vineyard; or if you prefer, I will give you another vineyard in its place.’ But he said, ‘I will not give you my vineyard.’ ”
7 ‡ Jezebel his wife said, “Is this how you act as king over Israel? Get up and eat! Cheer up. I’ll get you the vineyard † of Naboth the Jezreelite.”
8 So she wrote letters † in Ahab’s name, placed his seal † on them, and sent them to the elders and nobles who lived in Naboth’s city with him. 9 ‡ In those letters she wrote:
“Proclaim a day of fasting and seat Naboth in a prominent place among the people. 10 ‡ But seat two scoundrels † opposite him and have them bring charges that he has cursed † both God and the king. Then take him out and stone him to death.”
11 So the elders and nobles who lived in Naboth’s city did as Jezebel directed in the letters she had written to them. 12 They proclaimed a fast † and seated Naboth in a prominent place among the people. 13 ‡ Then two scoundrels came and sat opposite him and brought charges against Naboth before the people, saying, “Naboth has cursed both God and the king.” So they took him outside the city and stoned him to death. † 14 Then they sent word to Jezebel: “Naboth has been stoned to death.”
15 As soon as Jezebel heard that Naboth had been stoned to death, she said to Ahab, “Get up and take possession of the vineyard † of Naboth the Jezreelite that he refused to sell you. He is no longer alive, but dead.” 16 When Ahab heard that Naboth was dead, he got up and went down to take possession of Naboth’s vineyard.
17 Then the word of the LORD came to Elijah the Tishbite: 18 “Go down to meet Ahab king of Israel, who rules in Samaria. He is now in Naboth’s vineyard, where he has gone to take possession of it. 19 ‡ Say to him, ‘This is what the LORD says: Have you not murdered a man and seized his property?’ † Then say to him, ‘This is what the LORD says: In the place where dogs licked up Naboth’s blood, † dogs † will lick up your blood—yes, yours!’ ”
20 Ahab said to Elijah, “So you have found me, my enemy!” †
“I have found you,” he answered, “because you have sold † yourself to do evil in the eyes of the LORD . 21 ‡ He says, ‘I am going to bring disaster on you. I will wipe out your descendants and cut off from Ahab every last male † in Israel—slave or free. [86] † 22 ‡ I will make your house † like that of Jeroboam son of Nebat and that of Baasha son of Ahijah, because you have aroused my anger and have caused Israel to sin.’ †
23 “And also concerning Jezebel the LORD says: ‘Dogs † will devour Jezebel by the wall of [87] Jezreel.’
24 ‡ “Dogs † will eat those belonging to Ahab who die in the city, and the birds † will feed on those who die in the country.”
25 ‡ (There was never † anyone like Ahab, who sold himself to do evil in the eyes of the LORD , urged on by Jezebel his wife. 26 ‡ He behaved in the vilest manner by going after idols, like the Amorites † the LORD drove out before Israel.)
27 ‡ When Ahab heard these words, he tore his clothes, put on sackcloth † and fasted. He lay in sackcloth and went around meekly. †
28 Then the word of the LORD came to Elijah the Tishbite: 29 ‡ “Have you noticed how Ahab has humbled himself before me? Because he has humbled † himself, I will not bring this disaster in his day, † but I will bring it on his house in the days of his son.” †
Micaiah Prophesies Against Ahab
22:1-28pp — 2Ch 18:1–27
1 ‡ For three years there was no war between Aram and Israel. 2 ‡ But in the third year Jehoshaphat king of Judah went down to see the king of Israel. 3 ‡ The king of Israel had said to his officials, “Don’t you know that Ramoth Gilead † belongs to us and yet we are doing nothing to retake it from the king of Aram?”
4 ‡ So he asked Jehoshaphat, “Will you go with me to fight † against Ramoth Gilead?”
Jehoshaphat replied to the king of Israel, “I am as you are, my people as your people, my horses as your horses.” 5 ‡ But Jehoshaphat also said to the king of Israel, “First seek the counsel † of the LORD .”
6 ‡ So the king of Israel brought together the prophets—about four hundred men—and asked them, “Shall I go to war against Ramoth Gilead, or shall I refrain?”
“Go,” † they answered, “for the Lord will give it into the king’s hand.” †
7 ‡ But Jehoshaphat asked, “Is there no longer a prophet † of the LORD here whom we can inquire † of?”
8 ‡ The king of Israel answered Jehoshaphat, “There is still one prophet through whom we can inquire of the LORD , but I hate † him because he never prophesies anything good † about me, but always bad. He is Micaiah son of Imlah.”
“The king should not say such a thing,” Jehoshaphat replied.
9 So the king of Israel called one of his officials and said, “Bring Micaiah son of Imlah at once.”
10 ‡ Dressed in their royal robes, the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat king of Judah were sitting on their thrones at the threshing floor † by the entrance of the gate of Samaria, with all the prophets prophesying before them. 11 ‡ Now Zedekiah † son of Kenaanah had made iron horns † and he declared, “This is what the LORD says: ‘With these you will gore the Arameans until they are destroyed.’ ”
12 All the other prophets were prophesying the same thing. “Attack Ramoth Gilead and be victorious,” they said, “for the LORD will give it into the king’s hand.”
13 ‡ The messenger who had gone to summon Micaiah said to him, “Look, the other prophets without exception are predicting success for the king. Let your word agree with theirs, and speak favorably.” †
14 But Micaiah said, “As surely as the LORD lives, I can tell him only what the LORD tells me.” †
15 ‡ When he arrived, the king asked him, “Micaiah, shall we go to war against Ramoth Gilead, or not?”
