¹ ^‡ Paul and Timothy, ^† servants of Christ Jesus,

To all God’s holy people ^† in Christ Jesus at Philippi, ^† together with the overseers ^† and deacons ^[1] : ^†

² ^‡ Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. ^†

Thanksgiving and Prayer

³ ^‡ I thank my God every time I remember you. ^† ⁴ In all my prayers for all of you, I always pray ^† with joy ⁵ ^‡ because of your partnership ^† in the gospel from the first day ^† until now, ⁶ ^‡ being confident of this, that he who began a good work in you will carry it on to completion ^† until the day of Christ Jesus. ^†

⁷ ^‡ It is right ^† for me to feel this way about all of you, since I have you in my heart ^† and, whether I am in chains ^† or defending ^† and confirming the gospel, all of you share in God’s grace with me. ⁸ ^‡ God can testify ^† how I long for all of you with the affection of Christ Jesus.

⁹ ^‡ And this is my prayer: that your love ^† may abound more and more in knowledge and depth of insight, ^† ¹⁰ ^‡ so that you may be able to discern what is best and may be pure and blameless for the day of Christ, ^† ¹¹ ^‡ filled with the fruit of righteousness ^† that comes through Jesus Christ—to the glory and praise of God.

Paul’s Chains Advance the Gospel

¹² ^‡ Now I want you to know, brothers and sisters, ^[2] that what has happened to me has actually served to advance the gospel. ¹³ ^‡ As a result, it has become clear throughout the whole palace guard ^[3] and to everyone else that I am in chains ^† for Christ. ¹⁴ ^‡ And because of my chains, ^† most of the brothers and sisters have become confident in the Lord and dare all the more to proclaim the gospel without fear. ^†

¹⁵ It is true that some preach Christ out of envy and rivalry, but others out of goodwill. ¹⁶ ^‡ The latter do so out of love, knowing that I am put here for the defense of the gospel. ^† ¹⁷ ^‡ The former preach Christ out of selfish ambition, ^† not sincerely, supposing that they can stir up trouble for me while I am in chains. ^† ¹⁸ ^‡ But what does it matter? The important thing is that in every way, whether from false motives or true, Christ is preached. And because of this I rejoice.

Yes, and I will continue to rejoice, ¹⁹ ^‡ for I know that through your prayers ^† and God’s provision of the Spirit of Jesus Christ ^† what has happened to me will turn out for my deliverance. ^[4] ^† ²⁰ ^‡ I eagerly expect ^† and hope that I will in no way be ashamed, but will have sufficient courage ^† so that now as always Christ will be exalted in my body, ^† whether by life or by death. ^† ²¹ ^‡ For to me, to live is Christ ^† and to die is gain. ²² ^‡ If I am to go on living in the body, this will mean fruitful labor for me. Yet what shall I choose? I do not know! ²³ ^‡ I am torn between the two: I desire to depart ^† and be with Christ, ^† which is better by far; ²⁴ ^‡ but it is more necessary for you that I remain in the body. ²⁵ ^‡ Convinced of this, I know that I will remain, and I will continue with all of you for your progress and joy in the faith, ²⁶ ^‡ so that through my being with you again your boasting in Christ Jesus will abound on account of me.

Life Worthy of the Gospel

²⁷ ^‡ Whatever happens, conduct yourselves in a manner worthy ^† of the gospel of Christ. Then, whether I come and see you or only hear about you in my absence, I will know that you stand firm ^† in the one Spirit, ^[5] striving together ^† as one for the faith of the gospel ²⁸ ^‡ without being frightened in any way by those who oppose you. This is a sign to them that they will be destroyed, but that you will be saved—and that by God. ²⁹ ^‡ For it has been granted to you ^† on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer ^† for him, ³⁰ ^‡ since you are going through the same struggle ^† you saw ^† I had, and now hear ^† that I still have.

Philippians 2

Imitating Christ’s Humility

¹ ^‡ Therefore if you have any encouragement from being united with Christ, if any comfort from his love, if any common sharing in the Spirit, ^† if any tenderness and compassion, ^† ² ^‡ then make my joy complete ^† by being like-minded, ^† having the same love, being one ^† in spirit and of one mind. ³ ^‡ Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. ^† Rather, in humility value others above yourselves, ^† ⁴ ^‡ not looking to your own interests but each of you to the interests of the others. ^†

⁵ ^‡ In your relationships with one another, have the same mindset as Christ Jesus: ^†

⁶ ^‡ Who, being in very nature ^[6] God, ^†

did not consider equality with God ^† something to be used to his own advantage;

⁷ ^‡ rather, he made himself nothing ^†

by taking the very nature ^[7] of a servant, ^†

being made in human likeness. ^†

⁸ ^‡ And being found in appearance as a man,

he humbled himself

by becoming obedient to death ^† —

even death on a cross! ^†

⁹ ^‡ Therefore God exalted him ^† to the highest place

and gave him the name that is above every name, ^†

¹⁰ ^‡ that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, ^†

in heaven and on earth and under the earth, ^†

¹¹ and every tongue acknowledge that Jesus Christ is Lord, ^†

to the glory of God the Father.

