AFL |
American Federation of Labor |
ATR |
Appeal to Reason |
ISR |
International Socialist Review |
MM |
Miners Magazine |
SDH |
Social-Democratic Herald |
SPC |
Socialist Party Collection, Duke University |
UMW |
United Mine Workers (aka United Mine Workers of America) |
WFM |
Western Federation of Miners |
1. W. J. Cash, The Mind of the South (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941): 2.
1. Eugene V. Debs to Frank P. O’Hare, February 14, 1915, in J. Robert Constantine, ed., Letters of Eugene V. Debs, Vol. 2, 1913–1919 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990): 128.
2. Eugene V. Debs to Frank P. O’Hare, December 31, 1915 in ibid, 217.
3. This definition of radicalism is comparable to that used by other scholars. Elizabeth Jameson, for example, defines “a radical as one who advocates fundamental social and economic change.” Elizabeth Jameson, All That Glitters: Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998): 194. Similarly, Aileen S. Kraditor uses the term radicalism “to apply to those who would change a society at its roots rather than reform it to conform more faithfully to its professed values and ideals.” Aileen S. Kraditor, The Radical Persuasion (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981): 8. A. Ross McCormick uses a more restricted definition of radicalism as “a commitment to social change and a design for modifying society which were based ultimately on a Marxian analysis of capitalism.” A. Ross McCormick, Reformers, Rebels, and Revolutionaries: The Western Canadian Radical Movement 1899–1919 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977): ix.
4. David A. Shannon, The Socialist Party of America (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1955): 38.
5. Nick Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982): 198.
6. In this respect the story is comparable to McCormick’s account of radicalism in western Canada during a comparable time period. See McCormick, Reformers, Rebels, and Revolutionaries.
7. Among the most useful regional or state studies are James R. Green, Grass-Roots Socialism: Radical Movements in the Southwest, 1895–1943 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978); Donald T. Critchlow, ed., Socialism in the Heartland: The Midwestern Experience, 1900–1925 (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986); Henry F. Bedford, Socialism and the Workers in Massachusetts, 1886–1912 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1966); Garin Burbank, When Farmers Voted Red: The Gospel of Socialism in the Oklahoma Country Side, 1910–1924 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1976); Lee M. Wolfle and Robert W. Hodge, “Radical-Party Politics in Illinois, 1880–1924,” Sociological Inquiry 53 (Winter 1983): 33–60. One of the few attempts to provide an overview of the various regions is Shannon, Socialist Party of America. For a contemporary account of regional variations see Robert F. Hoxie, “The Rising Tide of Socialism,” The Journal of Political Economy 19 (October 1911): 609–631.
8. Studies on Socialist parties in various places in the Mountain West include Jameson, All That Glitters; Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895–1920 (Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); James Hulse, “Socialism in Nevada, 1904–1918: Faint Echoes of an Idealistic National Movement,” Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 31 (Winter 1988): 247–258; John S. McCormick, “Hornets in the Hive: Socialists in Early Twentieth Century Utah,” Utah Historical Quarterly 50 (Summer 1982): 225–240; John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, “Socialism and Utah Labor: 1900–1920,” Southwest Economy and Society 6 (Fall 1983): 15–29; John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, “America’s Socialist Heritage, Socialism in Utah, 1900–1920,” The Socialist Tribune (April-May 1978): n.p.; John R. Sillito, “Women and the Socialist Party in Utah, 1900–1920,” Utah Historical Quarterly 49 (Summer 1981): 220–237.
9. Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks, It Didn’t Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000): 10.
10. On specific states see Robert W. Larson, New Mexico Populism: A Study of Radical Protest in a Western Territory (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1974); Thomas A. Clinch, Urban Populism and Free Silver in Montana (Missoula: University of Montana Press, 1970); James Wright, The Politics of Populism: Dissent in Colorado (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1974); David R. Berman, Reformers, Corporations, and the Electorate (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1992); David B. Griffiths, “Far Western Populism: The Case of Utah, 1893–1900,” Utah Historical Quarterly 37 (1969): 396–407. See also Robert W. Larson, Populism in the Mountain West (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986); David B. Griffiths, Populism in the Far West, 1890–1900, 2 vols. (Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen, 1992). The earlier silver-only theme is found in John D. Hicks, The Populist Revolt (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1931); Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform (New York: Knopf, 1955); Lawrence Goodwyn, Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976).
11. Norman Pollack, The Populist Response to Industrial America, Midwest Populist Thought (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962); see also Pollack, The Humane Society: Populism, Capitalism, and Democracy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990).
12. In this tradition see Vernon Jensen, Heritage of Conflict: Labor Relations in the Nonferrous Metals Industry up to 1930 (New York: Greenwood, 1968; original pub. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1950); Melvyn Dubofsky, “The Origins of Western Working Class Radicalism, 1890–1905,” Labor History 7 (Spring 1966): 131–154; George S. McGovern and Leonard F. Guttridge, The Great Coal Field War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972); A. Dudley Gardner and Verla R. Flores, Forgotten Frontier: A History of Wyoming Coal Mining (Boulder: Westview, 1989); Priscilla Long, Where the Sun Never Shines (New York: Paragon House, 1989); Zeese Papanikolas, Buried Unsung: Louis Tikas and the Ludlow Massacre (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1982). For the view that labor conditions were better than commonly depicted and the workers less radical than commonly depicted, see, for example, David M. Emmons, The Butte Irish: Class and Ethnicity in an American Mining Town (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989); Richard H. Peterson, The Bonanza Kings (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1977); Mark W. Wyman, Hard Rock Epic: Western Miners and the Industrial Revolution, 1860–1910 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979); David A. Wolff, Industrializing the Rockies: Growth, Competition, and Turmoil in the Coalfields of Colorado and Wyoming, 1868–1914 (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2003). A useful review of literature on American workers and their political potential as far as Socialism was concerned is Julie Greene, Pure and Simple Politics: The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism, 1881–1917 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
13. Jameson, All That Glitters.
14. Lincoln Steffens, “Eugene V. Debs,” Everybody’s (October 1908): 458.
15. Hicks, Populist Revolt, 291.
16. Karel D. Bicha, Western Populism: Studies in an Ambivalent Conservatism (Lawrence, Kans.: Coronado, 1976): 67.
17. Ibid., 71.
18. Editorial, Inter-Mountain Advocate (July 17, 1896): 1.
19. “Death of Warren Foster,” ATR (November 6, 1909): 3.
20. Joseph R. Buchanan, The Story of a Labor Agitator (New York: Outlook, 1903): 67.
21. Ibid., 101. See also material on Buchanan in Robert E. Weir, Knights Unhorsed: Internal Conflict in a Gilded Age Social Movement (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2000.)
22. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Rebel Girl: An Autobiography, My First Life (1906–1926) (New York: International, 1973): 88.
23. Ibid., 97.
24. Ibid., 191.
25. Quoted in Ray Stannard Baker, “The Reign of Lawlessness: Anarchy and Despotism in Colorado,” McClure’s Magazine (October 1904): 49.
26. Operative report of January 14, 1906, from Wallace, Idaho, M65, Stanley Easton Papers, Box 1, Folder 3, of the Special Collections, Archives, University of Idaho Library, Moscow.
27. Ibid.
28. Letter from Eugene Debs to Adolph F. Germer, December 15, 1909, in Constantine, ed., Letters of Eugene V. Debs, Vol. 1, 1874–1912, 315.
29. Mari Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870–1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981): 25.
30. The term “brainworkers” is used by Leon Fink, Workingmen’s Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983).
31. See James A. Denton, Rocky Mountain Radical: Myron W. Reed, Christian Socialist (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997).
32. “The Bishop’s Pleadings for Socialism Revealed in Intimate Letters,” The Christian Socialist (Chicago, November 1914): 8–9.
33. John R. Sillito, “Prove All Things, Hold Fast That Which Is Good,” Weber Studies (Spring 1984): n.p.
34. William E. Brooks to Anna Parker Merriam Brooks, August 21, 1904, William Eugene Brooks Letters, Arizona Collection, Arizona State University Libraries, Tempe.
35. Ibid., September 18, 1904.
36. “A Ringing Document from Nevada’s Candidate for Congress on the Socialist Ticket,” MM (October 16, 1906): 18.
37. Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs, 105, 226–227.
38. Ibid., 228.
1. John W. Caughey, “Toward an Understanding of the West,” Utah Historical Quarterly 28 (January 1959): 8–24.
2. Harvey Fergusson, Home in the West: An Inquiry into My Origins (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944): 3–4.
3. Ibid., 7.
4. Richard D. Lamm and Michael McCarthy, The Angry West: A Vulnerable Land and Its Future (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982): 6.
5. Paul W. Rodman, California Gold: The Beginning of Mining in the Far West (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1947): 332.
6. Many of these points are found in the Report of the President’s Mediation Commission to the President of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918), which looked into strikes in copper districts in 1917.
7. Duane A. Smith, Rocky Mountain Mining Camps: The Urban Frontier (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1967): 39.
8. W. G. Henry, “Bingham Canyon,” ISR 13 (October 1912): 341.
9. See generally John Bodnar The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985); Peter Kivisto, Immigrant Socialists in the United States: The Case of the Finns and the Left (Cranbury, N.J.: Associated University Presses, 1984).
10. See generally Zeese Papanikolas, Buried Unsung: Louis Tikas and the Ludlow Massacre (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1982).
11. James C. Foster, “The Impact of Labor on the Development of the West,” in James C. Foster, ed., American Labor in the Southwest, the First Hundred Years (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982): 4–5.
12. See generally Emilio Zamora, The World of the Mexican Worker in Texas (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1993).
13. Gunther Peck, Reinventing Free Labor: Padrones and Immigrant Workers in the North American West, 1880–1930 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
14. Report from Leadville, Colorado, July 1, 1899, John F. Champion Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
15. Report from Thiel Detective Agency, November 1, 1903, United Verde Copper Company Collection, MS 199, Cline Library, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff.
16. Emma F. Langdon, The Cripple Creek Strike: A History of Industrial Wars in Colorado (New York: Arno, 1969): 351. This is a reprint of the 1904–1905 edition by Great Western, with new introduction.
17. Harry A. Mills and Royal E. Montgomery, Organized Labor (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1945): 60–75.
18. Robert E. Weir, Knights Unhorsed: Internal Conflict in a Gilded Age Social Movement (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2000): 17–18.
19. See Leo Wolman, The Growth of American Trade Unions 1880–1923 (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1924): 110–111.
20. Report of Special Employee Claude McCaleb at Globe, Arizona, for period June 1–15, 1917, to R. L. Barnes, Special Agent in Charge, in U.S. Military Intelligence Reports, Washington, D.C., 1984.
21. Ibid.
22. Paul Kleppner, “Voters and Parties in the Western United States, 1876–1900,” The Western Political Quarterly (January 1983): 49–68.
23. Ibid.
24. David R. Berman, Reformers, Corporations, and the Electorate (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1992).
25. Gretchen Ritter, Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Antimonopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
26. See Ira Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement 1897–1912 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1952): 50–61; David A. Shannon, The Socialist Party of America (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1955): 38.
27. Harold Lord Varney, “The Story of the I.W.W.,” The One Big Union Monthly (May 1919): 49–53.
28. Ibid.
29. In this respect Mountain West Socialism resembled that found by James R. Green in his study of radical movements in the Southwest—Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas. See James R. Green, Grass-Roots Socialism: Radical Movements in the Southwest, 1895–1943 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978).
30. Shannon, Socialist Party of America, 37–39.
31. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “Memories of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW),” Occasional Papers Series, American Institute for Marxist Studies, Web Edition (1997): 2.
32. Ralph Chaplin, Wobbly: The Rough-and-Tumble Story of an American Radical (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948): 85.
33. Much of what is speculated about the composition of the national party is based on a membership survey it conducted in early 1908, to which 6,310 of the 41,751 members responded. Results of the survey are in “Socialists in America—Who and What They Are,” Wilshire’s Magazine (June 1909): 6. The figures in this article were drawn from the April 1909 issue of the Official Bulletin of the Socialist party. This survey indicated that Socialists on a national basis were rather diverse as to age, income, and occupational status, although with a solid base of skilled workers, many of whom belonged to unions. On the composition of specific Mountain West parties, see Elizabeth Jameson, All That Glitters: Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998); Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895–1920 (Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988); James Hulse, “Socialism in Nevada, 1904–1918: Faint Echoes of an Idealistic National Movement,” Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 31 (Winter 1988): 247–258); John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, “America’s Socialist Heritage, Socialism in Utah, 1900–1920,” The Socialist Tribune (April-May 1978): n.p.
34. Jameson, All That Glitters.
35. David M. Emmons, The Butte Irish: Class and Ethnicity in an American Mining Town (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
36. Quoted in “A Word of Appreciation,” Annual Labor Review of the Inter-Mountain Worker (June 19, 1915): 10.
37. See J. Kenneth Davies, Deseret’s Sons of Toil (Salt Lake City: Olympus, 1977).
38. John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, “Socialism and Utah Labor: 1900–1920,” Southwest Economy and Society 6 (Fall 1983): 15–29.
39. Ibid., 27.
40. “Socialist Convention,” Utah Labor Journal (January 10, 1902): 2.
