PREFACE
1 Viscount Palmerston, Speech, Treaty of Adrianople—Charges Against Lord Palmerston, Hansard, House of Commons Debates, 1 March 1848, vol. 97, cc66-123, http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1848/mar/01/treaty-of-adrianople-charges-against, accessed 24 December 2017.
INTRODUCTION
1 Sydney Morning Herald, 1 November 1853, p. 2.
2 Adelaide Observer, 26 November 1853, p. 6.
3 Sydney Morning Herald, 9 November 1853, p. 3.
4 Matthew S. Anderson, The Eastern Question 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations, London: Macmillan Press, 1983, p. 129.
5 Peter Overlack, ‘Queensland’s annexation of Papua: A background to Anglo-German friction’, Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, 1978, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 123–38.
6 Sydney Morning Herald, 15 September 1883, p. 11.
7 Sydney Morning Herald, 4 July 1883, p. 4.
8 Sydney Morning Herald, 14 July 1883, p. 7.
9 Brisbane Courier Mail, 16 June 1886, p. 5.
10 Neville Meaney, The Search for Security in the Pacific 1901–1914: A History of Australian Defence and Foreign Policy, 1901–1923, vol. 1, Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2009, p. 21.
11 South Australian Register, 23 July 1889, p. 4.
12 South Australian Register, 23 July 1889, p. 4.
13 South Australian Register, 23 July 1889, p. 4.
14 Meaney, The Search for Security in the Pacific, pp. 33–34.
CHAPTER 1
1 Marginal notes in letter, Wilson Le Couteur to Edmund Barton, 8 February 1901, ‘Letter dated 8 Feb 1901—Mr Le Couteur offering his services in connection with the administration of the New Hebrides’, BC31404093, NAA: A35, BUNDLE 2/1.
2 ‘Letter dated July 1901 from Mr James Burns—recommendation of Mr Wilson Le Couteur’, BC31404099, NAA: A35, BUNDLE 2/7.
3 Marginal note initialled ‘AH’ and ‘9 Feb 1901’, letter, W. Le Couteur to E. Barton, 8 February 1901, BC31404093, NAA.
4 ‘Telegram dated 1 August 1901 from Mr Le Couteur accepting offer of salary’, BC31404105, NAA: A35, BUNDLE 2/13.
5 ‘Telegram dated 5 August 1901 from secretary—travel allowance—Mr Le Couteur’, BC31404108, NAA: A35, BUNDLE 2/16.
6 Labour value/cost, ‘Six ways to compute the relative value of Australian amounts, 1828 to the present’, MeasuringWorth inflation calculator, www.measuringworth.com/australiacompare/relativevalue.php, accessed 14 April 2017.
7 Letter, E. Barton to Sir Critchett Walker, Principal Under Secretary, NSW, Sydney, 17 July 1901, ‘Communications—Detective Lyons errand in respect of Mr Le Couteur’s intended mission’, BC31404102, NAA: A35, BUNDLE 2/10.
8 Letter, W. Le Couteur to E. Barton, 8 February 1901.
9 Letter, W. Le Couteur to E. Barton, 8 February 1901.
10 Letter, W. Le Couteur to E. Barton, 8 February 1901.
11 D.O. Spence, ‘Australian naval defence and the 1887 Colonial Conference: Context, policy and reaction’, International Journal of Naval History, 2007, vol. 6. no. 1, p. 14, www.ijnhonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Spence-article-Australian-Naval-Defence.pdf, accessed 23 June 2014.
12 Letter, A. Hunt to W. Le Couteur, 1 August 1901, ‘Letter dated 1 Aug 1901 from the Secretary Department of External Affairs to Mr Le Couteur’, BC31404104, NAA: A35, BUNDLE 2/12.
13 Telegram, to Atlee Hunt, C. Walker, 24 July 1901, BC31404102, NAA.
14 Letter, A. Hunt to W. Le Couteur, 1 August 1901, p. 1.
15 Letter, A. Hunt to W. Le Couteur, 1 August 1901, pp. 1–3.
16 ‘Report dated 26 Nov 1901—Mr Le Couteur’s trip to the New Hebrides’, p. 1, BC31404115, NAA: A35, BUNDLE 2/23.
17 ‘Report dated 26 Nov 1901’, p. 2, BC31404115, NAA.
18 Carton Contrôle 822, CAOM: Rheinhardt, Rapport concernant la vérification du service de M. Aubry Lecomte, Chef du SAI à Nouméa, à l’époque du 28 avril 1902, Marius, Archambault, La Colonisation et le Question Indigene en Nouvelle-Caledonia, Imprimere Girardi—Et Audebert, 1904, p. 52, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5816359q/texteBrut, accessed 30 December 2017; and Sydney Morning Herald, 5 March 1901, p. 4.
19 ‘Report dated 26 Nov 1901’, p. 3, BC31404115, NAA.
20 ‘Report dated 26 Nov 1901’, p. 6, BC31404115, NAA.
21 ‘Report dated 26 Nov 1901’, p. 7, BC31404115, NAA.
22 ‘Report dated 26 Nov 1901’, p. 7, BC31404115, NAA.
23 ‘Report dated 26 Nov 1901’, pp. 7–8, BC31404115, NAA.
24 ‘Report dated 26 Nov 1901’, pp. 15–16, BC31404115, NAA.
25 ‘Report dated 26 Nov 1901’, BC31404115, NAA.
CHAPTER 2
1 ‘Noumea—treatment of secret and confidential reports furnished by Mr Haggard’, BC3094409, NAA: A1, 1904/1951; letter, Joseph Chamberlain to E. Barton, via Governor-General Lord Hopetoun, 21 February 1902, ‘Petition Noumea—action of British Consul’, BC52026, NAA: A8, 1901/124/9.
2 C.D. Coulthard-Clark, A Heritage of Spirit: A Biography of Sir William Throsby Bridges, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1979, pp. 43, 57.
3 Sydney Morning Herald, 22 March 1892, p. 7.
4 Sydney Morning Herald, 25 November 1892, p. 2.
5 Hunt’s classified advertisement in the educational section of Sydney Morning Herald was still appearing in early 1892. See Sydney Morning Herald, 17 January 1891, p. 13, and 23 January 1892, p. 13.
6 R. Fitch, Commercial Arbitration in the Australian Construction Industry, Sydney: Federation Press, 1989, pp. 147–48.
7 South Australian Register, Adelaide, 19 October 1898, p. 5.
8 Daily News, Perth, 20 September 1935, p. 5.
9 Chris Cunneen, ‘Steward, Charles Thomas (1865–1920)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, adb.anu.edu.au/biography/steward-sir-george-charles-thomas-8657/text15137, published in hardcopy 1990, accessed online 27 April 2014.
10 ‘Memoirs of Malcolm Lindsay Shepherd’, BC4994275, NAA: A1632, 1, Part 2.
11 The introduction of this policy and the anti-Japanese racism of the west coast states of the US caused serious offence in Japan, even in the IJN and is credited with sensitizing the IJN and US Navy to the possibility of a future war between the two. See Evans, D.C. & Peattie, M.R., Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy 1887–1941, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1997, pp. 110–51.
12 B. Schedvin, Emissaries of Trade: A History of the Australian Trade Commissioner Service, Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2008, p. 3.
13 Schedvin, Emissaries of Trade, p. 6.
14 Schedvin, Emissaries of Trade, p. 7.
15 ‘Three years in the East: a commercial agent’s experiences’, Hawera and Normanby Star, Hawera, New Zealand, 16 July 1906, p. 6.
16 The Advertiser, Adelaide, 10 January 1906, p. 9; Straits Times, Singapore, 19 August 1911, p. 16; list of Australian commercial agents, giving J.M. Sinclair’s address as 19 Battery Road, Singapore, ‘Authority granted to J.B. Suttor, R.B. Levien and J.M. Sinclair to issue letters [to] certain visitors entitling them to Certificates of Exemption’, BC14544, NAA: A1, 1912/21372.
17 The Argus, Melbourne, 17 January 1906, p. 7; list of Australian commercial agents, giving Sinclair’s address in Japan and then, in pencil, the revised or new address in Shanghai, BC14544, NAA.
18 See The Age, Melbourne, 12 July 1906, p. 8, for an example of the reporting of comments made by Frederick Jones in Hong Kong and the importance applied to this by Prime Minister Barton. Commonwealth interest is clearly demonstrated by the clippings of this item in the file BC14544, NAA, p. 74.
19 Letter, William Kidston, Premier of Queensland, to Prime Minister, 6 April 1908, BC14544, NAA.
20 Schedvin, Emissaries of Trade, pp. 3, 6.
21 J.S. Gregory, ‘Morrison, George Ernest (Chinese) (1862–1920)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, adb.anu.edu.au/biography/morrison-george-ernest-chinese-7663, accessed 21 November 2016.
22 Letter, J.M. Sinclair to Senator Pearce, Minister for Defence, 23 November 1916, ‘Japan. Japanese in the Pacific general’, BC177416, NAA: A981, JAP 38, PART 1.
23 P.J. Lloyd, ‘The first 100 years of tariffs in Australia: the colonies’, Discussion Paper No. 2015-13, ANU Centre for Economic History, November 2015, p. 14, www.cbe.anu.edu.au/researchpapers/ceh/WP201513.pdf.
24 ‘Three years in the East: a commercial agent’s experiences’, Hawera and Normanby Star, Hawera, New Zealand, 16 July 1906, p. 6.
25 Neville Meaney, A History of Australian Defence and Foreign Policy, 1901–23, vol. 2, Australia and the World Crisis, 1914–1923, Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2009, p. 90.
26 Letter, Naval Secretary to Secretary, Prime Minister’s Department, 3 July 1916, ‘Trade in the East. Reports by Mr Suttor’, BC48307, NAA: A2, 1918/2416.
27 Letter, J.M. Sinclair, 23 November 1916, BC177416, NAA; memo 15 June 1916, ‘Relations of Australia & Japan and Far Eastern and Pacific questions May–Dec. 1918’, BC148060, NAA: A2219, EXTERNAL RELATIONS VOLUME 1A; secret report, J.B. Suttor, 26 September 1916, BC177416, NAA; letter, Acting Prime Minister, 6 July 1916, ‘Trade in the East. Reports by Mr Suttor’, NAA.
28 Memo, 15 June 1916, listed in index on p. 46, detailing Suttor’s concerns about being compromised, BC148060, NAA.
29 Letter, J.M. Sinclair to Senator Pearce, Minister for Defence, 23 November 1916, BC177416, NAA.
30 D. Stevens, ‘Australian naval defence: selections from the papers and correspondence of Captain W.H.C.S. Thring, 1913–34’, in S. Rose (ed.), The Naval Miscellany, vol. VII, Aldershot: Navy Records Society, 2008, p. 441.
31 Letter, Sinclair to Pearce, 23 November 1916, BC177416, NAA.
32 Letter, Sinclair to Pearce, 23 November 1916, BC177416, NAA.
CHAPTER 3
1 Chapter XIII, verses 3–4, Sun Tzu, The Art of War, trans. Samuel B. Griffith, Sydney: Duncan Baird Publishers, 2005, p. 232.
2 Coulthard-Clark, A Heritage of Spirit, p. 43.
3 Coulthard-Clark, A Heritage of Spirit, p. 43.
4 B. Bennett, ‘Troubled waters: Australian spies in the Pacific’, in R. Dixon & N. Birns (eds), Readings Across the Pacific: Australia–US Intellectual Histories, Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2010, p. 211.
5 Bennett, ‘Troubled waters’, p. 211.
6 Letter, Alfred Deakin to Governor-General, 2 March 1904, and letter, Atlee Hunt to Governor-General, 10 March 1904, ‘Australian attaché with Japanese Army (Col. J.C. Hoad)’, BC422561, NAA: A6661, 1013.
7 Memo, Governor-General to Prime Minister, 24 March 1904, BC422561, NAA.
8 Minute, Secretary, Department of Defence, to GOC, 25 March 1904, ‘Colonel Hoad—attachment to Japanese Army’, BC426192, NAA: A6006, 1904/12/31; letter, A. Deakin to Governor-General, 28 March 1904, BC422561, NAA.
9 Minute, Secretary, Department of Defence, to GOC, 25 March 1904.
10 N. Meaney, A History of Australian Defence and Foreign Policy, 1901–23, vol. 1, The Search for Security in the Pacific, 1901–1914, Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2009, p. 72.
11 Minute, Secretary, Department of Defence, to GOC, 25 March 1904.
12 Report by Lieutenant General W. Nicholson, 24 September 1904, BC422561, NAA.
13 Memo, CGS, Hoad, 20 May 1909, ‘Lieut JG Fearnley re Japanese espionage and a secret service’, BC331612, NAA: MP84/1, 1877/5/5.
14 ‘General Hutton and Senator Dawson’, Sydney Morning Herald, 27 August 1904, p. 11; ‘Ex-minister’s reply—some extraordinary statements—General Hutton accused of “insolence”’, Geelong Advertiser, 27 August 1904, p. 8.
15 Meaney, The Search for Security in the Pacific, pp. 72–75.
16 Longhand records of newspaper reporting, ‘Major General Sir John Charles Hoad’, BC723334, NAA: A5954, 1923/36.
17 Meaney, The Search for Security in the Pacific, p. 72.
18 Meaney, The Search for Security in the Pacific, p. 72.
19 BC426192, NAA. This file contains one sheet that was obviously removed from another file that used hole-punch binding. This file contains a marginal note suggesting it is from the file containing Major General Hutton’s recommendation that two officers be sent to Japan as attachés, ‘Japanese–Russian war GOC recommending 2 Australian permanent officers be sent’, BC414644, NAA: B168, 1904/32 PART 3.
20 ‘Council of defence’, Sydney Morning Herald, 11 January 1906, p. 7.
21 The Battle of Liaoyang was fought over twelve days 25 August to 5 September 1904 and resulted in 22,922 Japanese dead, wounded and missing, and 19,122 Russian dead, wounded and missing. For Hoad’s departure, see ‘Colonel Hoad’, Sydney Morning Herald, 3 November 1904, p. 5.
22 ‘Reports by Colonel J.G. Head [Hoad] Australian attaché to the Japanese Army during Russo-Japanese war’, BC10727179, NAA: P2456, 494/7. Also see W. Perry, ‘The military life of Major General Sir John Charles Hoad’, Victorian Historical Magazine, 1959, vol. XXIX, no. 3, pp. 182–83, in BC662829, NAA: A5954, 1249/22.
23 See K. Kubata, ‘The Battle of Tsushima, 1905’, June 1980, Naval Historical Society of Australia, www.navyhistory.org.au/the-battle-of-tsushima-1905, accessed 24 November 2016. Russia lost eleven battleships, six cruisers and nine destroyers as well as 4380 killed and 5917 prisoners, including two admirals. The IJN lost three torpedo boats and suffered 117 dead and 583 wounded.
24 P. Oliver, ‘Interpreting “Japanese activities” in Australia, 1888–1945’, Journal of the Australian War Memorial, no. 36, www.awm.gov.au/journal/j36/oliver.asp, accessed 4 March 2017.
25 Geoffrey Serle, ‘McCay, Sir James Whiteside (1864–1930)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mccay-sir-james-whiteside-7312/text12683, accessed 23 January 2014.
26 For a detailed history of the creation of the Australian Intelligence Corps and the mapping of Australia, see C.D. Coulthard-Clark, The Citizen General Staff: The Australian Intelligence Corps, 1907–1914, Canberra: Military Historical Society of Australia, 1976; and Australia’s Military Map Makers: The Royal Australian Survey Corps, 1915–1996, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2000.
27 Review of the results obtained by the Australian Intelligence Corps, ‘Formation of Australian Intelligence Corps’, BC324142, NAA: MP84/1, 1849/2/13.
28 ‘Federal affairs. Important military appointments’, The Advertiser, Adelaide, 21 May 1909, p. 8.
29 Minute 12 July 1909, ‘Army administration. Minute dated 16.6.1909 by Colonel W.T. Bridges’, BC694183, NAA: A5954 1203/6.
30 Minute, 12 July 1909.
31 The Argus, Melbourne, 7 October 1911, p. 19.
32 BC324142, NAA.
33 ‘Review of the results obtained by the Australian Intelligence Corps’, BC325703, NAA: MP84/1, 1902/7/66, p. 4.
34 BC325703, NAA, p. 5.
35 BC325703, NAA, p. 2.
36 BC325703, NAA, p. 2.
37 BC325703, NAA, p. 3.
38 BC325703, NAA, p. 5.
39 BC325703, NAA.
1 Letter, John Fearnley to Senator George Pearce, 17 May 1909, ‘Lieut. J.G. Fearnley re Japanese espionage and a secret service’, BC331612, NAA: MP84/1, 1877/5/5.
2 Letter, John Fearnley to George Pearce, 17 May 1909, p. 3.
3 Advertisement for Thomas and Madden, Cairns Post, 29 September 1888, p. 4.
4 ‘In the Supreme Court of Queensland’, Brisbane Courier, 12 April 1902, p. 7.
5 ‘Notice’, Cairns Post, 3 July 1889, p. 2. See also ‘Thomas and Madden’, Cairns Post, 16 November 1889, p. 2.
6 ‘Our neighbours’, The Queenslander, 12 August 1893, p. 295.
7 The Queenslander, 5 February 1898, p. 248.
8 The steamer Vigilant is reported assisting after a shipwreck in Lass o’ Gowrie. Ashore at Cape Tribulation’, Morning Post, Cairns, 15 March 1904, p. 2.
9 ‘Commander Fearnley death at Wahroonga’, Newcastle Morning Herald, 3 January 1938, p. 4.
10 ‘Municipality of Cairns, extraordinary election’, Morning Post, Cairns, 20 September 1901, p. 2.
11 ‘Cairns Municipal Council’, Morning Post, Cairns, 9 September 1897.
12 ‘Cairns Municipal Council’, Morning Post, Cairns, 9 September 1897.
13 Letter J.G. Fearnley to Senator George Pearce, 17 May 1909, BC331612, NAA; letter J. Fearnley to George Pearce, 17 January 1911, ‘Creation of Secret Intelligence Service proposed’, BC 451861, NAA: MP84/1, 2021/1/35.
14 ‘Governor General’s Office—correspondence—Japanese activity off the coast of North Queensland’, BC941950, NAA: A6662, 1492; letter and report, W.G. Cahill to Chief Secretary, 9 July 1908, ‘Japanese in Queensland’, BC325203, NAA: MP 84/1, 1877/5/4.
15 Letter, Lord George Horsfall Frodsham, Bishop of North Queensland to Atlee Hunt, 20 May 1909, ‘Japanese beche-de-mer boats off the coast of North Queensland’, BC5639, NAA: A1, 1909/13685.
16 Oliver, ‘Interpreting “Japanese activities” in Australia, 1888–1945’.
17 Letter, John Fearnley to Senator George Pearce, 17 May 1909, p. 4, BC331612, NAA.
18 Letter, John Fearnley to Senator George Pearce, 17 May 1909, BC331612, NAA.
19 Letter, John Fearnley to Senator George Pearce, 17 May 1909, pp. 4–5, BC331612, NAA.
20 Letter, John Fearnley to Senator George Pearce, 17 May 1909, pp. 4–5, BC331612, NAA.
21 Letter, John Fearnley to Senator George Pearce, 17 May 1909, BC331612, NAA.
22 BC10727179, NAA, and see above.
23 Letter, John Fearnley to Senator George Pearce, 17 May 1909, p. 3, BC331612, NAA.
24 Letter, John Fearnley to Senator George Pearce, 17 May 1909, BC331612, NAA.
25 K. Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, trans. Kotani Chiharu, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2009, p. ix.
26 ‘Relations of Australia & Japan’, p. 83, BC148060, NAA.
27 ‘Legislation for protection against espionage [Major Asada suspected Japanese spy]’, BC416253, NAA: B197, 1877/5/15.
28 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, pp. 98–107.
29 Teleprinter message, Department of Defence Coordination to secretaries, Department of the Army and Department of External Affairs, 14 January 1941, ‘Major Hashida—visit to Australia’, BC170437, NAA: A816, 25/301/176.
30 M. Tsuji, Singapore: The Japanese Version, trans. Margaret E. Lake, New York: St Martin’s Press, 1960, pp. 29–31, 41–52.
31 Tsuji had a colourful reputation as a dangerous nationalist and, later as a war criminal implicated in planning the Sook Ching Massacre in Singapore in February 1942. Although it has been claimed that he was ‘given a clean slate by Allied War Crimes Investigators’ (see ‘Singapore fall through Japanese eyes’, The Sun, Melbourne, 17 October 1960, p. 25), the CIA conducted a full secret investigation into his unexplained disappearance in 1962. This investigation was undertaken for ‘scanning by those persons operationally interested in Tsuji’. It is also clear that Tsuji was either part of a CIA operation or the subject of one. The relevant report is stamped with the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act exemption for Section 2(b), Methods and Sources (report, Chief of Station to Chief Far East, 8 June 1962, www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/TSUJI%2C%20MASANOBU%20%20%20VOL.%203_0047.pdf, accessed 21 September 2017).
32 Tsuji, Singapore, pp. 29–31.
33 The cruiser HIJMS Ibuki fomed part of the escort for the First AIF in November 1914.
34 Summary of Japanese activity prepared by Major E.L. Piesse, 30 September 1918, BC148060, NAA.
CHAPTER 5
1 Sun Tzu, The Art of War, p. 235.
2 Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, Year Book Australia, no. 1, Melbourne: Commonwealth of Australia, 1908, p. 891; CBCS, Year Book Australia, no. 4, Melbourne: Commonwealth of Australia, 1911, pp. 1096–97.
