Abu Hamid al-Ghazali: The Incoherence of Philosophers 68
Académie Royale des Sciences, Paris 69
advertising see marketing/advertising
colonial period 14, 139, 195, 145, 146, 148, 163–75, 176–81, 189–95; First World War and 181–9; settlement pattern 170–71
as the Dark Continent 146, 146n
foreign aid to 145–6
health issues 146–8, 168–75; HIV/AIDS 147; public health 171–2; Western medicine, effects of 146–8, 168–75
see also individual countries
Agricola, Georgius 65
agricultural innovation 27–8
see also food supplies
al-Din al-Farisi, Kamal 51
algebra 51
Algeria 195
al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham, Abū Alī 51
al-Khwarizmi, Muhammad ibn Musa 51
al-Qaeda 290
alphabets see linguistic issues
al-Rashid, Harun 51
al-Waleed bin Abdel Malek 51
Amaru, Túpac 101
Amaru II, Túpac 115
French colonies (Louisiana Purchase) 160–61
America, North, British colonies 14, 15, 96–7, 98, 99, 103–4, 109–12, 115–18
Barbados Proclamation 110
‘Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina’ 109–10, 111, 114
indentured servants as migrants to 103, 110–12
property rights 106–7, 106n, 110–12, 115–16, 117, 124–5, 138; headright system 111
transatlantic trade 106, 115, 218–19
see also American …; Canada; United States
America, South 4, 5, 9, 13, 130
Mayan civilization 298–9
racial issues 119, 120, 125–6, 133, 135
silver from 101–2
United States, migration to 138–9
see also individual countries
America, South, Spanish colonies 14, 15, 96–7, 98–102, 103–4, 105
Catholicism in 113–14, 120, 120n, 131
health issues 147–8
native Indians 113, 114, 125, 127
political system 122–4
property rights 102, 113–14, 119, 124, 128
revolution in 115, 119–26, 127–9; British support for 121–2
slavery in 129, 130–32, 133, 135, 136
American Civil War (1861–6) 136–7
American Constitution 119, 128, 129, 135
Simón Bolívar on 123–4
American Revolution (1775–81) 112, 115–17, 119, 124, 129, 157
Articles of Confederation 117
Edmund Burke on 149
Alexis de Tocqueville on 153–4
Declaration of Independence (1776) 129
France and 117
Andean Revolution (1780–83) 115
Angola 136
Ankara University, Turkey 92
Arafat, Yasser 247
Archer, W. Brian 300–301
Archimedes 63
Argentina 124
Aristotle 51
De anima 62
Arkwright, Richard 70, 200, 204
Armstrong, Louis 18
see also individual artists
Asia, East 307–8
civilization(s) 3–5, 7, 11, 20
economic growth/output 239–40
see also individual countries
Islamic 68–9
Atahualpa (Inca leader) 100, 101
Atatürk, Kemal (Kemal Mustafa) 90–93, 228
atomic weapons 235
Augustine, St: City of God 60
Austerlitz, battle of (1805) 156, 156n
see also Habsburg empire
Austrian colonies 144
Aztec empire 99
Bacon, Roger 60
on Islamic science/technology 52
banking system 230–31
Behring, Emil von 175
Belgian colonies 144, 176, 191
Bentham, Jeremy 199n
von Berenhorst, Georg Heinrich 81–2
Bergson, Henri 196n
Bernanke, Ben 308
Bernoulli, Daniel 66
Berry, Chuck 18
Best, Werner 194
Das Beste (German magazine) 252n
Book of Revelations 293–4
Bingham, Hiram 101
Birmingham Lunar Society 201
von Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold 214
Black, Joseph 66
Black Death/plague 4, 23, 25, 54, 169, 175
Blake, William 206
Boehn, General Hans von 185
Bolingbroke, Viscount Henry St John 296–7
Bolívar, Simón 13, 119–24, 128
on American Constitution 123–4
British support for 121–2, 125
Cartagena Manifesto (1812) 123, 124
Decree of War to the Death 120
as a dictator 124
Bolivia 122
Bonaparte, Jérôme 159
Bonaparte, Napoleon see Napoleon Bonaparte
Bonneval, comte Claude Alexandre de 87
Boss, Hugo 233
Boswell, James 201
Böttcher, Viktor 189–90
Boulton, Matthew 201, 202, 206n
Boves, José Tomás 120
Boxer Rebellion, China (1900) 282–3
Boyacá, battle of (1819) 122
Boyce, Sir Rupert William 169
Boyle, Robert 66
Bozeman, Adda 3
Brabenec, Vratislav 248
Brahe, Tycho 65
Brahms, Johannes xxiii
Braudel, Fernand, on civilization(s) xxv–xxvi, 3
Brazzaville Conference (1944) 195
Simón Bolívar, support for 121–2, 125
Christianity, decline of 267–70
Industrial Revolution 10, 13, 21, 28–9, 70, 199–200, 203–5
legal system 202–3
living standards 210–11
London see London
political system 202–3
in Second World War 234
British army 233–4
British East India Company 38, 83, 161, 201, 278
British empire 142, 164, 263–4
in America see America, North, British colonies
extent of 142
Jamaica 148
property rights 125
Bruckner, Anton xxiii
Bruegel, Pieter (the Elder): The Triumph of Death (painting) 25–6
Brunelleschi, Filippo 60
Burke, Edmund
on American Revolution 149
on French Revolution 149, 150–52, 152n, 155, 156
Burnett, Leo 241
Burns, Robert xxiii–xxiv
Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de 9, 53
Butterfield, Herbert xxi
Cajamarca, battle of (1532) 100, 101
Callot, Jacques: Miseries of War (engravings) 12
see also America, North, British colonies
Cápac, Manco 100
capitalism 7, 11, 14, 15–16, 205, 207–8, 210–11, 219, 246, 262–3, 288
development of 263; in China 17, 252–3, 277, 304, 306–8
in Great Depression 229–31
Carabobo, battle of (1821) 122, 123
Caribbean area 10, 97, 119, 120, 123, 148
slavery in 131
Carlyle, Thomas, on the cash nexus 206
Cartwright, Edmund 200
Castellani, Aldo 170
Catholicism 17, 61, 259, 260, 263, 266, 269, 278
in Spanish American colonies 113–14, 120, 120n, 131
Cavour, conte Camillo Benso de 214
Caxton, William 61
Celsus: De re medica 62–3
Chancellor, Richard 36
Chanoine, Julien 166
Charles I, King of England 194, 106, 107, 152
Charmes, Gabriel 165
Chávez, Hugo 128
Chesterton, G. K.