41. Remarks of Arizona Socialist party secretary Alice Eddy, Minutes of Joint Conference of National Executive Committee and State Secretaries, 1918, 34–35, SPC, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
42. McCaleb, June 1–15, 1917, U.S. Military Intelligence Reports.
43. The vote for Socialist candidates falls far short of perfection as an indicator of support for radicalism: there are a number of reasons why nonradicals might vote for Socialist candidates and radicals might vote for candidates of other parties or not vote at all. The size of the Socialist party vote as a percentage of all votes, however, does give us some idea of the success of a party that, in fact, was dedicated to the replacement of the capitalistic system and, thus, of its potential to make a difference. Party vote data also give us a measure of what messages seemed to be working, for example, the tactical value of reform-orientated platforms versus those that emphasized the class struggle and the overthrow of the system.
1. Joseph H. Kibbey, “Republican Outlook,” The Rita 2 (February 23, 1896): 3.
2. “The Omaha Preamble, Platform and Resolutions” The New Nation (October 29, 1892): 657.
3. Ibid.
4. Frank Basil Tracy, “Menacing Socialism in the Western States,” Forum (May 1893): 332.
5. Ibid., 333.
6. “Socialist Labor Rally,” The New Nation (October 29, 1892): 656.
7. Address delivered by Gen. James B. Weaver, People’s party candidate for president, at the Auditorium in Helena, Montana, August 16, 1892, MC 55, Thomas C. Power Papers, Montana State Archives, Helena.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Joseph R. Buchanan, The Story of a Labor Agitator (New York: Outlook, 1903): 33.
12. Ibid., 34.
13. Robert E. Weir, Knights Unhorsed: Internal Conflict in a Gilded Age Social Movement (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2000): 75.
14. “Omaha Preamble,” 657.
15. “The ‘Rustlers’ and the Cattlemen,” The New Nation (April 30, 1892): 276.
16. William J. Gaboury, Dissension in the Rockies: A History of Idaho Populism (New York: Garland, 1988): 27.
17. William D. Haywood, Bill Haywood’s Book: The Autobiography of William D. Haywood (New York: International, 1929): 62.
18. Item, Arizona Silver Belt (November 15, 1890): 1. See also Lawrence Goodwyn, Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976): 173, 226.
19. David B. Griffiths, “Populism in Wyoming,” Annals of Wyoming 40 (April 1968): 59.
20. “Resolutions of the People’s Party, Gila County, Ariz.,” Arizona Silver Belt (October 15, 1892): 1.
21. John R. Morris, Davis H. Waite: The Ideology of a Western Populist (Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1982): 12.
22. “News from the Various States,” The New Nation (July 9, 1892): 440.
23. Editorial, The Independent-Journal (August 4, 1892): 2.
24. Letter from Davis Waite to Hon. Albert Nance, November 18, 1892, in “The Populists Celebrate,” San Luis Valley Courier (November 26, 1892): 2.
25. Ibid.
26. Joel F. Vaile, “Colorado’s Experiment with Populism,” Forum 18 (February 1895): 714.
27. James Wright, The Politics of Populism: Dissent in Colorado (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1974): 146–147.
28. Robert W. Larson, Populism in the Mountain West (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986): 37.
29. David Brundage, The Making of Western Labor Radicalism: Denver’s Organized Workers, 1878–1905 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994): 102–103.
30. See Leon W. Fuller, “Colorado’s Revolt against Capitalism,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 21 (December 1934): 343–360.
31. G. Michael McCarthy, “Colorado’s Populist Party and the Progressive Movement,” Journal of the West 15 (January 1976): 54–75.
32. James A. Denton, Rocky Mountain Radical: Myron W. Reed, Christian Socialist (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997): 72.
33. Howard H. Quint, “Julius A. Wayland, Pioneer Socialist Propagandist,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 35 (March 1949): 585–606.
34. Letter from J. A. Wayland, “The Farmers of the West Falling into Line,” The New Nation (December 24, 1892): 755.
35. Ibid.
36. Leonard Schlup, “I Am Not a Cuckoo Democrat! The Congressional Career of Henry A. Coffeen,” Annals of Wyoming (Fall 1994): 30–47.
37. Griffiths, “Populism in Wyoming,” 63–65.
38. See Larson, Populism in the Mountain West, 55. The standard work is Thomas A. Krueger, “Populism in Wyoming” (M.A. thesis, University of Wyoming, 1960).
39. Schlup, “I Am Not a Cuckoo Democrat,” 50.
40. “We Are in It,” The Reform (1892): 1.
41. Gaboury, Dissension in the Rockies.
42. David B. Griffiths, Populism in the Western United States, 1890–1900 (Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen, 1992): 442.
43. From “The Platforms,” Great Falls News (October 22, 1892): 6.
44. “News from the Various States,” The New Nation (July 9, 1892): 440–441.
45. Ibid.
46. “The Reason Why,” Great Falls News (October 22, 1892): 6.
47. “Outlook in Montana,” The New Nation (July 9, 1892): 441.
48. Griffiths, Populism in the Western United States, 283–285.
49. Ellis Waldron and Paul B. Wilson, Atlas of Montana Elections, 1876–1976. University of Montana Publications in History (Missoula: University of Montana Press, 1978): 15–17; Thomas A. Clinch, Urban Populism and Free Silver in Montana (Missoula: University of Montana Press, 1970): 65.
50. “Nevada’s Silver Men,” New York Times (October 31, 1892): 5.
51. Russell R. Elliott, History of Nevada, 2nd revised ed. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987): 186. See also Mary Ellen Glass, Silver and Politics in Nevada (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1969): 63–64.
52. Frank J. Jonas, “Utah, the Different State,” in Frank J. Jonas, ed. Politics in the American West (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1969): 327–379.
53. David Griffiths, “Far Western Populism: The Case of Utah, 1893–1900,” Utah Historical Quarterly 37 (1969): 396–407.
54. Labor developments in Utah during this period are discussed in Allan Kent Powell, The Next Time We Strike: Labor in Utah’s Coal Fields (Logan: Utah State University Press, 1985); Paul A. Frisch, “Labor Conflict at Eureka, 1886–97,” Utah Historical Quarterly 49 (Spring 1981): 145–156; J. Kenneth Davies, “Mormonism and the Closed Shop,” Labor History (Spring 1962): 169–187.
55. J. Kenneth Davies, Deseret’s Sons of Toil (Salt Lake City: Olympus, 1977): 110–111.
56. See Powell, Next Time We Strike; Frisch, “Labor Conflict at Eureka.”
57. Griffiths, “Far Western Populism,” 397.
58. Calvin A. Roberts, “H. B. Fergusson, 1848–1915: New Mexico Spokesman for Political Reform,” New Mexico Historical Review 57 (July 1982): 237–255.
59. Carole Larson, Forgotten Frontier: The Story of Southeastern New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1993).
60. See, for example, “Honest Labor Speaks,” Santa Fe New Mexican (October 31, 1890): 4.
61. Robert J. Rosenbaum, Mexican Resistance in the Southwest (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981).
62. Weekly Phoenix Herald (October 11, 1894): 1. Other commentary on the limited organization and effectiveness of the People’s Party in Arizona is found in letters to George W.P. Hunt from Frank L. Gates, September 28, 1892, and from Henry C. Roemer to Hunt, July 7, 1892. Both in George W.P. Hunt Papers, Arizona Collection, Box 5, Arizona State University Libraries, Tempe.
63. Arizona Daily Gazette (October 7, 1892): 1.
64. Mohave County Miner (July 23, 1892): 2.
65. Ibid.
66. Larson, Populism in the Mountain West.
67. Sally S. Zanjani, “The Election of 1890: The Last Hurrah for the Old Regime,” Nevada Historical Quarterly (Spring 1977): 46–56.
68. “Party Platforms,” Arizona Silver Belt (September 13, 1890): 1. Taken from Globe-Democrat, n.d.
69. Ibid.
70. Leon W. Fuller, “Colorado’s Revolt against Capitalism,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 21 (December 1934): 352–353.
1. “Silver and Socialism,” New York Times (October 18, 1893): 4.
2. Mohave County Miner (August 12, 1893): 3.
3. Ibid.
4. Michael P. Malone, The Battle for Butte (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981): 54–55.
5. Newspaper clippings from T. C. Powers Scrapbook, Montana State Historical Society, Helena, “Long List in Montana,” Dateline, Bozeman, May 29, 1894, and “Our Congressional Nominee,” The Butte Bystander, n.d.
6. See generally Richard Schneirov, Shelton Stromquist, and Nick Salvatore, eds., The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s, Essays on Labor and Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999).
7. Letter from John W. Judd, U.S. Attorney, Utah, to Attorney General, U.S., Salt Lake City, July 16, 1894, Strike Files of the U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.
8. Letter from Joseph A. Small, marshal of the Colorado District, to Attorney General, Denver, December 7, 1895, Strike Files.
9. Ibid. See also letter from W. K. Meade, U.S. marshal, to Attorney General, Prescott, Arizona, July 8, 1894; letter from Joseph Pinkhause, former U.S. marshal, District of Idaho, to Attorney General, July 13, 1895, Strike Files.
10. Letter from Geo. M. Humprey, U.S. marshal, Nevada, to Attorney General, Carson City, Nevada, August 30, 1894, Strike Files.
11. William D. Haywood, Bill Haywood’s Book: The Autobiography of William D. Haywood (New York: International, 1929): 53.
12. “Populist Convention,” The Coeur d’Alene Miner (July 28, 1894): 3.
13. Robert Wayne Smith, The Coeur d’Alene Mining War of 1892: A Case Study of an Industrial Dispute. Oregon State Monographs (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1961).
14. See Harold Lord Varney, “The Story of the I.W.W.,” The One Big Union Monthly (May 1919): 49–53; Haywood, Bill Haywood’s Book, 63.
15. Waite quoted in Percy Stanley Fritz, Colorado: The Centennial State (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1941): 354.
16. Ibid.
17. Davis H. Waite and Lorenzo Crounse, “Woman Suffrage in Practice,” The North American Review 158 (June 1894): 740.
18. “Populists and the People,” New York Times (April 1, 1894): 4.
19. Fritz, Colorado, 354.
20. See generally Marshall Sprague, Money Mountain: The Story of Cripple Creek Gold (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953).
21. Nick Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982): 203.
22. B. M. Rastall, The Cripple Creek Strike of 1893 (Colorado Springs: Colorado College Studies, June 1905): 42.
23. “A Populist Scheme,” The Independent Journal (March 8, 1894): 2.
24. Ibid.
25. Extract from The Denver News in “Terrible Arraignment,” The Evening Journal (November 5, 1894): 2.
26. James Wright, The Politics of Populism: Dissent in Colorado (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1974): 199.
27. “Colorado Is Redeemed,” Idaho Daily Statesman (November 7, 1894): 1.
28. Jennie A. McGehe, “Jennie A. McGehe Attends Woman’s Party Meeting,” American Socialist (August 26, 1916): 3. At the time she wrote this, McGehe was state secretary of the Colorado Socialist party.
29. Wright, Politics of Populism, 194–195.
30. David H. Waite, “Ex-Governor Waite Hits the One Hoss,” ATR (August 7, 1897): 2.
31. Ibid.
32. Lewis L. Gould, Wyoming: A Political History, 1868–1896 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968): 186.
33. The Populist (October 20, 1894): 3, printing dispatch from Cheyenne, Wyoming, October 12, 1894.
34. Ibid.
35. Gould, Wyoming, 215.
36. “Populist Convention,” The Coeur d’Alene Miner (July 28, 1894): 3.
37. “Where Are You?” unidentified paper clipping published in Moscow, Idaho, September 21, 1894, Scrapbook, George C. Pickett Collection, University of Idaho, Moscow.
38. “For Fiat Money,” unidentified Idaho paper clipping, September 21, 1894, Scrap-book, George C. Pickett Collection, University of Idaho, Moscow.
39. Editorial, Idaho Dailey Statesman (September 22, 1894): 2.
40. “Workingmen in Politics,” Idaho State Tribune (October 18, 1894): 1.
41. Boyd A. Martin, Idaho Voting Trends (Moscow: Idaho Research Foundation, 1975): 2.
42. William J. Gaboury, “From Statehouse to Bull Pen: Idaho Populism and the Coeur d’Alene Troubles of the 1890s,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly (January 1967): 16.
43. Karel D. Bicha, Western Populism: Studies in an Ambivalent Conservatism (Lawrence, Kans.: Coronado, 1976).
44. Ellis Waldron and Paul B. Wilson. Atlas of Montana Elections, 1876–1976 (Missoula: University of Montana Publications in History, 1978): 18–19.
45. Newspaper clippings from T. C. Power Scrapbook, Montana State Historical Society, Helena, “Long List in Montana,” Dateline, Bozeman, May 29, 1894, and “Our Congressional Nominee,” The Butte Bystander, n.d.
46. “Nevada Populist Nominations,” New York Times (September 8, 1894): 5.
47. R. A. Maynard, “How I Became a Socialist,” The Comrade (September 1903): 8.
48. Mary Ellen Glass, Silver and Politics in Nevada (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1969): 88.
49. Maynard, “How I Became a Socialist,” 8.
50. David Griffiths, “Far Western Populism: The Case of Utah, 1893–1900,” Utah Historical Quarterly 37 (1969): 397.
51. Ibid.
52. “The Populist Movement,” The Silver City Enterprise (August 24, 1894): 2.
53. Ibid.
54. “Political Grist,” Santa Fe Daily New Mexican (September 15, 1894): 1.
55. Platform of the People’s Party of Grant County, adopted in Silver City, October 8, 1894. Reprinted in “The Other Side,” The Silver City Enterprise (October 12, 1894): 2.
56. “The Populist Primary,” The Silver City Enterprise (October 5, 1894): 2.
57. Carole Larson, Forgotten Frontier: The Story of Southeastern New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1993): 87–88.