3 Suggested cablegram to Senator Pearce, Senator McGregor, 16 June 1911, ‘Designation of the Commonwealth Naval Forces as the RAN’, BC394326, NAA: MP1185/9, 559/201/574. Even the name was problematical, as RAN was seen as an ‘unfortunate abbreviation’.
4 Letter, Admiralty to Under Secretary of State, Colonial Office, 5 September 1913, ‘Establishment of Commonwealth Naval Intelligence Service’, BC422481, NAA: A6661, 1357.
5 Letter, Admiralty to the Official Secretary for the Commonwealth of Australia, 8 September 1913, BC422481, NAA.
6 Letter, Admiralty to the Official Secretary for the Commonwealth of Australia, 8 September 1913, BC422481, NAA.
7 Letter, Admiralty to the Official Secretary for the Commonwealth of Australia, 8 September 1913, BC422481, NAA.
8 Addressee list for RAN Instructions for Naval Intelligence Service, October 1915, ‘Secret intelligence services—army and navy’, BC204445, NAA: A1608, B15/1/1.
9 Addressee list for RAN Instructions for Naval Intelligence Service, October 1915, BC204445, NAA.
10 Addressee list for RAN Instructions for Naval Intelligence Service, October 1915, BC204445, NAA.
11 Stevens, Australian Naval Defence, p. 408.
12 Stevens, Australian Naval Defence, p. 408.
13 Stevens, Australian Naval Defence, p. 410.
14 Letter, William Creswell to Minister, 19 November 1918, ‘Honours: granted Captain Walter H.C.S. Thring O.B.E.’, BC204197, NAA: A1606, 22/3/181.
15 Letter, William Creswell to Minister, 19 November 1918, BC204197, NAA.
16 RAN Instructions for Naval Intelligence Service, October 1915, BC204445, NAA.
17 RAN Instructions for Naval Intelligence Service, para. 16, BC204445, NAA.
18 RAN Instructions for Naval Intelligence Service, para. 6, BC204445, NAA.
19 RAN Instructions for Naval Intelligence Service, para. 19, BC204445, NAA.
20 RAN Instructions for Naval Intelligence Service, para. 5, BC204445, NAA.
21 RAN Instructions for Naval Intelligence Service, para. 5, BC204445, NAA.
22 RAN Instructions for Naval Intelligence Service, para. 10, BC204445, NAA.
23 RAN Instructions for Naval Intelligence Service, paras 11, 22, BC204445, NAA.
24 RAN Instructions for Naval Intelligence Service, para. 15, BC204445, NAA.
25 Memorandum, Colonial Defence Committee, ‘“Principles of imperial defence”, s.v. “Local defences”, et seq., signed by Chancellor, 7 July 1910’, in Naval Records Society, The Collective Naval Defence of Empire, 1900–1940, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 1997, pp. 130–31.
26 Lord Jellicoe, Report on Naval Mission to the Commonwealth of Australia (May–August 1919), vol. III, Sydney: Government Printer, 1919, p. 210.
27 Jellicoe, Report on Naval Mission, vol. III, p. 211.
28 Letter, Minister for the Navy Poynton to Acting Prime Minister, 25 June 1918, BC204445, NAA.
29 Defence, 31 March 1922, in CBCS, Year Book Australia, no. 15, Melbourne: Commonwealth of Australia, 1922, p. 928. A further 88,175 personnel were listed as having suffered an illness on active service. Naval casualties are listed in J. Beaumont et al., Australian Defence: Sources and Statistics, Australian Centenary History of Defence, vol. VI, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 175. Deaths on active service with the 1st AIF in all theatres in 1914–18, excepting Australia and the Pacific, are listed as 58,339 on p. 277.
CHAPTER 6
1 ‘Permission to Germans to leave Commonwealth—arrest of German and Austrian reservists’, BC 32089, NAA: A1, 1914/24363; ‘German and Austrian reservists’, BC412959, NAA: B543, W175/1/361.
2 Attribution to Mr W. de Haas, German Trade Commissioner in Australia, in CBCS, Year Book Australia, no. 5, Melbourne: Commonwealth of Australia, 1912, Appendix, p. 1244, attribution for figures for the table ‘German Exports to the Commonwealth’; de Haas obituary, Brisbane Courier, 30 November 1931, p. 10.
3 ‘De Haas interned at last!’, Mirror of Australia, Sydney, 27 November 1915, p. 3. The Mirror of Australia was particularly virulent in its criticism of the government in allowing de Haas to leave Australia. See Daily Herald, Adelaide, 29 November 1915, p. 6 and ‘De Haas Scandal’, Mirror of Australia, Sydney, 6 November 1915, p. 2.
4 ‘Trade expansion’, Evening News, Sydney, 24 February 1903, p. 3.
5 ‘Arrivals’, Australian Star, Sydney, 23 November 1893, p. 4.
6 Daily Telegraph, Sydney, 5 November 1902, p. 3.
7 ‘Trade expansion’, Evening News, Sydney, 24 February 1903, p. 3.
8 ‘German de Haaz [sic] visit Thursday Island and Darwin’, BC12184, NAA: A1, 1911/19743; ‘Governor General’s Office—correspondence De Haaz’, BC943548, NAA: A6662, 1866.
9 Letter, Atlee Hunt to Acting Secretary, Department of Defence, 2 October 1911, ‘Re visit of German, De Haaz to Thursday Island and Darwin’, BC12184, NAA: A1, 1911/19743.
10 ‘News in brief’, Australian Star, Sydney, 14 September 1904, p. 1.
11 ‘Karl Paul Gustav Hentschel—naturalization certificate’, BC15655, NAA: A1, 1913/9176.
12 Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, London: Allen Lane, 2009, p. 44.
13 ‘Karl Paul Gustav Hentschel—naturalization certificate’, BC15655, NAA.
14 Andrew, The Defence of the Realm, p. 44.
15 Andrew, The Defence of the Realm, p. 46.
16 Andrew, The Defence of the Realm, p. 46.
17 Press cutting from The Argus, 13 November 1913, BC15655, NAA.
18 A.W. Jose, Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, vol. IX, The Royal Australian Navy, 1914–1918, Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1928, p. 5.
19 Jose, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 11.
20 Jose, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 10.
21 Signal, 10 August 1914 at 1.06 a.m, marginal notes in red pencil and urgent signal sent at 1530 hours on 10 August 1914, ‘Codes found on board German merchant ships on outbreak of War 1914’, BC413224, NAA: MP1049/1, 1914/0351.
22 Letter, Secretary, Department of Trade, to Naval Secretary, 3 September 1914, signal, 9 August 1914, and letter, 11 August 1914, BC413224, NAA.
23 Letter and technical report, Captain Clare, Fremantle, to Naval Board, 15 August 1914, BC413224, NAA.
24 Jose, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 381.
25 Letter, Secretary, Department of Trade, to Naval Secretary, 3 September 1914, signal, 9 August 1914, and letter, 11 August 1914, BC413224, NAA.
26 ‘Another German vessel arrested’, Examiner, Launceston, 14 August 1914, p. 6.
27 Jose, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 381.
28 Prisoner of war information, ‘PAULSEN Jurgen ex SS Hobart’, BC325927, NAA: MP16/1, 1914/2/220.
29 Stevens, Australian Naval Defence, p. 459.
30 Signal, ACNB to Admiralty, reporting the capture of two sets of the Handelsschiffsverkehrsbuch, 12 September 1914, BC413224, NAA.
31 Signal, ACNB to Admiralty, 12 September 1914, BC413224, NAA.
32 Signal, ACNB to Admiralty, 12 September 1914, BC413224, NAA.
33 Signal, ACNB to all SNOs and DSNOs, 13 August 1914, BC413224, NAA.
34 Letter, Naval Secretary to Commanding Officer, HMAS Sydney, 19 August 1914, BC413224, NAA.
35 Letter, Atlee Hunt, Secretary, External Affairs Department, to Naval Secretary, 28 August 1914, and letter, Naval Secretary to Secretary, External Affairs, 28 August 1914, BC413224, NAA.
36 Letter, Atlee Hunt to Naval Secretary, 28 August 1914, and letter, Naval Secretary to Secretary, External Affairs, 28 August 1914, BC413224, NAA.
37 Letter, Atlee Hunt to Naval Secretary, 28 August 1914, and letter, Naval Secretary to Secretary, External Affairs, 28 August 1914, BC413224, NAA.
38 ‘Vice Admiralty courts: administrative history’, NSW State Archives & Records, search. records.nsw.gov.au/agencies/1048, accessed 27 April 2015.
39 Memo, Department of Trade and Customs to Naval Secretary, 3 September 1914, BC413224, NAA.
40 Letter, Gordon H. Castle, Crown Solicitor for the Commonwealth, to Collector of Customs, Sydney, 16 September 1914, BC413224, NAA.
41 Distribution list, BC413224, NAA.
42 Memos, 22, 24 and 29 September 1914, BC413224, NAA.
43 The seizure of codebooks in Australia was soon followed by the seizure of the Signalbuch der Kaiserlichen Marine (SKM) from the Magdeburg by the Russians on 26 August 1914 and the finding of the GN and VB codes from the destroyer SMS 119 when its safe was captured in the nets of a British trawler on 30 November 1914.
44 Précis outlining the claims of Senior Master Wheatley for recognition for his work through accelerated promotion, 14 December 1926, BC413224, NAA.
45 BC413224, NAA.
1 A. Best, British Intelligence and the Japanese Challenge in Asia, 1914–1941, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, pp. 27–33.
2 Best, British Intelligence, p. 23; Sho Kuwajima, ‘Indian mutiny in Singapore, 1915: people who observed the scene and people who heard the news’, New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, 2009, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 375–84.
3 The 5th Indian Light Infantry had a history of mutiny, when it was the East India Company’s 42nd Bengal Local Infantry. More than half the soldiers of the unit had joined the Indian Mutiny in 1857. See ‘Singapore Mutiny of 1915: a standalone episode not linked to freedom struggle’, Times of India, 3 August 2014, timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Singapore-Mutiny-of-1915-A-standalone-episode-not-linked-to-freedomstrug-gle/articleshow/39563737.cms, accessed 3 May 2015, and Barangkali, ‘Singapore memory. The Mutiny of 1915’, Sydney Morning Herald, 16 January 1936, p. 8.
4 James Clark was one of the most important pearlers in Australia. His connections had enabled him to purchase concessions in the NEI for the exclusive right to work the Aru grounds. The consortiums that Clark led operated up to 135 luggers throughout the Indonesia Archipelago. See S. Mullins, ‘James Clark and the Celebes Trading Co.: making an Australian maritime venture in the Netherlands East Indies’, Journal of the Australian Association for Maritime History, 2002, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 22–52.
5 ‘Well-known pearler’, Brisbane Courier, 24 June 1932, p. 13.
6 See letter, Atlee Hunt to Collector of Customs, Brisbane, 18 November 1903, ‘Correspondence relating to application by Wanetta Pearling Company, Thursday Island to Indent Asians’, BC5058208, NAA: J3117, 86.
7 ‘Mail matters at Thursday Island—deputation to Mr Atlee Hunt’, Brisbane Courier, 11 July 1905, p. 7.
8 ‘Questions in Parliament’, The Age, Melbourne, 22 September 1905, p. 8; ‘Thursday Island pearlers’, Sydney Morning Herald, 22 September 1905, p. 6.
9 Letter, Admiral Tudor, C-in-C, China Station, to Secretary, Navy Office, Melbourne, 15 November 1918, ‘Naval secret agent’, BC3379320, NAA: A11805, B3C/13.
10 Letter, R. Hockings to Commander-in-Chief, China Station, 3 February 1920, ‘Recognition of service of assistants to Mr R.W. Hocking for services rendered in c/w his intelligence duties’, BC403292, NAA: MP1049, 1920/0230.
11 Memo, Hockings, 3 February 1920, ‘Secret intelligence services—army and navy’, BC204445, NAA: A1608 B15/1/1.
12 Note attached to letter, 3 February 1920, BC204445, NAA.
13 Note attached to letter, 3 February 1920, BC204445, NAA.
14 Kees van Dijk, The Netherlands Indies and the Great War, 1914–1918, Leiden: KITLV Press, 2007, pp. 329–35.
15 Note attached to letter, 3 February 1920, BC204445, NAA.
16 Report to Navy Office, 14 October 1917, ‘Mr R Hockings—appointment as secret agent for duty in Netherlands East Indies’, BC400547, NAA: MP1049/1, 1916/0224.
17 Sailing orders, ACNB to Captain in Charge, HMAS Encounter, 17 July 1915, ‘HMAS “Encounter” movements and operations 10th July 1915 to 28th Dec 1917’, BC404942, NAA: MP1049/1 1915/0251.
18 Best, British Intelligence, p. 24.
19 Memo, Hockings, 3 February 1920, BC204445, NAA: A1608, B15/1/1.
20 ‘Java news’, Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 26 September 1917, p. 3.
21 Typewritten report with covering letter, Hockings, 14 October 1917, BC400547, NAA.
22 Letter, Atlee Hunt to Burns Philp and Company, Sydney, 22 October 1913, ‘Wireless installation on board SS “Matunga”’, BC27540, NAA: A1, 1913/16570.
23 ‘“Matunga” voyage south August 1914—necessity for secrecy on part of passengers’, BC32070, NAA: A1 1914/24248.
24 F.G. Trayes, Five Months on a German Raider: Being the Adventures of An Englishman Captured by the ‘Wolf’, London: Hedley Bros, 1919, p. 68, Project Gutenberg, archive.org/stream/fivemonthsonager16690gut/16690.txt, accessed 11 May 2014.
25 Letter, R. Hockings to Navy Office, 18 February 1919, BC400547, NAA.
26 Report to Navy Office, 18 February 1919, p. 2, BC400547, NAA.
27 Report to Navy Office, 18 February 1919, p. 2, BC400547, NAA.
28 Cover note attached to report, received ‘H’, signed by Vice Admiral Sir F.C. Tudor, C-in-C China Station, to Navy Secretary, Melbourne, 15 October 1918, BC400457, NAA.
29 Cover note attached to report received ‘H’, signed by Vice Admiral Sir F.C. Tudor, C-in-C China Station, to Navy Secretary, Melbourne, 15 October 1918, BC400457, NAA.
30 Memo, Hockings, 3 February 1920, BC204445, NAA.
31 Copy of memo, 23 March 1920, Vice Admiral A.L. Duff to Vice Admiral Tudor, providing details of Hockings’ letter of 3 February 1920, ‘Arathoon, L’, BC1611236, NAA: A11804 1920/871.
32 ‘Loban Tommy—nationality: Malay—alien registration certificate no. 509 issued 5 February 1917’, BC9061946, NAA: BP4/3 MALAY LOBAN T; ‘Mingo, Batcho—nationality: Malay—alien registration certificate no. 516 issued 7 February 1917’, BC9061978, NAA: BP4/3 MALAY MINGO/B.
33 Copy of letter, Governor-General Lord Forster to Secretary of State for the Colonies, 15 October 1920, BC1611236, NAA.
34 ‘Domestic occurrences’, Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 13 April 1932, p. 10. The King made the award of the Order of the British Empire, Membership of the Civil Division, to Lazarus Arathoon on 3 June 1925 for his work as Vice-Consul in Macassar. See Edinburgh Gazette, no. 14133, 5 June 1925, p. 636.
35 Letter, Hockings to C-in-C, China Station, 3 February 1920, BC403292, NAA.
36 Enclosure to letter, R. Hockings, 3 February 1920, BC1611236, NAA.
37 Letter, Hockings to C-in-C, China Station, 3 February 1920, BC403292, NAA.
38 Cover note on ‘H’ report by Vice Admiral Tudor, BC400457, NAA.
39 Telegram, Atlee Hunt, 6 December 1920, BC400457, NAA.
40 Cover note on ‘H’ report by Vice Admiral Tudor, BC400457, NAA.
41 Telegram, First Naval Member to Navy Office, 7 December 1920, and note of telephone call to Atlee Hunt, BC400457, NAA.
42 Minute, Private Secretary to First Naval Member, 16 December 1920, BC400457, NAA.
CHAPTER 8
1 Best, British Intelligence, p. 94.
2 ‘At Fort Street High School’, a report on a gathering at the school attended by a large number of Japanese naval officers and men, and Sir Francis B. Suttor, cousin of John Bligh Suttor, the NSW Consul-General in Kobe, Sydney Mail, 30 May 1906, p. 1408; advertisement, Sydney Morning Herald, 14 August 1912, p. 18.
3 Meaney, Australia and the World Crisis 1914–1923, p. 155.
4 Letter, Premier of Victoria to Prime Minister, 4 October 1916, and attached annex, ‘Proposed introduction of study of the Japanese languages into the RANC’, BC377013, NAA: MP472/1/0, 5/18/8562.
5 Minute, 12 June 1916, BC377013, NAA.
6 Letter, Minister for Defence to Minister for the Navy, 11 July 1916, BC377013, NAA.
7 Letter, Naval Secretary to Captain Rymer, Naval Attaché in Tokyo, 25 April 1917, BC377013, NAA.
8 Letter, General Powell to Captain Morgan, 14 March 1917, and letter, Captain Morgan to Captain Thring, 26 March 1917, BC377013, NAA.
9 Telegram, from British Ambassador, 6 June 1916, ‘Japanese language—visit to Japan of Australian officers for purpose of studying language’, BC249671, NAA: A11804, 1924/62.
10 Captain A.M. Cardew, Royal Engineers, was a noted Japanese scholar and a Chinese linguist. He was selected to assist the Indian government in setting up an internal security intelligence system to deal with the Japanese in India. He was also later tasked by the India Office with decrypting Japanese diplomatic telegrams and signals traffic to and from Yunnan in China. It was during this time he was recommended to the Australian government. George Sansom, a member of the Japanese Consular Service (see Best, British Intelligence, pp. 18, 31, 45) eventually took up the work in London on the Japanese diplomatic traffic.
11 Telegram, from British Ambassador, 6 June 1916, BC249671, NAA.
12 Best, British Intelligence, p. 18.
13 Telegram, from British Ambassador, 6 June 1916, BC249671, NAA.
14 Telegram, from British Ambassador, 6 June 1916, BC249671, NAA.
15 Labour value/cost, ‘Six ways to compute the relative value of Australian amounts, 1828 to the present’, MeasuringWorth inflation calculator, www.measuringworth.com/australiacompare/relativevalue.php, accessed 15 April 2017.
16 Telegram, Prime Minister, Australia, to British Ambassador, Tokyo, 29 July 1916, BC249671, NAA.
17 Letter, Japanese Consul-General, Sydney, to Secretary, Home and Territories, 20 February 1920, ‘Sydney University introduction of Japanese lecturers’, BC44526, NAA: A1, 1928/3075; marginal note by James Murdoch on letter, to Captain Morgan, 14 March 1917, BC377013, NAA.
18 Letter, Japanese Consul-General, Sydney, to Secretary, Home and Territories, 20 February 1920, BC44526, NAA.
19 Letter, Commanding Officer, Naval College, to Captain Thring, 18 March 1917, BC377013, NAA.
20 ‘Photographs and letters from or about Professor Murdoch’, BC9024396, NAA: A4311, 774/15.
21 BC44526, NAA.
22 ‘Training in foreign languages in the RAN’, BC377013, NAA.
23 BC44526, NAA.
24 BC44526, NAA.
25 Almost immediately after the death of Professor Murdoch in 1921, the bureaucratic wheels of White Australia began to turn, and an unofficial note was sent to a Mr McManus in Melbourne and a Mr Peters in Sydney to see if Takeko Murdoch, who had been given permanent residency, could be persuaded to leave Australia of her own free will. It would appear the Australian system had not yet developed a fear of the ‘disgruntled’ officer. James Murdoch, however, was one step ahead of the system and had appointed Captain E.E. Longfield Lloyd as his executor. Lloyd argued that as Okada Rokuo, Takeko’s brother, was required for work at Duntroon and they would lose him if Mrs Murdoch was forced to return to Japan, it was necessary that she be allowed to remain in Australia. See unofficial correspondence November and December 1921 in BC44526, NAA. Mrs Murdoch did not accompany her brother Rokuo when he departed for Japan on the SS Yesaki Maru on 29 January 1927. See Letter, Collector of Customs, Sydney, 6 April 1927, BC44526, NAA.
26 BC44526, NAA.
27 Letter, James Murdoch to Eric Nave, 1 September 1920, disclosing his trip with two captains to Japan, BC377013, NAA. See also, Best, British Intelligence, p. 94, which lists J. Broadbent and G. Capes, Australian Army, as students on the course.
28 ‘Recent developments’, September 1918, BC148060, NAA.
29 BC44526, NAA. Further evidence for this lies in the clandestine correspondence between Murdoch and Piesse, using the pseudonym H. McRae, Esquire, where a source of intelligence in Japan is referred to as the ‘professor’. See letter, 25 January 1919, p. 2, BC9024396, NAA.
30 Helen M. Davies, ‘Hunt, Atlee Arthur (1864–1935)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hunt-atlee-Arthur-6766/text11699, accessed 15 February 2014.
31 Davies, ‘Hunt, Atlee Arthur (1864–1935)’.
32 ‘Death of Professor Murdoch’, Sydney Morning Herald, 31 October 1921, p. 10.
33 Letter, Secretary, PM’s Department, to Secretary, Home and Territories Department, 21 June 1919, ‘Pacific Branch—Prime Minister Dept.—establishment of’, BC37705, NAA: A1, 1919/8756.
34 Briefing to Prime Minister—‘Objects and duties of Pacific Branch’, June 1919, BC37705, NAA.
35 Minutes, 8 May 1919, p. 2, para. 4, ‘[Hughes Ministry] Prime Minister’s copies of Cabinet decisions and papers’, BC227934, NAA: A2717, VOLUME 1, FOLDER 4.