Do Everything Without Grumbling

¹² ^‡ Therefore, my dear friends, as you have always obeyed—not only in my presence, but now much more in my absence—continue to work out your salvation with fear and trembling, ^† ¹³ ^‡ for it is God who works in you ^† to will and to act in order to fulfill his good purpose. ^†

¹⁴ ^‡ Do everything without grumbling ^† or arguing, ¹⁵ ^‡ so that you may become blameless ^† and pure, “children of God ^† without fault in a warped and crooked generation.” ^[8] ^† Then you will shine among them like stars in the sky ¹⁶ ^‡ as you hold firmly to the word of life. And then I will be able to boast on the day of Christ ^† that I did not run ^† or labor in vain. ^† ¹⁷ ^‡ But even if I am being poured out like a drink offering ^† on the sacrifice ^† and service coming from your faith, I am glad and rejoice with all of you. ^† ¹⁸ So you too should be glad and rejoice with me.

Timothy and Epaphroditus

¹⁹ ^‡ I hope in the Lord Jesus to send Timothy ^† to you soon, ^† that I also may be cheered when I receive news about you. ²⁰ ^‡ I have no one else like him, ^† who will show genuine concern for your welfare. ²¹ ^‡ For everyone looks out for their own interests, ^† not those of Jesus Christ. ²² ^‡ But you know that Timothy has proved himself, because as a son with his father ^† he has served with me in the work of the gospel. ²³ I hope, therefore, to send him as soon as I see how things go with me. ^† ²⁴ ^‡ And I am confident ^† in the Lord that I myself will come soon.

²⁵ ^‡ But I think it is necessary to send back to you Epaphroditus, my brother, co-worker ^† and fellow soldier, ^† who is also your messenger, whom you sent to take care of my needs. ^† ²⁶ For he longs for all of you ^† and is distressed because you heard he was ill. ²⁷ ^‡ Indeed he was ill, and almost died. But God had mercy on him, and not on him only but also on me, to spare me sorrow upon sorrow. ²⁸ ^‡ Therefore I am all the more eager to send him, ^† so that when you see him again you may be glad and I may have less anxiety. ²⁹ ^‡ So then, welcome him in the Lord with great joy, and honor people like him, ^† ³⁰ because he almost died for the work of Christ. He risked his life to make up for the help you yourselves could not give me. ^†

Philippians 3

No Confidence in the Flesh

¹ ^‡ Further, my brothers and sisters, rejoice in the Lord! It is no trouble for me to write the same things to you again, ^† and it is a safeguard for you. ² ^‡ Watch out for those dogs, ^† those evildoers, those mutilators of the flesh. ³ ^‡ For it is we who are the circumcision, ^† we who serve God by his Spirit, who boast in Christ Jesus, ^† and who put no confidence in the flesh— ⁴ ^‡ though I myself have reasons for such confidence. ^†

If someone else thinks they have reasons to put confidence in the flesh, I have more: ⁵ ^‡ circumcised ^† on the eighth day, of the people of Israel, ^† of the tribe of Benjamin, ^† a Hebrew of Hebrews; in regard to the law, a Pharisee; ^† ⁶ ^‡ as for zeal, ^† persecuting the church; ^† as for righteousness based on the law, ^† faultless.

⁷ ^‡ But whatever were gains to me I now consider loss ^† for the sake of Christ. ⁸ ^‡ What is more, I consider everything a loss because of the surpassing worth of knowing ^† Christ Jesus my Lord, for whose sake I have lost all things. I consider them garbage, that I may gain Christ ^† ⁹ ^‡ and be found in him, not having a righteousness of my own that comes from the law, ^† but that which is through faith in ^[9] Christ—the righteousness ^† that comes from God on the basis of faith. ^† ¹⁰ ^‡ I want to know ^† Christ—yes, to know the power of his resurrection and participation in his sufferings, ^† becoming like him in his death, ^† ¹¹ ^‡ and so, somehow, attaining to the resurrection ^† from the dead.

¹² ^‡ Not that I have already obtained all this, or have already arrived at my goal, ^† but I press on to take hold ^† of that for which Christ Jesus took hold of me. ^† ¹³ ^‡ Brothers and sisters, I do not consider myself yet to have taken hold of it. But one thing I do: Forgetting what is behind ^† and straining toward what is ahead, ¹⁴ ^‡ I press on ^† toward the goal to win the prize ^† for which God has called ^† me heavenward in Christ Jesus.

Following Paul’s Example

¹⁵ ^‡ All of us, then, who are mature ^† should take such a view of things. ^† And if on some point you think differently, that too God will make clear to you. ^† ¹⁶ ^‡ Only let us live up to what we have already attained.

¹⁷ ^‡ Join together in following my example, ^† brothers and sisters, and just as you have us as a model, keep your eyes on those who live as we do. ^† ¹⁸ ^‡ For, as I have often told you before and now tell you again even with tears, ^† many live as enemies of the cross of Christ. ^† ¹⁹ ^‡ Their destiny ^† is destruction, their god is their stomach, ^† and their glory is in their shame. ^† Their mind is set on earthly things. ^† ²⁰ ^‡ But our citizenship ^† is in heaven. ^† And we eagerly await a Savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ, ^† ²¹ ^‡ who, by the power ^† that enables him to bring everything under his control, will transform our lowly bodies ^† so that they will be like his glorious body. ^†

Philippians 4

Closing Appeal for Steadfastness and Unity

¹ ^‡ Therefore, my brothers and sisters, you whom I love and long for, ^† my joy and crown, stand firm ^† in the Lord in this way, dear friends!

² ^‡ I plead with Euodia and I plead with Syntyche to be of the same mind ^† in the Lord. ³ ^‡ Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, ^† whose names are in the book of life. ^†

Final Exhortations

⁴ ^‡ Rejoice in the Lord always. I will say it again: Rejoice! ^† ⁵ ^‡ Let your gentleness be evident to all. The Lord is near. ^† ⁶ ^‡ Do not be anxious about anything, ^† but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. ^† ⁷ ^‡ And the peace of God, ^† which transcends all understanding, ^† will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus.