58. Arizona Populist (September 22, 1894): 2.
59. Ibid. (October 20, 1894): 3.
60. David R. Berman, Reformers, Corporations, and the Electorate (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1992): 35.
61. Buckey O’Neill, An Open Letter (October 12, 1894), Sharlot Hall Museum, Prescott, Arizona.
62. Arizona Weekly Journal Miner (September 19, 1894): n.p.
63. “The Populist Meeting,” Arizona Silver Belt (November 3, 1894): 2.
64. Editorial, Mohave County Miner (December 29, 1894): 2.
65. Item from Arizona Gazette, n.d., in O’Neill Scrapbook, Sharlot Hall Museum, Prescott, Arizona.
66. Phoenix Herald editorial, quoted in Arizona Journal Miner (November 28, 1894): 2.
67. Buckey O’Neill, The Rita (February 23, 1896): 2–3.
68. David R. Berman, “Electoral Support for Populism in the Mountain States: Some Evidence from Arizona,” Social Science Journal 24 (January 1987): 43–52.
69. J. S. Hilizinger, “The People’s Party,” Arizona Magazine 1 (1893): 20–22.
1. Michael P. Malone, The Battle for Butte (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981): 106.
2. Teller quoted in “It Is McKinley,” El Paso Times (June 19, 1896): 1.
3. “The People’s Party Platform,” Tombstone Epitaph (November 2, 1896): n.p.
4. Letter from Henry Demarest Lloyd to Bayard Holmes, July 13, 1896, Henry Demarest Lloyd Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
5. Letter from Hogan to Henry Lloyd, July 29, 1896, ibid.
6. Views of Socialist editor J. A. Wayland, “Matchett and Maguire,” ATR (August 15, 1896): 1.
7. Ibid.
8. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Convention of the Socialist Labor Party, 10, Socialist Labor Party of America Records (microfilm edition), State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
9. “‘Bloody Bridles’ Talks,” Inter-Mountain Advocate (July 17, 1896): 1. Reprinted from Denver New Road, n.d.
10. Edward O. Wolcott, “Senator E.O. Wolcott to the Voters,” The Cheyenne Daily Sun-Leader (August 14, 1896): 1.
11. Quote in Louis W. Koenig, Bryan: A Political Biography of William Jennings Bryan (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1975): 245.
12. Ibid., 218
13. Donnelly quoted in Paul W. Glad, McKinley, Bryan, and the People (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1964): 197.
14. Nick Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982): 161.
15. “The Pop’s Convention,” The Wyoming Tribune (July 18, 1896): 4.
16. Glad, McKinley, Bryan, and the People, 156–157.
17. Letter from Edgar T. Tucker, secretary of the People’s party in Leadville, Colorado, to Henry Kuhn, secretary of the Socialist Labor party, September 5, 1896, Socialist Labor Party Papers (microfilm edition), Reel 9, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
18. David B. Griffiths, Populism in the Western United States, 1890–1900, 2 vols. (Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen, 1992): vol. 2, 466–467.
19. The Populist Tribune 4 (February 2, 1894): 4.
20. “Populists Opportunity,” Montana Populist (September 28, 1893): 2.
21. “State’s Disgrace,’ Montana Silverite (January 18, 1895): 1.
22. “The Pop’s Convention,” The Wyoming Tribune (July 18, 1896): 4.
23. “An Open Letter to Chairman Hasbrouck,” Inter-Mountain Advocate (July 17, 1896): 1.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., 2.
26. Letter from R. A. Hasbrouck to Henry Kuhn, September 1, 1896, Socialist Labor Party Papers (microfilm edition), Reel 9, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
27. See “Withdrawal of Gov. Prince,” Santa Fe New Mexican (October 9, 1896): 1.
28. William A. Keleher, Memoirs: 1892–1969 (Santa Fe: Rydal, 1969): 38.
29. Unidentified clipping in L. Bradford Prince Papers, Series 1, Box 1, New Mexico Records Center and Archives, Santa Fe.
30. “Candidates of the People,” Albuquerque Morning Democrat (November 1, 1896): 3.
31. Ibid.
32. “People’s Party Convention,” The Silver Belt (September 17, 1896): 3.
33. Griffiths, Populism in the Western United States, vol. 2, 517.
34. Communication from O. Erickson to Comrade Wayland, “Slavery in Wyoming,” ATR (June 5, 1897): 3.
35. “Machine, Man and Mammon,” ATR (July 3, 1897): 2.
36. Interview reprinted in the Great Fall News (November 14, 1896): 1.
37. Doris Buck Ward, “The Winning of Woman Suffrage in Montana” (M.A. thesis, Montana State University, June 1974): 64–65.
38. The Silver Advocate (October 27, 1898): n.p.
39. Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895–1920 (Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988): 20.
40. Thomas A. Clinch, Urban Populism and Free Silver in Montana (Missoula: University of Montana Press, 1970): 167.
41. “Progress in Montana,” SDH (July 7, 1900): 3.
42. Griffiths, Populism in the Western United States, vol. 2, 403.
43. Ibid.
44. Item, Living Issues (October 1, 1897): n.p.
45. On the relation between the People’s party and the Socialist party in Nevada, see Joseph Sullivan, “Rising from the Ranks, Socialism in Nye County,” Nevada Historical Quarterly 34, no. 2 (Summer 1991): 340–349.
46. T. B. Catron to Hon. Pedro Sanchez, September 17, 1896, Marion Dargan Papers, Zimmerman Library, Special Collections, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
47. Robert W. Larson, Populism in the Mountain West (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986): 132.
48. Elvis E. Flemming, “‘Sockless’ Jerry Simpson: The New Mexico Years, 1902–1905,” New Mexico Historical Review 69 (January 1994): 49–70.
49. Harvey Fergusson, Home in the West: An Inquiry into My Origins (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944): 73–74.
50. Ibid., 73.
51. “Populistic Convention,” Arizona Republican (August 19, 1896): 1.
52. “The People’s Party Platform,” Tombstone Epitaph (November 2, 1896): n.p.
53. Buckey O’Neill, “An Open Letter,” written in 1896. Reprinted in MM (August 1900): 10–18.
54. David R. Berman, “Electoral Support for Populism in the Mountain States,” Social Science Journal 24 (January 1987): 43–52.
55. Letter from Harry Nash to G. W. Hunt, August 21, 1898, George W.P. Hunt Papers, Arizona Collection, Arizona State University Libraries, Tempe.
56. “A Day of Disorder,” Arizona Republican (August 19, 1898): 1, 8.
57. Editorial, “For the Voters to Decide,” Arizona Silver Belt (October 13, 1898): 2.
58. Item, Arizona Silver Belt (November 17, 1898): 1.
59. Sally S. Zanjani, “The Election of 1890: The Last Hurrah for the Old Regime,” Nevada Historical Quarterly 20 (Spring 1977): 46–56.
60. Karel D. Bicha, “Western Populists: Marginal Reformers of the 1890s,” Agricultural History (October 1976): 626–635.
61. Berman, “Electoral Support.”
1. David B. Griffiths, “Far Western Populism: The Case of Utah, 1893–1900,” Utah Historical Quarterly 37 (1969): 406.
2. Eugene Debs, “Social Democrats in Convention,” ATR (March 24, 1900): 3.
3. “Comrades, the Clock Has Struck,” SDH (December 10, 1898): 1.
4. “First Annual Convention Social Democratic Party,” SDH (March 17, 1900): 1.
5. Figures from “Official Vote” in ATR (January 12, 1901): 4.
6. Algie Simons, “The Socialist Outlook,” ISR 5 (1904–1905): 203.
7. William Morris Feigenbaum, “Great Battles of Bygone Days,” American Socialist (July 29, 1916): 3.
8. “First Platform of Socialist Party, Adopted by the Unity Convention in 1901,” SPC.
9. Ibid.
10. Harry A. Mills and Royal E. Montgomery, Organized Labor (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1945): 83. See also “Great Growth of the A.F.L.,” SDH (August 13, 1903): 5.
11. Algie Simons, “Socialism and the Trade Union Movement,” ISR 3 (July 1902): 46–49.
12. Editorial, “National Organization,” ISR (February 1902): 636–637.
13. Letter from William Mailly to J. W. Martin, Denver, May 11, 1903, SPC. The same message is found in a letter from acting National Secretary W. E. Clark to L. H. McGill, Morrison, Colorado, May 12, 1903, SPC.
14. This type of argument appears, among other places, in an editorial by John Spargo in The Comrade (December 1902): 60.
15. John C. Chase, “Organization Is Weak, But Sentiment Is Very Strong,” The Labor World (September 19, 1902): 3.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Letter from W. E. Clark to Arizona Socialist J. B. Barnett, June 4, 1903, SPC.
19. Editorial, “National Organization,” ISR (February 1902): 636–637.
20. Ibid.
21. See letter from William Mailly to D. G. Bruce, Sheridan, Wyoming, 1903 (no other date given), SPC.
22. See, for example, William Mailly letters to Kenneth Clayton in Globe, Arizona, February 2, 23, 1903, and to E. S. Lund, organizer in Lehi, Utah, March 3, 1903, SPC.
23. Conflict within Mountain West state organizations is frequently referred to in the SPC correspondence. See, for example, letters from W. E. Clark to A. Hastings, Cheyenne, Wyoming, June 5, 1907; William Mailly to J. W. Martin, Denver, Colorado, March 6, 1903; Mailly to J. Edward Morgan, Denver, July 10, 1908; Mailly to W. H. Tawney, national committeeman, Salt Lake City, March 3, 1903; Mailly to E. S. Lund, organizer, Lehi, Utah, March 3, 1903; Mailly to W. H. Tawney, April 14, 1903; W. E. Clark to Kate Hilliard, June 9, 1907; and Mailly to Tawney, June 9, 1908.
24. See, for example, Mailly correspondence with secretary of the Wyoming state party, July, 28, 1903, SPC.
25. Resolution adopted by Utah Socialist Party, no date, SPC.
26. Helen F. Sanders, A History of Montana, Vol. 1 (Chicago: Lewis, 1913): 430.
27. “The Tide Is Setting In,” ATR (November 17, 1900): 4.
28. Ibid.
29. William Philpott, The Lessons of Leadville. Monograph 10 (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1995).
30. “The Populist Manifesto,” Utah Socialist (October 25, 1900): 2.
31. Elder quoted in J. W. Martin, “The Socialist Movement in Colorado,” ATR (September 5, 1903): 4.
32. Simons, “Socialist Outlook,” 203–217.
33. Martin, “Socialist Movement in Colorado,” 4.
34. See “Socialists Name Candidates and Adopt a Platform,” Colorado Springs Gazette (July 6, 1902), 1; “David C. Coates’ Sensational Debut and Retirement as a Socialist,” Rocky Mountain News (July 6, 1902): 1.
35. “Remains a Socialist,” Idaho Springs News (July 11, 1902): 3.
36. “No Fusion Is UKASE of Socialists,” The Denver Times (July 4, 1902): 1.
37. “The Socialists Condemn Their Own Theory,” The Denver Times (July 7, 1902): 4.
38. Ibid.
39. “Socialists Name Candidates and Adopt a Platform,” Colorado Springs Gazette (July 6, 1902): 1.
40. “Socialists Have Completed Their Ticket,” The Denver Times (September 4, 1902): 2.
41. Letter from Boyce to The Socialist (September 8, 1902), reproduced in “Will Boyce Stand?” The Socialist (September 21, 1902): 3.
42. “Ticket in Field,” The Daily News (July 5, 1902): 7.
43. See “Two Tickets Claim the Name Socialist,” The Denver Times (September 26, 1902), 2; “Put up a Ticket,” The Daily News (July 5, 1902): 9.
44. “Minority Political Parties Making Strenuous Fight for Recognition,” The Denver Times (October 16, 1902): 3.
45. James Wright, The Politics of Populism: Dissent in Colorado (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1974): 228–229.
46. Editorial, “He Don’t Like Socialism,” MM (September 1902): 30.
47. See Patterson’s reply to a challenge from Colorado Socialists for a debate in “Senator Patterson Replies to Challenge of Socialist Party,” The Denver Times (October 18, 1902): 10.
48. Ibid.
49. Editorial, “The Defeat and Its Causes,” The Daily News (November 6, 1902): 4.
50. “400,000 Socialist Votes Cast,” ATR (November 22, 1902): 1.
51. Moyer quoted in Emma F. Langdon, The Cripple Creek Strike: A History of Industrial Wars in Colorado (New York: Arno, 1969): 76.
52. Editorial “The Political Situation,” The Labor News (April 3, 1903): 2.
53. Sanders, History of Montana, 1, 427–430.
54. Eugene V. Debs, “Eugene Debs’ Visit to the Northwest,” SDH (November 4, 1899): 1.
55. Ibid.
56. “Montana Is Moving,” SDH (November 4, 1899): 2. Reprint of editorial from the October 21, 1899, Butte Labor Advocate.
57. Sanders, History of Montana, 1, 430. Membership estimates also found in Terrence D. McGlynn, “Lewis J. Duncan, Socialist: The Man and His Work,” paper presented to the Social Science Section, Montana Academy of Sciences, April 18, 1970, 10; Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895–1920 (Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988): 17.
58. Report from P. J. Cooney of Butte, one of the party’s founding members, in “Progress in Montana,” SDH (July 7, 1900): 3.
59. Ellis Waldron and Paul B. Wilson, Atlas of Montana Elections, 1876–1976. University of Montana Publications in History (Missoula: University of Montana Press, 1978).