36 Meaney, ‘Fears and phobias: E.L. Piesse and the problem of Japan 1909–1939’, Canberra: National Library of Australia, Occasional Papers Series, no. 1, 1996, pp. 25–28.
37 Meaney, ‘Fears and phobias’, p. 30.
38 Memo, Malcolm Shepherd, Secretary, Prime Minister’s Department, to Official Secretary of the Governor-General, 18 December 1919, ‘India—supply of information from intelligence’, BC1612778, NAA: A11804, 1922/128.
39 ‘Governor-General’s Office—correspondence—concerning cypher telegrams and other postal arrangements’, BC935618, NAA: A6662, 259.
40 Letter, Governor-General of Australia to Viceroy and Governor-General of India, 29 December 1919, BC1612778, NAA.
41 Letter, Viceroy and Governor-General of India to Governor-General of Australia, 13 April 1920, BC1612778, NAA.
42 Letter, Governor-General of Australia to Prime Minister, 14 May 1920, BC1612778, NAA.
43 Letter, Secretary, Prime Minister’s Department, to Governor-General, 14 July 1922, BC1612778, NAA.
44 Letter, Governor-General of Australia to Viceroy and Governor-General of India, 29 December 1919, BC1612778, NAA.
45 Letter, Governor-General of Australia to Viceroy and Governor-General of India, 28 July 1922, BC1612778, NAA.
46 Minutes, 20 August 1923, ‘[Bruce–Page Ministry] Cabinet minutes 12.2.23–7.12.23’, BC227945, NAA: A2718, VOLUME 1 PART 1; Meaney, ‘N.K., Piesse, Edmund Leolin (1880–1947)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, adb.anu.edu.au/biography/piesse-edmund-leolin-8046/text14033, accessed 15 February 2014.
47 Minutes, 20 November 1923, p. 5, BC227945, NAA.
1 Viscount Jellicoe of Scapa, Report of Admiral of the Fleet, Viscount Jellicoe of Scapa, on Naval Mission to the Commonwealth of Australia (May–Aug. 1919), vol. 1, 12 August 1919, p. 1, www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Jellicoe%20of%20Scapa%20Vol%20I_opt.pdf, accessed 25 June 2014.
2 Jellicoe, Report of Admiral of the Fleet, vol. 1, p. 11.
3 G.H. Gill, Australia in the War of 1939–1945, vol. II, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1957, p. 72.
4 ‘Naval Representative 40th General Report London’, 8 August 1913, p. 3, BC408616, NAA: MP1049/1 1913/0253.
5 Summary of constitution and Australian naval policy, ‘Australian Naval Policy’, 1926, p. 68, BC735531, NAA: A5954 2378/1.
6 ‘Australian Naval Policy’, p. 68, BC735531, NAA.
7 ‘Australian Naval Policy’, p. 68, BC735531, NAA; minute paper, Second Naval Member to First Naval Member, 15 March 1920, ‘A.C. Gregory—Hon. Lieut. RANVR instructions issued for compilation of Naval Intelligence’, BC406713, NAA: MP1049/1 1920/0139.
8 ‘Australian Naval Policy’, p. 69, BC735531, NAA.
9 Letter, A.C. Gregory to F. Tickell, 21 February 1912, BC406713, NAA.
10 Letter, Gregory to Tickell, 21 February 1912, BC406713, NAA.
11 Letter, Gregory to Tickell, 21 February 1912, BC406713, NAA.
12 Letter, Gregory to Tickell, 21 February 1912, BC406713, NAA.
13 File note, 30 May 1912, BC406713, NAA.
14 File note 30 May 1912, BC406713, NAA.
15 Letter, Naval Secretary to Naval Representative, London, 21 March 1912, BC406713, NAA.
16 Letter Naval Secretary to Naval Representative, London, 21 March 1912, BC406713, NAA.
17 Letter Naval Secretary to Naval Representative, London, 21 March 1912, BC406713, NAA.
18 A.C. Gregory seems to have had many adventures as a young man. In his letters of application for a commission, he made several claims that could not be substantiated. Among these was that he had been a sub-lieutenant in the RN. In his obituary in the Perth Sunday Times, he was credited with serving in the Boer War, the Boxer Rebellion (as a navy lieutenant) and as a prisoner in Vladivostok during the Russo-Japanese War. He was also Mayor of Broome and chairman of the Carnarvon Roads Board for seven years, president of the Broome Pearlers’ Association, and rose to the rank of lieutenant commander in the RANVR. See Sunday Times, Perth, 27 December 1942, p. 2.
19 J. Bailey, The White Divers of Broome: The True Story of a Fatal Experiment, Sydney: Pan Macmillan, 2002, pp. 150–52, and Sunday Times, Perth, 27 December 1942, p. 2.
20 D.C.S. Sissons, ‘Murakami, Yasukichi (1880–1944)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, adb.anu.edu.au/biography/murakami-yasukichi-11201, accessed 25 July 2014.
21 Sissons, ‘Murakami, Yasukichi (1880–1944)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography. Gregory was also the first ‘referee’ listed by Yasukichi Murakami on his application for a Certificate for Naturalisation in August 1939. See ‘Murakami, “Y”—naturalisation’, BC79571, NAA: A659 1939/1/12989.
22 Officer’s Appointment Form, 25 March 1920, BC406713, NAA.
23 Secret orders, 29 March 1920, and handwritten note, GT to First Naval Member, 31 March 1920, BC406713, NAA.
24 Secret orders, 29 March 1920, and handwritten note, GT to First Naval Member, 31 March 1920, BC406713, NAA.
25 Secret orders, 29 March 1920, and handwritten note, GT to First Naval Member, 31 March 1920, BC406713, NAA.
26 Secret orders, 29 March 1920, BC406713, NAA.
27 Note, GT, 31 March 1920, p. 3, BC406713, NAA.
28 Note, GT, 31 March 1920, p. 3, BC406713, NAA.
29 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 72.
30 ‘Hon. Lt A C Gregory, RANVR, Confidential Intelligence Reports Broome 1920’, BC396875, NAA: MP1049/1, 1920/0476; BC406713, NAA.
31 Note, GT, 15 March 1920, p. 4, BC406713, NAA.
32 Reports No. 1, 2 May 1920, and No. 2, 28 May 1920, BC396875, NAA.
33 Minute, 11 June 1920, BC396875, NAA.
34 Minute, 1 July 1920, BC396875, NAA.
35 Minute, Second Naval Member to First Naval Member, 15 March 1920, with marginal note by Cook, 24 March 1920, BC406713, NAA.
36 Minute, 1 July 1920, BC396875, NAA.
37 The RAN and Australian Naval Policy, ‘Appendix “A”’, p. 8, BC643877, NAA: A5954 10/6.
38 Note, GT, 15 March 1920, p. 4, BC406713, NAA.
39 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 72.
40 ‘Mr A.C. Gregory, Royal Australian Naval Reserve—suitability for appointment at Broome’, BC477331, NAA: MP1049/5, 2021/7/219.
CHAPTER 10
1 C. Andrew, Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community, London: Heinemann, 1985, pp. 259–61.
2 Telegram, Admiralty to Admiral of the Fleet, Viscount Jellicoe, 5 November 1919, JELLICOE PAPERS, Vol. LVII (ff. 260), 1, British Library, Add. MSS 49045.
3 Naval Mission to India and the Dominions, 1919–1920, Enclosure I, p. 6, 3 February 1920, JELLICOE PAPERS, Vol. LVII (ff. 260), 1.
4 RAN Instructions for Naval Intelligence Services, 1915, p. 4, ‘Secret Intelligence Services’, BC204445, NAA: A1608, B15/1/1.
5 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 71.
6 NSA, ‘The Room 40 compromise’, Document Identity: 3978516, released 13 June 2012, www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/nsa-60th-timeline/assets/files/1960s/19600101_1960_Doc_3978516_Room40.pdf, accessed 2 May 2016.
7 NSA, ‘The Room 40 compromise’.
8 Letter, Admiralty to Under-Secretary of State, Colonial Office, 20 January 1920, ‘Singapore Conference’, BC398924, NAA: MP1185/8, 1846/4/25.
9 Letter, W.H. Laird Smith, Minister for the Navy, to W.M. Hughes, Prime Minister, 7 January 1921, BC398924, NAA.
10 Nicholas Tracy, The Collective Naval Defence of Empire, 1900–1940, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing and the Naval Records Society, 1997, p. 468.
11 Appendix J, March 1921, p. 1, ‘Naval Conference at Penang’, BC451771, NAA: B6121, 311J.
12 Appendix J, March 1921, p. 1, BC451771, NAA.
13 Joe Straczek, ‘Listening for the empire’, Navy, www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Straczek_-_Listening_for_the_Empire.pdf, accessed 15 March 2015.
14 Best, British Intelligence, pp. 94–95.
15 Minute, Acting First Naval Member to all ships and stations, 22 June 1921, ‘HMA Squadron—Wireless Telegraph “Y” Procedure—Japanese wireless telegraph interception’, BC505956, NAA: MP1049/9, 1997/5/196.
16 Minute, Acting First Naval Member to all ships and stations, 22 June 1921, BC505956, NAA.
17 Minute, Acting First Naval Member to all ships and stations, 22 June 1921, BC505956, NAA.
18 Minute, Acting First Naval Member to all ships and stations, 22 June 1921, BC505956, NAA.
19 Minute F. Cresswell, Director, Signal Section, to Head, N Branch, 8 June 1921, BC505956, NAA.
20 Minute, RACHMAF to Secretary, Navy Office, 31 March 1922, BC505956, NAA.
21 Minute, Spurgeon, 1 July 1921, BC505956, NAA.
22 Extract of Secret Docket 21/0641 and Admiralty letter, 5 October 1921, BC505956, NAA.
23 Minute, Secretary, Navy Office, to RACAF, 25 May 1922, BC505956, NAA.
24 Memo to CNS ACNS, 26 March 1924, ‘Receipt of letter Prime Minister—concerning visit of HMAS’s Brisbane and Marguerite to Vila’, BC1330902, NAA: MP138/1, 603/247/158.
25 The story of Eric Nave has been more than adequately covered in the literature of Australia’s codebreaking prowess. The best source remains Ian Pfennigwerth’s book A Man of Intelligence: The Life of Captain Eric Nave, Australian Codebreaker Extraordinary (Sydney: Rosenberg Publishing, 2006), to which readers should direct their attention.
26 Personal Particulars Form, ASIO, 29 June 1949, ‘Nave, Theodore Eric’, BC7949108, NAA: A6119, 3576; Kadina and Wallaroo Times, 6 December 1930, p. 2.
27 BC5332438, NAA. This became a permanent transfer.
28 Letter, E. Nave, 28 November 1918, ‘Study of the Japanese Language in Japan (Paymaster Lt E Nave, RAN and Captain G. H. Capes)’, BC377013, NAA.
29 Letter, Nave to Commodore Commanding, 21 August 1920, BC377013, NAA.
30 Letter, E. Nave, 15 January 1919, BC377013, NAA.
31 Minute, 18 January 1919, BC377013, NAA.
32 Letter, M. Miyata to Navy Office, 20 March 1919, BC377013, NAA.
33 Minute, 2nd Naval Member, 31 December 1920, BC377013, NAA.
34 Telegram, 16 March 1921, BC377013, NAA.
35 Best, British Intelligence, p. 94.
36 Minute, 3 March 1921, BC377013, NAA.
37 ‘RAAF report by FO AE Hempel on HMAS Brisbane’, BC1101467, NAA: A9673, 91.
38 ‘RAAF report by FO EA Mustard, DFC, on HMAS Adelaide during RAN Winter Cruise 29 June to 3 August 1923’, BC1101463, NAA: A9376, 90; ‘RAAF report, Operation of RAAF SEAGULL A9-2 from HMAS Australia, 7 October 1932’, BC218424, NAA: A9376, 63, Part 1.
39 Best, British Intelligence, p. 93.
40 Best, British Intelligence, p. 93.
41 Form S.206, report on accountant officers, 26 November 1926, ‘Officers (RAN) personal record—Theodore Eric Nave’, BC8360031, NAA: A3978, NAVE T E.
42 Best, British Intelligence, p. 96.
43 Letter, Major H.A. Corbet, 5th Military District, Perth, to Military Intelligence, Army HQ, Melbourne, 16 July 1924, BC505956, NAA.
44 Minute, F. Cresswell, Director of Signals and Communications, to Head, N, 2 December 1924, BC505956, NAA.
45 Minute, F. Cresswell, Electrical Commander, Signal Division, Naval Staff, to DNI, 21 August 1924, BC505956, NAA.
46 The propagation of radio signals far beyond their origin is one of the most important reasons for Australia’s later significance as an intercept site. As Britain fought to intercept German, Italian and Japanese radio communications in Europe, the intercept sites often found themselves in the area beneath the ‘skip’, whereas the skipping wave bouncing off the ionosphere landed in Australia, where it was more easily intercepted.
47 ‘Sir Edward Victor Appleton’, Electronics Notes, www.electronics-radio.com/articles/history/pioneers/sir-edward-victor-appleton.php, accessed 30 May 2016.
48 Minute, Assistant Chief of Naval Staff to Chief of Naval Staff, 17 January 1924, BC505956, NAA.
49 Letter, Commander F. Cresswell to Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff, 7 July 1926, BC505956, NAA.
50 ‘1925—first electric recordings of Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra’, The Stokowski Legacy, www.stokowski.org/1925%20First%20Electrical%20Recording%20Stokowski%20-%20Philadelphia.htm, accessed 16 April 2012; D. Morton, Off the Record: The Technology and Culture of Sound Recording in America, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2000, p. 118.
51 S.E. Schoenherr, ‘Recording technology history’, Audio Engineering Society, www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/recording.technology.history/notes.html, accessed 30 May 2016; ‘Application for letters Patent for an invention by the Dictaphone Corporation titled, Improvements in Phonographic Machines’, BC4217019, NAA: A627, 752/1926.
52 ‘Application for letters patent for an invention by the Dictaphone Corporation titled, Improvements in or relating to Machines for the Shaving or Resurfacing Phonograph’, BC4205317, NAA: A627, 12665/1928.
53 R. Clark, Sir Edward Appleton, G.B.E., K.C.B., F.R.S., Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1971, p. 42.
54 ‘Sir Edward Victor Appleton’, Electronics Notes.
55 Letter, Alex Flint, Admiralty to C-in-C, China Station, 13 January 1926, forwarded to ACNB in June 1926, BC505956, NAA.
56 Minute, Secretary to Naval Representative, London, 20 January 1924, BC505956, NAA.
57 Letter, T.E. Nave to CSO, HMAS Sydney, 14 October 1924, BC505956, NAA.
58 J.H. Straczek, ‘The origins and development of Royal Australian Naval signals intelligence’, PhD thesis, ADFA, UNSW, pp. 56–63.
59 Memo, to ACNS and CNS DSC, 21 June 1933, ‘Establishment of Wireless & Telegraph direction finding stations at Darwin & Rabaul’, BC474429, NAA: MP1049/5, 1997/6/20, HFDF.
60 Extract of letter, T.E. Nave, 1 September 1925, BC505956, NAA.
61 Extract of letter, 1 September 1925, BC505956, NAA.
62 Letter, Admiralty to Secretary, Navy Office, Melbourne, 19 November 1 925, BC505956, NAA; minute, Spurgeon, Head of N Branch, to DNI, 30 December 1925, BC505956, NAA; letter, 22 January 1926, to Commodore Commanding HMA Fleet, BC505956, NAA.
63 Letter, Alex Flint, Admiralty, to C-in-C, China Station, 13 January 1926, forwarded to ACNB in June 1926, BC505956, NAA.
64 Best, British Intelligence, p. 95.
65 Letter, Alex Flint, Admiralty, to C-in-C, China Station, 13 January 1926, forwarded to ACNB in June 1926, BC505956, NAA.
66 Letter, Alex Flint, Admiralty, to C-in-C, China Station, 13 January 1926, forwarded to ACNB in June 1926, BC505956, NAA.
67 Letter, F. Cresswell to Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff, 7 July 1926, BC505956, NAA.
68 Letter, F. Cresswell to Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff, 7 July 1926, BC505956, NAA.
69 Report on IJN communications organisation by Lt E. Nave, attached to Admiralty letter, 16 June 1926, BC505956, NAA.
70 Straczek, ‘The origins and development of Royal Australian Naval signals intelligence’, p. 68, fn 51, quoting National Archives, UK, ADM116/6320, Case 6636, M.00423/26, Special W/T Intelligence Abroad, 6 December 1926.
71 Letter, Alex Flint, Admiralty, to ACNB, 16 June 1926, BC505956, NAA.
72 Letter, Alex Flint, Admiralty, to ACNB, 16 June 1926, BC505956, NAA.
73 The Navy List, July 1926, p. 60 lists Reginald A. Ball as a Clerk Class III in Naval Branch under Paymaster H. Spurgeon, p. 60.
74 Best, British Intelligence, p. 94.
75 Letter, F. Cresswell to Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff, 7 July 1926, BC505956, NAA.
76 Letter, F. Cresswell to Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff, 7 July 1926, BC505956, NAA.
77 Letter, R.A. Ball to F. Cresswell and Acting Chief of the Naval Staff, 17 September 1926, BC505956, NAA.
78 Letter R.A. Ball to F. Cresswell and Acting Chief of the Naval Staff, 17 September 1926, p. 3, BC505956, NAA.
79 Minute, ACNS, Commander H.T. Baillie-Grohman to CNS, 11 March 1927, BC505956, NAA.
80 Minute, F. Cresswell, Director of Signals and Communications, 2 August 1927, BC505956, NAA.
81 Letter, Mr W. Turner, General Manager for the Far East, Reuters Limited, to the Hon. Mr W.T. Southern, Colonial Secretary, Hong Kong, 12 November 1926, ‘Japan. Wireless development’, BC1607341, NAA: A11804, 1927/74.
82 Letter, L.S. Amery to Lord Stonehaven, 11 February 1927, BC1607341, NAA.
83 Report on Japanese wireless, undated, p. 1, BC1607341, NAA.
84 Report on Japanese wireless, undated, p. 1, BC1607341, NAA.
85 Report on Japanese wireless, undated, pp. 1–4, BC1607341, NAA.
86 Note, ‘Short wave W/T trials’, BC505956, NAA.
87 Note, ‘Short wave W/T trials’, BC505956, NAA.
88 Minute, Spurgeon, Head of N Branch, to Baillie-Grohman, 15 June 1927, BC505956, NAA.
89 Minute, Spurgeon, Head of N Branch, to Baillie-Grohman, 15 June 1927, BC505956, NAA.
90 Minute, Baillie-Grohman to Spurgeon, Head of N Branch, 16 June 1927, BC505956, NAA.
91 Note, ‘Short wave W/T trials’, BC505956, NAA; minute, ‘Short wave W/T trials warrant telegraphist’, B. Harding to Director, Signals and Communications, 27 July 1927, BC505956, NAA.
92 Note, ‘Short wave W/T trials’, BC505956, NAA.
93 Minute, ‘Short wave W/T trials warrant telegraphist’, B. Harding to Director, Signals and Communications, 27 July 1927, BC505956, NAA.
94 Minute, F. Cresswell, Director of Signals and Communications, 2 August 1927, BC505956, NAA.
95 Minute, Acting Secretary, Department of Defence, to First Naval Member, 6 August 1927, BC505956, NAA.
96 Minute, Acting Secretary, Department of Defence, to First Naval Member, 6 August 1927, BC505956, NAA.
97 Minute, Second Naval Member to First Naval Member, 12 September 1927, BC505956, NAA.
98 Letter, Alex Flint, Admiralty to the Secretary, Navy Office, Melbourne, 21 February 1928, BC505956, NAA.
99 Letter, Cresswell to CNS and ACNS, 6 July 1928, BC505956, NAA; draft letter, to Rear Admiral Commanding, HMA Squadron, 8 August 1928, BC505956, NAA.
100 Best, British Intelligence, p. 96.
101 Form S.206 report on accountant officers, 26 November 1926, BC8360031, NAA.
CHAPTER 11
1 Letter, Captain H.J. Freakes, 30 September 1930, BC505956, NAA.
2 Report, Rear Admiral W. Chalmers, Commanding HMA Squadron, 4 November 1930, BC505956, NAA; ‘HM Australian Squadron—Report of Proceedings, Winter Cruise 1930’, BC341732, NAA: MP124/6, 589/202/228.
3 Report, Rear Admiral W. Chalmers, Commanding HMA Squadron, 4 November 1930; BC341732, NAA.
4 ‘Officers (RAN) personal record—William Edward McLaughlin’, BC30675236, NAA: A3978, MCLAUGHLIN W E.
5 Report, Rear Admiral W. Chalmers, 22 May 1931, BC505956, NAA.
6 Quarterly report, 28 March 1932, BC505956, NAA.
7 ‘BARNES HAROLD JOHN: Service Number—14270’, BC4394418, NAA: A6770, BARNES H J.
8 BC4394418, NAA.
9 Letter, Rear Admiral Evans to Captain Superintendent of Training, 11 February 1931, BC505956, NAA.
10 Letter, Commodore Commanding HMA Squadron, 16 July 1931, BC505956, NAA.
11 BC4394418, NAA.
12 BC505956, NAA.
13 CBCS, Year Book Australia, no. 26, Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 1933, p. 329.
14 Signal 1458, Navy Office to CCAS, CSS and CST, 3 February 1932, BC505956, NAA.
15 Signal 314, CCAS to Navy Board, 4 February 1932, BC505956, NAA.
16 Signal 1458, Navy Office to CCAS, CSS and CST, 3 February 1932, BC505956, NAA.
17 Signal 1458, Navy Office to CCAS, CSS and CST, 3 February 1932, BC505956, NAA; Signal, CCAS to Navy Board, 23 February 1932, BC505956, NAA.