⁸ ^‡ Finally, brothers and sisters, whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable—if anything is excellent or praiseworthy—think about such things. ⁹ ^‡ Whatever you have learned or received or heard from me, or seen in me—put it into practice. ^† And the God of peace ^† will be with you.

Thanks for Their Gifts

¹⁰ ^‡ I rejoiced greatly in the Lord that at last you renewed your concern for me. ^† Indeed, you were concerned, but you had no opportunity to show it. ¹¹ ^‡ I am not saying this because I am in need, for I have learned to be content ^† whatever the circumstances. ¹² ^‡ I know what it is to be in need, and I know what it is to have plenty. I have learned the secret of being content in any and every situation, whether well fed or hungry, ^† whether living in plenty or in want. ^† ¹³ ^‡ I can do all this through him who gives me strength. ^†

¹⁴ ^‡ Yet it was good of you to share ^† in my troubles. ¹⁵ ^‡ Moreover, as you Philippians know, in the early days ^† of your acquaintance with the gospel, when I set out from Macedonia, ^† not one church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving, except you only; ^† ¹⁶ ^‡ for even when I was in Thessalonica, ^† you sent me aid more than once when I was in need. ^† ¹⁷ ^‡ Not that I desire your gifts; what I desire is that more be credited to your account. ^† ¹⁸ ^‡ I have received full payment and have more than enough. I am amply supplied, now that I have received from Epaphroditus ^† the gifts you sent. They are a fragrant ^† offering, an acceptable sacrifice, pleasing to God. ¹⁹ ^‡ And my God will meet all your needs ^† according to the riches of his glory ^† in Christ Jesus.

²⁰ ^‡ To our God and Father ^† be glory for ever and ever. Amen. ^†

Final Greetings

²¹ ^‡ Greet all God’s people in Christ Jesus. The brothers and sisters who are with me ^† send greetings. ²² ^‡ All God’s people ^† here send you greetings, especially those who belong to Caesar’s household.

²³ ^‡ The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ ^† be with your spirit. ^† Amen. ^[10]

[BACK TO 1:1–2] As in all his letters, Paul follows the conventional letter format of his day, with its three elements: (1) identification of the sender, (2) identification of the recipients and (3) greeting.

[BACK TO 1:1] Paul. See note on Ro 1:1 . Timothy. See Introduction to 1 Timothy: Recipient . Timothy is identified with the contents of the letter as Paul’s associate, but not as coauthor. servants. See Ro 1:1 and note; Titus 1:1 ; Jas 1:1 ; 2Pe 1:1 ; Jude 1 ; Rev 1:1 . In Paul’s case, this designation brings out an essential aspect of the more usual identification of himself as “apostle.” God’s holy people. See Ro 1:7 and note. in Christ. See note on Eph 1:1 . Philippi. See Introduction: Recipients . overseers and deacons. The only place in Paul’s writings where church officers as a group are singled out as recipients of a letter. overseers. See note on 1Ti 3:1 . deacons. See note on 1Ti 3:8 .

[BACK TO 1:2] Grace and peace. See note on Ro 1:7 . Lord Jesus Christ. Also occurs at the end of this letter ( 4:23 ); see note on 1Th 1:1 .

[BACK TO 1:3–4] I thank my God … prayers for … you … with joy. Prayers of joyful thanksgiving for his readers’ response to the gospel are a hallmark of the opening sentences of Paul’s letters (see Ro 1:8 ; 1Co 1:4 ; Col 1:3 ; 1Th 1:2 ; 2Th 1:3 ; 2Ti 1:3 ; Phm 4 ).

[BACK TO 1:5] your partnership in the gospel. The basis of Paul’s prayerful thanksgiving is not only their reception of the gospel but also their active support of his ministry (see 4:15 and note). from the first day. When Paul first came to Philippi ( Ac 16:12 ). now. Toward the close (see 2:24 and note) of Paul’s first Roman imprisonment (see Ac 28:16–31 ).

[BACK TO 1:6] work in you. Paul is confident not only of what God has done “for” the readers in forgiving their sins but also of what he has done “in” them (see v. 11 ). “Work” refers to God’s activity in saving them. day of Christ Jesus. His return, when their salvation will be brought to completion (see 1:10 ; 2:16 ; 1Co 1:8 ; 5:5 ; 2Co 1:14 ). It is God who initiates salvation, who continues it and who will one day bring it to its consummation.

[BACK TO 1:7] in chains. See note on Eph 6:20 . share in God’s grace. Not even imprisonment and persecution can change such sharing. Even in Paul’s imprisonment the Philippian Christians willingly identified themselves with Paul by sending Epaphroditus and their financial gifts ( 2:25–30 ; 4:18 ). They had become one with Paul in his apostolic commission to preach the gospel (see v. 5 ).

[BACK TO 1:8] affection of Christ Jesus. The deep yearning and intense, compassionate love exhibited by Jesus himself and now fostered in Paul by his union with Christ. This affection reaches out to all, impartially and without exception.

[BACK TO 1:9] abound more and more. Real love requires growth and maturation (see 1Th 3:12 ; 4:10 ; 2Th 1:3 ). in knowledge. The way love grows (cf. Col 1:9 ). depth of insight. Practical discernment and sensitivity. Christian love is not mere sentiment; it is rooted in knowledge and understanding.