60. Sanders, History of Montana, 1, 430.
61. Chase, “Organization Is Weak,” 3.
62. P. J. Cooney, “Socialist Movement in Butte,” The Labor World (July 4, 1902): 7.
63. “State Socialist Convention of Montana,” The Socialist (August 10, 1902): 3.
64. See account by James D. Graham, “Corporate Corruption in the Socialist Party,” The Montana News (October 21, 1909): 2–3.
65. P. J. Cooney, “Full County Ticket at Butte,” The Socialist (September 14, 1902): 3. See also Clarence Smith, “Immense Enthusiasm in Butte,” The Socialist (September 21, 1902): 3.
66. “Montana ‘Socialist’ Legislators Not Representatives of the Socialist Party,” letter from P. J. Cooney, state secretary, Socialist party, November 30, 1903, published in The Socialist (December 6, 1903): 3.
67. John Morrissey, “Some Suggestions,” ATR (December 13, 1902): 5.
68. “From Montana,” report by Dr. Geo A. Willett, state secretary, ATR (September 5, 1903): 4.
69. Benj. F. Wilson, “Buried the Old Parties in Montana,” SDH (April 18, 1903): 2. See also letter from William Mailly to J. H. Frincks, Socialist mayor-elect, Anaconda, Montana, April 9, 1903, SPC.
70. “A Tribute to Socialists” ATR (January 17, 1903): 2. Reprint of article from the Anaconda Montana Standard, n.d.
71. “Gleanings from Busy Socialistic Fields!” SDH (August 15, 1903): 3. See also “News of the World of Socialism,” American Labor Union Journal (April 16, 1903): 8; letter from William Mailly to J. H. Frincks, Socialist mayor-elect, Anaconda, Montana, April 9, 1903, SPC.
72. Graham, “Corporate Corruption,” 2–3.
73. Duane A. Smith, Rocky Mountain West: Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana, 1859–1915 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992): 189.
74. See, for example, “Shall Butte Also Whisper?” The Butte Socialist (April 4, 1915), 4; Sanders, History of Montana, 1, 43.
75. Report from Local Butte, in Simons, “Socialist Outlook,” 212.
76. Daniel J. LaGrande, “Voice of a Copper King: A Study of the (Butte) Reveille, 1903–1906” (M.A. thesis, University of Montana, 1971).
77. Graham, “Corporate Corruption,” 2–3.
78. Chase, “Organization Is Weak,” 3.
79. Stanley Stewart Phipps, “The Coeur d’Alene Miners’ Unions in the Post Bullpen Era, 1900 to 1916: The Socialist Party and I.W.W. Connections” (M.A. thesis, University of Idaho Graduate School, May 1980).
80. “Same Trick of ‘Silence,’” Report of D. W. Smith, September 15, 1902, published in The Socialist (September 21, 1902): 3.
81. Phipps, “Coeur d’Alene Miners’ Unions,” 53.
82. “Canyon County Convention, Idaho,” The Socialist (September 21, 1902): 3.
83. Letter from William Mailly to A. M. Slattery, March 9, 1903, and letter from Clarke to Slattery, June 15, 1907, both in SPC. In 1902 Slattery was the Idaho party’s nominee for governor.
84. “Workingmen Unite,” Idaho State Tribune (November 3, 1903): 5. The evidence is inconclusive as to whether the A. G. Miller quoted here was the A. Grant Miller who later became a prominent Socialist in Nevada.
85. A. B. Elder, “Introductory,” Utah Socialist (October 25, 1900): 2.
86. “Elder Out of Politics,” Utah Labor Journal (February 15, 1902): 1.
87. “Utah State Convention,” SDH (July 21, 1900): 1.
88. Remarks of Joseph Gilbert, editor, The Crisis, a Utah Socialist paper, in Simons, “Socialist Outlook,” 216.
89. “They Nailed the Lie!” Utah Labor Journal (April 3, 1902): 1.
90. “Elder Out of Politics,” 1.
91. A. B. Elder, “A Reply to Opportunists,” Utah Labor Journal (April 17, 1902): 1.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid.
94. “The Utah Factions,” The Socialist (May 4, 1902): 3.
95. W. H. Tawney, “‘As Near Nothing as Possible’” The Socialist (May 24, 1903), 3; E. S. Lund, state secretary Socialist party, Utah, May 27, 1903, published in “Side by Side,” The Socialist (June 21, 1903): 3.
96. John R. Sillito, “Women and the Socialist Party in Utah, 1900–1920,” Utah Historical Quarterly (Summer 1981): 220–237; Editorial, ISR 3 (October 1902): 232.
97. John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, “Socialism and Utah Labor: 1900–1920,” Southwest Economy and Society 6 (Fall 1983): 15–30.
98. “Moses Thatcher” ATR (November 10, 1900): 4. Reprinted from Salt Lake City Tribune, n.d.
99. McCormick and Sillito, “Socialism and Utah Labor,” 25.
100. E. L. Lund, “Socialists in Utah,” ATR (September 5, 1903): 5.
101. “Local Labor Notes,” Utah Labor Journal (January 10, 1902): 3.
102. Joseph Stipanovich, The South Slavs in Utah: A Social History (San Francisco: R and E Research Associates, 1975).
103. David B. Griffiths, Populism in the Western United States, 1890–1900 (Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen, 1992): 327–328.
104. Carl V. Hallberg, “Finding His Niche: F. W. Ott, a German Publisher,” Annals of Wyoming 72 (Spring 2000): 2–13.
105. ATR (December 20, 1902): 3.
106. Letter from William Mailly to F. W. Ott, July 10, 1903, SPC.
107. Letter from William Mailly to J. T. Gates, secretary, Rock Springs, Wyoming, August 4, 1903, SPC.
108. Simons, “Socialist Outlook,” 203–217.
109. Letter from William Mailly to Kenneth Clayton, Globe, Arizona, February 23, 1903, SPC.
110. “Conditions in Globe, Arizona,” MM (October 1902): 15.
1. K. Ross Toole, Twentieth-Century Montana: A State of Extremes (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972): 124–125.
2. John H.M. Laslett, Labor and the Left: A Study of Socialist and Radical Influences in the American Labor Movement, 1881–1924 (New York: Basic Books, 1970): 241.
3. Ray Ginger, Eugene V. Debs: A Biography (New York: Collier Books, 1949): 209 ff.
4. See John Fahey, “Ed Boyce and the Western Federation of Miners,” Idaho Yesterdays 25 (1981): 18–30.
5. Reports of operatives supplied by the Thiel Detective Agency in Leadville, February 1 and April 1, 1899, John F. Champion Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
6. Eugene V. Debs, “Current Events Passed in Review,” SDH (September 2, 1899): 1.
7. “Gross Outrages in Idaho,” SDH (September 9, 1899): 4.
8. Claudius O. Johnson, Borah of Idaho (New York: Longmans, Green, 1936): 75.
9. William J. Gaboury, “From Statehouse to Bull Pen: Idaho Populism and the Coeur d’Alene Troubles of the 1890s,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly (January 1967): 14–22.
10. Eugene V. Debs, “Eugene Deb’s Visit to the Northwest,” SDH (November 4, 1899): 1.
11. Ibid.
12. Debs, “Current Events,” 1.
13. Proceedings of 7th Western Federation of Miners Convention, 1899, 20, Western Federation of Miners Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
14. Ibid.
15. “Salutatory,” MM (January 1900): 16.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid., 17.
18. Ibid.
19. “The Coming Election,” MM (November 1900): 6.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. “A Letter from Wardner,” MM (July 1900): 40–41.
23. Proceedings of the Western Federation of Miners, 1901, 91, Western Federation of Miners Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
24. Ibid., 91–92.
25. Accounts of the meeting are in The Denver Times (May 27, 1902): 3. See also A. B. Elder, Utah Socialist, “Progress and Reaction Meet Face to Face,” ATR (June 21, 1902): 2.
26. Elder, “Progress and Reaction,” 2.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Algie Simons, “Socialism and the Trade Union Movement,” ISR 3 (July 1902): 46–49.
30. Letter from F. W. Ott to Algie Simons, “Concerning the American Labor Union,” ISR 3 (August 1902): 107–108.
31. Eugene V. Debs, “The Western Labor Movement,” ISR 3 (November 1902): 257.
32. Proceedings of 10th Western Federation of Miners Convention, 1902, 13, Western Federation of Miners Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
33. Ott to Simons, “Concerning the American Labor Union,” 108.
34. Elder, “Progress and Reaction.”
35. Ibid.
36. “Unionism in Socialism,” MM (November 1902): 7.
37. See, for example, “A Patriot for Socialism,” MM (December 1902): 50–51. This is a report from M. L. Salter, Park City Socialist Club, dated November 11, 1902.
38. Proceedings of 10th Western Federation of Miners Convention, 1902, 9.
39. Mark Wyman, Hard Rock Epic: Western Miners and the Industrial Revolution, 1860–1910 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).
40. Proceedings of 7th Western Federation of Miners Convention, 1899, 16, Western Federation of Miners Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
41. Remarks of Guy E. Miller at Western Federation of Miners Convention, 1914, 128, Western Federation of Miners Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
42. “War in Colorado” ATR (August 22, 1903): 1.
43. George G. Suggs, Colorado’s War on Militant Unionism: James H. Peabody and the Western Federation of Miners (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1972): 180.
44. Guy E. Miller, “The Telluride Strike,” in Emma F. Langdon, The Cripple Creek Strike: A History of Industrial Wars in Colorado (New York: Arno, 1969): 205.
45. Haywood quoted in Langdon, Cripple Creek Strike, 77.
46. Ibid., 34.
47. Report of President Moyer, May 24, 1904, Proceedings of the Western Federation of Miners Convention, 1904, 204, Western Federation of Miners Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
48. Ida Crouch Hazlett, “Meaning of the Colorado Strike,” Wilshire’s Magazine 6 (March 1904): 140.
49. Harold Lord Varney, “The Story of the I.W.W.,” The One Big Union Monthly (May 1919): 51.
50. Morris Hillquit, Recent Progress of the Socialist and Labor Movements in the United States (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1907): 25. See also Marshall Sprague, Money Mountain: The Story of Cripple Creek Gold (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953).
51. Langdon, Cripple Creek Strike, 383.
52. “McCabe Socialist Club,” MM (July 1904): 13.
53. Ibid.
54. Report from Thiel Detective Agency, December 2, 1903, United Verde Copper Company Collection, MS 199, Cline Library, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff.
55. Report from Thiel Detective Agency, October 28, 1903, United Verde Copper Company Collection, MS 199, Cline Library, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff.
56. Mary Field Parton, ed., Autobiography of Mother Jones (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1925): 94.
57. “Agitators Not Needed in Labor Politics,” The Daily News (July 7, 1902): 10.
58. George G. Suggs, “Religion and Labor in the Rocky Mountain West: Bishop Nicholas C. Matz and the Western Federation of Miners,” Labor History 11 (Spring 1970): 190–206.
59. “Debs Sees Hard Times,” The Spokesman Review (October 1, 1904): 2.
60. Priscilla Long, Where the Sun Never Shines (New York: Paragon House, 1989): 218–219.
61. Ibid., 230–231.
62. Ibid., 250. See also Bill Bryans, “Coal Mining in Twentieth Century Wyoming: A Brief History,” Journal of the West 21 (October 1982): 24–35.
63. Long, Where the Sun Never Shines, 211.
64. Ibid., 222.
65. “A Letter from Wardner,” MM (July 1900): 40–41. See also “Miners Keep Away,” Idaho State Tribune. Reprinted in SDH (July 21, 1900): 1.
66. See generally Allan Kent Powell, The Next Time We Strike: Labor in Utah’s Coal Fields (Logan: Utah State University Press, 1985).
67. “Just an Incident,” ATR (May 12, 1900): 1.
68. Joseph Stipanovich, The South Slavs in Utah: A Social History (San Francisco: R and E Research Associates, 1975): 88.
69. “Another Capitalistic Governor,” ATR (January 30, 1904): 6.
70. “Mother Jones Is Sensation in Utah,” Idaho Capital News (May 5, 1904): 1.
71. Ibid.
72. Mary Field Parton, ed., Autobiography of Mother Jones, 105–106.
73. “Opposition to W.F.M. in Arizona,” MM (December 1901): 8.
74. Jay Wagoner, Arizona Territory: 1863–1912 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970): 384–390.
75. Long, Where the Sun Never Shines, 212.
1. In Idaho there seems to have been a particularly heavy vote, higher than in any other state in the region, even though voting returns suggest there were more Socialists in some other states such as Montana and Utah. No returns were tabulated from Nevada and New Mexico.
2. J. W. Martin, “The Socialist Movement in Colorado,” ATR (September 5, 1903): 4.
3. See letter from J. A. Easton in “Bleeding the Movement to Death,” The Socialist (November 23, 1902): 3; letter from William Huffman in “Another Word from Denver,” The Socialist (March 27, 1903): 3; letter from Cripple Creek local, February 8, 1904, in “Colorado,” The Socialist (February 21, 1904): 4.
4. Ira Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement 1897–1912 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1952): 150–151, 181–182. See also Editorial, “Head Hunting in Colorado,” SDH (February 7, 1903): 2.
5. Kipnis, American Socialist Movement, 180–182.
6. See, for example, “Trifling with Justice in Denver, But Socialism Refuses to Down!” SDH (August 22, 1903): 1.
7. “The Political Situation in Colorado,” MM (October 20, 1904): 5.
8. Ibid.
9. “The Mine Owners’ Campaign Document,” MM (August 25, 1904): 6–8.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. J. W. Martin, state secretary, Colorado Socialist party, “Plutocracy vs. Socialism,” ATR (April 23, 1904): 5.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Walter Hurt, “Who’s Who in the Colorado Campaign,” ATR (September 22, 1906): 5 ff.