18 File note, F. Cresswell, Director of Signals and Communications, 4 March 1932, BC505956, NAA.
19 Signal 480, Navy Board to CCAS, 29 March 1932, BC505956, NAA.
20 ‘Japanese squadron’, The Mercury, Hobart, 14 May 1932, p. 9.
21 Memo, Secretary, Navy Office, to Rear Admiral Commanding HM Australian Squadron, 17 May 1932, BC505956, NAA.
22 ‘Observations made of the visiting Japanese Training Squadron’, BC505956, NAA.
23 Section III, ‘Quarterly report of “Y” Procedure reception for quarter ended 30 June 1932’, 14 July 1932, BC505956, NAA.
24 ‘MOST SECRET observations made of the visiting Japanese Training Squadron’, BC505956, NAA.
25 ‘MOST SECRET observations made of the visiting Japanese Training Squadron’, BC505956, NAA.
26 BC331612, NAA.
27 National Archives, UK, CAB 53/4, p. 2 (folio 115).
28 ‘The Far Eastern situation’, memo, CNS to CoSSC of the CID, 25 February 1933, p. 2 (folio 115), National Archives, UK, CAB 53/4.
29 Memo, F. Cresswell, DSC, to ACNS and CNS, 21 June 1933, p. 1, BC474429, NAA.
30 Memo, F. Cresswell, DSC, to ACNS and CNS, 21 June 1933, p. 1, BC474429, NAA.
31 Memo, F. Cresswell, DSC, to ACNS and CNS, 21 June 1933, p. 2, BC474429, NAA.
32 Letter, Admiralty to ACNB, 9 September 1933, BC474429, NAA.
33 F.H. Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 1, London: HMSO, 1986, p. 21.
34 Letter, Admiralty to ACNB, 9 September 1933, BC474429, NAA.
35 Extract of report by Chief of Naval Staff on Singapore Conference, January 1934, p. 1, ‘Navy—Imperial. Singapore Naval Conference. 1934’, BC651792, NAA: A5954, 843/8.
36 ‘MOST SECRET AMENDMENT NO. 2’, 12 June 1934, BC505956, NAA.
37 ‘MOST SECRET AMENDMENT NO. 2’, 12 June 1934, BC505956, NAA.
38 ‘MOST SECRET AMENDMENT NO. 2’, 12 June 1934, BC505956, NAA.
39 Vice Admiral G.F. Hyde. The delegates included Electrical Commander F.G. Cresswell, the staff officer most concerned with ‘Y’ Procedure and wireless activity; Paymaster Commander J.B. Foley; Commander J. Burnett; and a CPO Writer for secretarial support, led the Australian delegation.
40 A. Meaher, The Australian Road to Singapore: The Myth of British Betrayal, Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2010, pp. 142–61.
41 Straczek, ‘The origins and development of Royal Australian Naval signals intelligence’, p. 89.
42 Extract from report by CNS on Singapore Conference, January 1934, p. 1, BC651792, NAA.
43 Extract from report by CNS on Singapore Conference, January 1934, p. 1, BC651792, NAA.
44 Minute, DSC, 14 March 1934, BC505956, NAA; and extract from report by CNS on Singapore Conference, January 1934, p. 2, BC651792, NAA.
45 Goodman, The Official History of the Joint Intelligence Committee, vol. I, From the Approach of the Second World War to the Suez Crisis, Abingdon: Routledge, 2014, p. 20.
46 Straczek, ‘The origins and development of Royal Australian Naval signals intelligence’, p. 91, fn 19.
47 Best, British Intelligence, p. 109.
48 Straczek, ‘The origins and development of Royal Australian Naval signals intelligence’, pp. 91–2.
49 Best, British Intelligence, p. 109.
50 BC474429, NAA.
51 The British were deeply involved in obtaining all of the traffic these cables carried, through the good offices of the telegraphic companies operating them. The Chinese, Japanese, Russians and everyone else, except possibly the Americans, were bribing telegraphic company employees to obtain information for them, and the latter were more than happy to oblige, often servicing all sides with the same information. There was no way that ‘Y’ Procedure material could be safely stored or communicated into and out of Shanghai. As a result, FECB was located in Hong Kong.
52 Extract CID Paper 418-C, BC655420, NAA: A5954, 1961/3.
53 BC4394418, NAA.
54 Straczek, ‘The origins and development of Royal Australian Naval signals intelligence’, p. 165.
55 Straczek, ‘The origins and development of Royal Australian Naval signals intelligence’, p. 139.
56 Straczek, ‘The origins and development of Royal Australian Naval signals intelligence’, p. 139.
57 Photograph of raider, ‘Raider: Taken by JH Barnes—Nauru—27 December 1940’, BC6431704, NAA: R32, N/15/1417. Other photographs are also at BC6431705, and at BC643101 and BC643102, NAA. See also Gill, Royal Australian Navy, 1939–1942, p. 281.
58 M. Smith, The Emperor’s Codes: Bletchley Park and the Breaking of Japan’s Secret Ciphers, London: Bantam Press, 2000, pp. 30–33.
59 Smith, The Emperor’s Codes, p. 32.
60 Letter, to Minister CNS aboard SS Marella, 13 February 1934, BC651792, NAA.
61 Smith, The Emperor’s Codes, p. 25.
62 Smith, The Emperor’s Codes, pp. 25–42, and National Security Agency, Brigadier John Tiltman: A Giant Amongst Cryptanalysts, Centre for Cryptologic History, Fort Mead, Maryland, 2007. At the time Tiltman was working on IJN-25 and other Japanese codes with Neave he was a GC&CS civilian employee. Tiltman moved between the British Army and GC&CS a number of times during his very long career. His status within the UKUSA SIGINT community is aptly demonstrated by the celebration of his achievements by the National Security Agency in the publication just mentioned. See www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/historical-figures-publications/publications/misc/assets/files/tiltman.pdf.
63 Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, p. 53, fn.
64 Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, p. 53.
65 ‘Naval Reserve Training, HM Australian Squadron, Winter Cruise 1939’, BC6014642, NAA: MP151/1, 629/213/1880.
66 ACNB minutes, 16 January 1939, ‘Naval Board minutes, 1939–1941’, BC12205926, NAA: NID 450/0.
67 ACNB minutes, 16 January 1939, BC12205926, NAA.
68 ACNB minutes, 1 December 1939, BC12205926, NAA.
69 See J. Robertson & J. McCarthy, Australian War Strategy, 1939–1945: A Documentary History, Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1985, pp. 25–37.
CHAPTER 12
1 Letter, Mrs H.E. Freame to Sir Robert Menzies, 30 December 1963, BC563163, NAA.
2 His full name was Wykeham Henry Freame, see ‘Freame, Wykeham Henry: SERN 764’, BC1994094, NAA: B2455, FREAME W H. He appears to have been called Harry Freame, although he has also been referred to as Henry Freame and Harry Freame-Kobe. I will use Harry Freame throughout.
3 Letter, Mrs H.E. Freame to Sir Robert Menzies, 30 December 1963, BC563163, NAA.
4 Yosha Bunko, Wetherall, W., ‘Becoming Japanese in the Meiji Period: Adopted Sons, Incoming Husbands, and Naturalisation’, updated 16 July 2014, www.yoshabunko.com/nationality/Naturalization_Meiji.html members.jcom.home.ne.jp/yosha/yr/nationality/Naturalization_Meiji.html, accessed 26 November 2017.
5 members.jcom.home.ne.jp/yosha/yr/nationality/Naturalization_Meiji.html.
6 www.pixnet.co.uk/pixsg/AA-HISTORY/World-War/Goodyear/Goodyear/goodyear-pages/Freame-pages/narrative01.html; and ‘Divorce Court…Freame v. Freame’, Australian Town and Country Journal, 6 April 1878, p. 14.
7 members.jcom.home.ne.jp/yosha/yr/nationality/Naturalization_Meiji.html.
8 members.jcom.home.ne.jp/yosha/yr/nationality/Naturalization_Meiji.html.
9 members.jcom.home.ne.jp/yosha/yr/nationality/Naturalization_Meiji.html.
10 members.jcom.home.ne.jp/yosha/yr/nationality/Naturalization_Meiji.html. The British Vice-Consul, Joseph Henry Longfield, knew this, but when he became aware of William Freame’s bigamy did nothing about it.
11 He also claimed he was born in Canada. See Enlistment Form, p. 1, BC1994094, NAA.
12 members.jcom.home.ne.jp/yosha/yr/nationality/Naturalization_Meiji.html.
13 Letter, 26 February 1916, for allotment of 5/6 per day to ‘Mrs Edith Freame, 24 Alfonsues Street, North Ormesby, Yorkshire’, to be paid with effect 11 December 1915, BC1994094, NAA.
14 Discussion with his descendent, see John Collins, ‘Re: Freames in Somerset and Wiltshire’, 13 March 2010, Genealogy.com, genforum.genealogy.com/freame/messages/14.html, accessed 20 May 2014.
15 B. Bennett, ‘Traditional myths and problematic heroes: the case of Harry Freame’, Asiatic, 2010, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5.
16 Bean, The Story of Anzac, p. 241, fn 16.
17 Bean, The Story of Anzac, p. 241.
18 Bean, The Story of Anzac, pp. 241–44.
19 Bean, The Story of Anzac, pp. 241–44.
20 Bean, The Story of Anzac, p. 814.
21 Casualty Form, BC1994094, NAA.
22 ‘Photographs and letters from or about Professor Murdoch’, BC9024396, NAA: A4311, 774/15.
23 David Sadleir, ‘Lloyd, Eric Edwin Longfield (1890–1957)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lloyd-eric-edwin-longfield-10840/text19235, accessed 13 March 2017.
24 Letter, Base Records re Sgt Freame, 5 April 1940, BC1994094, NAA.
25 Farmer and Settler, Sydney, 26 May 1916, p. 2; Sydney Morning Herald; 29 July 1916, p. 14; Evening News, Sydney, 25 April 1922, p. 8; Dungog Chronicle: Durham and Gloucester Advertiser, 18 August 1931, p. 2.
26 C.E.W. Bean, Australia in the War of 1914–1918, vol. II, The Story of Anzac: From 4 May 1915 to the Evacuation, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1924, p. 241.
27 NSW government file 19/7034, certificate no. 1916/00445, for orchard land, 2 Bondi Road, Bondi, to Henry Wykeham Freame, 20 November 1916, Soldiers Settlement Miscellaneous File Index, State Archives & Records, NSW, www.records.nsw.gov.au/searchhits_nocopy?id=56&surname=Freame&firstname=&class_of_holding=&land_district=&order=firstname&sort=asc, accessed 21 May 2014.
28 BC9024396, NAA.
29 Letter, Freame to Base Records, Melbourne, 6 January 1920, BC1994094, NAA.
30 ‘General Birdwood in the north’, Sydney Morning Herald, 30 April 1920, p. 8.
31 Letter, Mrs H.E. Freame to Sir Robert Menzies, 30 December 1963, BC563163, NAA.
32 Letter, Mrs H.E. Freame to Sir Robert Menzies, 30 December 1963, BC563163, NAA.
33 Minute, Major Scott to Major Powell, 9 October 1940, ‘Mr Harry Freame—interpreter Australian Legation to Japan’, BC463429, NAA: MP729/6, 15/403/16.
34 ‘Scott William John Rendal: SERN MAJOR’, BC3003941, NAA: B2455, SCOTT WJR. See his other record in ‘SCOTT WILLIAM JOHN RENDEL: Service Number—VX71997’, BC6071654, NAA: B883, VX71997, SCOTT WJR. Neither record covers the 1919–41 period.
35 C. Hazlehurst, The Journeys to Cameron’s Farm: An Australian Tragedy, Canberra: ANU Press, 2013, p. 167.
36 Teleprinter message CS.304, 30 August 1940, BC463429, NAA; minute, Major Scott to DMO&I, 9 October 1940.
37 Minute, Major Scott to DMO&I, 9 October 1940, BC463429, NAA.
38 Minute, Major Scott to DMO&I, 9 October 1940, BC463429, NAA.
39 Letter, Minister for the Army to Minister for External Affairs, 30 September 1940, BC463429, NAA.
40 All Friday 13 September 1940: Daily Telegraph, Sydney; The Examiner, Launceston; ‘Personal’ Courier Mail, Brisbane, p. 4; The Sun, Melbourne; The Argus, Melbourne, p. 4; The Mercury, Hobart, p. 4; West Australian, Perth, p. 12; Sydney Morning Herald, p. 8; ‘Personal’, The Advertiser, Adelaide, p. 18; ‘Crumbs’, Cootamundra Herald, p. 2. It was also later reported in Cairns Post, 4 October 1940, p. 1; Daily Advertiser, Wagga Wagga, 1 October 1940, p. 2.
41 Handwritten marginal note beside cutting, The Sun, 13 September 1940, BC463429, NAA.
42 Letter, Minister for Army to Minister for External Affairs, 30 September 1940, BC463429, NAA.
43 Secret letter, 30 September 1940, BC463429, NAA.
44 Secret letter, 2 October 1940, BC463429, NAA.
45 Secret letter, 2 October 1940, BC463429, NAA.
46 Secret letter, 2 October 1940, BC463429, NAA.
47 Secret letter, 2 October 1940, BC463429, NAA.
48 Secret letter, 2 October 1940, BC463429, NAA.
49 Handwritten note, ‘Freame, Henry Wykeham (Japanese)’, BC3314430, NAA: C123, 10067; ‘British subject’s death demand for inquiry’, The Argus, Melbourne, 31 July 1940, p. 3.
50 Report, British Consul-General, Seoul, 15 February 1935, ‘Japan Espionage—Rev. J.N. Mackenzie’, BC177466, NAA: A981, JAP 56.
51 Report, British Consul-General, Seoul, 15 February 1935, BC177466, NAA.
52 Report, British Consul-General, Seoul, 15 February 1935, BC177466, NAA.
53 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, p. 64.
54 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, p. 64.
55 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, p. 65.
56 P. Elphick, Far Eastern File: The Intelligence War in the Far East, 1930–1945, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1997, pp. 250–51; ‘Background’, Daily News, Perth, 31 July 1940, p. 1.
57 Elphick, Far Eastern File, p. 250.
58 Elphick, Far Eastern File, pp. 250–51; ‘Background’, Daily News, Perth, 31 July 1940, p. 1. Vanya Ringer’s brother Michael was also arrested at their family home at Shimonoseki, see ‘British subject’s death demand for inquiry’, The Argus, Melbourne, 31 July 1940, p. 3; ‘Arrests in Japan—Lord Halifax’s statement’, West Australian, Perth, 31 July 1940, p. 7; ‘Japan asked for explanation’, The Advertiser, Adelaide, 31 July 1940, p. 13.
59 Elphick, Far Eastern File, p. 251.
60 Elphick, Far Eastern File, p. 188.
61 Elphick, Far Eastern File, p. 250; Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, p. 65.
62 ‘Mr Cox described. “Happy disposition”’, Sydney Morning Herald, 31 July 1940, p. 11; ‘Mr Melville Cox “Suicide Established”’, Sydney Morning Herald, 16 August 1940, p. 7; ‘Japan arouses indignation’, The Argus, Melbourne, 31 July 1940, p. 1; ‘British arrests in Japan’, The Argus, 1 August 1940, p. 3.
63 Handwritten note, 5 August 1941, BC563163, NAA.
64 Mrs Harriett Freame to Col. Longfield Lloyd, 16 June 1941, BC3314430, NAA; letter, Mrs H.E. Freame to Sir Robert Menzies, 30 December 1963, BC563163, NAA.
65 Mrs Harriett Freame to Col. Longfield Lloyd, 16 June 1941, BC3314430, NAA.
66 Report, Dr Ikeda, Y., 20 February 1941, BC563163, NAA.
67 Report, Dr Ikeda, Y., 20 February 1941, BC563163, NAA.
68 See Ikeda’s reports in BC563163, NAA. See also letter, Lt G.H.V. Newman, Intelligence Section (Ib), Eastern Command, to G3, Intelligence Section, Eastern Command, 12 June 1941, BC3314430, NAA.
69 Memo, June 1941, BC3314430, NAA.
70 BC3314430, NAA. This file still has three folios exempted public access under paragraphs 33(1)(g) of the Archives Act 1983. The masks were applied on 16 July 1998 and appear to be covering details of the medical cause of death. Page 2 of a report by Captain B. Tyrrell follows on one of the masked folios, and is a continuation of a medical report stating ‘bladder, and there is nothing tangible to support the allegation of an attempt on Freame’s life’. This report seems to have been intended for Colonel Longfield Lloyd.
71 Cable No. 191, Department of External Affairs to Australian Legation in Tokyo, 3 July 1941, BC3314430, NAA.
72 Letter, P.J. Calvin to Secretary, Prime Minister’s Department, 18 February 1964, BC563163, NAA.
73 Letter, P.J. Calvin to Secretary, Prime Minister’s Department, 18 February 1964, BC563163, NAA.
74 Ministerial briefing note, p. 2, attached to letter, P.J. Calvin to Secretary, Prime Minister’s Department, 18 February 1964, BC563163, NAA.
75 Ministerial briefing note, p. 2, BC563163, NAA.
CHAPTER 13
1 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 1 (folio 13), ‘Lieut Commander EA Feldt—Coastwatching’, BC410697, NAA: B3476, 49.
2 Report, p. 1 (folio 13), 14 October 1943, BC410697, NAA.
3 ‘FELDT ERIC AUGUSTUS: Date of birth—03 Jan 1899’, BC5415638, NAA: A6769, FELDT E A; J.C.H. Gill, ‘Commander Eric Augustus Feldt’, Navy, www.navy.gov.au/biography/commander-eric-augustus-feldt, accessed 14 October 2016.
4 J.C.H. Gill, ‘Commander Eric Augustus Feldt’.
5 BC5415638, NAA.
6 J.C.H. Gill, ‘Commander Eric Augustus Feldt’.
7 BC5415638, NAA.
8 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 1 (folio 13), BC410697, NAA.
9 Naval Records Society, ‘Memorandum co-operation of dominions in defence. Action required during precautionary period, 4 November 1938’, The Collective Naval Defence of the Empire, 1900–1940, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 1997, pp. 616–18.
10 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 1 (folio 13), BC410697, NAA.
11 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 1 (folio 13), BC410697, NAA.
12 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 1 (folio 13), BC410697, NAA.
13 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 1 (folio 13), BC410697, NAA.
14 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 1 (folio 13), BC410697, NAA.
15 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 1 (folio 13), BC410697, NAA.
16 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 2 (folio 12), BC410697, NAA.
17 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 2 (folio 12), BC410697, NAA.
18 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 2 (folio 12), BC410697, NAA.
19 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 2 (folio 12), BC410697, NAA.
20 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 2 (folio 12), BC410697, NAA.
21 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 2 (folio 12), BC410697, NAA.
22 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 3 (folio 11), BC410697, NAA.
23 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 2 (folio 12), BC410697, NAA.
24 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 2 (folio 12), BC410697, NAA.
25 Coast reports, Sepik District Staff Officer (Intelligence), Port Moresby, to DNI, 23 January 1940, ‘Reports from coastwatchers in New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland areas’, BC411499, NAA: B3476, 37.
26 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 3 (folio 11), BC410697, NAA.
27 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 3 (folio 11), BC410697, NAA.
28 Personal letter, Long to Feldt, 13 January 1940, BC410697, NAA.
29 Personal letter, Long to Feldt, 13 January 1940, BC410697, NAA.
30 Personal letter, Long to Feldt, 13 January 1940, BC410697, NAA.
31 Personal letter, Long to Feldt, 13 January 1940, BC410697, NAA.
32 Testimony of Long, folio 280, ‘Files and papers relating to Lieutenant Colonel RFB WAKE’, BC1134482, NAA: A7359, BOX4/MS200/23.
33 Lieutenant Colonel Wake was so intent on holding all security and intelligence matters in his own hands that the British SIS representative at the Central Bureau in Brisbane operated clandestinely to avoid Wake’s persistent efforts to encroach into SIGINT and SIS matters.
34 Letter, Long to Feldt, 30 July 1940, ‘Commander E Feldt—reports—summaries of coastwatching activities’, BC508663, NAA: B3476, 49C.
35 Letter Long to Feldt, 30 July 1940, BC508663, NAA.
36 Letter, Feldt to Long, 18 October 1940, BC508663, NAA. The nickname Hereward the Wake was a sarcastic name given to Wake by his fellow officers and refers to the eleventh-century Anglo-Saxon resister to the Norman Conquest England.
37 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 3 (folio 11), BC410697, NAA.
38 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 3 (folio 11), BC410697, NAA.
39 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 3 (folio 11), BC410697, NAA.
40 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 3 (folio 11), BC410697, NAA.
41 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 3 (folio 11), BC410697, NAA.
42 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 4 (folio 10), BC410697, NAA.
43 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 4 (folio 10), BC410697, NAA.
44 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 4 (folio 10), BC410697, NAA.
45 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 5 (folio 9), BC410697, NAA; ‘British Phosphate Commission’s Steamer Trienza…’, Australian War Memorial, acc. no. 128076, www.awm.gov.au/collection/128076, accessed 30 October 2016.
46 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 5 (folio 9), BC410697, NAA.
47 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 5 (folio 9), BC410697, NAA.
48 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 423.
49 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 423, fn 7.
50 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 5 (folio 9), BC410697, NAA.
51 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 5 (folio 9), BC410697, NAA; ‘British Phosphate Commission’s Steamer Trienza…’, Australian War Memorial.
52 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 5 (folio 9), BC410697, NAA.