[BACK TO 1:10] discern what is best. Christians are to approve (and practice) what is morally and ethically superior. pure and blameless. The goal of Christians in this life is to be without any mixture of evil and not open to censure because of moral or spiritual failure. for the day of Christ. Then the goal will be perfectly realized (see note on v. 6 ), and then Christians must give an account (see 2Co 5:10 and note; Ro 14:10 , 12 and note on 14:10 ).

[BACK TO 1:11] filled with the fruit of righteousness. What is expected of all Christians (cf. Mt 5:20–48 ; Heb 12:11 ; Jas 3:18 ; see also Am 6:12 ; Gal 5:22–23 ). through Jesus Christ. Produced by Christ (in union with him) through the work of the Holy Spirit (cf. Jn 15:5 ; Eph 2:10 ). to the glory and praise of God. The ultimate goal of all that God does in believers (see Eph 1:6 , 12 , 14 ).

[BACK TO 1:12] brothers and sisters. See NIV text note. what has happened to me. Paul’s detainment in a Roman prison. advance the gospel. Instead of hindering the gospel, Paul’s imprisonment had served to make it known.

[BACK TO 1:13] clear … chains for Christ. It has become apparent to all who know of Paul’s situation that he is imprisoned not because he is guilty of a crime but on account of his stand for the gospel. whole palace guard. A contingent of soldiers, numbering several thousand, many of whom would have had personal contact with Paul or would have been assigned individually to guard him during the course of his imprisonment (see Ac 28:16 , 30 ). chains. Either actual chains or a broader reference to his sufferings and imprisonment (see v. 14 ).

[BACK TO 1:14] brothers and sisters … proclaim the gospel without fear. The unexpected result of Paul’s imprisonment.

[BACK TO 1:16] The latter do so out of love. Those who preach with a right motive recognize the true reason for Paul’s imprisonment, already expressed earlier in v. 13 , and are encouraged to take the same bold stand that he has taken.

[BACK TO 1:17] The former preach Christ out of selfish ambition. Those who preach with wrong, insincere motives do so out of a sense of competition with Paul and so think they are making his imprisonment more difficult to bear. not sincerely. Not from pure motives.

[BACK TO 1:18] whether from false motives or true, Christ is preached. These preachers are not to be viewed as being heretical. Their message is true, even though their motives are not pure. The gospel has its objectivity and validity apart from those who proclaim it; the message is more than the medium. I rejoice … will continue to rejoice. An example of the kind of vigorous Christian experience Paul expressed. He was under arrest, and fellow Christians sought, by their preaching, to add to his difficulties; yet he kept on rejoicing.

[BACK TO 1:19] Spirit of Jesus Christ. The Holy Spirit is not only the Spirit of God the Father ( Ro 8:9 , 14 ; 1Co 2:10–11 , 14 ) but also the Spirit of Christ, the second person of the Trinity ( Ac 16:7 ; Ro 8:9 ; Gal 4:6 ). He is sent by the Father ( Jn 14:16–17 , 26 ; Gal 4:6 ) and by the Son ( Jn 15:26 ; 16:7 ). turn out for my deliverance. Either Paul’s release from prison (see v. 25 ; 2:24 ) or, in view of the immediately following verses, the deliverance brought to the believer by death (cf. Ro 8:38–39 ). Verse 25 , however, seems to point to the former interpretation (see note there). See Job 13:16 and note.

[BACK TO 1:20] ashamed … sufficient courage. The circumstances of imprisonment, with all its attendant suffering and oppression, constitute a real temptation for Paul to abandon the gospel and his resolute service for Christ. my body. Where the exalted Christ dwells by his Spirit and is at work (cf. Ro 8:9–10 ), and so is exalted by what Paul does. whether by life or by death. Whether his service for Christ continues or ends in death.

[BACK TO 1:21] to live is Christ. Christ was the source and secret of Paul’s continual joy (even in prison), for Paul’s life found all its meaning in Christ (see 3:7–11 ). gain. Verse 23 specifies that the gain brought by death is being “with Christ,” so that here Paul is saying that his ultimate concern and most precious possession, both now and forever, is Christ and his relationship to him.

[BACK TO 1:22] fruitful labor. The spread of the gospel and the upbuilding of the church.

[BACK TO 1:23–24] depart and be with Christ … remain in the body. Either alternative was a good one. While mysteries remain, this passage clearly teaches that when believers die they are with Christ, apart from the body (see 2Co 5:6 , 8–9 ).

[BACK TO 1:23] better by far. Being with Christ after death must involve some kind of conscious presence and fellowship (cf. 2Co 5:6 , 8 and note on 5:8 ).

[BACK TO 1:24] necessary for you. Paul puts the needs of those he ministers to ahead of his personal preference.

[BACK TO 1:25] I will remain. It is possible that Paul was later released from prison (see map and accompanying text ). progress … in the faith. The Christian life is to be one of joyful growth and advance (see note on v. 9 ).

[BACK TO 1:26] your boasting in Christ Jesus … on account of me. Paul’s conduct of his ministry among the Philippians will be a reason for their rejoicing in what Christ is doing among them.

[BACK TO 1:27] worthy of the gospel. Appropriate to the standards and goals given with the gospel. in the one Spirit. In the Spirit’s enablement (but see NIV text note). striving together as one. Particularly where the gospel is under attack, Christians need each other and must stand together.

[BACK TO 1:28] sign. Persistent opposition to the church and the gospel is a sure sign of eventual destruction, since it involves rejection of the only way of salvation. By the same token, when Christians are persecuted for their faith, this is a sign of the genuineness of their salvation (see 2Th 1:5 and note).