19. Ibid.
20. “A. H. Floaten’s Letter of Acceptance,” SPC. Floaten’s experiences were recorded in greater detail by Guy E. Miller, “Telluride Strike,” in Emma F. Langdon, The Cripple Creek Strike: A History of Industrial Wars in Colorado (New York: Arno, 1969): 275–295.
21. “Gleanings from Busy Socialistic Fields!” SDH (October 24, 1903): 2.
22. Item, SDH (February 6, 1904): A3.
23. Royal A. Southworth quoted by Algie Simons, “The Socialist Outlook,” ISR 5 (October 1904): 207–208.
24. “Wonderful Progress of the Campaign,” SDH (October 15, 1904): 1.
25. “Preparing for Fall Campaign,” The Butte Miner (July 16, 1904): 7.
26. Langdon, Cripple Creek Strike, 392.
27. “Governor Adams’ Statement,” in ibid., 424.
28. Editorial, “Lessons from the Socialist Vote,” ISR 5 (December 1904): 340–344.
29. “We Coincide,” MM (December 8, 1904): 6.
30. A. H. Floaten, “‘Peace’ in Colorado,” SDH (April 1, 1905): 3 (original emphasis).
31. Ibid.
32. “The Colorado Socialist Vote,” ATR (December 17, 1904): 3.
33. Simons, “Socialist Outlook,” 207.
34. Letter from H. C. Darrah, El Paso County, to William Pen Collins, February 10, 1905, William Pen Collins Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
35. K. Ross Toole, Twentieth-Century Montana: A State of Extremes (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972): 113–122.
36. Heinze quoted in Michael P. Malone, The Battle for Butte: Mining and Politics on the Northern Frontier, 1864–1906 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981): 176.
37. “Gleanings from Busy Socialistic Fields!” SDH (October 24, 1903): 3.
38. Ibid.
39. “Wilkins’s Montana Report,” The Socialist (February 21, 1904): 4.
40. Ibid.
41. Sanders, History of Montana, 1, 430–431.
42. Thomas A. Jacobson, “The Battle for Direct Legislation: Montana Politics beyond the Copper Kings, 1902–1906” (M.A. thesis, University of Montana, 1987).
43. “Geo. O’Malley, Butte, to Run for Governor,” The Butte Miner (June 8, 1904): 11.
44. Debs quoted in “Wonderful Progress of the Campaign,” SDH (October 15, 1904): 1.
45. “Trend of Montana Politics: Socialist-Labor Meeting in This City Very Warm,” Butte Inter Mountain (October 21, 1904): 2.
46. Jacobson, “Battle for Direct Legislation.”
47. Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895–1920 (Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988): 31.
48. Editorial from Bozeman Chronicle, November 23, 1904. Reprinted in The Montana News (November 30, 1904): 1.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.
52. Ida Crouch Hazlett, “Montana to Be Next!” The Socialist (September 9, 1905): 1.
53. See “Gleanings from Busy Socialistic Fields!” SDH (June 10, 1905): 3, for an example from Local Bozeman; “Socialist in Bad,” Butte Inter Mountain (October 4, 1904): 8, for an example from the Anaconda local.
54. Hazlett, “Agitation in Montana,” The Socialist (July 22, 1905): 4.
55. Ibid.
56. Wrigley quoted in “Socialism in Idaho,” The Socialist (March 13, 1904): 3.
57. Wilkins quoted in “Party News,” ATR (April 23, 1904): 3.
58. Brief note in “Socialist Outlook,” ISR 5 (1904–1905): 208.
59. Stanley Stewart Phipps, “The Coeur d’Alene Miners’ Union in the Post Bullpen Era, 1900 to 1916: The Socialist Party and I.W.W. Connections” (M.A. thesis, University of Idaho Graduate School, May 1980): 59.
60. “Why Are We Organized?” The Socialist (April 3, 1904): 2.
61. “From Salt Lake Itself,” letter from J. H. Zenger, Salt Lake City, to Seattle Socialist, March 27, 1904, printed in The Socialist (April 3, 1904): 2.
62. Report of Jos. MacLaulan, Utah secretary, in “News and Views,” ISR 9 (October 1908.): 313.
63. Report from Thiel Detective Agency, December 15, 1903, United Verde Copper Company Collection, MS 199, Cline Library, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff.
64. Report from Thiel Detective Agency, November 1, 1903, United Verde Copper Company Collection, MS 199, Cline Library, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff.
65. Reports from Thiel Detective Agency, September 22 and October 6, 1903, United Verde Copper Company Collection, MS 199, Cline Library, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff.
66. Editorial, Arizona Daily Star (August 18, 1904): 4.
67. “Safford Items,” The Graham County Worker (October 10, 1904): 1.
68. Editorial, “The Socialists,” Arizona Daily Star (August 25, 1904): 4.
69. Editorial, “Socialism in Arizona Politics,” Arizona Daily Star (August 28, 1904): 4.
70. “Nevada to the Front,” ATR (December 24, 1904): 3.
71. “Debs’ Tour a Big Triumph,” SDH (October 8, 1904): 1.
1. John Curtis Kennedy, “Socialistic Tendencies in American Trade Unions,” ISR 8 (1907–1908): 330–345. Reprinted from Journal of Political Economy, n.d.
2. See Proceedings of Western Federation of Miners Convention, 1903, 86–89; and 1905, 204–209, both in Western Federation of Miners Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
3. Proceedings of the First Convention of the Industrial Workers of the World, The Founding Convention of the IWW: Proceedings (New York: New York Labor News, 1905; reprint Merit, 1969): 1.
4. Ibid., 2.
5. Ibid., 163.
6. See Nick Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982): 208.
7. Hagerty quoted in Founding Convention of the IWW, 152.
8. Melvin Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969): 139.
9. The Industrial Union Bulletin (March 30, 1907): 2.
10. Proceedings of 14th Western Federation of Miners Convention, 1906, 211 (original emphasis), Western Federation of Miners Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
11. Founding Convention of the IWW, 155.
12. J. Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997): 261, 270.
13. “From Goldfield, Nevada,” MM (May 17, 1906): 12.
14. Editorial, “The Battle at Boise,” ISR 7 (May 1907): 688.
15. Simons quoted in “The Western Federation of Miners,” ISR 6 (May 1906): 643.
16. Ibid., 644.
17. “They Are But the Cat’s Paw,” Caldwell News (August 15, 1906), Defendants’ Exhibit, Haywood Trial, Division of Manuscripts and Idaho State Archives, Idaho State Historical Society, Boise.
18. Theodore Roosevelt, letter from the White House, April 22, 1907, in Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1925): 489.
19. “Colorado Socialist State Convention,” MM (July 12, 1906): 7–8.
20. Ibid.
21. Editorial, “The Coming Campaign,” ISR (August 1906): 113.
22. Ira Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement 1897–1912 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1952): 330.
23. “What Socialism Is,” Caldwell News (July 18, 1906): n.p.
24. Report of Lewis E. Floaten, secretary, Colorado party, “News and Views,” ISR 9 (October 1908): 309–315.
25. Editorial, “Socialism in the Present Campaign,” ISR 7 (October 6, 1906): 242–243.
26. Guy E. Miller, “The Day of Deeds,” ATR (October 27, 1906): 6.
27. Eugene V. Debs, “Haywood, the Standard Bearer,” ATR (August 11, 1906): 1.
28. Ernest Untermann, “Business Administration or Working Class Administration?” ATR (August 11, 1906): 4.
29. “Haywood’s Bold Challenge,” Wilshire’s Magazine (September 1906): 18.
30. Ibid.
31. George H. Shoaf, “Colorado Is Ready,” ATR (December 3, 1906): 2.
32. Ibid.
33. State Campaign Committee of the Socialist Party, “An Address to the Voters of Colorado,” MM (August 23, 1906): 6.
34. “Colorado Socialist State Convention,” MM (July 12, 1906): 8.
35. Report in “Gleanings from Busy Fields,” SDH (October 13, 1906): 4.
36. See Lindsey’s comments on this contest in Ben B. Lindsey, The Rule of Plutocracy in Colorado (Denver: Hick’s Printing House, 1908).
37. “Idaho,” The Socialist (January 27, 1906): 5.
38. “Idaho,” The Socialist (July 8, 1905): 4.
39. Operative Reports, March 31 and April 11, 1906, Stanley Easton Papers, University of Idaho, Moscow.
40. I. W. Wright, “Idaho Is Hustling,” ATR (August 25, 1906): 2.
41. “To Win a State for Socialism,” The Socialist (July 21, 1906): 6.
42. “Compromise in Idaho,” The Socialist (October 20, 1906): 1.
43. Operative Report, April 30, 1906, Stanley Easton Papers, University of Idaho, Moscow.
44. “Titus’ Meeting at Wallace, Idaho,” The Socialist (May 19, 1906): 1.
45. Operative Report, April 30, 1906, Stanley Easton Papers, University of Idaho, Moscow.
46. Wright, “Idaho Is Hustling,” 2.
47. Operative Report from Burke, Idaho, August 15, 1906, Stanley Easton Papers, University of Idaho, Moscow.
48. “Socialists in Convention,” St. Maries Gazette (August 31, 1906): 1.
49. Stanley S. Phipps, “The Coeur d’Alene Miners’ Unions in the Post Bullpen Era, 1900 to 1916: The Socialist Party and I.W.W. Connections” (M.A. thesis, University of Idaho Graduate School, May 1980): 58.
50. Ibid.
51. Operative Reports, April 11 and April 25, 1906, Stanley Easton Papers, University of Idaho, Moscow.
52. See report in “Gleanings from Busy Fields,” SDH (October 13, 1906): 4, and Operative Report from Burke, Idaho, July 30, 1906, Stanley Easton Papers, University of Idaho, Moscow.
53. “For the Fall Campaign,” The Socialist (August 25, 1906): 2.
54. Phipps, “Coeur d’Alene Miners’ Unions,” 59.
55. Lukas, Big Trouble, 453–454.
56. “Moyer-Haywood Trial in March,” Wilshire’s Magazine (February 1907): 22.
57. Margherita Arlina Hamm, “How Socialists Fare at Boise,” Wilshire’s Magazine (July 1907): 14. See also “Socialist Women Reporting the Haywood Trial,” The Socialist Woman (August 1907): 5.
58. “Haywood Is Not Guilty, So Says the Boise Jury,” The Caldwell Tribune (August 3, 1907): 1.
59. Editorial, “The Verdict,” The Caldwell Tribune (August 3, 1907): 4.
60. “Haywood Is Acquitted,” The Goldfield Daily Tribune (July 29, 1907): 1, 4.
61. Thos. J. Coonrod, state secretary, Socialist party of Idaho, “Mrs. Hazlett’s Work in Idaho,” The Socialist (September 14, 1907): 3.
62. Quoted in editorial, “An Exhibition of Solidarity,” ISR 6 (April 1906): 623.
63. “Haywood Is Acquitted.”
64. “Haywood Acquitted by Honest Jury!” The Industrial Union Bulletin (August 3, 1907): 1.
65. John R. McMahon, “Aftermath of the Haywood Trial,” Wilshire’s Magazine (September 1907): 11.
66. Ibid.
67. Kennedy, “Socialistic Tendencies,” 330–345.
68. “Haywood Acquitted by Honest Jury!” 1.
69. See discussion in Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, 105.
70. “A Ringing Document from Nevada’s Candidate for Congress on the Socialist Ticket,” MM (October 16, 1906): 18.
71. Quoted in Guy Louis Rocha, “Radical Labor Struggles in the Tonopah-Goldfield Mining District, 1901–1922,” Nevada Historical Quarterly 20 (Spring 1977): 3.
72. St. John quoted in Sally S. Zanjani and Guy Louis Rocha, Ignoble Conspiracy: Radicalism on Trial in Nevada (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1986): 20.
73. Sally S. Zanjani, The Unspiked Rail: Memoir of a Nevada Rebel (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1981): 118.
74. Zanjani and Rocha, Ignoble Conspiracy, 13.
75. Zanjani, Unspiked Rail, 117.
76. Anne Ellis, The Life of an Ordinary Woman (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929): 263.
77. Ida Crouch Hazlett, “The Fight in Goldfield,” The Socialist (January 18, 1908): 4.
78. Ibid.
79. “An Infamous Enactment,” article from the Nevada Workman, n.d. Reprinted in The Industrial Union Bulletin (February 15, 1908): 3.
80. Ibid.
81. Russell R. Elliott, Nevada’s Twentieth-Century Mining Boom (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1966): 143.
82. Russell R. Elliott, Radical Labor in the Nevada Mining Booms, 1900–1920 (Carson City, Nev.: State Printing Office, 1963): 9.
83. Report of the Executive Board, WFM, December 19, 1907, 47, Western Federation of Miners Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
84. Ibid., 48.
85. Letter from Marion W. Moor to Chas. H. Moyer, Western Federation of Miners, April 10, 1906, in Proceedings of the Western Federation of Miners Convention, 1906, 218.
86. J. Albert Mallory, “The Class Struggle in Bisbee,” MM (April 5, 1906): 14.
87. Ibid.
88. “Report from Bisbee, Arizona” MM (April 26, 1906): 12.
89. Ibid.
90. David R. Berman, Reformers, Corporations, and the Electorate (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1992): 71.
91. Proceedings of the Western Federation of Miners Convention, 1907, 389, Western Federation of Miners Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
92. Ibid., 202.
93. H. S. McCluskey, Absentee Capitalists Menace Popular Government in Arizona. Bound reprint of articles appearing in the Miami Daily Silver Belt (August 27–October 21, 1921): 7. Henry S. McCluskey Papers, Arizona Collection, Arizona State University Libraries, Tempe.