53 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 5 (folio 9), BC410697, NAA.
54 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 540.
55 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 6 (folio 8), BC410697, NAA.
56 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 9 (folio 5), BC410697, NAA.
57 Eric Feldt, The Coastwatchers, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1946, p. 42.
58 Letters, Feldt to ‘Cocky’, DNI Rupert Long, 31 March 1942 and 7 April 1942, BC508663, NAA. Whale Island is a reference to the rigorous discipline enforced at HMS Endeavour, located at Whale Island, a ‘stone frigate’ shore-based training establishment at Portsmouth in the United Kingdom. Feldt is telling Long he has imposed a strong disciplinary regime on his junior officers, chiefs and ratings.
59 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, pp. 410, 412.
60 Letter, Feldt to ‘Cocky’, DNI Rupert Long, 7 April 1942, BC508663, NAA.
61 Report, p. 7 (folio 7), 14 October 1943, BC410697, NAA.
62 S. Bullard, Japanese Army Operations in the South Pacific Area: New Britain and Papua Campaigns, 1942–43, Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 2007, pp. 12–13.
63 Signal, Tulagi to SIO, Townsville, 31 January 1942, BC411499, NAA.
64 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 49.
65 Letter, Feldt to Long, 4 February 1942, BC508663, NAA.
66 Letter, to Secretary, External Affairs, Secretary Department of the Navy, 12 February 1942, BC411499, NAA.
67 ‘Montevideo Maru—serial name list of prisoners of war and internees who perished’, NAA: A14143, 1.
68 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 8 (folio 6), BC410697, NAA.
69 Letter, Feldt to Long, 28 January 1942, BC508663, NAA.
70 Memo, DNI to CNS and DCNS, 6 February 1942, BC411499, NAA. The ACNB was aware of the capture of Daymond and Squires on 12 February 1942. See letter, to Secretary, External Affairs, Secretary Department of the Navy, 12 February 1942, BC411499, NAA.
71 Letter, Feldt to Long, 28 January 1942, BC508663, NAA.
72 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 57.
73 Letter, Feldt to ‘Cocky’ Rupert Long, 4 February 1942, BC508663, NAA.
74 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 547. A number of coastwatchers were given military rank by the RAAF, which was willing to appoint them without the red tape, medical examinations, interviews and signed documentation demanded by the ACNB and army. Feldt’s concerns about the status of his civilian coastwatchers were a credit to him. Harry Freame’s case clearly demonstrated how callous the system was.
75 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 57. Nelson Tokidoro was a graduate of Nordup Government School at Rabaul, where the Principal, Mr J.H.L. Waterhouse, taught the local students Morse code, radio maintenance and operations. See H. Nelson, ‘Bougainville in World War II’, in A.J. Regan & H.M. Griffin (eds), Bougainville Before the Conflict, Canberra: Pandanus Books, p. 176.
76 As will be seen later, the Japanese were highly competent in SIGINT and had broken the coastwatchers’ codes.
77 The Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit (ANGAU) was the military unit established under the Australian Military Board to take over the military government of New Guinea from April 1942 until the end of the war in August 1945.
78 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 57.
79 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 58.
80 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 59.
81 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 59.
82 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 8 (folio 6), BC410697, NAA.
83 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 59; Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 547.
84 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 547.
85 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 548.
86 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 548.
87 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 60.
88 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 60.
89 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 8 (folio 6), BC410697, NAA.
90 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 548.
91 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 548.
92 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 9 (folio 5), BC410697, NAA.
93 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 9 (folio 5), BC410697, NAA.
94 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1942–1945, p. 6.
95 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1942–1945, p. 6; Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 47.
96 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, pp. 126–27.
97 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1942–1945, p. 7.
98 Bougainville Area, Kieta District, Territory of New Guinea, report by Mr C.I.H. Campbell, 15 February 1943, p. 4, ‘Bougainville–Buka area–notes re interrogation of coastwatchers & natives’, BC508352, NAA: B3476, 1.
99 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 9 (folio 5), BC410697, NAA. Involvement of IJN Marines is in signal 0631Z/21, SIO, Townsville, to DNI, 21 March 1942, BC411499, NAA.
100 Nelson, ‘Bougainville in World War II’, p. 198, fn 42.
101 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 9 (folio 5), BC410697, NAA.
102 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 9 (folio 5), BC410697, NAA.
103 Report, 14 October 1943, p. 9 (folio 5), BC410697, NAA.
104 Signal 0642Z/21, SIO, Townsville, to DNI, 21 March 1942, BC411499, NAA.
105 Memo, SOI, Townsville, to DNI, 2 May 1942, ‘Ferdinand party—plans and operation’, BC436101, NAA: B3476, 174B, shows Read, Page, Mitchell and Mason as all holding appointments as members of the RANVR with the ranks recommended by Feldt in his signal.
106 Memo, SOI, Townsville, to DNI, 2 May 1942, BC436101, NAA; Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 128.
107 Drummond Thomson was recommended to Long for coastwatching duties by Robert Menzies. See letter, R.G. Menzies to Long, 13 April 1942, ‘Ferdinand party establishment—mobilization and transfers’, BC411640, NAA: B3476, 174A.
108 Signal 0254Z/30/3, SIO, Townsville, to DNI, 30 March 1942, BC411499, NAA.
109 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 126.
110 Nelson, ‘Bougainville in World War II’, p. 181.
111 Nelson, ‘Bougainville in World War II’, p. 182.
112 Nelson, ‘Bougainville in World War II’, p. 183.
113 Letter, Sub-Lt P.E. Mason to Lt Cdr H.A. Mackenzie, 26 March 1943, ‘Reports from coastwatchers in the Solomon Islands Area’, p. 1, BC410664, NAA: B3476, 37A.
114 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 74.
115 Signal 1156Z/25, NB to NOIC, Townsville, 25 March 1942, BC436101, NAA.
116 Signal 0043Z/13, SIO, Townsville, to DNI, 13 June 1942, BC411499, NAA.
117 A.W. Ind, Secret War Against Japan: The Allied Intelligence Bureau in World War II, Uncommon Valor Series, 2014, p. 61.
118 ‘Position of intelligence personnel in enemy occupied territory’, p. 1, ‘Ferdinand party—plans, operations, distribution, personnel’, BC32571389, NAA: B3476, 148 PART 2B.
119 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 79. Thirteen bodies were later found buried on Nago. The remains of Con Page, John Talmage, Bill Kyle and Greg Benham were later identified, as were the remains of Page’s nemeses, the German ‘sailor’ Herterich, Father Michael Murphy from Tabar Island and Father Karl Martin from Ulaputur. The other six bodies have not yet been identified. See Jim Ridges, ‘The Japanese invasion of New Ireland 1942’, People of the Plaque, www.jje.info/lostlives/exhib/potp/japaneseinvasion.html, accessed 24 October 2016.
120 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 84.
121 Signal 0830Z/28, NOIC, Port Moresby, to SIO, Townsville, 28 May 1942, BC411499, NAA.
122 Signal 0700Z/7, COMSOUWESPACFOR to NOIC, Townsville, 7 August 1942, BC411499, NAA.
123 ‘Debrief of commanding officer of US submarine, S.43’, 8 August 1942, BC411499, NAA.
124 ‘Position of intelligence personnel in enemy occupied territory’, p. 1, BC32571389, NAA.
125 Jim Ridges, ‘The Japanese invasion of New Ireland 1942’.
CHAPTER 14
1 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, p. 8.
2 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, p. 8.
3 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, p. 1.
4 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, p. 8.
5 The Tokubetsu Keisatsutai (Tokkeitai), which was much smaller than the Kempetai, was formed by the IJN in order to keep the Kempeitai from interfering in IJN activity or investigating IJN personnel.
6 Strategic Services Unit, ‘Japanese Intelligence Service’, Section II, ‘Japanese military intelligence in China’, Part A, 4 June 1946, p. 1.
7 Strategic Services Unit, ‘Japanese Intelligence Service’, Section II, ‘Japanese military intelligence in China’, 4 June 1946, Part C.6.2.
8 Strategic Services Unit, ‘Japanese Intelligence Service’, Section II, ‘Japanese military intelligence in China’, Part C.6.3.
9 Strategic Services Unit, ‘Japanese Intelligence Service’, Section II, ‘Japanese military intelligence in China’, Part C.6.G.
10 Strategic Services Unit, ‘Japanese Intelligence Service’, Section II, ‘Japanese military intelligence in China’, Part 6.a.
11 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, p. 8.
12 Strategic Services Unit, ‘Japanese Intelligence Service’, Section II, ‘Japanese military intelligence in China’, Section 6.a.
13 Strategic Services Unit, ‘Japanese Intelligence Service’, Section II, ‘Japanese military intelligence in China’, Section 6.d.
14 Strategic Services Unit, ‘Japanese Intelligence Service’, Section II, ‘Japanese military intelligence in China’, Section 6.d.
15 Memo, SIO NGA to Lt Greathead, 4 August 1943, ‘“Ferdinand” parties [coastwatching]’, BC410692, NAA: B3476, 174.
16 Letter, Sub-Lt P.E. Mason to Lt Cdr H.A. Mackenzie, 26 March 1943, p. 1, BC410664, NAA.
17 Report, HQ, NGF, ANGAU, to Director, FELO, 11 December 1942, p. 1, ‘Field parties, New Guinea, [miscellaneous] Part 1’, BC235140, NAA: A3269, C19/A.
18 Report, HQ, NGF, ANGAU, to Director, FELO, 16 December 1942, p. 2, BC235140, NAA.
19 Report, Lt L.F. Howlett, ANGAU, to FELO, 26 January 1943, 16 December 1942, pp. 2–3, BC235140, NAA.
20 Report, Lt L.F. Howlett, ANGAU, to FELO, 26 January 1943, 16 December 1942, p. 2, BC235140, NAA.
21 Report, WO2 J.R.V. Graham, ANGAU, to FELO, 16 December 1942; report, ‘Degree of loyalty, sub-divisions Markham’, Lt J.S. McLeod, ADO, 13 May 1943, p. 4; report, Lt C. O’Loughlin, October 1943, p. 2, all in BC235140, NAA.
22 Intelligence Report No. 8, 8 July 1945, p. 1, ‘AGAS I, copy I [British North Borneo, February—September 1945]’, BC235015, NAA: A3269, A1/A, AGAS I, Copy I.
23 Intelligence Report No. 8, 8 July 1945, p. 2, BC235015, NAA.
24 Intelligence Report No. 8, 8 July 1945, p. 3, BC235015, NAA.
25 Strategic Services Unit, ‘Japanese Intelligence Service’, pp. 47–52, provides an excellent description of Yui Matao’s Manwa Company and its intelligence activities funded by retired Vice Admiral Tannawa Toshio and the Japanese military.
26 Intelligence Report No. 8, dated 8 July 1945, p. 5, BC235015, NAA.
27 Intelligence Report No. 8, dated 8 July 1945, p. 4, BC235015, NAA.
28 Intelligence report on New Ireland, Capt. H.J. Murray, AIB, December 1943, p. 2, BC235140, NAA.
29 Report, Mason to Feldt, 26 March 1943, ‘Bougainville—party organisation: reports’, BC509602, NAA: B3476. 156A.
30 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, p. 10.
31 ‘History of Signal Intelligence Service in India and South East Asia Command’, 1939–1945’, pp. 1–4, BC3199101, NAA: A6923.
32 Strategic Services Unit, ‘Japanese Intelligence Service’, p. 26.
33 Strategic Services Unit, ‘Japanese Intelligence Service’, p. 26. Care needs to be taken with this source because, as an English-speaking Filipino working for the IJN, he would be keen to denigrate the Japanese and downplay the success of his own work when being interrogated by US officials.
34 Strategic Services Unit, ‘Japanese Intelligence Service’, p. 38.
35 Strategic Services Unit, ‘Japanese Intelligence Service’, p. 26.
36 Strategic Services Unit, ‘Japanese Intelligence Service’, p. 41.
37 ‘Special Intelligence’, BC3023422, NAA: A6923, SI/1. This file contains the Central Bureau analysis of the Japanese intelligence effort against the AIB. It clearly shows that the entire AIB system, its methods, personnel, organisation and objectives, had been completely compromised by information obtained from captured AIB operatives. This report also underlined the good sense of ensuring that no operative being sent behind enemy lines should know of ULTRA. See Part A of the ‘Report Australian Secret Intelligence and Special Operations’, 31 August 1945, in this file.
38 ‘Report Australian Secret Intelligence and Special Operations’, Part B, 31 August 1945, BC3023422, NAA.
CHAPTER 15
1 D.M. Horner, High Command: Australian and Allied Strategy 1939–1945, Sydney: George Allen & Unwin, 1982, p. 230.
2 W.B. Breuer, MacArthur’s Undercover War: Spies, Saboteurs, Guerrillas, and Secret Missions, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1995, pp. 23–24.
3 G. Long, MacArthur as Military Commander, London: Angus & Robertson, 1969, p. 87.
4 Statement on behalf of the Treasury in connection with the secret fund established in February 1940, ‘Secret Service No. 4 Account’, BC134232, NAA: A571, 1946/2511.
5 Allied Intelligence Bureau statement of receipts and expenditure, 1 June 1942–16 January 1946, BC134232, NAA.
6 ‘Directive governing the organisation, co-ordination and operation of inter-Allied units known as Special Operations, Australian Section, Secret Intelligence Service Australian Section, Combined Field Intelligence Section and Military Propaganda Section’, 6 July 1942, BC134232, NAA.
7 ‘Directive governing the organisation, co-ordination and operation of inter-Allied units’, 6 July 1942, p. 1, BC134232, NAA.
8 ‘Directive governing the organisation, co-ordination and operation of inter-Allied units’, 6 July 1942, p. 1, BC134232, NAA.
9 Letter, Douglas MacArthur to the Rt Hon John Curtin, MP, 8 July 1942, BC134232, NAA.
10 ‘Directive governing the organisation, co-ordination and operation of inter-Allied units, pp. 1–2, BC134232, NAA.
11 ‘Directive governing the organisation, co-ordination and operation of inter-Allied units’, 6 July 1942, p. 2, BC134232, NAA.
12 ‘Directive governing the organisation, co-ordination and operation of inter-Allied units’, 6 July 1942, p. 3, Distribution, BC134232, NAA.
13 ‘AIB administrative adjustments’, 16 April 1943, p. 1, BC134232, NAA.
14 G. Morgenstern, Pearl Harbor: The Story of the Secret War, New York: Devin-Adair Company, 1947, p. 300; R.H. Worth, Secret Allies in the Pacific: Covert Intelligence and Code Breaking Prior to the Attack on Pearl Harbor, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarlane & Company Inc., 2002, pp. 132–42.
15 D.M. Horner, High Command: Australia and Allied Strategy 1939–1945, Sydney: George Allen & Unwin, 1982, pp. 365–56.
16 Horner, High Command, p. 368.
17 Worth, Secret Allies in the Pacific, p. 300.
18 R.J. Aldrich, Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 127.
19 Aldrich, Intelligence and the War Against Japan, p. 129.
20 ‘AIB administrative adjustments’, 16 April 1943, p. 1, BC13423, NAA.
21 ‘AIB administrative adjustments’, 16 April 1943, p. 1, BC134232, NAA.
22 A. Powell, War by Stealth: Australians and the Allied Intelligence Bureau 1942–1945, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1996, pp. 215.
23 Powell, War by Stealth, p. 346. See also ‘Journalist, WREN, and Airways PRO’, The Argus, Melbourne, 25 May 1946, p. 11. The Argus reported that Mrs Eve Walker had been a journalist for the Daily Mail before the war and had served in the WRNS in Australia and in New Guinea. In May 1946, she returned to Australia as the only female executive, a public relations officer for British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), to carry out liaison work with Qantas officers with whom she had been ‘pen friends’ for years. She married Group Captain Clive Alexander Brewster-Joske in Fiji on 24 July 1946 and was widowed on Wednesday 23 April 1947 when her husband fell 80 feet (24 metres) from a window at the Taj Mahal Hotel in Bombay. See ‘Former RAAF Officer killed in fall’, Sydney Morning Herald, 25 April 1947, p. 1. The widowed Eve Brewster continued in journalism, having a story, ‘Business kit’, about the way Japanese businessmen dressed in Tokyo published in the Australian press. See Gippsland Times, 24 January 1949, p. 1; Border Watch, 29 January 1949, p. 10; Kalgoorlie Miner, 1 February 1949, p. 2.
24 ‘Journalist, WREN, and Airways PRO’, The Argus, 25 May 1946, p. 11 and Sydney Morning Herald, 22 May 1946, p. 7.
25 Report by Lt Colonel E.A. Airy on 15 August – 8 October 1944 visit, 18 October 1944, p. 7, National Archives, UK, KV 4/453.
26 Supplement, London Gazette, 24 January 1941, p. 469.
27 Report by Lt Colonel E.A. Airy, 18 October 1944, p. 6, National Archives, UK, KV 4/453.
28 Sydney Morning Herald, 22 May 1946, p. 7.
29 Report by Lt Colonel E.A. Airy, 18 October 1944, p. 6, National Archives, UK, KV 4/453.
30 Report by Lt Colonel E.A. Airy, 18 October 1944, p. 6, National Archives, UK, KV 4/453. A hostile service is any intelligence organisation believed to be conducting collection operations against SIS.
31 See ‘Report and recommendations of Alex M. Duncan Esquire, Chief Commissioner of Police, Victoria, upon the organisation of the Security Service of the Commonwealth of Australia, 7 January 1942’, ‘A.M. Duncan—report on Security Service’, BC1110955, NAA: A432; letter, Brigadier Simpson to Attorney-General Evatt, 21 October 1943, folio 35, BC1134482, NAA. This letter dismisses the allegations of shadowing of American officers, emphasising Commander Long’s refusal to sign a statement saying he had lost confidence in Wake and the fact that US officers Simpson had spoken to had made no complaints. Despite Simpson’s efforts to protect him, Wake was reduced in rank from Lieutenant Colonel to Lieutenant, his substantive rank, by General Blamey and forced to retire from the army. Blamey unsuccessfully tried to get Wake sacked as Deputy Director of the Security Service in Queensland (see letter, General T.A. Blamey to Minister for Army, 5 October 1943, ‘Re Lieutenant RFB Wake (retired list)’, BC1010436, NAA: MP729/8, 41/431/136).
32 Report by Lt Colonel E.A. Airy, 18 October 1944, p. 6, National Archives, KV 4/453.
33 Signals, Aldridge to CSS, 6 and 9 October 1943, National Archives, HW 52/90; report by Lt Colonel E.A. Airy 18 October 1944, p. 8, National Archives, KV 4/453. An example of the ‘cloak and dagger’ approach to their work may be a small news item entitled ‘Rabaulians to From Ex-Services Branch’, The Telegraph, Brisbane, 23 January 1943, p. 2. This article tells anyone who is interested in joining the newly reforming Rabaul branch of the Returned Sailors Soldiers and Airmen’s Imperial League of Australia to contact Captain Roy Kendall, RNR, on B6635 or at his residence of Amity, Welby Street, New Farm. This looks like a quiet way of recruiting potential agents for work in New Britain and the islands.
34 Powell, War by Stealth, p. 215.
35 Message, Aldridge to CSS, 9 October 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/90. The decision to place the RSS under Alastair Sandford at Central Bureau was made in October 1943 following meetings between Brigadier Aldridge, Indian Army RSS; Brigadier Rogers, DMI (Australia); Kendall and Sandford. This decision was a major source of disharmony between Central Bureau, the Security Service and the army’s own Signal Officer in Chief, Brigadier (later Major General) C.H. Simpson.
36 Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 1, p. 277.
37 Breuer, MacArthur’s Undercover War, pp. 64–66.
38 Powell, War by Stealth, p. 21.
39 Powell, War by Stealth, p. 22.
40 ‘Directive concerning governing the organisation, co-ordination and operation of inter-Allied units’, 6 July 1943, BC134232, NAA.
41 ‘AIB administrative adjustments’, 16 April 1943, p. 1, BC134232, NAA.
42 ‘AIB administrative adjustments’, 16 April 1943, p. 1, BC134232, NAA.
CHAPTER 16
1 Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 1, pp. 22–28.
2 M.S. Goodman, The Official History of the Joint Intelligence Committee, vol. 1, From the Approach of the Second World War to the Suez Crisis, London: Routledge, 2014, p. 11; Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 1, pp. 36–39.
3 NSA, ‘The Room 40 Compromise’, DOCID3978516, undated, declassified 13 June 2012. The NSA was still investigating the seriousness of the Hall-Peaslee compromise in the mid- to late 1950s, and sensitivity was still so high the assessment was classified HVCCO, No Copy, No Dissemination. This assessment essentially blames Vice Admiral Hall for Germany creating and perfecting ENIGMA and all of its variants. The clue to the date of the NSA assessment is the use of references dated 1955.
4 Minute, ‘Cryptographic organisation in Australia’, Commander Long to DSC, ACNS and CNS, 28 November 1939, ‘CGS Branch—Military Intelligence’, BC3023506, NAA: A6923, 37/402/425.
5 JPC, First report, 6 August 1940, p. 1, ‘Joint operational planning machinery’, BC170619, NAA: A816, 31/301/121.
6 JPC, Agendum No. 11, ‘Co-ordination and control of intelligence’, 18 January 1941, p. 1, BC170619, NAA.
7 Cover letter, 6 January 1942, on draft JPC report (undated), forwarded to DCAS, DCNS, Secretary JPC and HQ Home Forces by Major General Sydney Rowell, DCGS, BC170619, NAA.
8 Minute, CAS to Secretary, Defence Committee, 27 January 1942, BC170619, NAA.
9 Minute, ‘Cryptographic organisation in Australia’, Commander Long to DSC, ACNS and CNS, 28 November 1939, BC3023506, NAA.