[BACK TO 1:29] granted … to suffer. Given as a gift or privilege. Christian suffering, as well as faith, is a blessing (cf. Mt 5:11–12 ; Ac 5:41 ; Jas 1:2 ; 1Pe 4:14 ). The Christian life is to be a “not only … but also” proposition: not only believing but also suffering.

[BACK TO 1:30] same struggle. Their common involvement with Paul, in conflict with those who oppose the gospel. you saw. When Paul and Silas first visited Philippi and were imprisoned (see Ac 16:19–40 ).

[BACK TO 2:1] united with Christ. Or “united in Christ.” In Paul’s teaching, this personal union is the basic reality of salvation. To be in Christ is to be saved. It is to be in intimate personal relationship with Christ the Savior. From this relationship flow all the particular benefits and fruits of salvation, such as encouragement (see, e.g., 3:8–10 ; Ro 8:1 ; 2Co 5:17 ; Gal 2:20 ). comfort from his love. The comforting knowledge and assurance that come from God’s love in Christ, demonstrated especially in Christ’s death for the forgiveness of sins and eternal life (see Jn 3:16 ; Ro 5:8 ; 8:38–39 ; 1Jn 3:16 ; 4:9–10 , 16 ). common sharing in the Spirit. The fellowship among believers produced by the Spirit, who indwells each of them (see 2Co 13:14 ). tenderness and compassion. Christians are to have intense care and deep sympathy for each other (see 1:8 and note; Col 3:12 ). All these benefits—encouragement, comfort, fellowship, tenderness and compassion—are viewed by Paul as present realities for the Philippians.

[BACK TO 2:2] like-minded … same love … one in spirit and of one mind. Emphasizes the unity that should exist among Christians. like-minded. Not uniformity in thought but the common disposition to work together and serve one another—the “mindset” of Christ (v. 5 ; see 4:2 ; Ro 12:16 ; 15:5 and note; 2Co 13:11 ).

[BACK TO 2:3] selfish ambition or vain conceit. The mortal enemies of unity and harmony in the church (cf. 1:17 ; see Gal 5:20 , where “selfish ambition” is listed among the “acts of the flesh”). humility. Required for Christian unity. This is the mindset of those who are not conceited but who have a right attitude toward themselves and others. value others above yourselves. Not that everyone else is superior or more talented, but that Christian love sees others as worthy of preferential treatment (see Ro 12:10 and note; Gal 5:13 ; Eph 5:21 ; 1Pe 5:5 and note).

[BACK TO 2:4] your own interests. These are proper, but only if there is equal concern for the interests of others (cf. Ro 15:1 and note).

[BACK TO 2:5] have the same mindset as Christ Jesus. In spite of all that is unique and radically different about the person and work of Christ (see vv. 6–11 ), Christians are to have his attitude of self-sacrificing humility and love for others (see vv. 2–4 ; Mt 11:29 ; Jn 13:12–17 ).

[BACK TO 2:6–11] The poetic character of these verses is apparent. Many view them as an early Christian hymn (see note on Col 3:16 ), taken over and perhaps modified by Paul. If so, they nonetheless express his convictions. The subjects of this passage are Christ’s humiliation (vv. 6–8 ) and exaltation (vv. 9–11 ).

[BACK TO 2:6] in very nature God. Affirming that Jesus is fully God (see Ro 9:5 and note). nature. Essential form (see NIV text note), the sum of those qualities that make God specifically God. equality with God. The status and privileges that inevitably follow from being in very nature God. something to be used to his own advantage. Perhaps something to be forcibly retained—the glory Christ had with the Father before his incarnation. But he did not consider that high position to be something he could not give up. On the other hand, it may be something still to be attained, like a prize, as if he did not yet possess it.

[BACK TO 2:7] made himself nothing. Or “emptied himself.” He did this, not by giving up deity, but by laying aside his glory (see Jn 17:5 ) and submitting to the humiliation of becoming a man (see 2Co 8:9 and note). Jesus is truly God and truly man. Another view is that he emptied himself, not of deity itself, but of its prerogatives—the high position and glory of deity. nature of a servant. Emphasizes the full reality of his servant identity (see Mk 10:45 and note). As a servant, he was always submissive to the will of the Father (see Lk 22:42 ; Jn 4:34 and note).

[BACK TO 2:8] appearance as a man. Not only was Jesus “like” a human being (v. 7 ), but he also took on the actual outward characteristics of a man (see Jn 1:14 ; Ro 8:3 ; Heb 2:17 and notes). humbled himself. See v. 7 ; 2Co 8:9 . obedient. How Jesus humbled himself (cf. Heb 5:7–8 ). A “servant” (v. 7 ) obeys. to death. Stresses both the totality and the climax of Jesus’ obedience. on a cross. Heightens Jesus’ humiliation; he died as someone cursed (see Gal 3:13 ; Heb 12:2 ). Crucifixion was the most degrading form of execution that could be inflicted on a person.

[BACK TO 2:9] exalted. See Mt 28:18 ; Ac 2:33 ; cf. Isa 52:13 . the name … above every name. Reference is doubtless to the office or rank conferred on Jesus—his glorious position (“Lord,” v. 11 ), not his proper name (cf. Eph 1:21 ; Heb 1:4–5 and notes).

[BACK TO 2:10–11] bow … acknowledge. See Isa 45:23 and note. God’s design is that all people everywhere should worship and serve Jesus as Lord. Ultimately all will acknowledge him as Lord (see Ro 14:9 ), whether willingly or not.