94. Ibid., 8.
1. Proceedings of the National Convention of the Socialist Party, 1908, 31–32, SPC.
2. Ibid., 28.
3. Ibid., 23.
4. Ibid., 113.
5. Ibid., 111.
6. Proceedings of the National Convention of the Socialist Party, 1910, 87, SPC.
7. Ira Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement 1897–1912 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1952): 204–210. Left-wing revolutionary Haywood praised the 1908 platform because he felt the class struggle was at its foundation. See William D. Haywood, Bill Haywood’s Book: The Autobiography of William D. Haywood (New York: International, 1929): 230.
8. See Kipnis, American Socialist Movement, 213; “Westward with Debs on the ‘Red Special,’” Wilshire’s Magazine (October 1908): 7; “Debs Red Special Here Wednesday,” The Spokesman Review (September 14, 1908): 1.
9. Charles Lapworth, “The Tour of the Red Special,” ISR 9 (December 1908): 409.
10. Lewis J. Duncan, “West Is for Debs,” The New York Evening Call (September 24, 1908): 1.
11. “Debs Denounces the Old Parties in Speech Here,” The Daily Times (September 18, 1908): 1; “Debs Opens up on Nebraskan,” The Spokesman Review (September 8, 1908): 6.
12. “Socialist Leaders Speak from Rear Platform of ‘Red Special’” Las Vegas Age (September 12, 1908): 6.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Lapworth, “Tour of the Red Special,” 404.
16. Lewis E. Floaten, “Colorado,” in “News and Views,” ISR 9 (October 1908): 310.
17. Memo, “Standing of Locals and Members at Large in Colorado,” May 1, 1908, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
18. David A. Wolff, Industrializing the Rockies: Growth, Competition, and Turmoil in the Coalfields of Colorado and Wyoming, 1868–1914 (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2003).
19. Editorial in The Montana News (August 29, 1907): n.p.
20. “Socialists Hold Big Convention,” Rock Springs Rocket (June 25, 1908): 1.
21. Notes, Herman V.S. Groesbeck Papers, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie.
22. A. Dudley Gardner and Verla R. Flores, Forgotten Frontier: A History of Wyoming Coal Mining (Boulder: Westview, 1989): 124–126.
23. Ida Crouch Hazlett, “Field Work in Idaho,” Montana News (April 25, 1907): 1–2.
24. Editorial, “Party Work,” Montana News (April 25, 1907): 3.
25. Thos. J. Coonrod, state secretary, Socialist party of Idaho, “Mrs. Hazlett’s Work in Idaho,” The Socialist (September 14, 1907): 3.
26. Stanley Stewart Phipps, “The Coeur d’Alene Miners’ Unions in the Post Bullpen Era, 1900 to 1916: The Socialist Party and I.W.W. Connections” (M.A. thesis, University of Idaho Graduate School, May 1980): 61.
27. Report of Thos. J. Coonrod, “News and Views,” ISR 9 (October 1908): 310.
28. Phipps, “Coeur d’Alene Miners’ Union,” 62.
29. See, for example, “Socialists May Have Ticket,” The Spokesman Review (May 19, 1908): 6, mentioning activity in Idaho County; and “Red Flag Down: Old Glory Flies,” The Spokesman Review (June 3, 1908): 1, in regard to Socialist activity in Nez Perce County.
30. “Red Flag Down.”
31. “Another Fallen Idol!” ATR (June 20, 1908): 4.
32. Phipps, “Coeur d’Alene Miners’ Union,” 64.
33. “Idaho Notes,” The Montana News (July 8, 1909): 2.
34. Phipps, “Coeur d’Alene Miners’ Union,” 69.
35. F. L. Runyon, Rathdrum (Kootenai County), Idaho, quoted in “The Farmer Division of the Appeal Army,” ATR (December 26, 1908): 3.
36. Letter from John Imthurn, Julietta, Idaho, in ibid, 3.
37. Ellis Waldron and Paul B. Wilson, Atlas of Montana Elections, 1876–1976, University of Montana Publications in History (Missoula: University of Montana Press, 1978): 35–36.
38. Coonrod, “News and Views,” 310; Helen F. Sanders, A History of Montana (Chicago: Lewis, 1913): 431.
39. Remarks of George H. Ambrose, Proceedings of the National Convention of the Socialist Party, 1908, 291, SPC.
40. Remarks of Ida Crouch Hazlett, in ibid., 299.
41. Sally S. Zanjani and Guy Louis Rocha, Ignoble Conspiracy: Radicalism on Trial in Nevada (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1986).
42. Ibid., 150.
43. Ibid.
44. Proceedings of the National Convention of the Socialist Party, 1908, 298–299; Ida Crouch Hazlett, “The Fight in Goldfield,” The Socialist (January 18, 1908): 4.
45. “Full Text of the Socialist Platform as Adopted by the State Convention at Sparks,” Nevada Forum (July 13, 1908): 1–2.
46. Harris quoted in “Demands of Party Seek Human Good,” Nevada Forum (December 2, 1906): 2.
47. “Nevada List Growing,” Nevada Forum (September 21, 1908): 4.
48. “Socialists Giving Old Parties a Shake Down,” Nevada Forum (September 4, 1908): 4.
49. Editor’s Note, “Labor in Nevada,” The Socialist (January 25, 1908): 1.
50. Secretary of State of Nevada, Political History of Nevada (Carson City: State Printing Office, 8th ed., 1986): 260.
51. “Utah Compromise—State Autonomy,” The Socialist (December 8, 1906): 4.
52. Report of Jos. MacLaulan, Utah secretary, “News and Views,” ISR 9 (October 1908): 313.
53. Brad E. Hainsworth, “Utah State Elections, 1916–1924” (PhD dissertation, University of Utah, August 1968): 341.
54. “Gleanings from Busy Field,” SDH (September 29, 1906): 4.
55. Report of Geneva M. Fryer, in ibid., 309.
56. “George W. Williams’ Letter to Posterity,” in Betty Graham Lee, ed., Cornerstones of the 1908 LDS Academy: A Research Guide (Thatcher: Eastern Arizona College, 1981): 43.
57. H. F. Kane Comments, Thatcher, Arizona, September 18, 1908, in Lee, ed., Cornerstones, 49.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. “Editor’s Chair,” ISR 9 (January 1909): 533.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., 534.
63. Ida Crouch Hazlett, “Local Work,” The Montana News (July 8, 1909): 2.
64. “No Fusion—No Collusion,” The Montana News (May 12, 1909): 2.
65. Ida Crouch Hazlett, Editorial, “The Labor Phase of the Socialist Movement,” The Montana News (July 8, 1909): 2.
66. See, for example, “Socialist Party Turns Populist,” The Socialist (October 14, 1909): 1.
67. Cannon quoted in Proceedings of the National Convention of the Socialist Party, 1908, 175, SPC.
68. Vincent St. John, “Political Parties Not Endorsed by Us,” The Industrial Worker (August 12, 1909): 3,
69. Melvin Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969): 139.
70. B. H. Williams, “The East and West,” The Industrial Union Bulletin (November 9, 1907): 1.
71. “Forty New Members a Week,” The Industrial Worker (April 15, 1909): 4.
72. “May Day in Arizona, Red Flag at Globe,” The Industrial Worker (June 3, 1909): 1.
73. Ibid.
74. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, The Rebel Girl: An Autobiography, My First Life (1906–1926) (New York: International, 1973): 104.
75. “I.W.W. Defies Law Busy Bulls in Missoula,” The Industrial Worker (October 7, 1909): 1.
76. Ibid.
77. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and J. A. Jones, “Free Speech Is Won in Missoula, Mont.,” The Industrial Worker (October 20, 1909): 1.
1. Robert F. Hoxie, “The Rising Tide of Socialism,” The Journal of Political Economy 19 (October 1911): 624.
2. Ibid. Of the two factors mentioned by Hoxie, empirical research suggests that the support Socialists were receiving in places like Arizona and Nevada during this period probably had more to do with the occupational conditions the miners faced than with their nativity, that is, than with the fact that they were European-born. See David R. Berman, “Environment, Culture, and Radical Third Parties: Electoral Support for the Socialists in Arizona and Nevada 1912–1916,” The Social Science Journal 27 (1990): 147–158.
3. David A. Shannon, The Socialist Party of America (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1955): 12, 38.
4. Proceedings of the National Convention of the Socialist Party, May 18, 1910, 151, SPC.
5. Guy E. Miller quoted in Proceedings of the National Convention of the Socialist Party, 1908, 210, SPC.
6. A. Grant Miller, “Fractional Socialists,” The Voice of the People (November 2, 1910): 1.
7. A. Grant Miller, editorial, The Voice of the People (October 10, 1910): 2.
8. A. Grant Miller, “Thunder Stealers,” The Voice of the People (November 2, 1910): 1.
9. A. Grant Miller, editorial, The Voice of the People (November 2, 1910): 2.
10. Carl Ubbelohde, A Colorado History (Boulder: Pruett, 1965): 269–270.
11. “Hopeful Signs and New Duties,” Colorado Socialist Bulletin (July 1910): 1.
12. Ibid.
13. Letter from W. P. Collins, Boulder, Colorado, February 14, 1911, Socialist Party of Montana Records, Montana State Archives and Historical Society, Helena.
14. Joseph M. Carey, “What’s the Matter with Wyoming?” Grand Encampment Herald (supplement) (October 14, 1910): 1.
15. Ibid.
16. “Miss Maley’s Letter of Protest,” Rock Springs Rocket (July 8, 1910): 8.
17. Ibid.
18. Anna A. Maley, “One Wyoming Mining Town,” ISR 11 (July 1910): 20–21.
19. A. Dudley Gardner and Verla R. Flores, Forgotten Frontier: A History of Wyoming Coal Mining (Boulder: Westview, 1989): 125.
20. Betsy Ross Peters, “Joseph M. Carey and the Progressive Movement in Wyoming” (PhD dissertation, University of Wyoming, May 1971): 80; David L. Kindler, “The Progressive Movement in Wyoming, 1910–1913” (M.A. thesis, University of Wyoming, January 1970).
21. Gardner and Flores, Forgotten Frontier, 125.
22. F. Ross Peterson, Idaho: A Bicentennial History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976): 163.
23. Eugene Debs to Theodore Debs, November 1, 1910, in J. Robert Constantine, Letters of Eugene V. Debs (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990): vol. 1, 385.
24. Stanley S. Phipps, “The Coeur d’Alene Miners’ Unions in the Post Bullpen Era, 1900 to 1916: The Socialist Party and I.W.W. Connections” (M.A. thesis, University of Idaho Graduate School, May 1980): 74.
25. James D. Graham, “Corporate Corruption in the Socialist Party,” The Montana News (October 21, 1909): 2–3.
26. Letter from Duncan to W. C. Snow, August 12, 1910, in Terrence D. McGlynn, “Lewis J. Duncan, Socialist: The Man and His Work,” paper presented to the Social Science Section, Montana Academy of Sciences, April 18, 1970, 2.
27. Letter from Duncan to J. F. Mabie, September 26, 1910, in ibid., 7.
28. Letter from Duncan to J. Kruse, October 3, 1910, in ibid., 12.
29. Ibid.
30. On Utah Socialists see John R. Sillito, “Women and the Socialist Party in Utah, 1900–1920,” Utah Historical Quarterly 49 (Summer 1981): 220–238; John S. McCormick, “Hornets in the Hive: Socialists in Early Twentieth Century Utah,” Utah Historical Quarterly 50 (Summer 1982): 225–240; John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, “Socialism and Utah Labor: 1900–1920,” Southwest Economy and Society 6 (Fall 1983): 15–30.
31. McCormick and Sillito, “Socialism and Utah Labor.”
32. A. Grant Miller, “Socialist Vote in Nevada,” The Voice of the People (December 10, 1910): 1.
33. Ibid.
34. James Hulse, “Socialism in Nevada, 1904–1918: Faint Echoes of an Idealistic National Movement,” Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 31 (Winter 1988): 252.
35. Letter from A. A. Hibbard to Professor Jeanne Wier, January 25, 1911, Suffrage Materials, Wier Collection, Nevada Historical Society, Reno.
36. Anne Bail Howard, The Long Campaign: A Biography of Anne Martin (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1985): 97.
37. Susan Lee Kendall, “Women in Goldfield, 1903–1916” (M.A. thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, April 1980): 49.
38. “Taft Lectures Arizona,” Wilshire’s Magazine (February 1910): 17.
39. Reuben W. Heflin, “New Mexico Constitutional Convention,” The New Mexico Historical Review 31 (January 1946): 60–68.
40. Columbus News (August 12, 1910): 3.
41. “Will the Socialists Fuse?” Columbus News (August 26, 1910): 2.
42. Item in Santa Fe New Mexican (September 29, 1910): 4.
43. Heflin, “New Mexico Constitutional Convention,” 66.
44. Thomas J. Mabry, “New Mexico’s Constitutional Convention in the Making—Reminiscences of 1910,” The New Mexico Historical Review 19 (April 1944): 178.
45. Quoted in “Political Highwaymen,” Roswell Daily Record (September 29, 1910): 2.
46. See Dwight M. Ramsay Jr., “A Statistical Survey of Voting Behavior in New Mexico” (M.A. thesis, University of New Mexico, August 1951); Jack E. Holmes, Politics in New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1967): 12.