10 Minute, Rear Admiral Colvin, 12 December 1939, Annex A to Defence Committee Agenda No. 2/1940, 12 January 1940, p. 2, ‘Cryptographic organisation in Australia’, BC6936168, NAA: A7942, Z146.
11 Minute, Rear Admiral Colvin, 12 December 1939, Annex A to Defence Committee Agenda No. 2/1940, 12 January 1940, BC6936168, NAA.
12 Minute, Rear Admiral Colvin, 12 December 1939, Annex A to Defence Committee Agenda No. 2/1940, 12 January 1940, BC6936168, NAA.
13 D. Horner, Crisis of Command: Australian Generalship and the Japanese Threat, 1941–1943, Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1978, p. 7, and financial statistics, Year Book Australia, no. 32, Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 1939, Defence, p. 240.
14 A.B. Lodge, ‘Squires, Ernest Ker (1882–1940)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, adb. anu.edu.au/biography/squires-ernest-ker-8613/text15045, accessed 3 July 2016.
15 Minute, Lt General E.K. Squires, CGS, to CNS, 16 December 1939, Annex B to Defence Committee Agenda No. 2/1940, 12 January 1940, BC6936168, NAA; and minute CGS to CNS, 16 December 1939, BC3023506, NAA.
16 Minute, Lt General E.K. Squires, CGS, to CNS, 16 December 1939, Annex B to Defence Committee Agenda No. 2/1940, 12 January 1940, BC6936168, NAA.
17 Minute, Rear Admiral Colvin, 12 December 1939, Annex A to Defence Committee Agenda No. 2/1940, 12 January 1940, BC6936168, NAA; and minute, Air Vice Marshal S.J. Goble, CAS, 21 December 1939, Annex B to Defence Committee Agenda No. 2/1940, 12 January 1940, BC6936168, NAA.
18 Minute, ‘Defence Committee meeting held Thursday 15 February 1940’, BC6936168, NAA.
19 Letter, Prime Minister Menzies to Secretary of State, Dominion Affairs, 11 April 1940, BC6936168, NAA.
20 Letter, Secretary of State for the Dominions, 15 October 1940, BC6936168, NAA.
21 Letter, Secretary of State for the Dominions, 15 October 1940, BC6936168, NAA.
22 Letter, Secretary of State for the Dominions, 15 October 1940, BC6936168, NAA.
23 Minute, ‘Defence Committee meeting held Thursday 5 December 1940’, BC6936168, NAA.
24 Report, Major Powell, Intelligence Section, Eastern Command, to Intelligence Section, General Staff, Army HQ, Melbourne, 18 October 1940, BC3023506, NAA.
25 Report, Major Powell to Intelligence Section, 18 October 1940, BC3023506, NAA. This letter is mentioned in two recent works on Australia’s wartime cryptanalytical effort: D. Dufty, The Secret CodeBreakers of Central Bureau: How Australia’s Signals-Intelligence Network Helped Shorten the Pacific War, Melbourne: Scribe, 2017, pp. 25–26; C. Collie, Code Breakers: Inside the Shadow World of Signals Intelligence in Australia’s Two Bletchley Parks, Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2017, pp. 48–49. Both have wisely not publicised the names of the individuals involved.
26 Pfennigwerth, Missing Pieces: The Intelligence Jigsaw and RAN Operations from 1939–71, Canberra: Department of Defence, 2008, p. 24.
27 Pfennigwerth, A Man of Intelligence, p. 151.
28 Pfennigwerth, A Man of Intelligence, pp. 151–59.
29 Pfennigwerth, A Man of Intelligence, pp. 151–59.
30 ‘Officers of the Cryptographic Section of the Melbourne Communications Intelligence Unit, 1940–1945’, p. 1, ‘Volume of technical records containing details of codes and cyphers’, BC859305, NAA: B5554, WHOLE SERIES.
31 ‘Officers of the Cryptographic Section of the Melbourne Communications Intelligence Unit, 1940–1945’, p. 1, BC859305, NAA. It appears that Keith Miller and Nave had served together aboard HMAS Brisbane in 1924. See Department of Defence, The Navy List, 1 October 1924, p. 26; ‘MILLER KEITH STAFFORD: Date of birth—20 Jan 1904’, BC5332031, NAA: A6769, MILLER K S.
32 ‘Volume of technical records containing details of codes and cyphers’, folio 375, BC859305, NAA.
33 ‘MILLER KEITH STAFFORD: Date of birth—20 Jan 1904’, BC5332031, NAA.
34 Notes of conference in ACNB board room, 4 January 1941, p. 1, ‘Appreciation of Far Eastern situation—30th Sept. 1940’, BC396338, NAA: MP1185/5, 1945/2/6.
35 Notes of conference in ACNB board room, 4 January 1941, p. 5, BC396338, NAA.
36 Disposition is a technical term combining the geographical position of a naval unit with indications of the orientation or behaviour of the unit. The way a unit is operated provides insights into whether it is conducting innocent passage, or potentially hostile or intelligence collection activity.
37 Notes of conference in ACNB board room, 4 January 1941, p. 5, BC396338, NAA.
38 Notes of conference in ACNB board room, 4 January 1941, p. 7, BC396338, NAA.
39 Notes of conference in ACNB board room, 4 January 1941, p. 7, BC396338, NAA.
40 J.F. Straczek, ‘The origins and development of Royal Australian Naval signals intelligence’, pp. 182–83.
41 Notes on conference, 2 May 1941, p. 1, BC3023506, NAA.
42 Notes on conference, 2 May 1941, p. 1, BC3023506, NAA.
43 Notes on conference, 2 May 1941, p. 1, BC3023506, NAA.
44 Notes on conference, 2 May 1941, p. 1, BC3023506, NAA.
45 ‘Cryptographic organisation in Australia’, DDMI, 8 May 1941, BC3023506, NAA.
46 Minute, CNS to CGS, 15 May 1941, BC3023506, NAA.
47 Letter, GOC, Eastern Command, to Secretary, Military Board, 1 July 1941, BC3023506, NAA.
48 Minute, CNS to CGS, 15 May 1941, BC3023506, NAA.
49 Minute, DMO&I to GOC, Eastern Command, 26 May 1941, BC3023506, NAA.
50 Minute, CGS to Minister for the Army, 3 June 1941, BC3023506, NAA.
51 Minute, CGS to CNS and GOC, Eastern Command, 12 June 1941, BC3023506, NAA.
52 Letter, Vice-Chancellor, University of Sydney, to GOC, Eastern Command, 4 June 1941, BC3023506, NAA.
53 Minute, Private Secretary, Army Minister, to Adjutant General, 14 July 1941, BC3023506, NAA.
54 Handwritten file note, 19 July 1941, BC3023506, NAA.
55 Minute, Secretary, Department of the Army, to Secretary, Military Board, 19 September 1941, BC3023506, NAA.
56 See ‘Pearl Harbor review: The Black Chamber’, NSA, www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/center-cryptologic-history/pearl-harbor-review/black-chamber.shtml, accessed 25 August 2017.
57 Minute DCGS to Secretary, Department of Army, 4 October 1941, BC3023506, NAA.
58 Minute, ‘Defence Committee meeting held Friday 28 November 1941’, BC3023506, NAA.
59 Minute, ‘Defence Committee meeting held Friday 28 November 1941’, BC3023506, NAA.
60 ‘Volume of technical records containing details of codes and cyphers’, folio 375, BC859305, NAA.
61 Letter, Lt Colonel Little to CMI, 24 October 1942, BC859305, NAA; ‘Volume of technical records containing details of codes and cyphers’, folio 375 and memo, 26 November 1942, BC3023506, NAA.
62 Letter, Mr Archer to Colonel Little, received 24 October 1942, p. 3, BC3023506, NAA; Smith, The Emperor’s Codes, p. 172; Straczek, ‘The origins and development of Royal Australian Naval signals intelligence’, p. 209.
CHAPTER 17
1 Telegram 21/108, 19 January 1942, ‘War Section—Secret Intelligence Service’, BC206045, NAA: A1608, E39/2/1.
2 Telegram 319, 19 February 1942, ‘War Records—transfer of American W/T intelligence officers to Australia’, BC182723, NAA: A981, WAR 40.
3 Telegram 319, 19 February 1942, BC182723, NAA.
4 Telegram 224, CNS via External Affairs to Naval Attaché, Washington, 23 February 1942, BC182723, NAA.
5 S.A. Maneki, The Quiet Heroes of the Southwest Pacific Theater: An Oral History of the Men and Women of CBB and FRUMEL, Fort George G. Mead, Maryland: Center for Cryptologic History, NSA, 2007, p. 5.
6 Foreign Histories Division, Japan: History of the Imperial General Headquarters, rev. edn, Monograph No. 45, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: HQ, US Army, 1959, p. 140.
7 Maneki, The Quiet Heroes, p. 56.
8 Maneki, The Quiet Heroes, p. 57.
9 Maneki, The Quiet Heroes, p. 56.
10 Maneki, The Quiet Heroes, p. 56.
11 Maneki, The Quiet Heroes, p. 64.
12 Maneki, The Quiet Heroes, p. 68.
13 Maneki, The Quiet Heroes, p. 62.
14 Formidable had been in repair at Norfolk Naval Base in the United States and at Belfast in Northern Ireland since July 1941, and Indomitable had just been commissioned and completed her maiden voyage to the West Indies in November 1941. All three main units were still working up their crews, and had all arrived at Colombo since January 1942. Vice Admiral Somerville arrived on board Formidable on 24 March and only hoisted his flag on Warspite that day. See Naval Historical Branch, Ministry of Defence (Navy), War with Japan, vol. II, Defensive Phase, London: HMSO, 1995, pp. 120–3.
15 Smith, The Emperor’s Codes, pp. 128–29.
16 J.R.M. Butler, History of the Second World War, vol. III, part II, Grand Strategy, London: HMSO], 1964, p. 487. See also J. Pradus, Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II, New York: Random House, 1995, p. 274.
17 Nagumo’s delay was due to his hoping he could repeat the success of his Sunday-morning attack on Pearl Harbor by attacking the British in Colombo on Easter Sunday, 5 April, four days later than originally intended.
18 I.W. Toll, Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2012, pp. 283–96.
19 Toll, Pacific Crucible, p. 295.
20 Toll, Pacific Crucible, pp. 283–96.
21 Smith, The Emperor’s Codes, p. 134. MO was thought to be the diagraph for Port Moresby.
22 Smith, The Emperor’s Codes, p. 134.
23 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, p. 299.
24 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, p. 299.
25 Toll, Pacific Crucible, p. 293.
26 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, p. 299.
27 Messages 1, 17 April, 1, 18 April, and 1, 19 April 1942, BC856345, ‘FRUMEL records (incomplete) of communications intelligence relating to the Coral Sea Battle’, NAA: B5555, 3.
28 Message 3, 9 April 1942, BC856345, NAA.
29 Messages 1, 17 April, 1, 18 April and 1, 19 April 1942, BC856345, NAA.
30 Messages 2, 9 April 1942, and 4, 31 December 1941, BC856345, NAA. It was thus old information.
31 Messages 1, 2, 4 and 7, 27 April 1942, BC856345, NAA.
32 Messages 1, 2, 4 and 7, 27 April 1942, BC856345, NAA.
33 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, pp. 318–19; Smith, The Emperor’s Codes, p. 135.
34 Messages 21, 27 and 30, 8 May 1942, BC856345, NAA.
35 Message 30, 8 May 1942, BC856345, NAA.
36 Message 13, 10 May 1942, BC856345, NAA. Following the battles around Java, the commanding officers of IJN ships that had been picked up by the Akebono Maru had their messages routed via her call sign.
37 Message 30, 8 May 1942, BC856345, NAA.
38 W.J. Holmes, Double-edged Secrets: US Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific during World War II, Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute, 1979, p. 86.
39 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, p. 317.
40 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, p. 317.
41 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, pp. 317–18.
42 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, pp. 318.
43 Message 1, 18 May 1942, ‘FRUMEL records (incomplete) of communications intelligence relating to the Midway Battle’, BC856346, NAA: B5555, 4.
44 Message 2, 18 May 1942, BC856346, NAA.
45 Message 3, 18 May 1942, BC856346, NAA.
46 Messages 1, 20 May 1942, BC856346, NAA.
47 Message 2, 21 May 1942, BC856346, NAA.
48 Messages 1 and 2, 23 May 1942, BC856346, NAA.
49 Messages 1 and 2, 24 May 1942, BC856346, NAA.
50 Messages 26 and 27 May 1942, BC856346, NAA.
51 Messages 1 and 2, 29 May 1942, BC856346, NAA.
52 Message 2 June 1942, BC856346, NAA.
53 Messages 4 to 8 June 1942, BC856346, NAA.
54 Message 1, 18 June 1942, BC856346, NAA.
55 Foreign Histories Division, History of the Imperial General Headquarters, p. 72.
56 Message, 14 June 1942, BC856346, NAA; Foreign Histories Division, History of the Imperial General Headquarters, p. 72.
57 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, p. 359.
58 Toshikazu Ohmae, ‘The Battle of Savo Island’, in D.C. Evans (ed.), The Japanese in World War II, 2nd edn, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1986, pp. 222–23.
59 Ohmae, ‘The Battle of Savo Island’, pp. 222–23; Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 112.
60 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, pp. 362–64.
61 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, pp. 362.
62 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, pp. 363.
63 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, pp. 363.
64 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, pp. 362.
65 Naval Staff Tactical and Staff Duties Division, Historical Section, Admiralty, Naval Operations in the Campaign for Guadalcanal, August 1942 – February 1943, Battle Summary No. 21, London: Admiralty, 1949, p. 12.
66 Admiralty, Naval Operations in the Campaign for Guadalcanal, p. 12, fn 2.
67 Sanitisation is the alteration of intelligence reports to hide the true source of the information being provided.
68 Captain Bode shot himself on 19 April and died of his wound on 20 April 1943. It appears he learned that he was criticised for his actions at Savo Island in a report by Admiral Hepburn.
69 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, p. 371.
70 Admiralty, Naval Operations in the Campaign for Guadalcanal, p. 33, fn 3.
71 W.J. Holmes, Double-edged Secrets: Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific during World War II, p. 58; Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, p. 172; J. Winton, Ultra in the Pacific: How Breaking Japanese Codes and Ciphers Affected Naval Operations Against Japan, London: Leo Cooper, 1993, pp. 32–33. Gilvin Cooper and his team, all FRUPAC, served on Enterprise at Wake Island and on the Doolittle Raid, as well as during the battles of Coral Sea, Midway and the Guadalcanal campaign. By this stage of the war, it appears that FRUPAC was providing mobile SIGINT teams for all carriers on operations.
72 Admiralty, Naval Operations in the Campaign for Guadalcanal, p. 37.
73 Admiralty, Naval Operations in the Campaign for Guadalcanal, p. 43.
74 Admiralty, Naval Operations in the Campaign for Guadalcanal, Appendix E. By comparison, the US Navy lost two battleships damaged, two carriers sunk and two damaged, eight cruisers sunk and eleven damaged, and fifteen destroyers sunk and nine damaged. The United States could easily sustain this level of attrition.
75 Note, Sandford, 21 January 1945, folio 87, ‘Australian Military Forces—Central Bureau—administration of’, BC3023436, NAA: A6923, 16/6/289.
76 Note, Sandford, 21 January 1945, folio 87, BC3023436, NAA.
77 Letter, Sandford to DMI, 26 January 1945, folio 88, BC3023436, NAA.
CHAPTER 18
1 Minute, to DCGS DMI, 3 March 1942, ‘Australian Military Forces—Y Organisation in Australia’, BC3023504, NAA: A6923, SI/2.
2 G. Ballard, On Ultra Active Service: The Story of Australia’s Signals Intelligence Operation During World War II, Melbourne: Spectrum Publications, 1991, p. 142.
3 Ballard, On Ultra Active Service, pp. 145–46.
4 Ballard, On Ultra Active Service, pp. 145–46.
5 Signal, to ARMINDIA, 23 April 1942, BC3023436, NAA.
6 Minute, to DCGS DMI, 3 March 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
7 Minute, to DCGS DMI, 3 March 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
8 Minute, to DCGS DMI, 3 March 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
9 Minute, to DCGS, 3 March 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
10 Ballard, On Ultra Active Service, p. 50.
11 Ballard, On Ultra Active Service, p. 136.
12 Ballard, On Ultra Active Service, p. 141.
13 Ballard, On Ultra Active Service, p. 146.
14 Smith, The Emperor’s Codes, pp. 80, 119.
15 Ballard, On Ultra Active Service, p. 146.
16 Minute, Colonel C.G. Roberts, DMI, 3 March 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
17 Minute, Colonel C.G. Roberts, DMI, 3 March 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
18 Minute, Colonel Roberts, DMI, 3 March 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
19 Copy of ‘Notes on the organisation of signals intelligence in Australia and New Zealand’, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93; ‘Central Bureau Technical Records Part A—Organisation’, BC3207624, NAA: B5436, Part A.
20 Minute, to DCGS Colonel C.G. Roberts, DMI, 3 March 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
21 Minutes of ‘Y’ Committee, 7 April 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
22 Conference minutes, ‘Co-ordination of “Y” intelligence’, 6 April 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
23 Minute, ADMI to Hirings, 15 April 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
24 Conference minutes, ‘Co-ordination of “Y” intelligence’, 6 April 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
25 ZYMOTIC 11 of 3/11 for Travis Sandford, sent 2210Z, 3 November 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
26 Rough notes on Australia undated, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
27 Minutes, ‘Y’ Committee, 7 April 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
28 Minutes, ‘Y’ Committee, 10 April 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
29 Minutes, ‘Y’ Committee, 10 April 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
30 Minutes, ‘Y’ Committee, 10 April 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
31 Minute, DMI to A Branch, 14 April 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
32 Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 1, p. 219.
33 Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 1, p. 138.
34 Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 1, pp. 571–72.
35 Minutes, ‘Y’ Committee, 13 May 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
36 Letter, Newman to Sandford, dated in pencil May 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
37 Letter, Newman, 25 July 1942, BC3023504, NAA. Even in his apology, Newman could not help having a dig by pointing out that ‘the recent changes of major call signs…has been completely flogged out by a well-trained gun’s crew of four telegraphist WRANS within 23 hours’. Someone, probably Alastair Sandford, has marked this passage in pencil, BC3023504, NAA.
38 Minutes, ‘Y’ Committee, 16 June 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
39 Minutes, ‘Y’ Committee, 16 June 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
40 Board, ‘Top Secret ULTRA critique’ by Colonel A. Sinkov, Lt Colonel Sandford and Wing Commander H. Roy Booth, RAAF, p. 1, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93; Maneki, The Quiet Heroes, p. 1.
41 Another organisation with which Central Bureau maintained an excellent relationship was the Allied Translation and Interpreter Service (ATIS) based in Brisbane. ATIS, led by Colonel S.F. Mashbir, was charged with conducting interrogations of Japanese POWs and exploiting captured documents. Around 2000 American soldiers of Japanese heritage served in this unit, and it was a vital cog in the intelligence machinery of the SWPA. In early 1942, Mic Sandford had taken personal control of this work before handing it over to the ATIS. See Maneki, The Quiet Heroes, p. 28; minutes, ‘Y’ Committee, 10 April 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
42 E.J. Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan, 1942–1945, Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1992, pp. 9–19. Akin, Sinkov and Sherr were all SIGINT specialists who had worked under William F. Friedman in the 1930s.
43 Minutes, ‘Y’ Committee, 2 May 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
44 Minutes, ‘Y’ Committee, 28 May 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
45 Minutes, ‘Y’ Meeting, 6 July 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
46 Minutes, ‘Y’ Committee, 4 June 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
47 Minutes, ‘Y’ Committee, 2 and 31 July 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
48 Minutes, ‘Y’ Committee, 16 June 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
49 Minute, Signal Officer in Chief to DDMI, 20 August 1942.
50 Minutes, ‘Y’ Committee, 31 July 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
51 Minutes, ‘Y’ Committee, 4 June 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
52 Letter, DCGS to QMG, 7 May 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
53 Letter, DMI to ACGS, 18 June 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
54 Minute, Sandford to DMI, ‘Raising of further special int, personnel sections’, 30 June 1942, BC3023504, NAA; minute, DMI to DMO&P, 8 July 1942, BC3023504, NAA.
55 Maneki, The Quiet Heroes, p. 39.
56 Maneki, The Quiet Heroes, p. 39.
57 National Archives, UK, HW 52/93; BC3207624, NAA.
CHAPTER 19
1 Maneki, The Quiet Heroes, pp. 57, 90.
2 GC&CS was reading the Machine, Fuji, LA and X ciphers, and Delhi was reading Fuji, LA and X. See letter, Brigadier J.P.T. O’Brien, Office of DMI, India, to Lt Colonel Rogers, DMI Australia, 15 May 1943, BC3023506, NAA.
3 Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 2, fn, p. 79.
4 ‘“C” daily ULTRA file for Prime Minister’, National Archives, UK, HW 1/420.
5 Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 3, part 1, p. 515.
6 Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 787–92.
7 Letter, Archer to Colonel Little, received 24 October 1942, BC3023506, NAA.
8 Memorandum, Fabian to Commander McCollum, 29 January 1943, US Archives, A1/27, 5500/1 FRUMEL (Fleet Radio Unit Melbourne) Security, NAI6230486, Declassification Authority 003012.
9 Memorandum, Fabian to Commander McCollum, 29 January 1943, US Archives, A1/27, 5500/1.
10 Letter, Archer to Colonel Little, received 24 October 1942, BC3023506, NAA. The impetus for Archer’s letter was a remark made by Lt Colonel Little to Professor Trendall that the work ‘might be shifted to the north’.