[BACK TO 2:10] at the name of Jesus. In honor of his exalted position as “Lord” (v. 11 ; see v. 9 and note).

[BACK TO 2:12] Therefore. Because of Christ’s incomparable example (vv. 5–11 ). obeyed. The commands of God as passed on to the Philippians by Paul (see Ro 1:5 ; 15:18 ; 2Co 10:5–6 ). my presence. During the course of Paul’s second (see Ac 16:12–40 ) and third (see Ac 20:1–3 , 6 ) missionary journeys. work out your salvation. Work it out to the finish; not a reference to the attempt to earn one’s salvation by works, but a reference to the expression of one’s salvation in spiritual growth and development. Salvation is not merely a gift received once for all; it expresses itself in an ongoing process in which the believer is strenuously involved (cf. Mt 24:13 ; 1Co 9:24–27 ; Heb 3:14 ; 6:9–11 ; 2Pe 1:5–8 )—the process of perseverance, humble service, spiritual growth and maturation. fear and trembling. Not because of doubt or anxiety; rather, the reference is to an active reverence and a singleness of purpose in response to God’s grace.

[BACK TO 2:13] God … works in you. See Col 1:29 and note. to will and to act. Intention, or faith, and our obedience cannot be separated (cf. Gal 5:6 and note; Jas 2:18 , 20 , 22 ).

[BACK TO 2:14–17] Some things involved in working out our salvation.

[BACK TO 2:14] grumbling. Being discontented with God’s will is an expression of unbelief that prevents one from doing what pleases God (v. 13 ; cf. 1Co 10:10 and note). arguing. Over debatable points that do not need to be settled for the good of the church (see 2Ti 2:23 ; Titus 3:9 ).

[BACK TO 2:15] blameless and pure … without fault. Not absolute, sinless perfection, but wholehearted, unmixed devotion to doing God’s will (see 1:10 and note). warped and crooked generation. A description of the unbelieving world (see Ac 2:40 ; Eph 2:1–3 ; cf. Mt 17:17 ). shine among them like stars. The contrast, like light in darkness, that Christians are to be to the world around them (cf. Mt 5:15–16 ).

[BACK TO 2:16] boast. Not out of pride or a sense of self-accomplishment, but because of what God has done through Paul (see 1Th 2:19 ). day of Christ. See note on 1:6 . in vain. Cf. 1Co 9:24–27 and notes.

[BACK TO 2:17–18] I … rejoice … you too should … rejoice. Christian joy ought always to be mutual.

[BACK TO 2:17] I am being poured out. The reference may be to his entire ministry as one large thanksgiving sacrifice. However, it is more probable that Paul refers to his present imprisonment, which may end in a martyr’s death. His life would then be poured out as a drink offering accompanying the sacrificial service of the Philippians. like a drink offering. The OT background is the daily sacrifices in Ex 29:38–41 . coming from your faith. Genuine faith is active and working (see note on v. 13 ).

[BACK TO 2:19–23] Paul plans to send Timothy, who is with him in Rome (see 1:1 and note), to discover and report on conditions in the Philippian church.

[BACK TO 2:20] I have no one else like him. Timothy was a good example of the kind of person envisioned in the exhortation of v. 4 .

[BACK TO 2:21] A sharp contrast between Timothy and Paul’s other associates—an outstanding commendation for one so young (see 1Ti 4:12 and note).

[BACK TO 2:22] as a son with his father. This relationship between Timothy and Paul is developed at length in 1, 2 Timothy. served. Like Jesus and Paul, Timothy had a servant attitude.

[BACK TO 2:24] Paul anticipates his release in the near future (see 1:25 ).

[BACK TO 2:25–30] Epaphroditus, after a close brush with death (vv. 27 , 30 ), is being sent home to Philippi.

[BACK TO 2:25] messenger. A broader use of the Greek word often translated “apostle,” applied here to Epaphroditus as a representative of the Philippian church (cf. 2Co 8:23 ).

[BACK TO 2:27] Cf. 1:21–26 .

[BACK TO 2:28] anxiety. The legitimate cares and concerns that come with the Christian life and the gospel ministry (see note on 4:6 ; cf. 2Co 4:8 ; 11:28 ).

[BACK TO 2:29] in the Lord. As a fellow believer (see Ro 16:2 ).

[BACK TO 3:1] rejoice in the Lord! See 4:4 and note. same things … again. Matters taken up in the verses that follow, which Paul had previously dealt with either orally when he was in Philippi or perhaps in an earlier letter. safeguard. Where serious error is present, there is safety in repetition.

[BACK TO 3:2] dogs. A harsh word for Paul’s opponents, showing their aggressive opposition to the gospel, the seriousness of their error and its destructive, “devouring” results (cf. Gal 5:15 ). Their teaching was probably similar to what Paul had to oppose in the Galatian churches (see Introduction to Galatians: Occasion and Purpose ). mutilators. Again a strong, painfully vivid term; the false teachers have so distorted the meaning of circumcision (cf. v. 3 ) that it has become nothing more than a useless cutting of the body.

[BACK TO 3:3] circumcision. Its true, inner meaning is realized only in believers, who worship God with genuine spiritual worship and who glory in Christ as their Savior rather than trusting in their own human effort (cf. Ro 2:28–29 and note on 2:29 ; Col 2:11–13 ; see also Dt 30:6 ; Eze 36:26 ). boast … no confidence. Everyone is a “boaster,” either in Christ or in themselves. flesh. Weak human nature (see Gal 3:3 and note).