47. The Times [El Paso, Texas] (October 31, 1911), William C. McDonald Papers, New Mexico State Records and Archives, Santa Fe, n.p.
48. Robert Kern, “Labor Struggle, 1900–1936,” in Robert Kern, ed., Labor in New Mexico: Unions, Strikes, and Social History Since 1881 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1983): 86.
49. “Labor Taking Political Action in Arizona,” MM (July 28, 1910): 4.
50. “Arizona Socialists Forced Constitution on Old Line Politicians,” California Social Democrat (January 27, 1912): 1, 5.
51. Charles Foster Todd, “The Initiative and Referendum in Arizona” (M.A. thesis, University of Arizona, 1931): 16.
52. Letter from Mulford Winsor to Hunt, September 22, 1910, Box 1, Folder 10, George W.P. Hunt Papers, Arizona Collection, Arizona State University Libraries, Tempe.
53. Report of the Executive Board of the Western Federation of Miners, Denver, Colorado, January 14, 1911, 68–69, Western Federation of Miners Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
54. W. S. Bradford, “Growth in Arizona,” ISR (May 12, 1912): 789. See also letter from Bradford to Carl D. Thompson, April 10, 1913, SPC.
55. J. N. Morrison, Weekly Bulletin (September 3, 1910): 3.
56. See items in the Socialist Party of America Papers, Series III, Part C, Arizona, 1912–1960, Duke University, William R. Perkins Library, Durham, North Carolina.
57. Joseph D. Cannon, “What Has the Western Federation of Miners or President Moyer Ever Done?” MM (August 17, 1916): 7.
58. Letter from Joseph D. Cannon to Mother Jones, January 7, 1911, in Edward M. Steel, ed., The Correspondence of Mother Jones (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985): 85–86.
59. Letter from W. S. Bradford to Carl D. Thompson, April 10, 1913, SPC.
60. Ibid.
61. Ernest Lebel, “The Appeal in Arizona,” ATR (December 3, 1910): 3.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. “Arizona Socialists Are Waging Magnificent Campaign,” California Social Democrat (November 4, 1911): 5.
65. Ibid.
66. George Hunter, “John Greenway and the Bull Moose Movement in Arizona” (M.A. thesis, University of Arizona, 1966): 29.
67. Editorial, The Observer (November 18, 1911): 2.
68. See “A Communication Answered,” MM (December 7, 1911): 10.
69. Copy of letter from J. W. Stimsom to Jerome Miner’s Union, November 14, 1911, urging support for Hunt, Carl T. Hayden Papers, Arizona Collection, Arizona State University Libraries, Tempe.
70. Letter from Ernest Lebel to George Hunt, December 13, 1911, George W.P. Hunt Papers, Arizona Collection, Arizona State University Libraries, Tempe.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.
74. David R. Berman, Reformers, Corporations, and the Electorate (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1992).
1. Unidentified article, “Read Carefully before You Vote,” includes the Socialist Party platform adopted by the Socialist party at Great Falls, Montana, March 1911, SPC.
2. “Socialist Party Pledge,” Arizona Socialist Bulletin (December 27, 1912): 1.
3. Ibid., 4.
4. Lists of local victories compiled by the national party are in various party records in the SPC.
5. “Victor, Colorado, Socialist Administration,” Information Department, SPA, from letter from J. B. Bitterly, mayor, March 1913, SPC. On his election see “Victorious Socialism,” ATR (May 13, 1911): 1.
6. “Progressive Municipality,” Arizona Socialist Bulletin (December 27, 1912): 4.
7. John S. McCormick, “Hornets in the Hive: Socialists in Early Twentieth Century Utah,” Utah Historical Quarterly 50 (Summer 1982): 226–227.
8. J. L. Engdahl, “Socialist Vice Presidential Candidate Seidel Swinging through the Rockies on Strenuous Trip,” The New York Call (October 10, 1912), 5; J. L. Engdahl, “The Socialist Vote,” SDH (October 19, 1914): 4.
9. John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, “Socialists in Power: The Eureka, Utah, Experience—1907–1925,” Weber Studies 6 (Spring 1989): 55–67.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. “Eureka Makes Progress,” The Party Builder (November 8, 1913): 2.
13. Davis Wilkins, “Nampa’s Flirtation with Socialism,” Idaho Yesterdays (Winter 1987): 15–17.
14. Ibid.
15. Stanley Stewart Phipps, “Building Socialism in One City: Coeur d’Alene, Idaho’s 1911 Municipal Government,” Museum of North Idaho Quarterly Newsletter 7 (Winter 1986): 1–5.
16. Editorial, “Will We Endorse Socialism?” Coeur d’Alene Evening Press (March 29, 1911): 2. The same theme is expressed in “Revolution or Government,” Coeur d’Alene Evening Press (March 28, 1911): 2; and “Which Shall It Be?” Coeur d’Alene Evening Press (March 27, 1911): 2.
17. “A Problem for Coeur d’Alene to Solve,” Coeur d’Alene Evening Press (April 3, 1911): 1.
18. Editorial, “Will We Endorse Socialism,” 2.
19. “Friction in Socialist Local over Police Recall,” Coeur d’Alene Evening Press (April 17, 1911): 1, 4.
20. Ibid.
21. From Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, Socialist party platform, “News and Views,” ISR 11 (May 1911): 719.
22. “Socialists Demand Mayor Wood’s Scalp,” Coeur d’Alene Evening Press (June 5, 1911): 1.
23. Phipps, “Building Socialism in One City.”
24. Jack Keister, “Why the Socialists Won in Butte,” ISR 11 (June 1911): 731.
25. Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895–1920 (Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988): 35–37.
26. Lewis J. Duncan, “Socialist Politics in Butte, Montana,” ISR 12 (November 1911): 288. See also Lewis J. Duncan, “The Trouble in Butte, Mayor Duncan’s Statement to the Socialist Party and Press of America,” July 21, 1913, SPC.
27. Letter from Duncan to Wm. Thurston Brown, April 12, 1911, cited in Terrence D. McGlynn, “Lewis J. Duncan, Socialist: The Man and His Work,” paper presented to the Social Science Section, Montana Academy of Sciences, April 18, 1970, 9.
28. Calvert bases his membership statistics on an analysis of Montana party membership roles in 1913–1915. See Calvert, The Gibraltar, 58, 63.
29. David M. Emmons, The Butte Irish: Ethnicity in an American Mining Town (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989): 103, 265.
30. Keister, “Why the Socialists Won,” 732.
31. “Press Comments on Election,” The Montana News (April 6, 1911): 2. Reprint of editorial from Montana Outlook, n.d.
32. Mary Stevens Carroll Reminiscence, Montana State Archives and Historical Society, Helena.
33. A. G. Edmunds, “Butte Socialists Hand Smashing Blow to Capitalistic Ring Rulers,” California Social Democrat (August 26, 1911): 2.
34. Keister, “Why the Socialists Won,” 731.
35. Frank Bohn, “Butte,” ISR 13 (August 1912): 128.
36. “Municipal Problems,” The Montana News (October 5, 1911): 2.
37. Ibid.
38. Duncan, “Socialist Politics in Butte,” 290–291.
39. Ibid., 288.
40. Letter from Duncan to Hiram Pratt, May 20, 1911, Lewis Duncan Papers, Montana State Archives and Historical Society, Helena.
41. See Calvert, The Gibraltar, 37.
42. See letter from Duncan to Carl D. Thompson, city clerk, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, May 19, 1911, Lewis Duncan Papers, Montana State Archives and Historical Society, Helena.
43. Letter from Lewis Duncan to Mr. H. A. Barton, May 12, 1911, Lewis Duncan Papers, Montana State Archives and Historical Society, Helena.
44. Emmons, Butte Irish, 247.
45. Ibid., 266.
46. Lewis Duncan, “Socialist Administration: Butte, Montana,” May 1, 1911–April 30, 1912, SPC. Duncan’s accomplishments are also listed in “The Butte Municipal Administration,” The American Labor Year Book (New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1916): 116–117.
47. “Butte Beats a Fusion,” ATR (April 13, 1912): 2.
48. Thomas Campbell, Proceedings of the Western Federation of Miners, Twentieth Conference, 1912, 235, Western Federation of Miners Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
49. Calvert, The Gibraltar, 43.
50. Mary Stevens Carroll Reminiscence.
51. Editorial, “Socialist Victory in Butte,” ISR 13 (May 1913): 829.
52. Clarence A. Smith, “Miners’ Union Day in Butte,” ISR 12 (July 1911): 5–6.
53. “Butte Socialist Administration Commendable,” National Municipal Review 2 (January 1913): 134. See also “Butte Administration a Success,” The Party Builder (August 20, 1913): 2.
54. From the Inter-Mountain Worker, quoted in MM (October 2, 1913): 4.
55. Anna A. Maley, “Work among Women in the West,” The Progressive Woman (July 1911): 9.
56. “The City of the Dead,” Arizona Socialist Bulletin (December 27, 1912): 3.
57. See John Bodnar, The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985).
1. American Labor Year Book 1916–1917 (New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1912): n.p., clipping in Morris Hillquit Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
2. John M. Work, “The Party Machinery,” The Progressive Woman (July 1911): 10.
3. Bernard J. Brommel, Eugene V. Debs: Spokesman for Labor and Socialism (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1978): 137.
4. Frank Bohn, “The National Progressive Party,” ISR 13 (September 1912): 229.
5. “Emil Seidel Preaches Socialism before a Large Sunday Audience,” The Missoulian (October 14, 1912): 3.
6. Quoted in H. Wayne Morgan, Eugene V. Debs: Socialist for President (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1962): 130.
7. David R. Berman, Reformers, Corporations, and the Electorate (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1992).
8. James Wright, The Politics of Populism: Dissent in Colorado (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1974). Also Colin B. Goodykoontz, “The Progressive Movement in Colorado, 1910–1912,” University of Colorado Studies, Series C, Vol. 1, no. 2 (May 1941): 145–157.
9. David Sarashon, “The Election of 1916: Realigning the Rockies,” The Western Historical Quarterly 11 (July 1980): 285–305.
10. John Spargo, Report of the Non-Partisan League of North Dakota and Various Other States, 1912, 5, SPC.
11. Ibid., 9.
12. Melvin Dubofsky, “Big Bill” Haywood (New York: St. Martin’s, 1987): 58.
13. Harry A. Mills and Royal E. Montgomery, Organized Labor (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1945): 122.
14. Berger quoted in New York Press (May 13, 1912), clipping from Morris Hillquit Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
15. “Socialists Will Open Campaign at Chicago,” Indianapolis News (May 20, 1912): n.p., clipping in ibid.
16. Note in MM (December 26, 1912): 5, referring to an article in The National Socialist (Washington, D.C., n.d.) under the caption “Expel Haywood.”
17. Henry L. Slobodin, “The State of the Socialist Party,” ISR 17 (March 1917): 539–541.
18. Nick Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982): 256.
19. See, for example, “Reflections on the Debs Vote,” Wilshire’s Magazine (December 1912): 1.
20. “The Election,” ISR 13 (December 1912): 461–463.
21. “A Campaign for Membership,” MM (November 27, 1913): 12–13.
22. L. E. Katterfield, “The Essentials of Organization,” Arizona Socialist Bulletin (July 11, 1913): 3.
23. “Emil Seidel Preaches Socialism before a Large Sunday Audience,” The Missoulian (October 14, 1912): 3.
24. “Seidel in Nevada,” SDH (December 2, 1912): 1–2.
25. “The National Campaign,” SDH (December 2, 1912): 1.
26. “Our Sixty Speakers,” The Party Builder (October 16, 1912): 4.
27. Wright, Politics of Populism, 269.
28. “Demanding His Recall,” MM (December 26, 1912): 5–6.
29. Concerns of this nature regarding Colorado are found in “Urging Organization,” The Party Builder (September 27, 1913): 4.
30. “National Socialist Campaign Winning Men as Never Before,” SDH (October 19, 1912): 4.
31. “Riot in Butte, Mont.,” The Industrial Worker (November 21, 1912): 4.
32. Helen F. Sanders, A History of Montana 1 (Chicago: Lewis, 1913): 430.
33. Boyd A. Martin, Idaho Voting Trends (Moscow: Idaho Research Foundation, 1975).
34. I. F. Stewart, “Idaho Encampments,” ISR 13 (May 12, 1912): 792–793; J. L. Engdahl, “Exploited Idaho Farmers Are Ready for Socialism,” The New York Call (October 17, 1912): 5; Hugh T. Lovin, “The Farmer Revolt in Idaho, 1914–1922,” Idaho Yesterdays (Fall 1976): 2–15.
35. Letter from I. F. Stewart to Carl D. Thompson, August 26, 1914, SPC.
36. Stewart, “Idaho Encampments.”
37. “The Socialist Vote in Idaho,” Evening Capital News (November 12, 1912): 4.
38. “Denunciation of Socialism from David Goldstein,” Evening Capital News (November 14, 1912): 12.
39. Tonopah Nevadan (October 19, 1912): 3.
40. “The National Campaign,” SDH (December 2, 1912): 1.
41. Russell R. Eliott, History of Nevada (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987): 236.
42. Debs got 16.5 percent of the vote in Nevada. Oklahoma was second with 16.4 percent. See Congressional Quarterly, Guide to U.S. Elections (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1975): 284.
43. “News and Views,” ISR (January 1913): 571.
44. Thos. M. Fagan, “Socialism Sweeping on to Victory in Nevada,” American Socialist (October 17, 1914): 3.
45. James Hulse, “Socialism in Nevada, 1904–1918: Faint Echoes of an Idealistic National Movement,” Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 31 (Winter 1988): 247–258.