11 Letter, Archer to Colonel Little, received 24 October 1942, BC3023506, NAA.
12 Letter, Archer to Colonel Little, received 24 October 1942, p. 2, BC3023506, NAA.
13 Letter, Lt Colonel Little to DMI, 24 October 1942, p. 2, BC3023506, NAA.
14 Letter, Lt Colonel Little to DMI, 24 October 1942, p. 2, BC3023506, NAA.
15 Memorandum, Fabian to Commander McCollum, 29 January 1943, US Archives, A1/27, 5500/1.
16 Letter, 6 October 1943, Admiral King to C-in-C, Pacific Fleet, US Archives, A7/2, CINCPAC FILES 1943 (SECRET), Censorship, NAI6077910, Declassification Authority NND745002.
17 Letter, Commander Allied Naval Forces, South West Pacific to Allied Naval Activities, Monterey Building, 15 June 1942 [SIC] 1943, US Archives, A1/27, 5500/1 FRUMEL (Fleet Radio Unit, Melbourne, Australia) SECURITY, NAI6230486, Declassification Authority 003012.
18 Letter, Lt Colonel Little to DMI, 24 October 1942, p. 2, BC3023506, NAA.
19 For the best description of how extensively Soviet intelligence had penetrated Australian governmental, scientific and academic institutions see D. Horner, The Spy Catchers: The Official History of ASIO 1949–1963, Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2014, pp. 23–91. See also unpublished research J. Fahey, ‘Spies, traitors and unfortunates’, which lists 214 Australians identified by Operation VENONA, the successful postwar SIGINT attack on NKGB one-time pad coded messages, and from the A6119 series of ASIO files held at NAA, particularly those detailing observation and surveillance reports on identified or suspected NKGB officials.
20 Letter, Dennison to Travis, 10 December 1942, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
21 Letter, Dennison to Travis, 10 December 1942, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
22 Letter, Dennison to Travis, 10 December 1942, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
23 Letter, Dennison to Travis, 10 December 1942, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
24 Message CXG 437, Major General Dewing to C, paragraph 8, 13 March 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
25 Letter DDMI, Lt Colonel Little, to DMI, AHQ, Wellington, 27 January 1943, folio 345, BC3023506, NAA; letter, Lt Colonel Little to DMI, 1 February 1943, folio 347, BC3023506, NAA.
26 Letter, DDMI to DMI, AHQ, 27 January 1943, folio 345, BC3023506, NAA; letter, Lt Colonel Little to DMI, 1 February 1943, folio 347, BC3023506, NAA.
27 Letter, Sir Ronald Cross, British High Commissioner, to John Curtin, Prime Minister, 5 January 1943, ‘Wireless stations carrying intercepted enemy traffic’, BC171228, NAA: A816, 48/302/64.
28 Signal, BRILIST Melbourne to War Office, 30 March 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
29 Letter, DDMI, Lt Colonel Little, to DMI, AHQ, Wellington, 27 January 1943, folio 345, BC3023506, NAA; letter, Lt Colonel Little to DMI, 1 February 1943, folio 347, BC3023506, NAA.
30 Letter, Lt Colonel Little to Brigadier J.P.T. O’Brien, Office of DMI, 9 April 1943, BC3023506, NAA.
31 Letter, Brigadier J.P.T. O’Brien, Office of DMI, India, to Brigadier Rogers, DMI Australia, 15 May 1943, BC3023506, NAA.
32 Letter, Brigadier J.P.T. O’Brien, Office of DMI, India, to Lt Colonel Rogers, DMI Australia, 15 May 1943, BC3023506, NAA.
33 Letter, Lt Colonel Sandford to ADMI, Lt Colonel Little, 16 July 1943, folios 266, 265, BC3023506, NAA.
34 Memo, Williams to DD (6) and Waterfield, 28 April 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
35 Memo, Williams to DD (6) and Waterfield, 28 April 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
36 Memo, Williams to DD (6) and Waterfield, 28 April 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
37 Signal, War Office to CGS, New Zealand, 19 July 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
38 Signal, War Office to CGS, New Zealand, 19 July 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93. This signal leaves little doubt that London and Washington regarded Alastair Sandford as Australia’s representative for ‘Y’ matters, and that Australia was being included in high-level policy decisions affecting Japanese ‘Y’ matters. It is proof Australia had been brought inside the tent. The fact that Australia was not informed of the discussions between New Zealand and Britain but that the British advised the New Zealand CGS to speak directly to Australia via Sandford, while keeping London advised, shows that Central Bureau, and particularly Alastair Sandford, were held in high regard in London and Washington, even if the Australian government was not.
39 Minutes, meeting held at Bletchley Park, 10 May 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93; signal, War Office to CGS New Zealand, 19 July 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
40 Memo, Williams to Sandford, 10 May 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
41 Memo, Williams to Sandford, 10 May 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
42 Notes, ‘Wireless intercept (“Y”) in the field, 32/Wireless/717 (SD!)’, 26 May 1943, BC3023504, NAA.
43 Notes, ‘Wireless intercept (“Y”) in the field, 32/Wireless/717 (SD!)’, 26 May 1943, pp. 1–2, BC3023504, NAA.
44 Notes, ‘Wireless intercept (“Y”) in the field, 32/Wireless/717 (SD!)’, 26 May 1943, p. 7, BC3023504, NAA.
45 Notes, ‘Wireless intercept (“Y”) in the field, 32/Wireless/717 (SD!)’, 26 May 1943, p. 7, BC3023504, NAA.
46 Winston Churchill was the only official who had untrammelled access to SIGINT. It worked with Churchill because he was a very sophisticated consumer of intelligence.
47 Notes, ‘Wireless intercept (“Y”) in the field, 32/Wireless/717 (SD!)’, 26 May 1943, p. 7, BC3023504, NAA.
48 Letter, CGS to Major General Dewing, British MLO, Australia, 16 June 1943; letter, Consul Graves to Lt Colonel Little, 10 June 1943; letter, CGS, Lt General Northcott to Colonel Hodgson, External Affairs, 14 June 1943, all in BC3023506, NAA.
49 Letters, CGS, General Dewing, Graves, Little, Northcott and Hodgson, June 1943, BC3023506, NAA.
50 Letter, CGS to Major General Dewing, British MLO, Australia, 16 June 1943, BC3023506, NAA.
51 Letter, CGS to Major General Dewing, British MLO, Australia, 16 June 1943, BC3023506, NAA.
52 ‘“Y” organisation in Australia and New Zealand’, 3 January 1944, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
53 Letter, Lt Colonel Little to DMI, 24 October 1942, p. 2, BC3023506, NAA.
54 Letter, DMI to Lt Colonel Little, 10 April 1943, p. 2, BC3023506, NAA.
55 Letter, DMI to Lt Colonel Little, 10 April 1943, p. 2, BC3023506, NAA.
56 Letter, DMI to Lt Colonel Little, 10 April 1943, p. 2, BC3023506, NAA.
57 Letter, DMI to Lt Colonel Little, 10 April 1943, p. 2, BC3023506, NAA.
58 Letter, Sandford to Lt Colonel Little, 3 February 1944, BC3023506, NAA.
59 Letter, Sandford to Lt Colonel Little, 3 February 1944; letter, DMI to ADMI, LHQ, 29 March 1944; letter, ADMI to DMI, GHQ, New Zealand, 12 April 1944; letter to DNI, ADMI, 22 April 1944, all in BC3023506, NAA. All of this correspondence forbids any Australian or New Zealand officers or officials to show or even speak of the existence of the Washington diplomatic précis to any Allied officer at all.
60 Letter, Sandford to Lt Colonel Little, 3 February 1944, BC3023506, NAA.
61 Notes of meeting, 21 January 1944, folio 63, BC3023436, NAA.
62 Notes of meeting, 21 January 1944, folio 63, BC3023436, NAA.
63 Notes of meeting, 21 January 1944, folio 63, BC3023436, NAA.
64 Notes of meeting, 21 January 1944, folio 63, BC3023436, NAA.
CHAPTER 20
1 Letter, Sandford to Little, 14 December 1944, ‘Australian Military Forces—[Rogers] Director of Military Intelligence—DMI—Central Bureau’, BC3023441, NAA: A6923, SI/8.
2 Letter, Sandford to Little, 14 December 1944, BC3023441, NAA.
3 Letter, Sandford to Little, 14 December 1944, BC3023441, NAA.
4 Letter, Sandford to Little, 14 December 1944, BC3023441, NAA.
5 Letter, Sandford to Little, 14 December 1944, BC3023441, NAA.
6 Teleprinter message No. 1539, 12 August 1940, ‘Japan & Australia Intercepted Messages from Japanese Consul-General’, BC170257, NAA: A816/19, 304/420.
7 Teleprinter message No. 1539, 12 August 1940, BC170257, NAA.
8 Teleprinter message No. 1539, 12 August 1940, BC170257, NAA.
9 Teleprinter message, Secretary, Prime Minister’s Department to Secretary, Department of Defence Co-ordination, 29 September 1939, BC170257, NAA.
10 Marginal note mentioning Captain Foley as having handled the CNS’s copy on Circulation Advice, 30 September 1939, BC170257, NAA.
11 Cover Sheet signed by relevant officers and officials, BC170257, NAA.
12 Hasluck, Diplomatic Witness: Australian Foreign Affairs 1941–1947, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1980, p. 4.
13 Hasluck, Diplomatic Witness, pp. 2–6.
14 Hasluck, Diplomatic Witness, p. 4.il
15 Telegrams, M.84, Menzies to Fadden, 26 April 1941 and M.86, Menzies to Fadden, 26 April 1941, ‘[Personal papers of Prime Minister Menzies] Mr Menzies: M’s [cables re war situation, defence supplies etc.]’, BC257498, NAA: CP290/9, 13; ‘Military advice to government’, Sydney Morning Herald, 23 April 1941, p. 11.
16 File note, 16 September 1941, ‘Intelligence organisation in Australia’, National Archives, UK, KV 4/453.
17 File note, 16 September 1941, National Archives, UK, KV 4/453.
18 Signal, ‘“Y” Board matters’, Sandford to Chairman, ‘Y’ Board, 29 July 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
19 Message, ‘C’ to Dewing, 23 February 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
20 Message, ‘C’ to Dewing, 23 February 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
21 Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 2, fn p. 79.
22 Message, ‘C’ to Dewing to C, 23 February 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
23 Signals CXG 435, 436, 437, Dewing to ‘C’, 15 March 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
24 Signals CXG 435, 436, 437, Dewing to ‘C’, 15 March 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
25 Signal, BRILIST Melbourne, 30 March 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
26 Signal, BRILIST Melbourne, 30 March 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
27 Signal, BRILIST Melbourne, 30 March 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
28 Signal 226, Merry to GC&CS, 16 June 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
29 Signal 226, Merry to GC&CS, 16 June 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
30 Signal CXG 613, Sandford to ‘C’ as Chairman of ‘Y’ Board and Director of GC&CS, 29 July 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
31 Signal CXG 613, 29 July 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
32 Signal CXG 613, 29 July 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
33 Signal 655, to Chairman ‘Y’ Board, 5 September 1943, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
34 Signal SJ 195, CSS to Brisbane, National Archives, UK, HW 52/93.
35 Letter, A. Sandford to DMI, 2 April 1945, BC3023441, NAA; Best, British Intelligence, p. 171.
36 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, pp. 20–1.
37 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, pp. 20–1.
38 Aldrich, Intelligence and the War Against Japan, p. 249.
39 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, pp. 20–1; signal, MBJ 30965, Decrypt of message No. 79, Tokyo to Menado, Manila, 29 August 1944, BC3023441 NAA.
40 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, p. 21.
41 Signal, MBJ 30965, 19 December 1944, BC3023441, NAA.
42 COBRA Messages In, Message No. 6, DTG 1005Z/6/3, ‘[Tanimbar, Timor, Lesser Sunda, Java—] COBRA [messages] in [Timor]’, BC235162, NAA: A3269, D3/E.
43 COBRA Messages Out, Message No. 10, DTG 1500L/7/3, ‘[Tanimbar, Timor, Lesser Sunda, Java—] COBRA [messages] out [Timor]’, BC235161, NAA: A3269, D3/F.
44 COBRA Messages Out, Message No. 10, DTG 1500L/7/3, BC235161, NAA.
45 COBRA Messages In, messages 6 and 8 with marginal note ‘shown to C-in-C 15/3’, BC235162, NAA.
46 ULTRA reports, p. 11, BC3023422, NAA.
47 ULTRA reports, p. 5, BC3023422, NAA.
48 Letter, Sandford to Little, 14 December 1944, BC3023441, NAA.
49 ‘The official history of the operations and administration of Special Operations—Australia’, p. 37, BC235327, NAA: A3269, 08/A.
50 Message MBJ 30601, 12 December, and ‘Resume of significant and interesting items SWAP’, 13 December 1944, BC3023441, NAA.
51 Signal, MBJ 30028A, 25 November 1944, BC3023441, NAA.
52 Signal, MBJ 30028A, 25 November 1944, BC3023441, NAA; letter, Sandford to Little, 19 December 1944, BC3023441, NAA.
53 Signal, MBJ 30028A, 25 November 1944, BC3023441, NAA.
54 Letter, Sandford to Little, 19 December 1944, BC3023441, NAA.
55 Letter, Sandford to Little, 19 December 1944, BC3023441, NAA.
56 Signal, GCCS 6982 DTG011827Z, February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
57 Letter, Sandford to Little, 25 December 1944, BC3023441, NAA.
58 Signal, MBJ 31258, 25 December 1944, BC3023441, NAA.
59 Signal, UBJ 2201, 25 January 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
60 Letter, Sandford to DMI, 25 January 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
61 Signal, UBJ 2201 (BC3023441, NAA) provided the details of the D Intelligence Operation as being SIGINT Chungking. This information was sent by Tokyo to commands throughout South-East Asia in signal 79, 29 August 1944, BC3023441, NAA.
62 Letter, ADMI to DG Security, 3 February 1945, and briefing note for C-in-C, 7 February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
63 Signal, MIS 568, 2 April 1943, BC3023441, NAA.
64 Signal, TOPSEC 2019, 2 February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
65 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, pp. 36–37, 109.
66 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, pp. 36–37, 109.
67 Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II, pp. 36–37, 109.
68 Signal, GCCS 6982 DTG011827Z, February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
69 File notes, ADMI re telephone call with DG Security, CGS and others, 5 February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
70 Letter, Sandford to Little, 2 February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
71 Letter, Sandford to Little, 2 February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
72 Letter, Blamey to DG Security, 25 January 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
73 Report on meeting of Squadron Leader Burley and Brigadier Simpson, 1 February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
74 Report on meeting of Burley and Simpson, 1 February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
75 Report on meeting of Burley and Simpson, 1 February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
76 Report on meeting of Burley and Simpson, 1 February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
77 Report on meeting of Burley and Simpson, 1 February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
78 Report on meeting of Burley and Simpson, 1 February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
79 Report on meeting of Burley and Simpson, 1 February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
80 Letter, Blamey to DG Security, 19 February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
81 Signal, Winterbotham, in letter, Sandford to Little, 20 February 1945, BC3023441, NAA.
CHAPTER 21
1 Letter, Lt Colonel A.W. Sandford, to Lt Colonel Little, ADMI, 3 December 1943, with margin note, Lt Colonel Little, DDMI, to Professor Trendall, asking for statistics on Japanese diplomatic traffic, BC3023504, NAA. See also, minute, Sandford to Trendall, folio 157, BC3023504, NAA.
2 Letter, Sandford to Little, 3 December 1943; letter, Professor Trendall to Little, 6 December 1943; letter, Little to Sandford, 6 December 1943, all in BC3023504, NAA.
3 Letter, Professor Trendall to Sandford (?), 6 December 1943, BC3023504, NAA.
4 Minute, ‘Diplomatic interception’, Sandford to Trendall, undated, BC3023504, NAA. What is interesting about this minute is that the ADMI is now an information addressee, meaning that either Sandford has been given DIRLAUTH (Direct Liaison Authority) with Trendall’s section or Sandford is now the Commanding Officer for Trendall’s unit.
5 Letter, Little to Sandford, 6 December 1943, BC3023504, NAA.
6 Memo, Sandford to Webb, 12 April 1944, ‘Australian Military Forces’, BC3023487, NAA: A6923, SI/10.
7 Signal, GC&CS to CBB, 19 April 1944, BC3023487, NAA.
8 Signal, GC&CS to CBB, 18 April 1944, BC3023487, NAA.
9 Meeting of 5 August 1944, ‘Decisions of Signal Intelligence Board on signal intelligence in Japan’, National Archives, UK, HW 67/17.
10 Letter, British High Commissioner, Sir Ronald Cross, to Prime Minister John Curtin, 25 August 1942, BC171228, NAA. This file is a good example of the Australian government’s poor security awareness, as the overall file is classified SECRET by Australia while it contains information classified at the much higher MOST SECRET and ULTRA levels.
11 Letter, Sir Ronald Cross to John Curtin, 25 August 1942, BC171228, NAA.
12 Letter, Sir Ronald Cross to John Curtin, 25 August 1942, BC171228, NAA.
13 Letter, Secretary, Department of Air, to H. Farrands, Department of Defence, 22 September 1942, BC171228, NAA.
14 Letter, Macandle, Department of the Navy, to Secretary, Department of Defence, 13 October 1942, BC171228, NAA.
15 Agendum No. 147/1942, ‘Overseas network of wireless stations’, 14 October 1942, BC171228, NAA.
16 Minute, ‘Establishment for Central Bureau’, 25 September 1942, BC3023436, NAA.
17 Memo, Secretary, Department of Defence Co-ordination, to the Minister, 22 October 1942, BC171228, NAA.
18 ‘Australia: Demi-official letter, General R.H. Dewing to Chief of Imperial General Staff’, 2 June 1944, National Archives, UK, WO 106/4847.
19 Letter, Sir Fredrick Shedden to Secretary, Prime Minister’s Department, 18 November 1942, BC171228, NAA.
20 Letter, Prime Minister to British High Commissioner, 24 November 1942, BC171228, NAA.
21 Letter, Sir Ronald Cross to John Curtin, 5 January 1943, BC171228, NAA.
22 Letter, Secretary of Defence to Defence Communications Committee, 15 January 1943, and report and decision of this committee, 22 January 1943, BC171228, NAA.
23 Letter, Fanning, Director-General, PMG Department, to Fredrick Shedden, Secretary, Department of Defence, 14 June 1943, BC171228, NAA.
24 Defence Committee Agendum No. 59/1944, 3 April 1944, BC171228, NAA.
25 Letter, Secretary, Department of Air, to Secretary, Department of Defence, 15 August 1944, BC171228, NAA.
26 10,206 Australians died in the SWPA between 1942 and 1945: 5770 army, 1094 RAN and 3342 RAAF. See ‘Remembering the war in New Guinea’, Australian War Memorial, ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/58EBD6D993E15CE8CA256D05002671FD?OpenDocument, accessed 2 October 2016. US losses were approximately 10,690, including 6790 marines and army personnel, approximately 1500 sailors in the battles of Java Sea and the Coral Sea, and 2400 USAAF aircrew in theatre. These figures do not count US Navy losses on submarines or vessels sunk during the Battle of Leyte Gulf or on other actions until late 1944.
27 War Cabinet Agendum 505/45, Signed by General Northcott, 15 May 1945, BC166599.
28 Minutes, meeting of Technical Sub-committee, 28 July 1944, National Archives, UK, HW 67/17.
29 Letter, Sandford to ADMI, 29 January 1945, BC3023504, NAA.
30 Letter, Sandford to ADMI, 29 January 1945, BC3023504, NAA.
31 Letter, Sandford to ADMI, 29 January 1945, and attachment (folios 187–89), BC3023504, NAA.
32 Letter, Little to Sandford, 5 February 1945, BC3023504, NAA.
33 War Cabinet Agendum 205/45, Copy 39, 16 May 1945, BC3023504, NAA.
34 War Cabinet minute, Appendix A to War Cabinet Agendum No. 205/45, 16 May 1945, BC3023504, NAA.
35 Report by CGS, Appendix B, War Cabinet Agendum No. 205/45, 15 May 1945, BC3023504, NAA.
36 Report by CGS, Appendix B, War Cabinet Agendum No. 205/45, 15 May 1945, BC3023504, NAA.
37 Folio 230, BC3023504, NAA.
38 Cover letter, amendment to WE 111/80M/G—Central Bureau—Intelligence Corps, 30 June 1945, ‘Central Bureau—Intelligence Corps, war establishment’, BC7764659, NAA: A10857, 111/80M.
39 Cover letter, amendment to WE 111/80M/G—Central Bureau—Intelligence Corps, 30 June 1945, BC7764659, NAA; Letter to DMI, 27 April 1945, BC7764659, NAA.
40 Amendment to WE of Central Bureau, 28 January 1945, BC7764659, NAA.
41 Minute, ‘Re: Canadian Special W/T Group—accommodation’, Lt Colonel Searl for QMG, 23 January 1945, with margin note; Little, 2 February, and minute, ‘Royal Canadian Signal Personnel on Loan to AMF’; Brigadier F.R. Brunton for Adjutant-General (folio 70), ‘Australian Military Forces—Canadian Special W/T’, BC3023573, NAA: A6923, 16/6/502.