“Attack and be victorious,” he answered, “for the LORD will give it into the king’s hand.”
16 ‡ The king said to him, “How many times must I make you swear to tell me nothing but the truth in the name of the LORD ?”
17 ‡ Then Micaiah answered, “I saw all Israel scattered † on the hills like sheep without a shepherd, † and the LORD said, ‘These people have no master. Let each one go home in peace.’ ”
18 The king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, “Didn’t I tell you that he never prophesies anything good about me, but only bad?”
19 ‡ Micaiah continued, “Therefore hear the word of the LORD : I saw the LORD sitting on his throne † with all the multitudes † of heaven standing around him on his right and on his left. 20 And the LORD said, ‘Who will entice Ahab into attacking Ramoth Gilead and going to his death there?’
“One suggested this, and another that. 21 Finally, a spirit came forward, stood before the LORD and said, ‘I will entice him.’
22 “ ‘By what means?’ the LORD asked.
“ ‘I will go out and be a deceiving † spirit in the mouths of all his prophets,’ he said.
“ ‘You will succeed in enticing him,’ said the LORD . ‘Go and do it.’
23 ‡ “So now the LORD has put a deceiving † spirit in the mouths of all these prophets † of yours. The LORD has decreed disaster † for you.”
24 ‡ Then Zedekiah † son of Kenaanah went up and slapped † Micaiah in the face. “Which way did the spirit from [88] the LORD go when he went from me to speak † to you?” he asked.
25 ‡ Micaiah replied, “You will find out on the day you go to hide † in an inner room.”
26 ‡ The king of Israel then ordered, “Take Micaiah and send him back to Amon the ruler of the city and to Joash the king’s son 27 ‡ and say, ‘This is what the king says: Put this fellow in prison † and give him nothing but bread and water until I return safely.’ ”
28 Micaiah declared, “If you ever return safely, the LORD has not spoken † through me.” Then he added, “Mark my words, all you people!”
A depiction of Elijah confronting Jezebel and Ahab ( 1Ki 21:17–24 ), by Frederic Leighton
Jezebel and Ahab Met by Elijah , c.1862–3, Leighton, Frederic (1830–96)/© Scarborough Borough Council, North Yorkshire, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library
Ahab Killed at Ramoth Gilead
22:29-36pp — 2Ch 18:28–34
29 So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat king of Judah went up to Ramoth Gilead. 30 ‡ The king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, “I will enter the battle in disguise, † but you wear your royal robes.” So the king of Israel disguised himself and went into battle.
31 ‡ Now the king of Aram † had ordered his thirty-two chariot commanders, “Do not fight with anyone, small or great, except the king † of Israel.” 32 When the chariot commanders saw Jehoshaphat, they thought, “Surely this is the king of Israel.” So they turned to attack him, but when Jehoshaphat cried out, 33 the chariot commanders saw that he was not the king of Israel and stopped pursuing him.
34 ‡ But someone drew his bow † at random and hit the king of Israel between the sections of his armor. The king told his chariot driver, “Wheel around and get me out of the fighting. I’ve been wounded.” 35 ‡ All day long the battle raged, and the king was propped up in his chariot facing the Arameans. The blood from his wound ran onto the floor of the chariot, and that evening he died. 36 As the sun was setting, a cry spread through the army: “Every man to his town. Every man to his land!” †
37 So the king died and was brought to Samaria, and they buried him there. 38 ‡ They washed the chariot at a pool in Samaria (where the prostitutes bathed), [89] and the dogs † licked up his blood, as the word of the LORD had declared.
39 ‡ As for the other events of Ahab’s reign, including all he did, the palace he built and adorned with ivory, † and the cities he fortified, are they not written in the book of the annals of the kings of Israel? 40 ‡ Ahab rested with his ancestors. And Ahaziah his son succeeded him as king.
Jehoshaphat King of Judah
22:41-50pp — 2Ch 20:31–21:1
41 ‡ Jehoshaphat son of Asa became king of Judah in the fourth year of Ahab king of Israel. 42 ‡ Jehoshaphat was thirty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem twenty-five years. His mother’s name was Azubah daughter of Shilhi. 43 ‡ In everything he followed the ways of his father Asa † and did not stray from them; he did what was right in the eyes of the LORD . The high places, † however, were not removed, and the people continued to offer sacrifices and burn incense there. [90] 44 ‡ Jehoshaphat was also at peace with the king of Israel.
45 ‡ As for the other events of Jehoshaphat’s reign, the things he achieved and his military exploits, are they not written in the book of the annals of the kings of Judah? 46 ‡ He rid the land of the rest of the male shrine prostitutes † who remained there even after the reign of his father Asa. 47 ‡ There was then no king † in Edom; a provincial governor ruled.
48 ‡ Now Jehoshaphat built a fleet of trading ships [91] † to go to Ophir for gold, but they never set sail—they were wrecked at Ezion Geber. † 49 At that time Ahaziah son of Ahab said to Jehoshaphat, “Let my men sail with yours,” but Jehoshaphat refused.
50 ‡ Then Jehoshaphat rested with his ancestors and was buried with them in the city of David his father. And Jehoram his son succeeded him as king.
Ahaziah King of Israel
51 ‡ Ahaziah son of Ahab became king of Israel in Samaria in the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and he reigned over Israel two years. 52 ‡ He did evil † in the eyes of the LORD , because he followed the ways of his father and mother and of Jeroboam son of Nebat, who caused Israel to sin. 53 He served and worshiped Baal † and aroused the anger of the LORD , the God of Israel, just as his father † had done.