Short History of England 268
Chiang Kai-shek 283
China xv, xviii, 4, 5, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19–22, 23
Boxer Rebellion 282–3
capitalism in 17, 252–3, 277, 304, 306–8
Christianity in see Protestantism below
Confucian philosophy 21, 27, 32, 43, 164, 286
Cultural Revolution (1964–76) 283, 294
education in 43
England and 47–9
exploration, voyages of 28–33, 48
geography 36–7
Great Leap Forward (1958–62) 283
Great Wall 42
industrialization 225, 284, 285
Leibniz on 46
linguistic issues 43
living standards 21–2, 26–8, 44, 210–11, 304
political system 42–3, 283, 284
population figures 10, 20–21, 44
Portugal and 35
Protestantism in 277–80, 282–8; radical sects 285–6
Taiping Rebellion 211, 279–80, 285
trade: internal 22, 23; external 29, 31, 35, 47, 48
Voltaire on 46
Wenzhou 284–5
Westerners in: Earl Macartney 21, 47; Marco Polo 21–2, 27; Matteo Ricci 41
as a world power 257, 295–325; problems faced by 319–22
Yangzi river 21, 48; Grand Canal 21–2, 48
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 287
Chinese Revolution (1949) 283
Chinese science/technology 11, 27–8
Christianity 258–9
the Bible 62, 263, 278–9, 293–4
Calvinism 260
Catholicism 17, 61, 259, 260, 263, 266, 269, 278; in Spanish American colonies 113–14, 120, 120n, 131
church/state relationship 60, 289–90
decline of, in the West 267–73, 274, 288–9
Orthodox 15
Protestantism see Protestantism
Reformation 9, 38, 60–62, 67, 259
see also religious issues; religious wars
Churchill, Winston 238–9, 240, 303
cities, development/growth of 2–3, 5, 205, 215, 304–5
Citroën 190
Civil Rights movement (USA) 245
civil society concept 78
civilization(s) 1–18
Fernand Braudel on xxv–xxvi, 3
Winston Churchill on 98, 139, 325
Kenneth Clark on 1–2
as complex systems 299–301
definition 1–3, 142; first use of term 2
Freud on 272–3
Great Divergence theory of 304–5
Samuel Huntington on 15, 16, 312–13
life-cycle theory of 297–9
success/decline of 3, 4, 7, 17–18, 44–9, 291–4, 295–325
Western see Western ascendancy
see also imperialism
Clark, Gregory: Farewell to Alms 200n
Clark, Kenneth 199n
on civilization 1–2
Clausewitz, Carl von: On War 157–8
climate change see environmental issues
clocks/clockwork 27, 41–2, 47, 90
marine chronometers 70
clothing see fashion/clothing
coal supplies 203–4
Cobbett, William 203
Cohn-Bendit, Daniel 245
Cole, Thomas: The Course of Empire (paintings) 295–6, 298, 299
Collingwood, R. G. xx–xxii, xxv
colonialism see imperialism
Columbus, Christopher 28
communication(s) 218–19
language see linguistic issues
in/with overseas colonies 170–71, 181–2
railways 170, 171, 204, 215, 218, 224
communism 7, 11, 209–10, 227–8, 236, 238
consumerism and 249–50
see also Russia/Soviet Union
comparative advantage 202, 202n
definition 13
in trade 33–6, 48; see also trade
complex systems/complexity 299–301
Comunero Revolution (1781) 115
Conder, Josiah 222n
Condorcet, marquis Nicolas de Caritat de 79 Reflections on Negro Slavery 78
Confucian philosophy 21, 27, 32, 43, 264, 286
Congo: Belgian 176, 191; French 174
Conrad, Joseph: Heart of Darkness 181
consumer credit 238
consumerism 12, 14, 17, 195, 196–255, 288
communist attitude to 249–50
definition 13
fashion see fashion/clothing
Industrial Revolution and 201
jeans as symbol of 240–49, 250
Copernicus, Nicolaus 65
Cortés, Hernán 99
cotton industry/trade 201, 202–3, 204, 218
see also textile industry
Crompton, Samuel 200
Cromwell, Oliver 107
cultural pursuits 11, 76, 91–2, 235n
art/painting 60, 232; see also individual artists
literature 60, 76, 181, 203, 228, 269–70
music see music
Czech Revolution (1967–8) 247–9, 251
da Camões, Luis 35
Danton, Georges Jacques 155–6
Darby, Abraham 200
David, Jacques-Louis 159
Davis, Jacob 241
de Albuquerque, Alfonso, Governor of Portuguese India 34
de Aliaga, Jerónimo 101, 102, 103, 112–13
de Córdoba, Fray Pedro 113–14
de Freycinet, Charles 170
de Montfort, Simon 40
de Tocqueville, Alexis
Democracy in America 153–4
on French Revolution 153–4
de Torres, Sebastián 112–13
De Tott, baron François 87
Debieuvre, Lieut. Colonel (French army) 185–6
Debord, Guy 246
Debray, Régis 244
Delacroix, Eugène: Liberty Leads the People (painting) 161n
Delafosse, Maurice 166
Delavignette, Robert 172–3
demography see population figures
Deng Xiaoping 48
Denmark 147
Deppe, Ludwig 182
di Lampedusa, Giuseppe Tomasi: The Leopard 214–15
Diagne, Blaise 166–7, 183–4, 187
Diamond, Jared
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail … 298–9
on Western ascendancy 11–12
Dias, Bartolomeu 33
Dickens, Charles 203
Diderot, Denis 79
Diebitsch, Karl 233
sugar 10, 45; production of 129, 131–2, 160
discovery see exploration
disease(s) see health issues
Djilas, Milovan 239
Dominican Republic 128
Donizetti, Giuseppe 88
Donne, Anne xxii
Donne, John xxii–xxiii