42 Minutes, meeting, March 1944, National Archives, UK, HW 67/17.
43 Minutes, meeting, March 1944, National Archives, UK, HW 67/17.
44 Minutes, meetings, 5 August and 17 August 1944, National Archives, UK, HW 67/17.
45 Minutes, meeting, 8 August 1944, National Archives, UK, HW 67/17.
46 Minutes, meeting, 8 August 1944, National Archives, UK, HW 67/17.
47 Letter, Sandford to DMI, 15 August 1945, BC3023504, NAA; Signal, Sandford to LANDFORCES, for DMI, 13 October 1945, BC3023504, NAA.
48 Letter, Sandford to DMI, 15 August 1945, BC3023504, NAA.
49 Signal, GCCS, to ZON103, CBB 269, and SLK 095 DTG 130930I, October 1945, BC3023504, NAA.
50 Notes on conference held 29 November 1945, called to decide disposal of Central Bureau records and other matters, pending determination of postwar policy, BC3023504, NAA.
51 ‘SANDFORD ALASTAIR WALLACE: Service Number—SX11231’, BC6389615, NAA: B883, SX11231.
52 BC6389615, NAA.
53 BC6389615, NAA.
54 BC6389615, NAA.
55 ‘Proposed awards of US Decorations to Lt Col. A.W. Sandford and Maj. S.R.J. Clarke, AMF and to W/Cdr H.R. Booth’, BC273037, NAA: A816, 66/301/232.
CHAPTER 22
1 Foreign Histories Division, History of the Imperial General Headquarters, p. 72.
2 Foreign Histories Division, History of the Imperial General Headquarters, p. 72.
3 ‘Offensive operations against Rabaul and surrounding strategic areas’, in Bullard, Japanese Army Operations in the South Pacific Area, p. 4.
4 Foreign Histories Division, History of the Imperial General Headquarters, p. 72.
5 Foreign Histories Division, History of the Imperial General Headquarters, p. 73.
6 Foreign Histories Division, History of the Imperial General Headquarters, p. 74.
7 Foreign Histories Division, History of the Imperial General Headquarters, p. 72.
8 Foreign Histories Division, History of the Imperial General Headquarters, pp. 82, 97.
9 Minutes of conference, 16 April 1942, BC411640, NAA.
10 Minutes of conference, 16 April 1942, BC411640, NAA.
11 Letter, DNI Rupert Long to Feldt, 10 September 1942, for the outline plan to defeat the army’s efforts to control FERDINAND, BC508663, NAA.
12 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 100.
13 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, pp. 100–1.
14 ‘Big Man’ was used to denote chieftains or tribal leaders in the islands.
15 Report, Mason to Feldt, 26 March 1943, BC509602, NAA.
16 W. Lord, Lonely Vigil: Coast Watchers of the Solomons, London: Allen Lane, 1978, p. 9.
17 Ken Wright, ‘Read, Mason, Tashiro and the Bougainville mystery’, PNGAA, 2009, www.pngaa.net/Library/Bougainville.htm, accessed 27 March 2017.
18 Ken Wright, ‘Read, Mason, Tashiro and the Bougainville mystery’.
19 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 261.
20 Signal, 0835Z/28, SIO, Port Moresby, to CSWP SIO, Townsville, 28 January 1943, ‘Ferdinand party—plans, operations distribution and personnel—Section 1—Solomons and Bougainville’, BC32571390, NAA: B3476, 148 PART 2A; letter, Sub-Lt P.E. Mason to Lt Cdr H.A. Mackenzie, 26 March 1943, p. 2, BC410664, NAA. Mason’s letter intimates that Ebery’s death was not an accidental drowning, while Feldt says he drowned crossing the river (see Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 261). See also, report, W J. Read, 28 April 1943, in the same file. It is most likely that Ebery was deliberately killed because he was slowing down the Japanese party too much.
21 Letter, Sub-Lt P.E. Mason to Lt. Cdr H.A. Mackenzie, 26 March 1943, p. 1, BC410664, NAA.
22 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 269.
23 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 269.
24 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 266.
25 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, pp. 268–69.
26 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 269.
27 Letter, Colonel C.G. Roberts, Controller AIB, 15 April 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
28 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 270; letter, Colonel C.G. Roberts, Controller AIB, 15 April 1943, BC32571390, NAA. In his letter, Roberts says 50. Because of Roberts’ remoteness from the action, it is likely Feldt’s number is the more accurate. It is also notable that Feldt’s book, while it can be stylistically annoying, is accurate when compared with the files.
29 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 270; letter, Colonel C.G. Roberts, Controller AIB, 15 April 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
30 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 271.
31 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 272.
32 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 273.
33 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, pp. 273–74.
34 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 274.
35 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 274.
36 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 275.
37 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 283.
38 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 283.
39 Signal 100238, CTF 31 to COMSOUPAC, 11 July 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
40 This explains why Fijian troops operated in this part of the South Pacific. See Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 305.
41 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 107.
42 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 72.
43 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 108.
44 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 33.
45 A. Kirk-Greene, Glimpses of Empire: A Corona Anthology, London: I.B. Taurus, 2001, p. 226.
46 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1942–1945, p. 123.
47 Ruby Boye-Jones’s honorary rank meant that, unlike her male counterparts, she was unpaid for her service. This action appears discriminatory, but within the circumstances is understandable. The first problem was the Australian government’s ban on female service personnel serving in dangerous postings. If Boye-Jones had been appointed to a paid position, it is likely that pressure would have been brought to bear to have her returned to Australia in line with government policy. As the holder of an honorary appointment, this did not apply. The other issue was that the main reason for the appointment of FERDINAND civilians to military positions was that their families would not otherwise receive compensation in the case of their death or wounding. This did not apply to Boye-Jones, as she was living with her husband and he was receiving his salary throughout.
48 A. Powell, ‘Boye-Jones, Ruby Olive (1891–1990)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, adb. anu.edu.au/biography/boye-jones-ruby-olive-12242, accessed 24 October 2016.
49 Letter, DNI to DSIO, Guadalcanal, 1 May 1943, BC436101, NAA.
50 Kirk-Greene, Glimpses of Empire, p. 226.
51 Kirk-Greene, Glimpses of Empire, p. 226 and Feldt, The Coastwatchers, pp. 106–110.
52 Kirk-Greene, Glimpses of Empire, p. 226.
53 Kirk-Greene, Glimpses of Empire, p. 226.
54 Kirk-Greene, Glimpses of Empire, p. 226.
55 Re-encrypting low-grade messages into a higher-level code, if true, was a highly risky one. It provided the Japanese SIGINT organisations with duplicate messages in easily broken codes and higher-grade codes. This is a major contravention of communications security, and can only indicate that the SIGINT authorities in London and Washington were not directly involved in Communications Security (COMSEC) at this stage of the war in the SWPA and Solomons.
56 Kirk-Greene, Glimpses of Empire, p. 226.
57 Kirk-Greene, Glimpses of Empire, p. 226.
58 Kirk-Greene, Glimpses of Empire, p. 227.
59 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1942–1945, p. 123.
60 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1942–1945, p. 123.
61 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1942–1945, p. 137.
62 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 112.
63 ‘Coastwatchers’, Solomon Islands Historical Encyclopaedia 1893–1978, www.solomonencyclopaedia.net/biogs/E000068b.htm, accessed 28 March 2017.
64 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, pp. 152–53.
65 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 159.
66 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 159.
67 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 160.
68 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 160.
69 Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded, p. 363.
70 Letter, DNI Rupert Long to Feldt, 1 September 1942, BC508663, NAA.
71 Letter, Feldt to ‘Cocky’, DNI Rupert Long, 4 October 1942, BC508663, NAA.
72 Letter, DNI Rupert Long to Feldt, 12 October 1942, BC508663, NAA.
73 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 161.
74 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, pp. 160, 388, 391, 398.
75 Signal 0835Z/28, Deputy SIO, Guadalcanal, to DNI and SIO, Townsville, 7 February 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
76 Signal 0835Z/28, 7 February 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
77 Signal 0445Z/12, High Commissioner Pacific to Secretary of State for the Colonies, 12 February 1943, BC411499, NAA. In New Guinea, punitive bombing was being used to deter indigenous villages cooperating with the Japanese. See ‘Intelligence report for July 1943’, A/Lt A.C. Ewing, 2 August 1943, p. 3, BC235140, NAA, for an example of the reasoning.
78 Signal 0445Z/12, 12 February 1943, BC411499, NAA.
79 Signal 0057Z/9, Australian NLO Vila to DNI Melbourne, 9 February 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
80 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 155.
81 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 155.
82 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 156.
83 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 388.
84 M.W. Clemens, ‘Foreword’, Alone on Guadalcanal: A Coastwatcher’s Story, Bluejacket Books, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 2004, p. i.
85 Clemens, ‘Foreword’, Alone on Guadalcanal, p. ii.
CHAPTER 23
1 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 316; Ken Wright, ‘Organisation of coastwatching in the New Guinea WW 2’, September 2009, Naval Historical Society of Australia, www.navyhistory.org.au/organisation-of-coastwatching-in-the-new-guinea-ww-2/3, accessed 27 November 2017.
2 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 318, and Ken Wright, ‘Organisation of coastwatching in the New Guinea WW 2’.
3 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, pp. 318–19.
4 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 320.
5 Memo, DSIO Guadalcanal to DNI, 12 July 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
6 Memo, DSIO Guadalcanal to DNI, 12 July 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
7 Memo, DSIO Guadalcanal to DNI, 12 July 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
8 Memo, DNI to DSIO Guadalcanal, 2 August 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
9 Memo, DNI to DSIO Guadalcanal, 2 August 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
10 Memo, DNI to DSIO Guadalcanal, 2 August 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
11 Memo, SIO NEA to DNI, 16 August 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
12 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 290.
13 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 291.
14 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 294.
15 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 297.
16 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 300.
17 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, pp. 298–99.
18 Orders, ‘AIB intelligence collection parties on Bougainville’, SIO NEA to Captain Robinson, AIF, and Lt Keenan, RANVR, 13 October 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
19 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, pp. 301–302.
20 Translation of captured Japanese documents, Kira Force, April–November 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
21 Orders, ‘AIB intelligence collection parties on Bougainville’, SIO NEA to Captain Robinson, AIF, and Lt Keenan, RANVR, 13 October 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
22 ‘Report on suspected compromise of BULL code cards number 04 and 68’, likely August 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
23 Translation of captured Japanese documents, Kira Force, April–November 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
24 Handwritten minute, 28 March 1944, read by DNI Long on same day, BC32571390, NAA.
25 Memo, SIO NEA to OiC AIB Base, Milne Bay, 8 February 1944, BC32571390, NAA.
26 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 400.
27 Orders, ‘AIB intelligence collection parties on Bougainville’, SIO NEA to Captain Robinson, AIF, and Lt Keenan, RANVR, 13 October 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
28 Memo, DSIO Lunga to DNI, 7 September 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
29 Orders, Office of Commanding General, First Marine Amphibious Corps, to Lt Colonel James Smith, 22 October 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
30 Memo, Lt Mackenzie, Noumea, to DNI and SIO Townsville, detailing parts of a report, ‘Major [sic] Thomas, USMC, to G2 Amphibious Corps HQ, Noumea’, 20 November 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
31 Memo, DSIO Lunga to Chief of Staff, 1st Marine Amphibious Force, 29 October 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
32 Letter, Assistant SIO NEA to SIO NEA, 30 October 1943, BC32571390, NAA.
33 Letter, Colonel W.F. Coleman to Lt Cole, BC32571390, NAA.
34 Letter, Mackenzie to DNI, 20 November 1942, BC32571390, NAA.
35 Letter, signed Mackenzie, to DNI, 4 December 1941, BC32571390, NAA. This letter is signed by Mackenzie but has the tone and style of one of Feldt’s letters. It is also addressed to ‘Cocky’, Long’s old naval college nickname only seen on letters from Feldt. This is Feldt’s letter, but added to and signed by Mackenzie
36 Letter, signed Mackenzie, to DNI, 4 December 1941, BC32571390, NAA.
37 Letter, signed Mackenzie, to DNI, 4 December 1941, BC32571390, NAA.
38 Letter, signed Mackenzie, to DNI, 4 December 1941, BC32571390, NAA.
39 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 310.
40 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 310.
41 Report, SIO, NEA (FERDINAND), to Deputy Controller AIB, 16 June 1944, BC411640, NAA.
42 Report, SIO, Townsville (Feldt), to NOIC, Townsville, 16 May 1942, BC411640, NAA.
43 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 310.
CHAPTER 24
1 ‘Report on Madang and Wewak Situation’, J.K. McCarthy, 15 February 1943, BC410692, NAA.
2 Report, Lt Greathead to Major J.K. McCarthy, 11 April 1943, p. 1, BC410692, NAA.
3 ‘Report on Madang and Wewak Situation’, J.K. McCarthy, 15 February 1943, BC410692, NAA.
4 Memo, SIO NGA to Lt Greathead, 4 August 1943, BC410692, NAA.
5 D. Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1961, p. 257.
6 Report by 2589, Corporal Topman, NEI Armed Forces, undated, BC410692, NAA.
7 Report by 2589, Corporal Topman, NEI Armed Forces, undated, BC410692, NAA.
8 Report by Major J.K. McCarthy, 20 May 1943, BC410692, NAA.
9 Report by Major J.K. McCarthy, 20 May 1943, BC410692, NAA; Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, p. 260.
10 Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, p. 257.
11 Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, p. 257.
12 Minute, ‘Supply Drop for Greathead party’, to SIO Townsville OC Section C, Port Moresby, 12 April 1943, BC410692, NAA; letter, SIO Townsville to OiC, C Section, AIB, Port Moresby, 16 April 1943, BC410692, NAA.
13 Letter, Brooky to SIO, 9 November 1943, BC411640, NAA.
14 Minute, OiC NEA to Paymaster Commander J.C.R. Proud, 22 April 1943, and attached brief, 23 April 1943, BC410692, NAA.
15 Letter, to CO, 9th Operational Group, RAAF, from, C Section, AIB, 28 May 1943, BC410692, NAA.
16 Letter, to CO, 9th Operational Group, RAAF, from, C Section, AIB, 28 May 1943, BC410692, NAA.
17 This included Major General Wootten ordering his men to carry ten days’ rations (Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, p. 274). It should also be remembered that MacArthur and his staff were concerned at the paucity of detail in the Australian planning (see Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, pp. 281–83).
18 Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, p. 274.
19 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 331.
20 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 331.
21 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 332.
22 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, pp. 334–36.
23 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 346.
24 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 342.
25 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 341.
26 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 341.
27 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 345.
28 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 346.
29 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 346.
30 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 342.
31 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 344.
32 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 344.
33 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 344.
34 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 345.
35 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 345.
36 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 345.
37 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 350.
38 Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, p. 736.
39 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, pp. 331–32.
40 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, pp. 331–2.
41 ‘Analysis of COMONITOR PROJECT—May–October 1944’, Lt F.W. Harwood, RANVR, around end of October 1944, BC32571390, NAA.
42 ‘Analysis of COMONITOR PROJECT’, BC32571390, NAA.
43 ‘Analysis of COMONITOR PROJECT’, BC32571390, NAA.
44 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 365.
45 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 365.
46 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 367.
47 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, p. 372.
48 Memo, B.F. Fellers to G1 to G2, GHQ, SWPA, 6 June 1944, BC436101, NAA.
49 Feldt, The Coastwatchers, pp. 387–408.
CHAPTER 25
1 Given the ever-changing nomenclature, the ISD will be referred to as the SRD throughout.
2 G.M. Long, Australia in the War of 1939–1945, vol. VII, The Final Campaigns, 1st edn, Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1963, p. 617.
3 ‘The official history of the operations and administration of Special Operations—Australia’, Timor-Lesser Sundas–Java Area, p. 1, BC235326, NAA: A3269, O8/B.
4 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 8, BC235326, NAA.
5 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, BC235326, NAA.
6 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 9, BC235326, NAA. In addition, letter, Carl Monsted to Secretary, Department of Immigration, 1 May 1946 (‘MONSTED CARL ANTHON—born 4 September 1889—Danish’, BC3055999, NAA: A435, 1946/4/3284) tells of death of his nephew, N.P. Monsted, on active service with AIB. See ‘PLUMRIDGE JAMES RUPERT—VX86704 AIF; Year of Death—1943’, buried Amboina, BC21517228, NAA: A8231, 29/PLUMRIDGE JAMES RUPERT; ‘DAHLBERG JOHN HERBERT—VX35092 AIF; Year of death—1943’, buried Amboina, NAA: A8231, 9/DAHLBERG JOHN HERBERT.
7 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 3, BC235326, NAA.
8 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, BC235326, pp. 2–6, BC235326, NAA.
9 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 4, BC235326, NAA.
10 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 4, BC235326, NAA.
11 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 4, BC235326, NAA.
12 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 12, BC235326, NAA.
13 Ken’ichi Goto et al. (eds), Materials on East Timor during World War II, Forum for Historical Documents on East Timor during the Japanese Occupation Period, Tokyo: Ryukel Shyosha, 2008, p. 26.
14 Goto, Materials on East Timor, p. 24.
15 S.G. Farram, ‘Timor Koepang to Timor NTT: a political history of West Timor, 1901–1967’, PhD Thesis, Charles Darwin University, 2004, p. 172.
16 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 13, BC235326, NAA.
17 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 13 BC235326, NAA.
18 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 14, BC235326, NAA.
19 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 14, BC235326, NAA.
20 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 15, BC235326, NAA.
21 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 15, BC235326, NAA.
22 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 16, BC235326, NAA.
23 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 17, BC235326, NAA.
24 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 17, BC235326, NAA.
25 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 17, BC235326, NAA.
26 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, pp. 12–13, BC235326, NAA.
27 Major Yutani would later be charged with the murder of Corporal J.H. Armstrong, TX3282, AIF, and Gunner Martin of the Royal Artillery at Kupang on 12 June 1943. See D. Lockwood, ‘Japs on murder charges’, Courier Mail, Brisbane, 16 April 1946, p. 3.
28 Goto, Materials on East Timor, p. 27.
29 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 20, BC235326, NAA and E.P. Chamberlain, Forgotten Men: Timorese in Special Operations during World War II, Point Lonsdale, Victoria: Ernest Chamberlain, 2010, p. 18, at www.scribd.com/doc/29688334/Forgotten-Men-Timorese-in-Special-Operations-during-World-War-II#scribd, accessed 15 August 2015.
30 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 20, BC235326, NAA.
31 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 20, BC235326, NAA.
32 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 20, BC235326, NAA.
33 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 23, BC235326, NAA.
34 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 28, BC235326, NAA.
35 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 21, BC235326, NAA.
36 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 24, BC235326, NAA.
37 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 25, BC235326, NAA.
38 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 25, BC235326, NAA.
39 ‘ELLWOOD ALFRED JAMES: Service Number—VX67548: Date of birth—16 Dec 1921’, BC6072067, NAA: B883, VX67548.
40 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 25, BC235326, NAA.
41 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, pp. 26–29, BC235326, NAA.
42 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 41, BC235326, NAA.
43 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, pp. 29, 40. The name of the major given at the 1946 trial of Saiki by the defendants was Kobayashi. There is no mention of a Major Tanaka.
44 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, pp. 33–34, BC235326, NAA.
45 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 30, BC235326, NAA.
46 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 29, BC235326, NAA.
47 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, pp. 42–33, BC235326, NAA.
48 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 30, BC235326, NAA.
49 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 31, BC235326, NAA.
50 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 31, BC235326, NAA.
51 Letter, 10 December 1943, ‘Tanimbar, Timor, Lesser Sunda, Java, COBRA messages’, BC235160, NAA: A3269, D3/G. This file lists the supplies dropped to the Japanese, including 1000 cigarettes and 150 tins of fine-cut tobacco on 21 January 1944. The landing date is given as 29 January in the summary and 27 January in the text of the history (see ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 98 [document p. 35], BC235327, NAA).
52 T. Hall & L. Silver, The Heroes of Rimau: Unravelling the Mystery of One of World War II’s Most Daring Raids, London: Leo Cooper, 1991, pp. 232–33.
53 Message 1, Desp.1120Z/8/2, ‘Tanimbar, Timor, Lesser Sunda, Java—COBRA Messages In’, BC235162, NAA: A3269, D3/E.
54 ‘Special Intelligence’, p. 8, BC3023422, NAA.
55 Message, 10 1500L, 7 March 1944, ‘Tanimbar, Timor, Lesser Sunda, Java—COBRA, Messages Out’, BC235161, NAA: A3269, D3/F.
56 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 98 (document p. 37), BC235327, NAA.
57 COBRA message out, 5, despatched 1630Z, 23 February 1944, p. 108, BC235161, NAA.
58 COBRA message in, 4, 25 February 1944, p. 115, BC235162, NAA.
59 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 41, BC235327, NAA.
60 Chamberlain, Forgotten Men, p. 25.
61 Chamberlain, Forgotten Men, pp. 25–33.
62 Signal, Brisbane to Morotai, LMS and Melbourne, 240620 MAY (?) 45, ‘Tanimbar, Timor, Lesser Sunda, Java—LAGARTO, Part 1’, BC235169, NAA: A3269, D4/A.
63 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 58, BC235327, NAA.
64 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 58, BC235327, NAA.
65 ‘Official history of…Special Operations—Australia’, p. 58, BC235327, NAA.
66 Signal, Morotai to SRD Darwin ML 82, 050705Z JUL 45, folio 338, BC235169, NAA.
67 Signals, Morotai to Darwin ML97, 131300/7/45; Darwin to Morotai LM 226; and Melbourne LZ715, 290415Z JUL 45, folio 342, all in BC235169, NAA.
68 Signal, LAGARTO to LMS, 121140Z, AUG 45, folio 149, BC235169, NAA.
69 Signal, SRD to LAGARTO, 130618Z, AUG 45, folio 150, BC235169, NAA.
AFTERWORD
1 J. Edwards, Keating: The Inside Story, Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books, 1996, p. 62.