[BACK TO 3:4–14] Paul’s personal testimony, a model for every believer; one of the most significant autobiographical sections in his letters (see note on Ro 1:1 ; cf. Ac 22:1–21 ; 26:1–23 ).

[BACK TO 3:4–6] Paul’s pre-Christian confidence, rooted in his Jewish heritage, privileges and attainments.

[BACK TO 3:5] eighth day. See Ge 17:12 and note. of the people of Israel. Paul was born a Jew and was not a convert to Judaism. tribe of Benjamin. Paul’s Jewish roots were deep and indisputable. Jerusalem, the Holy City, lay on the border of the tribal territory of Benjamin. Hebrew of Hebrews. In language, attitudes and lifestyle (see Ac 22:2–3 ; Gal 1:14 ). Pharisee. See note on Mt 3:7 .

[BACK TO 3:6] righteousness based on the law. Righteousness produced by using the law as an attempt to merit God’s approval and blessing (cf. v. 9 )—a use of the law strongly opposed by Paul as contrary to the gospel itself (see Ro 3:27–28 ; 4:1–5 ; Gal 2:16 and note; 3:10–12 and note on 3:10 ). faultless. In terms of legalistic standards of scrupulous external conformity to the letter of the law.

[BACK TO 3:7–14] Paul’s confidence in Christ.

[BACK TO 3:7] whatever. The things mentioned in vv. 5–6 . gains … loss. The great reversal in Paul—begun on the road to Damascus (see Ac 9:3–16 )—from being self-centered to being centered in Christ.

[BACK TO 3:8] knowing Christ Jesus. Not only a knowledge of facts but a knowledge gained through experience that, in its surpassing greatness, transforms the entire person (see 2Co 5:17 and note). The following verses spell this out. garbage. What Paul now has as a Christian is not merely preferable or a better alternative; in contrast, his former way of life was worthless and despicable (cf. Eph 2:3–7 ).

[BACK TO 3:9] be found in him. Union with Christ (see note on 2:1 ; cf. 1Co 1:30 )—not simply an experience in the past but a present, continuing relationship. righteousness … from the law. See note on v. 6 . righteousness … through faith. A principal benefit of union with Christ (see Ro 3:21–22 ; 1Co 1:30 ; Gal 2:16 and note).

[BACK TO 3:10] know Christ. See 1:20–21 and notes. As in v. 8 , this knowledge is not merely factual; it includes the experience of “the power of his resurrection” (see Eph 1:17–20 ), of “participation in his sufferings” (cf. Ac 9:16 ) and of being “like him in his death” (see 2Co 4:7–12 ; 12:9–10 ). Believers already share positionally in Christ’s death and resurrection (cf. Ro 6:2–13 ; Gal 2:20 ; 5:24 ; 6:14 ; Eph 2:6 ; Col 2:12–13 ; 3:1 ). In v. 10 , however, Paul speaks of the actual experience of Christ’s resurrection power and of suffering with and for him, even to the point of death.

[BACK TO 3:11] somehow. Not an indication of doubt or uncertainty, but an indication of humility because Paul does not want to be guilty of presumption. resurrection. The great personal anticipation of every believer (see Da 12:2 ; Jn 5:29 ; Ac 24:15 ; 1Co 15:23 ; 1Th 4:16 ).

[BACK TO 3:12–14] The Christian life is like a race; elsewhere Paul uses athletic imagery in a similar way ( 1Co 9:24–27 ; 1Ti 6:12 ; 2Ti 4:7–8 ; cf. Mt 24:13 ; Heb 12:1 ).

[BACK TO 3:12] take hold … took hold of me. Paul’s goal is Christ’s goal for him, and Christ supplies the resources for him to “press on toward the goal” (v. 14 ; cf. 2:12–13 ).

[BACK TO 3:13] Forgetting. Not losing all memory of his sinful past (see vv. 4–6 ) but leaving it behind him as done with and settled.

[BACK TO 3:14] prize. The winner of the Greek races received a wreath of leaves and sometimes a cash award (see 1Co 9:24 and note); the Christian receives an award of everlasting glory. heavenward. Paul’s ultimate aspirations are found not in this life but in heaven, because Christ is there (see Col 3:1–2 ).

[BACK TO 3:15] mature. Those who have made reasonable progress in spiritual growth and stability (see 1Co 2:6 and note; 3:1–3 ; Heb 5:14 and note). such a view. That expressed in vv. 12–14 : There are heights yet to be scaled; do not become complacent. think differently. If the readers accept the view set forth in vv. 12–14 and yet fail to agree in some lesser point, God will clarify the matter for them.

[BACK TO 3:16] live up to what … already attained. Put into practice the truth they have already comprehended. We are responsible for the truth we currently possess.

[BACK TO 3:17] following my example. As Paul follows the example of Christ (see 1Co 11:1 and note). keep your eyes on those who live. The lifestyles Christians lead ought to be models worth following.

[BACK TO 3:18] told you before. See v. 1 . with tears. Cf. Ac 20:19 , 31 . live as enemies of the cross. In glaring contrast to Paul’s conduct (v. 10 ) and to the truth of the gospel.

[BACK TO 3:19] destruction. The opposite of salvation. god … stomach. A deep self-centeredness; their appetites and desires come first (see Ro 16:18 ). earthly things. They have set their minds on the things of this life (see Col 3:1–2 and note on 3:1 ); they are antinomians (libertines), the opposite of the legalists of v. 2 .