Dostoevsky, Fyodor: Crime and Punishment 228
Dubček, Alexander 248
Duckworth, Sir John 85
Dutch East India Company 38
Dutschke, Rudi 245
East India Company see British East India Company; Dutch East India Company
in the West xvii–xviii, 257, 258, 259, 260–64, 276–7, 283, 288, 301, 307–12; in France 149–50, 161
economic growth/output 5, 14, 199, 200, 204–5, 218, 225, 227, 232–3, 257, 304–5, 306–7
in East Asia 239–40
in Great Depression 229–31
economic systems see financial systems
Edict of Worms (1521) 61
Edison, Thomas 260
education 14, 215, 238, 263, 264
in China 43
Islamic 51
literacy rates 77, 125, 263, 264
teaching of history xviii–xx
university level 7, 17–18, 92, 175, 244–5
Edward, Prince of Wales (Edward VIII) 220, 225
Ehrhardt, Hermann 188–9
Ehrlich, Paul 176
Eichacker, Captain Reinhold 185–6
Eijkman, Christiaan 170
Einstein, Albert 235
Eisenstadt, Shmuel 3
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick (wife of Frederick the Great) 73–4
Ellington, Duke 230
Elliott, J. H. 103–4
empires see imperialism; individual empires
Encümen-i Daniş (Assembly of Knowledge), Ottoman empire 89
Engels, Friedrich 207, 209, 210–11, 228
China and 47–9
exploration, voyages of 36
Industrial Revolution 10, 13, 21, 28–9, 70
London see London
slavery (chattel slavery) in 130, 132
see also Britain; British empire
English Civil Wars 104, 105, 106, 107, 115, 150, 152
environmental issues 17, 293–4, 299
Epp, Franz Xavier Ritter von 188–9
Erasmus, Desiderius xxiii
Erdely, Eugene 190
Eugene of Savoy, Prince 56
eugenics 176–7
in Germany 176–81, 189–90, 191; in German Namibia 176–81; genocide in 179–80, 188
Euler, Leonard 84
Euphrates river/valley 17
Europe
competition between states 36–42
geography 36–7
Islamic envoys to 86–7
US and 16
see also individual countries
European integration 14–15, 239
Everett, Edward 137
exploration, voyages of 9, 23, 38
English 36
marine chronometers for 70
as missionary endeavours 39
Spanish 35–6
Faidherbe, Louis, governor of Senegal 164, 165, 166
fashion/clothing 197–8, 219–20, 225, 237, 246, 255
communist attitude to 249–50
in Japan 220–21, 222, 223, 225
military uniforms 215–16, 229, 233, 234, 237
for women 216, 220, 246; Islamic 253–5, 253n
see also consumerism
Fashoda incident, Sudan (1898) 173
Feng Youlan: History of Chinese Philosophy 27
Feraios, Rigas 213
Fermat, Pierre de 66
Ferry, Jules, Prime Minister of France 172
Fertile Crescent concept 17
Filmer, Sir Robert: Patriarcha 108
banking 230–31
capitalism see capitalism
cash nexus concept 206–7
consumer credit 238
markets/market economy 205–6, 276–7
money supply 38
monopolies 38
taxation 38, 44, 106, 107, 117, 210–11, 288
see also economic …; Great Depression
First World War (1914–18) 16, 92, 148–9, 181, 182, 227
African colonial troops in 181–9; French 183–7; German 182
casualty figures 181, 183, 186, 187
Dardanelles 85
Rudyard Kipling on 187–8
Human Heredity … 189
food see diet
see also agriculture
foreign aid, to Africa 145–6
American Revolution and 117
Britain and 140, 160, 161, 173
the Enlightenment 77–8
in First World War 182–3, 185–7
Italy and 159
literacy rates 77
living standards 24–5
under Napoleon Bonaparte 119, 142, 156–61
property rights 152
Russia and 160
Spain and 119
student unrest 245
see also French …
Frauenfeld, Alfred 193
Frederick the Great of Prussia 73–4
as an intellectual 79–80
as a scientific patron 71, 79–80, 84
French army, in First World War 182–3, 185–7
mutiny in 186–7
French empire 148, 159, 160, 195
in Africa 163–75, 176, 188, 190–91; segregation in 174–5
colonial armies 164; in First World War 183–7
Ecole Coloniale 165, 166–7, 172
extent of 144
institutional structure 172–3
legal system 165–6
male suffrage in 163
in North America (Louisiana Purchase) 163, 160–61
slavery, abolition of 163–4
French Revolution 119, 142, 149–57, 161–2
Edmund Burke on 149, 150–52, 152n, 155, 156
Declaration of the Rights of Man 150, 151
executions during 152–3
political system during 152–3
as a religious conflict 151, 152, 153, 154
Rousseau and 151–2
Alexis de Tocqueville on 153–4
see also France …
French West Africa 170–71, 174, 191
Freud, Sigmund 16
on civilization 272–3
Frisch, Otto 235
Galileo Galilei 65, 66, 83, 84
Galton, Francis 176–7
Kantsaywhere 177n
Gandhi, Mahatma 217
on Western civilization 141, 144, 171, 195
Garibaldi, Giuseppe 229
Le Gazetier Cuirassé 79
genocide 179–80, 188, 193, 194, 234
see also eugenics
German army, in First World War 182–3, 185–7
colonial troops 182
German empire 144
in Africa 176–81, 188–90, 191; legal system 177, racial issues 176, 177–81; rebellion in 178–9
Nazi, in Eastern Europe 189–90, 191–5
division of, post-1945 243; Berlin Wall 249, 251
economic growth/output 231, 232–3
eugenics in 176–81
living standards 232–3
Nazi regime 189–90, 191–5, 231–4; see also Hitler, Adolf
