Contents





Preface

Introduction: THE ITCH TO CIVILIZE

The Mask And Apollo: Recent Definitions And Approaches

Reaching Between Civilizations—And Reaching For The Unity Of Civilization

Process And Progress

PART ONE: THE WASTE LAND
Desert, Tundra, Ice

Chapter One: THE HELM OF ICE

Beyond The Gates of Gog: The Savage North

Followers Of The Ice

The Tamers Of Reindeer

Campanions Of The Seal Bladders: Deference To Nature In Arctic America

Better Than Civilization: The Inuit In Competition With Europeans

Chapter Two: THE DEATH OF EARTH

Learning from Hohokam: How To Build Civilization In The Desert

The Lakes Of Worms: The Limits Of Civilization InThe Sahara

Lands Of Unrest: Desert Highways Between Civilizations

Spirits Of The Slippery Hills: Bushmen And Civilization

PART TWO: LEAVES OF GRASS
Barely Cultivable Grasslands

Chapter Three: THE SWEEPINGS OF THE WIND

The Intractable Grasslands

The Architects Of The Savanna

Imperialists Of The Sahel

Chapter Four: THE HIGHWAY OF CIVILIZATIONS

The Wastes Of Gog

A Confucian Contemplates The Wild

The Making Of Mongol Imperialism

The Mongol Roads: Causeways Of Civilization

PART THREE: UNDER THE RAIN
Civilization in Tropical Lowlands and Postglacial Forests

Chapter Five: THE WILD WOODS

The Fear Of Trees: Learning To Clear The Forests

The Great Wet: Early Civilizations Of The North American Woodlands

The Longhouse Of Elm: Civilization By The Evergreen Frontier

Riding The Lumber Raft: Europe After The Forest

The Retreat Of The Trees: From Forests To Cities In Twelfth-Century Europe

Chapter Six: HEARTS OF DARKNESS

The Habitable Hell: Cultivating The Swamp

Amazon Lands: The Challenge Of The Rain Forest

The Tongue In The Stones: The Lowland Maya

The Beloved Of The Snake: Khmer Civilization On The Mekong

The City Of Death: Benin

PART FOUR : THE SHINING FIELDS OF MUD
Alluvial Soils in Drying Climates

Chapter Seven: THE LONE AND LEVEL SANDS

The Yielding Soil: Early Intensifiers Of Agriculture

The Garden Of The Lord: Alluvial Archetypes

Back From Diffusion: The Great River Valleys

From Sumer To Babylon

Out Of The Underworld: The Gift Of The Nile

Chapter Eight: OF SHOES AND RICE

Seals In The Sand: Lost Cities Of The Indus And The Origins Of India

Millet And Rice, River And River: The Making Of China

The Checklist Of Shang Civilization

The Phoenix Of The East: The Survival Of China

Expansion Without Mutation: The Chinese Grossraum

PART FIVE : THE MIRRORS OF SKY
Civilizing Highlands

Chapter Nine: THE GARDENS OF THE CLOUDS

Altitude And Isolation: Classifying Highland Civilizations

Ascent ToTiahuanaco: Predecessors Of The Inca

Places For The Gods: The Context Of The Aztecs

Contrasting Worlds: The Aztecs And Inca Juxtaposed

The Vengeance Of The Tribute-Bearers: Environment And Empire

Chapter Ten: THE CLIMB TO PARADISE

The Last El Dorado

The African Predicament

The Mountains Of Rasselas: Civilization In Ethiopia

High Roads Of Civilization: Overlooking Asian Trade Routes

Looking Down From Tibet

PART SIX : THE WATER MARGINS
Civilizations Shaped by the Sea

Chapter Eleven: THE ALLOTMENTS OF THE GODS

The Tangle Of Isles: Polynesian Navigation

Surviving Isolation: Hawaii And Easter Island

The Wind's Nest: The Islands Of The Aleut

Ports Of Call: From The Maldives To Malta

The Wreck Of Paradise: Minoan Crete

The Creature Of The Lagoon: Venice As A Small-Island Civilization

Chapter Twelve: THE VIEW FROM THE SHORE

The Sea People: Adapting To The Waves

The Narrow Shores: Phoenicia And Scandinavia

The Atlantic Edge

The Frustrations Of Rimland: The Early Phase

An Equilibrium Of Mud And Water: Coaxing Civilization From The Shoals

Beyond The Beach: Identifying Sea Board Civilizations

Chapter Thirteen: CHASING THE MONSOON

Riders Of The Typhoon: Maritime Japan

Caravans Of The Monsoon: The Arabs And Their Seas

The Ring Of The Snake: The Seas Of Southeast Asia

The Seas Of Milk And Butter: Maritime India

China's Frontier To The Sea: Fukien

Chapter Fourteen: THE TRADITION OF ULYSSES

The Plow And The Prow: A Conversation With Hesiod

The Pursuit Of Galatea: Greece Takes To The Sea

The Claim Of Poseidon: Athens And The Sea

A Hellenic Cruise: Five Wonders Of Antiquity

Around The Middle Sea: Ancient Rome As A Seaboard Civilization

The Reach Of The Classics: The Global Spread Of The Greek And Roman Legacies

PART SEVEN : BREAKING THE WAVES
The Domestication of the Oceans

Chapter Fifteen: ALMOST THE LAST ENVIRONMENT

The Muslim Lake

The Precocity Of The Indian Ocean

From The Indian Ocean To The Atlantic: The Shadow Of Vasco da Gama

The Round Trip Of Vasco da Gama

Chapter Sixteen: REFLOATING ATLANTIS

The Origins Of The European Atlantic

The Technological Strand

The Power Of Culture

The Tyranny Of The Timing

Atlantic Civilization In Black And White: The Imperial Phase

The World The Slaves Made

Chapter Seventeen: THE ATLANTIC AND AFTER

Crises And Renewals Of Atlantic Civilization

The Limits And Limitations Of Western Civilization

Next Stop After The Atlantic: The Revenge Of Nature

The Self-Threatened Menace

The Last Ocean

Notes

Index