[BACK TO 3:20] citizenship. Philippi was a Roman colony (see Introduction: Recipients ), and its people were proud of their Roman citizenship. But Paul points to a higher citizenship. In this world Christians are strangers and foreigners, fully involved in it but not of it (cf. Jn 17:14–15 and notes; 1Co 7:29–31 and note on 7:29 ; 1Pe 2:11 and note). in heaven. Where Christ is (see Gal 4:26 and note); contrast the “earthly things” of v. 19 (cf. Eph 2:6 ; Col 3:1–4 ). eagerly await … from there. See Ro 8:19 ; 1Co 1:7 ; 1Th 1:9–10 ; 2Ti 4:8 .

[BACK TO 3:21] power … under his control. Christ’s present power, earned by his obedience to death (see 2:8 ) and received in his resurrection and ascension, is universal and absolute (see Mt 28:18 ; 1Co 15:27 ; Eph 1:20–22 ). will transform. By the Holy Spirit at the resurrection (see Ro 8:11 and note). our lowly bodies. Subject to weakness, decay and death, due to sin (see Ro 8:10 , 20–23 ; 1Co 15:42–44 and note). like his glorious body. See Ro 8:29 ; 1Jn 3:2 . The resurrection body, received already by Christ, who is the “firstfruits,” will be received by believers in the future resurrection “harvest” (see 1Co 15:20 , 49 ). It is “spiritual,” i.e., transformed by the power of the Holy Spirit (see 1Co 15:44 , 46 ).

[BACK TO 4:1] love and long for. See notes on 1:8 ; 2:1 . my joy and crown. True not only now, but especially when Christ returns (see 1Th 2:19 and note). stand firm. In the midst of present struggles for the sake of the gospel (cf. 1:27–30 ; 1Co 15:58 ). in this way. Refers to the closing statements of ch. 3. In the face of libertine practices ( 3:18–19 ), the Philippians should follow Paul’s example ( 3:17 ), having their minds set on heavenly things ( 3:20–21 ).

[BACK TO 4:2–3] The disagreement between Euodia and Syntyche is serious enough to be mentioned in a letter to be read publicly, but Paul seems confident that “these women” (v. 3 ) will be reconciled. His handling of the situation is a model of tact—he does not take sides but encourages others closer to the situation to promote reconciliation (see 2:2 and note).

[BACK TO 4:3] at my side … my co-workers. Those associated with the apostle in the cause of the gospel (women as well as men) are his equals, not subordinates (cf. 2:25 ; Ro 16:3 , 9 , 21 ; Phm 24 ). Clement. Not mentioned elsewhere in the NT. the rest of my co-workers. Not mentioned individually because they are known to God and their names are entered in the book of life, the heavenly register of the elect (see note on Rev 3:5 ).

[BACK TO 4:4] Rejoice in the Lord. See 3:1 . always. Under all kinds of circumstances, including suffering (see Hab 3:17–18 and note; Jas 1:2 ; 1Pe 4:13 ).

[BACK TO 4:5] gentleness. Christlike consideration for others (cf. 2Co 10:1 ). This quality is especially essential in church leaders (see 1Ti 3:3 ; Titus 3:2 , “considerate”). near. See Ro 13:11 and note; cf. Jas 5:8–9 and note on 5:9 ; Rev 22:7 , 12 , 20 . The next great event in God’s prophetic schedule is Christ’s return. The whole period from Christ’s first coming to the consummation of the kingdom is viewed in the NT as the last time (see 1Jn 2:18 and note). From God’s vantage point, a thousand years are as a day (see 2Pe 3:8 and note). Thus there is a sense in which, for every generation, the Lord’s coming is near.

[BACK TO 4:6] anxious. Self-centered, counterproductive worry, not legitimate cares and concerns for the spread of the gospel (see 2:28 and note; 2Co 11:28 ; see also Mt 6:25–31 ; 1Pe 5:7 ). in every situation, by prayer. Anxiety and prayer are two great opposing forces in Christian experience. thanksgiving. The antidote to worry (along with prayer and petition).

[BACK TO 4:7] peace of God. Not merely a psychological state of mind, but an inner tranquillity based on peace with God—the peaceful state of those whose sins are forgiven (cf. Jn 14:27 ; Ro 5:1 and note). The opposite of anxiety, it is the tranquillity that comes when believers commit all their cares to God in prayer and worry about them no more. transcends all understanding. The full dimensions of God’s love and care are beyond human comprehension (see Eph 3:18–20 ). guard … hearts … minds. A military concept depicting a sentry standing guard. God’s “protective custody” of those who are in Christ Jesus extends to the core of their beings and to their deepest intentions (cf. 1Pe 1:5 and note).

[BACK TO 4:8] true … praiseworthy. Paul understood the influence of one’s thoughts on one’s life. What people allow to occupy their minds will sooner or later determine their speech and action. Paul’s exhortation to “think about such things” is followed by a second exhortation, “put it into practice” (v. 9 ). The combination of virtues listed in vv. 8–9 is sure to produce a wholesome thought pattern, which in turn will result in a life of moral and spiritual excellence (see note on Gal 5:22–23 ).

[BACK TO 4:9] seen in me. See note on 3:17 . God of peace. See note on 1Th 5:23 ; cf. the “peace of God” (v. 7 ).

[BACK TO 4:10] at last … no opportunity. The delay in sending gifts to Paul was not the fault of the Philippians, nor was it because they were lacking in concern for him (cf. 2Co 11:9 ). Perhaps Paul’s uncertain itinerary prior to his arrival at Rome or the lack of an available messenger had prevented the Philippians from showing their concern.

Introduction
Philippians 1	Philippians 2	Philippians 3	Philippians 4