as a printing centre 61
Reformation 38
as a scientific centre 175–6
Gibbon, Edward 78
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 257–9, 291–2
Gide, André 174
Gilbert, William 65
Ginsburg, Allen 247
globalization 239
gold, from South America 99, 101–2, 130
golf 28
Goltz, Colmar Freiherr von de (Goltz Pasha) 91
Gorbachev, Mikhail 250
Göring, Heinrich (father of Hermann Göring) 176, 189
Graham, Billy 273–4
Great Britain see Britain
Great Depression 229–31
Greer, Germaine 246
Gregory VII, Pope 60
Grijns, Gerrit 170
Grimm, Hans: People without Space 189
Grosseteste, Robert 60
Guettard, Jean-Etienne 66
Guizot, François xxvii
Gutenberg, Johann 60–61
Ottoman empire’s invasion of (1683) 52, 54–7
Vienna, siege of (1683) 52, 53, 55, 57
see also Austria
Hamakari, battle of (1904) 179
Hammond, Mac 275
Hardy, Georges 166
Hargreaves, James 200
Harrison, John 70
Harvey, William 66
Haussmann, Baron Georges 215
Havel, Václav 248–9
Hawaii 144
Hayek, Friedrich von 301
Road to Serfdom 237
health issues 7, 12, 14, 44, 68, 175–6
antibiotics 148
Black Death/plague 4, 23, 25, 54, 169, 175
death 25–6
definition 13
diet and 170
eugenics see eugenics
European diseases, spread of 99, 101
hospitals: Islamic 51
medical schools 53
native medicine/healers 171–2
public health 147, 148, 171–2, 177, 205
tropical diseases 148, 168–70, 173; mortality rate from 168; research on 169–70, 174
vaccination 14, 147, 148, 170, 173, 175
Western medicine, benefits of 146–8, 168–75, 191
health transition concept 147–8
Heck, Walter 233
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 159, 207, 212
Helvétius, Adrien 78
Hempel, Carl xx
Hendel, Ann Katrin 250
Henry V, King of England 23, 24, 39
Henry VIII, King of England 72, 103–4
Henry the Navigator, King of Portugal 39
Himmler, Heinrich 190, 192, 193–4
Hirohito, Crown Prince of Japan 220, 225–6
Hispaniola (island) 101–2
history
teaching of xviii–xx
limitations of xx–xxii
Hitler, Adolf 189–90, 194, 231
Hossbach memorandum 233
see also Germany, Nazi regime
Ho Chi Minh 167
on liberty 107–8
Hoffmann, Erich 175–6
Hogg, James xxvi
Holbach, baron Paul-Henri Thiry d’ 79
Hong Xiuquan 279–80
Micrographia 64
How, Millicent (English migrant to South Carolina) 103, 106, 111–12
Hu Jintao 287–8
human rights 8
Hungary 251
Huntington, Samuel, on Western civilization 15, 16, 312–13
Hus, Jan 61
Hussein, Saddam xvi
Hutton, James 66
Ibrahim, Muktar Said 288–9
illiteracy see literacy rates
imperialism 8–10, 13, 14, 15, 142–95, 302–3
in Africa 14, 139, 145, 146, 148, 163–75; see also individual countries
in America see America …
colonial armies/troops 164, 181–9
communications, difficulty of 170–71, 181–2
as conquest 99–102
European diseases spread by 99, 101
growth/decline of 3, 4, 5, 13, 38, 142, 144–5
impact of 8, 45, 46, 144–6, 173–4, 190–95
institutional structures and 103–5
Lenin on 144
Mark Twain on 144
Western 14, 15, 96–140, 142–95
Western medicine, benefits of to overseas colonies 146–8, 168–75, 191
see also individual empires
Inca empire, Spanish conquest of 98, 99–102
income levels see living standards; wages
as independent state 224–5
science/technology 11
textile industry 2245
Indian Medical Service 169–70
Indo-China, as a French colony 167, 191
Indonesia 240
Industrial Revolution 13, 21, 28–9, 70, 198–205
in Britain 10, 13, 21, 28–9, 70, 199–200, 203–5
consumerism, increase caused by 201–2
definition 198–9
industrialization 10, 14, 216–18
inequality see living standards
infant mortality see life expectancy
Inoue Kaoru 226
institutional structures 11–14
cultural 77
financial/economic see financial systems
imperialism and 103–5, 112, 172–3, 287
of Islamic fundamentalism 288, 289, 290n
iron/steel industry 200–201
calligraphy, importance of 68
Europe, envoys sent to 86–7
health issues: hospitals 51; medical schools 53
the Koran 63
population figures 290
religious conflict 71
in Turkey 253–5
the West and 39, 50–57, 63, 85–90, 255
see also Ottoman empire; religious issues
Islamic education 51
Islamic fundamentalism 93–5, 93n, 255, 258, 288–91
institutional structure 288, 289, 290n
Islamic science/technology 51–7, 264
astronomy 68–9
attitudes to 67–9
Roger Bacon on 52
modernization of 88–9, 92, 94–5
optics 51–2
science/technology in 93–4
see also Jews
Italian city-states/Italy 4, 25, 28, 159, 182
France and 159
Under Mussolini 228
as a printing centre 63
Rome 17; March on (1922) 228–9
in Second World War 233–4
Venice 38–9
see also Roman empire
Italian colonies 144
Italian unification 212–13, 214–15, 228
Iwakura Tomomi 221
as a British colony 148
Jansen, Zacharias 65
fashion/clothing 220–21, 222, 223, 225
living standards 45–6
modernization of 90, 218, 221–5, 226, 239, 257; internal opposition to 222
Russia and 226
textile industry 223–4
US and 221; in Second World War 233–5
Western influence on 5, 7, 15, 221–5
women in 222
Japanese armed forces 226, 234
Java 170
jeans, as a symbol of consumerism 240–49, 250
Jefferson, Thomas 134
as entrepreneurs 216–17, 217n, 262n
in Palestine 92–3
persecution of 38–9; in Germany 92, 214, 234, 235
Max Weber on 262
see also Israel
Jiang Zemin 287
Jiao Yu and Liu Ji: Huolongjing 28
Jirous, Ivan 248
John Paul II, Pope 252
Johnson, Blind Willie 18
Kamen, Dean 145n
Critique of Pure Reason 76
Kara Mustafa Köprülü (‘the black’), Grand Vizier 52, 54–5, 56, 71, 86
Karaca, Nihal Bengisu 254
Kaufman, Henry xvi
Kemal, Mustafa see Atatürk, Kemal
Kennedy, Paul: The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers 298
Keynes, John Maynard 7, 230, 231, 237
Khan, Dr A. Q. 95
Khomeini, Ayatollah 255
King, Jonathan 273n
Kipling, Rudyard, on First World War 187–8
Kirsch, Wilhelm 90
Kissinger, Henry 16
Kitchener, Sir Horatio 173
Koch, Erich 193
the Koran 63
see also Islam
Korea 11
Korean War (1950–53) 235–6, 239
Kraus, Karl 273
Kuhlman, August 179–80
migrant workers 219
unemployment 230–31, 232, 265, 265n
women in 224
Labouret, Henri 166
Lafayette, marquis Gilbert de 150
Laigret, Jean 170
land ownership see property rights
Landes, David, on Western ascendancy 11
Langton, Christopher 299
Laplace, Pierre-Simon 158n
Larkin, Philip 270
Latin America see South America
Laud, Archbishop William 106, 107
Lavoisier, Antoine 66
Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van 66
in Britain 202–3
definition 13
in French colonies 165–6
in German colonies 177
Napoleonic 159–60
property rights see property rights
racial laws 134–6
in Russia 244
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 65, 66, 70, 78, 80
on China 46
Leipzig, battle of (1813) 160
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 227, 228
on imperialism 144
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 54, 55
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 155
Lettow-Vorbeck, General Paul Emil von 188
Leuthen, battle of (1757) 82–3
Leutwein, Theodor 176
Lewis, C. S.: The Screwtape Letters 269
Thomas Hobbes on 107–8
John Locke on 108–9
life expectancy 5, 10, 24, 147–8, 205, 208
see also population figures/density
see also consumerism
Lincoln, Abraham xxiv
Lindell, John 275
linguistic issues 3, 4, 14, 215
in China 43
Linnaeus, Carolus 66
Lippershey, Hans 65
literacy rates 77, 125, 263, 264
literature 60, 76, 181, 203, 213, 228, 269–70
see also printing
livery companies/guilds 40–41
see also trading companies
living standards 5, 7, 25, 232, 238
in China 21–2, 26–8, 44, 210–11
in France 24–5
in Japan 45–6
social inequality 208–9
see also wages
Locke, John 78
‘Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina’ 109–10, 111, 114, 135
on liberty 108–9
his Treatises of Government 57, 108–9
City of London Corporation, as autonomous 39–40
livery companies/guilds 40–41
population figures 23
Thames river 22
Louis XVI, King of France 149–50, 152–3, 155
see also United Provinces
Lucretius: De natura rerum 62
Luther, Martin 61, 63, 259, 262, 263
Ninety-Five Theses 61
publications 61–2
see also Reformation
Macartney, George, First Earl, in China 21, 47
Machiavelli, Niccolò
Frederick the Great on (The Anti-Machiavel) 75, 79–80
Maharero, Samuel 178
Malaysia 239
Malche, Albert 92
Malthus, Thomas 203n
Mangin, General Charles 184–5
Manhattan Project 235
Mann, Thomas 16
Marchand, Major Jean-Baptiste 173
marine chronometers 70
maritime exploration see exploration, voyages of
marketing/advertising 241, 242, 246
markets/market economy 205–6
housing market 276–7
see also consumerism; financial systems
Marlowe, Christopher: Doctor Faustus 63–4
Marschalk, Nicolaus 62
Marx, Karl/Marxism 7, 153, 198, 206–9, 210–11, 228, 245
Capital 207–8
Contribution to a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy … 212
Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de 79, 80
Different Figures of the Planets 67
Mayan civilization 299
Mazzini, Giuseppe 212–13
Mbaye, Ndematy (French African soldier) 184
Mboup, Demba (French African soldier) 184, 185, 186
medicine see health issues
Mehmed III, Ottoman sultan 72
Mehmed IV, Ottoman sultan 72
Mehmed, Kadizâde 71
Mehmed, Yirmisekiz Çelebi 85
Melko, Matthew 3
Mendel, Gregor 180
Mendelssohn, Moses 76
Le Ménestrel (French journal) 88
Mengele, Joseph 189
Mexican Revolution (1822–4) 124
property rights 124
Midhat, Ahmed (Midhat Pasha) 89, 90
military science/technology 37, 41, 57, 65n, 233, 235–6
ballistics 83–5
see also science/technology; warfare
Milne, William 279
Milner, Alfred 298n
Mirabeau, comte Honoré de 150
Mirabeau, marquis Victor de 2, 79
Miranda, Francisco 119
missionaries/missionary societies 142, 263–4
women as 282
money supply 28
Monk, Thelonious xxvii
Montaigne, Michel de xxiii
Montecorvino, Giovanni da 278
Montecuccoli, Raimondo 85
Montesquieu, baron Charles de Secondat 79, 296
Persian Letters 85
Moody, Dwight Lyman 282
Morande, Charles Théveneau de 79
More, Thomas 62
Morrison, Robert 278–9
mortality rates see life expectancy
Moutet, Marius 173
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus xxiii, 18, 77
Mugabe, Robert 145
Mughal empire 9
Murat, Joachim 159
Murray, Charles 65n
Muscovy Company 36
music 60, 77, 80, 206, 208, 218
popular/rock 230, 243–4, 246, 249–50, 273, 274
Muslims see Islam
Mussolini, Benito 228
Mustafa III, Ottoman sultan 86, 87
Müteferrika, Ibrahim 10n
Rational Bases for the Politics of Nations 85–6
Napier, John 66
Napoleon Bonaparte 119, 142, 156–61
Clausewitz on 157–8
naval wars 160
policies/aims 158–9
Russia and 160
Napoleon III, Emperor of France 163
natural philosophy see science/technology
Needham, Joseph: Science and Civilization in China 27
Neilson, James 200
Nelson, Horatio 160
Newcastle Daily Chronicle 222
Newton, Isaac 65, 67, 70–71, 79, 80, 83
Nile, battle of (1798) 160
Nile river/valley 17
Nivelle, General Robert 185, 186
Nixon, President Richard 242, 243
nuclear science/engineering 94–5
O’Donnell, J. P. 252
Ōmura Masujirō 223
opium 46
Oporinus, Johannes 63
Osman III, Ottoman Sultan 72
Ottoman army/defences 52, 53, 55, 57
Ottoman empire 4, 9, 13, 38, 39, 76, 84–5
decline of 56–7, 71–2, 84, 85–6, 89–90, 92
extent of 52–4
Habsburg empire, invasion of (1683) 52, 54–7
the harem 72–3
the West and 52, 53, 63, 86–90
see also Turkey
Owen, Robert 208
Pacioli, Luca: Summa de arithmetica … 63
Pakistan 95
Palach, Jan 248
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 246–7
Pamuk, Orhan: Snow 254n
Panama Canal 219
Paracelsus 65
Paston family (of Norfolk) 24
patronage 79
political 107
Peel, Sir Robert 210
Pemberton, John 242
Pernot, Maurice 91
Perry, Commodore Matthew C. 221
see also Inca empire
Picasso, Pablo xxiv
Pizarro, Francisco 99–101, 112–13, 133
Pizarro, Hernando (brother of Francisco Pizarro) 100
plague see Black Death
political systems
church/state relationship 60, 289–90
communism 7, 11, 209–10, 227–8, 236, 238
competition between states 36–42
democracy see representative government below
English 107–9, 202–3; in North American colonies 109–12
French 158–9; during the Revolution 152–3
German, under Nazi regime 193–4
Thomas Hobbes on 107–8
Marxism 207–8; see also Marx, Karl
nationalism/nation states 212–16, 227–8
representative government 13, 78–9, 97, 99, 117, 123
socialism 208–9
in Spanish American colonies 122–4
political theory 57, 107, 212–13, 296–7
Polo, Marco, in China 21–2, 27
Polybius: Histories 296
Poma, Waman 100
Pomeranz, Kenneth 304
Ponty, William, Governor General of French West Africa 172
Henry Poole & Co. (tailors of Savile Row) 220–21, 220n
population figures/density 4, 5, 10, 17, 20–21, 25, 26, 45, 105–6, 200, 200n, 218, 308
life expectancy 5, 10, 24, 147–8, 205, 208; in Africa 168, 171, 190–91
Muslims 290
young people 244
China and 35
exploration, voyages of 33–5, 39, 53, 130
Portuguese empire 97, 144, 176
Pottier, Eugène: ‘The Internationale’ 208
Priestley, Joseph 201
impact/spread of 60–63, 67, 77, 263
Pritchard, Jack 136
property rights 13, 97, 99, 111, 125, 152, 288
in British North American colonies 106–7, 106n, 109–12, 115–16, 117, 124–5, 138; headright system 111
in Spanish South American colonies 102, 113–14, 119, 124, 128
Protestantism 106, 107, 114, 259, 264
British North American colonies as Protestant 106, 114
in China 277–80, 282–8; radical sects 285–6
evangelical, in US 273–4
missionaries 263–4; in China 277–80, 282–3
Max Weber on 259, 260–64, 276, 283
see also Christianity
Protestant work ethic see work ethic
under Frederick the Great 71, 73–85
Islamic envoys in 86
Potsdam 81–8; Sanssouci palace 73–4, 79
Silesia, invasion of 74–5
Prussian Academy of Science and Belle-Lettres 79, 80, 81
public health 147, 148, 177, 205
in French West Africa 171–2
see also health issues
Puerto Rico 144
Punch 169
Quebec Act (1774) 116
Quesnay, François, on China 46
his ‘Rhodes–Milner group’ theory 298n
Tragedy and Hope … 298n
racial issues
in French West Africa 174–5
interbreeding (miscegenation) 133–6; in French colonies (métissage) 164
in South America 119, 120, 125–6, 133, 135
in US 129, 133, 134–6, 137–9; Civil Rights movement 245; segregation 137–8, 177
racial theory see eugenics
railways 170, 171, 204, 215, 218, 224
Reagan, Ronald 252
Reche, Otto 189
Redhouse, James 89
Reformation 9, 38, 60–62, 67, 259
see also Luther, Martin
religious issues 3, 8, 17, 266–7
Christianity see Christianity
Islam see Islam
science/technology and 67–8
Adam Smith on 276
religious toleration 76, 78, 114
religious tracts/publications 61–3
see also individual authors
religious wars/conflict 9, 12, 38–9
French revolution as 151, 152, 153, 154
Islamic 71
Resmi Efendî, Ahmed 86–7
revolution 162–3, 164, 227–8, 244, 246, 251–2
by students/young people 245–9
see also individual revolutions
Rhodes, Cecil 298n
Ricardo, David, his comparative advantage doctrine 202, 202n
Ricci, Matteo, SJ, in China 41
Richard II, King of England 23–4
Richard, Timothy 282
Richard of Wallingford 41
Richardson, Lewis Fry 301–2, 301n
Rivera, Diego: The Arsenal (painting) 162n
Roberts, Richard 200
Robespierre, Maximilien 156
Robins, Benjamin 83–4
New Principles of Gunnery 83
on rifled gun barrels 84
rock and roll/ popular music 230, 243–4, 246,
Rohrbach, Paul von 181
German Colonial Economics 176
Roman Catholicism see Catholicism
Romania 251
Roosevelt, President Franklin Delano xxiv, 230
Rosa, Salvator: L’umana fragilatà (painting) 26
Rosenberg, Alfred 193
Ross, Ronald 169–70
Rothschild, Nathan 161
Roume, Ernest, Governor of French West Africa 170–71
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 155, 156
Royal Observatory, Greenwich 70
Royal Society of London 69–70, 80, 83, 84
Copley Medal 84
Ruiz-Linares, Andrés 133
Russia/Soviet Union 7, 83, 156, 303
economic growth 231–2
expansion of 144
exploration of 36
France and 160
Germany and 192, 194, 231–2: in Second World War 233–4
under Gorbachev 250
Japan and 226
legal system 244
Napoleon Bonaparte and 160
US and 236; Cold War 236–9, 250
as a Western civilization 15
Russian army 234
Russian Revolution (1917–18) 182, 227–8
Russo-Japanese War (1904) 226
Safavid empire 9
Saint-Domingue (island) 160
Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de: The Little Prince 90
Sandys, George 283
see also health issues
Schacht, Hjalmar 231
Schaudinn, Fritz 175–6
Schubert, Franz xxiii
Schubert, Helmut 194
Schularick, Moritz xvii
Schumpeter, Joseph 205
science/technology 7, 10–11, 12, 14, 50–95, 257, 287
advances in/spread of 41–2, 47, 57, 60–71, 216–18, 317–18; chronology of 65–6; as Eurocentric 67
astronomy 64, 65, 66; Islamic 68–9
ballistics 83–5
definition 13
gravity, law of 70
Industrial Revolution see Industrial Revolution
Islamic see Islamic science/technology
in Israel 93–4
military 37, 41, 57, 65n, 233, 235–6
nuclear 94–5
religious issues in 67–8
royal patronage of 70; by Frederick the Great 71, 79–80, 84
scientific institutions 69–70, 79, 89
scientific method 60, 64–5, 67, 70
collaborative 70
Scotland 263
Industrial Revolution 199
see also Britain
Scott, Sarah 289
Second World War (1939–45) 192, 233–6
casualty figures 193; civilian 233, 234
causes of 233
Germany in 189–90, 191–5, 231–4; see also Hitler, Adolf
Italy in 233–4
Japan in 233–5
Seven Years’ War (1756–63) 115, 116, 116n
sexual revolution 246
Shakespeare, William 23, 62n, 324n
Shark Island concentration camp, German South-West Africa 179–80
Sharp, Granville 133
Shaw, George Bernard, on Western medicine 148
Shays, Daniel 117
Sherrington, Charles 300
shipbuilding industry 22, 28–9, 37, 48
Sibutus, George 62
Siegert, Johann Gottlieb Benjamin 121n
Sierra Leone 168
silver, from South America 101–2
Singer sewing machines 216–18, 220
Sivasi Efendi 71
slavery/slave trade 97, 120, 125, 129–36
abolition of 129, 131, 132–3; in British colonies 177; in French colonies 163, 177
in Spanish South American colonies 129, 130–32, 133, 135, 136
on religion 276
Theory of Moral Sentiments xxiv–xxv
The Wealth of Nations 297
Smith, Abraham (English migrant to South Carolina) 103, 106, 111–12
Sobieski, Jan III, King of Poland 55–6
socialism 208–9
Sorokin, Pitrim 297
Soviet Union see Russia/Soviet Union
Spain
exploration, voyages of 35–6
France and 119
Spanish Civil War (1936–9) 231, 233
Spanish empire 144
in America see America, South, Spanish colonies in
Spengler, Oswald: The Decline of the West 297
Spinoza, Benedict (Baruch) xxiii, 65
Spurgeon, Charles Haddon 282
Stead, William T. 298n
steam engines 70, 200, 204, 218
Stendhal (Henri Marie Beyle): The Red and the Black 162
Stevens, John Lloyd 298–9
Stevenson, Robert Louis xxvi
Strauss, Levi 241
Suez Canal 219
suffrage, male 210
in French colonies 163
sugar/sugar production 10, 45, 129, 131–2, 160
Suleiman the Magnificent 52–3, 52n, 56–7, 72
Sun Yat-sen 283
syphilis 176
Taiping Rebellion, China 211, 279–90, 285
Takiyüddīn al-Rāsid (Taqi al-Din) 68–9
Taleb, Nassim 301
Tamani, Hüseyin Rifki 69
Tang Yi 286
Tanweer, Shehzad 291
tariffs see trade tariffs
Tawney, R. H. 263
taxation 38, 44, 106, 107, 117, 210–11, 288
technology see Industrial Revolution;
science/technology
Teller, Edward 235
Tennyson, Alfred Lord xiv
terrorism see violence/terrorism
textile industry/trade 28, 198–9, 200, 203, 218–19, 239–40
in India 224–5
in Japan 223–4
Thatcher, Margaret 252
Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) 37
Thuillier, Louis 169
Tigris river/valley 17
Todd, John L. 169
Tolstoy, Leo 270
Toqué, Emile 165
Touška, Ivan 247
Toussaint ‘Louverture’, François-Dominique 160
Townsend, Pete 274n
Toynbee, Arnold: The Study of History 297
trade/trade routes 9, 22, 29, 31, 161
comparative advantage doctrine 202, 202n
development of 33–6
in Great Depression 229–30
ocean freight 218–19
in slaves 97, 129–36, 161; see also slavery
in textiles see textile industry/trade
transatlantic 106, 115, 218–19
trade monopolies 38
trading companies 36, 38, 83, 161, 201, 278
Trafalgar, battle of (1805) 160
Trevithick, Richard 200
Trotha, General Adrian Dietrich Lothar von 178–9, 181
Troup, Bobby 274
Tull, Jethro 27
Turgenev, Ivan: Fathers and Sons 228
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, on civilization 2
Turkey
under Kemal Atatürk 90–93, 228
founding of 91
as Islamist 253–5
see also Ottoman empire
Twain, Mark, on imperialism 144
Tyndale, Matthew 62
Uganda 170
Ulugh Beg 69
unemployment 230–31, 232, 265, 265n
see also labour market
United Kingdom see Britain
see also Low Countries
United States (US) xvi, 5, 15, 16
Christianity in 267, 270, 273–7
colonial expansion 144
economic growth/output xvi, 218, 307–12
in First World War 182–3
Great Depression 229–31
Gullah Coast 135–6
Japan and 221; in Second World War 233–5
migrants to 219; South Americans 138–9
population figures 218
property rights 124
racial issues 129, 133, 134–6, 137–9; Civil Rights movement 245; segregation 137–8, 177
Russia and 236; Cold War 236–9
St Louis World Fair (1904) 260–61
in Second World War 233–5
slavery in 129, 130, 132–3, 134–6
student unrest 245
trade with 218–19
Max Weber in 260–61
as a world power xvi–xvii, 97, 218, 257, 307–12
see also America, North, British colonies; American …
United States Army 234–5
university education 7, 17–18, 92, 175, 244–5
urbanization see cities
Vaquette de Gribeauval, General 84
Veblen, Thorstein 205
Caracas 129
under Chávez 128
revolution in 119–22
Verdun, battle of (1916) 183
Vermeer, Jan xxiv
Vesalius, Andreas 65
Vespucci, Amerigo 96
Vico, Giambattista: Scienza nuova 296
Vienna, siege of (1683) 52, 53, 55, 57
Vietnam 167
see also Indo-China
Vietnam War (1965–73) 245, 246
violence/terrorism 246–7, 254n, 258, 288–9, 291
Voltaire (François Marie Arouet) 67, 70–71, 78, 79
on China 46
Diatribe du Docteur Akakia … 80
Vordman, Adolphe 170
Voulet, Paul 166
Wagner, Richard 162, 162n, 206, 208
Waldseemüller, Martin: Universalis cosmographia 96
see also Britain
Wallace, George 137
Wang Zhen: Treatise on Agriculture 28
Wappers, Egide: Episode of the Belgian Revolution 162n
Warburg, Siegmund 94
warfare/weapons 4, 23, 24, 57, 82
armed forces 215–16, 229, 233, 234, 236; colonial troops 164, 181–9; see also individual armies
atomic weapons 235–6
casualty figures 301–2
Clausewitz on 157–8
definition 157–8
financing of 161
gunpowder 28
imperialism as conquest 99–102
military technology 37, 41, 57, 65n; ballistics 83–5
military uniforms 215–16, 229, 233, 234, 237
Lewis Fry Richardson on 301–2, 301n
strategy/tactics 84, 85, 133; Inca 100
see also individual battles/conflicts
Washington, George 116, 116n, 117
Waterloo, battle of (1815) 160
Watt, James 70, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206n
Waugh, Evelyn, on Catholicism 269–70
on the Jews 262
on Protestantism 259, 260–64, 276, 283
in US 260–61
on Western ascendancy 11
Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel 94
Wenzel von Liechtenstein, Prince Joseph 84
the West
definition 14–16; by Samuel Huntington 15, 16
Islam and 39, 50–57, 63, 85–90, 255
loss of confidence by 17–18
Ottoman empire and 52, 53, 63, 86–90
Roman Empire in 16–17
Western ascendancy
consumerism and 12, 13, 195, 196–255
Jared Diamond on 11–12
health issues and 12, 13, 146–8, 168–75, 191
Samuel Johnson on 10
David Landes on 11
legal systems and 8, 12, 13; see also property rights
reasons for xv–xvi, xxvi, 1–8, 96–7, 195
science/technology and 10–11, 13, 50–95
threats to 17–18, 255, 256–94, 295–325; economic crises 257, 258, 259, 260–64, 276, 283
Max Weber on 11
see also individual countries
Whittington, Richard (Dick) 22, 23
Wilde, Oscar 208–9
William II, Kaiser 178
William of Orange, as King of England 104–5, 107
Willoughby, Hugh 36
Wilson, Paul 248
Wilson, President Woodrow 227
Wittfogel, Karl, on Oriental despotism 42
Wolle, Stefan 244
women
in Japan 222
measurements, scientific study of 237
as missionaries 282
women workers 224
women’s fashion/clothing 216, 220, 246
Woodruff, Robert W. 243
Woolwich Academy of Engineering and Artillery 85
definition 13
Wren, Christopher 69–70
Wu, Y. T. 283
Yersin, Alexandre 169
Young, Brigham 241
young people
as consumers see consumerism
Islamic organizations for 290
power/influence of 244–9, 253–4
Yuan Zhiming 287
Zhang, Hanping 285
Zhao Xiao 287
Zheng He, Admiral (Chinese explorer) 28–9, 32, 37, 48
Zhou Enlai 283
Zhou Shixiu 26–7
Zhuo Xinping 287
Zong (slave ship) 132–3