46. Ibid., 249.
47. Quoted in Betty Glad, Key Pittman: The Tragedy of a Senate Insider (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986): 231, note 7.
48. Report of P. J. Holt, state secretary, Utah, in “News and Views”, ISR 12 (April 1912): 690.
49. J. L. Engdahl, “Socialist Party Growing among Mormon Workers,” The New York Call (October 16, 1912): 4.
50. The Deseret News (November 7, 1912).
51. “News and Views,” ISR 14 (September 1913): 183.
52. “Utah Labor Federation for Socialism,” The Party Builder (October 25, 1913): 5. See also John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, “America’s Socialist Heritage, Socialism in Utah, 1900–1920,” The Socialist Tribune (April-May 1978): n.p.
53. Story related in M. E. King, “Among His Own People,” The Christian Socialist (Chicago, November 1914): 4.
54. Layne quoted in “Growing in New Mexico,” ISR 12 (June 1912): 888.
55. Report from A. James McDonald, “For Sparsely Settled Regions,” The Party Builder (October 16, 1912): 4.
56. John Doe, “The Santa Fe R.R.,” California Social Democrat (March 6, 1912): 7.
57. “Growing in New Mexico,” 888.
58. J. N. Morrison, “Joseph D. Cannon and the Arizona Movement,” n.d., SPC.
59. “An Arizona School Mistress,” California Social Democrat (April 13, 1912): 3.
60. Ibid.
61. See W. S. Bradford, “Arizona Trade Unions Declare for Socialism,” California Social Democrat (February 17, 1912): 1; E. B. Simanton, “Arizona Unions for Socialism,” February 29, 1912, published in “Arizona Unions for Socialism,” California Social Democrat (March 9, 1912): 4.
62. James D. McBride, “The Development of Labor Unions in Arizona Mining, 1884 to 1919” (M.A. thesis, Arizona State University, 1974).
63. W. S. Bradford, “Growth in Arizona,” ISR 12 (May 12, 1912): 789.
64. “Socialist Candidate Here,” Coconino Sun (October 18, 1912): 1.
65. “Prohibitionists and Socialists Hold Political Meetings,” Arizona Republic (November 1, 1912): 5.
66. Arizona Socialist Bulletin (December 1912).
67. “Growth of Socialism,” Arizona Gazette (November 21, 1912): 4.
68. “The Oration of Governor Hunt Delivered July 4th at Bisbee, Arizona,” MM (July 17, 1913): 8.
69. “Phoenix Street Railway Co.,” Arizona Socialist Bulletin (July 11, 1913): 1.
70. “Arizona Will Not Tolerate Law-Defying Corporation Guards,” Arizona Socialist Bulletin (May 23, 1913): n.p.
71. Editorial, “Capital Punishment,” Arizona Socialist Bulletin (May 23, 1913): n.p.
72. Debs to Robert B. Sims, May 23, 1913, in J. Robert Constantine, ed., Letters of Eugene V. Debs, Vol. 2 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990): 31–32.
73. “Local Yuma Correspondence,” Arizona Socialist Bulletin (July 11, 1913): 4.
74. “The Race of the States toward Socialism,” The Party Builder (December 4, 1912): 1.
75. Proceedings of the National Convention of the Socialist Party, 1912, 136, SPC.
76. “Woman’s Record,” The Party Builder (June 27, 1914): 5.
77. Ibid.
78. Letter from A. Carlson, Sheridan, Wyoming, to CDT (Carl D. Thompson), August 18, 1914, SPC.
79. J. L. Engdahl, “Exploited Idaho Farmers Are Ready for Socialism,” The New York Call (October 17, 1912): 5.
80. Anna A. Maley, “Work among Women in the West,” The Progressive Woman (July 1911): 9.
81. Letter from Francis Marshall Elliott, member at large, Arizona Socialist Party, Arizona Socialist Bulletin (July 11, 1913): 3.
82. Comments of Mila Tupper Maynard, Proceedings of the First National Congress of the Socialist Party, 1910, 196, SPC.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid., 186.
85. On increased filing fees, see Thos M. Fagan, Socialist state secretary in Nevada, “Socialism Sweeping to Victory in Nevada,” American Socialist (October 17, 1914): 3, and complaints by Socialists in Arizona, “Arizona Socialists Forced Constitution on the Old Line Politicians,” reproduced from California Social Democrat (January 22, 1912) in Socialist Party Papers, Series III, Part C, Arizona, 1912–1960, SPC.
86. Letter from W. S. Bradford to Carl D. Thompson, June 6, 1913, SPC.
87. Letter from Peter J. Holt, Utah state secretary, to Carl D. Thompson, June 7, 1913, SPC.
88. Letter from J. Block, secretary pro-tem of Colorado party, to Carl D. Thompson, June 7, 1913, SPC.
1. J. L. Engdahl, “The Underground War,” MM (October 23, 1913): 9.
2. “Queer Action of W.F.M. Officials,” MM (April 10, 1913): 7–8.
3. “Miners Declare for Socialism,” ATR (February 6, 1909): 1.
4. George S. McGovern and Leonard F. Guttridge, The Great Coal Field War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972).
5. “Marching on Denver to Fight for Free Speech,” The Industrial Worker (March 27, 1913): 1.
6. Ted Fraser, “Denver Starts Organization Work in Earnest,” The Industrial Worker (June 12, 1913): 1.
7. Priscilla Long, “The 1913–1914 Colorado Fuel and Iron Strike, with Reflections on the Causes of Coal-Strike Violence,” in John H.M. Laslett, ed., The United Mine Workers of America: A Model of Industrial Solidarity? (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996): 348.
8. Bowers quoted in McGovern and Guttridge, Great Coal Field War, 69.
9. Ibid., 353.
10. Upton Sinclair, “How Coal Barons Were Protected by Press and Politicians in Crushing Colorado Workers,” ATR (December 20, 1919): n.p.
11. Letter from Adolph Germer to Walter Lanfersiek, November 30, 1913, SPC.
12. George N. Falconer, “Machine Guns and Coal Miners,” ISR 14 (December 1913): 327–329.
13. Ibid., 328.
14. Mary Field Parton, ed., Autobiography of Mother Jones (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1925): 182.
15. Quoted in MM (April 2, 1914): 4.
16. General John Chase, “The Military Occupation,” in Leon Stein and Philip Taft, eds., Massacre at Ludlow: Four Reports (New York: Arno and The New York Times, 1971): 28.
17. Ibid., 46.
18. Ibid.
19. Quoted in “Coal Field Investigators Allege Shocking Conditions,” The Hooper-Mosca Tribune (March 10, 1914): 1.
20. “Miners Demand Federal Intervention—General Chase Protests,” The Hooper-Mosca Tribune (March 14, 1914): 1.
21. George N. Falconer, “The Miner’s War in Colorado,” ISR 14 (February 1914): 480.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ella Reeve Bloor, We Are Many (New York: International, 1940): 132.
26. Stein and Taft, eds., Massacre at Ludlow, 1 (statement of husband).
27. Long, “1913–1914 Colorado Fuel and Iron Strike,” 346.
28. “Major Holbrook Promises to Disarm Mine Guards First,” The Hooper-Mosca Tribune (May 9, 1914): 1.
29. Vincent St. John, “The Lesson of Ludlow,” ISR 14 (June 1914): 725.
30. Sinclair quoted in “Colorado,” ISR 15 (July 1914): 44.
31. Jones quoted in “Colorado Will Have War Till U.S. Gets Mines,” The New York Call (July 18, 1914): 1.
32. Frank Bohn, “After Ludlow—Facts and Thoughts,” ISR 15 (August 1914): 114–116.
33. “Abandon Peace Hope in Colorado Mines,” The New York Times (June 13, 1914): 2.
34. Zeese Papanikolas, Buried Unsung: Louis Tikas and the Ludlow Massacre (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1982): 164–166.
35. Helen Schloss, “Women Picket in Ludlow, Are Maltreated by Soldiers,” The New York Call (September 18, 1914): 4.
36. Ibid.
37. See “Mother Jones Sends Thrilling Message to the Appeal Army,” ATR (August 8, 1914): 1.
38. See discussion in McGovern and Guttridge, Great Coal Field War, 284–289.
39. Mary R. Alspaugh, “The Reward of the Miners,” ISR 15 (April 1915): 604.
40. Letter from Edwin A. Miller, secretary of the Progressive party of Larimer County, to Edward P. Costigan, June 4, 1914, Edward P. Costigan Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
41. Ibid.
42. “Justice for Lawson,” letter from T. J. Brown, Denver, Colorado, American Socialist (October 30, 1915): 3.
43. Alspaugh, “Reward of the Miners,” 604.
44. “Fiendish Scheme of Utah Fuel to Crush Unionism Fully Exposed,” MM (April 19, 1914): 5.
45. Gunther Peck, Reinventing Free Labor: Padrones and Immigrant Workers in the North American West, 1880–1930 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000): 213–214.
46. Phillip J. Mellinger, Race and Labor in Western Copper: The Fight for Equality, 1896–1918 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1995).
47. “Utah Metal Miners Armed to the Teeth,” The Industrial Worker (September 26, 1912): 4.
48. “John Houland,” The Industrial Worker (November 23, 1912): 6.
49. “Mormon Town Waking Up,” The Industrial Worker (October 3, 1912): 4.
50. See, for example, letter from William H. Henry to Governor William Spry, November 12, 1915, William Spry Correspondence, Joe Hill Case, Utah State Archives and Record Service, Salt Lake City.
51. Letter from officials of the Tonopah Miners Union to Governor Spry, July 28, 1914, in ibid.
52. Letter from Socialist Party of America, Local Ogden, to Governor Spry, September 18, 1915, in ibid.
53. Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895–1920 (Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988): 54.
54. See William D. Haywood, “The Revolt at Butte,” ISR 15 (August 1914): 89–95; M. Rhea, “The Revolt in Butte,” ISR 15 (September 1914): 538–542; and account by former secretary of the Montana state party, Alma M. Kriger, in “Story of Events Which Precipitated Trouble,” The New York Call (July 4, 1914): 1–2.
55. Many of these events are described in detail in Terrence D. McGlynn, “Lewis J. Duncan, Socialist: The Man and His Work,” paper presented to the Social Science Section, Montana Academy of Sciences, April 21, 1972.
56. From The Butte Socialist (September 26, 1914), quoted in ibid., 24.
57. See Melvin Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988): 305; Burton K. Wheeler with Paul F. Healy, Yankee from the West (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962): 116; “Some History and Comments That May Be Interesting to the Miners of Butte, Montana,” MM (July 16, 1914): 7–10.
58. Contemporary newspaper accounts are in Clarence Smith, “Mayor Duncan Stabbed in Butte Mine Trouble, Shoots His Assailant,” The New York Call (July 4, 1914): 1; “The Stabbing of Duncan,” MM (July 9, 1914): 8.
59. Proceedings of the National Convention of the Western Federation of Miners, 1914, 94–115, Western Federation of Miners Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
60. Ibid., 106–107.
61. William D. Haywood, “Butte Better,” ISR 15 (February 1915): 473–475.
62. “For Inquiry in Butte Outrage,” The New York Call (September 25, 1914): 4.
63. Duncan quoted in Mary Stevens Carroll Reminiscence, Montana State Archives and Historical Society, Helena.
64. “W.F.M. Elects Moyer Again,” The New York Call (August 3, 1914): 5.
65. Letter from John Striegel to Ernest Mills, August 2, 1914, Western Federation of Miners Papers, Western History Collection, University of Colorado, Boulder.
66. See generally James R. Kluger, The Clifton-Morenci Strike: Labor Difficulty in Arizona (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970), and report on wages in Charles H. Moyer, “Strike in the Clifton District of Arizona,” MM (October 17, 1915): 5.
67. Letter from Guy E. Miller to Charles Moyer, July 15, 1915, Western Federation of Mining, Report of the Executive Board, 20.
68. Coconino Sun (October 22, 1915): 7.
69. See “Militia Called out in Arizona Strike,” MM (October 7, 1915): 6; “A Unique Strike,” ATR (November 20, 1915): 4.
70. Mellinger, Race and Labor in Western Copper, 157–158.
71. Annual Report of James Lord, president of Mining Department, American Federation of Labor, submitted to the Baltimore Convention of the Mining Department, AFL, 1916, 5, 10.
72. Mary Field Parton, ed., Autobiography of Mother Jones (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1925): 172–177.
73. See “A Unique Strike,” ATR (November 20, 1915): 4; “Struggle in Arizona,” MM (February 3, 1916): 1, 5.
74. “Hunt No Good as Mediator,” Arizona Daily Star, n.d., quoted in James M. Patton, History of Clifton (Greenlee County, Ariz.: Chamber of Commerce, 1977): 37.
75. “A Unique Strike,” 4.
76. Alice S. Eddy, “Unique Copper Strike,” American Socialist (November 27, 1915): 1.
1. “Socialist Gain as War’s Result,” The New York Call (September 8, 1914): 1.
2. “1914 Election Figures,” ISR 15 (February 1915): 485–486.
3. “Socialist Assails Wilson,” The New York Times (March 20, 1916): 4.
4. Ira Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement 1897–1912 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1952): 418.
5. “Socialist Leadership Un-American Says Allan L. Benson, Quitting Party,” Wyoming Weekly Labor Journal (July 12, 1918): 1.
6. Ibid.
7. Henry L. Slobodin, “The State of the Socialist Party,” ISR 17 (March 1917): 539–541.
8. See Appendix, Table 2, and Congressional Quarterly, Guide to U.S. Elections (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1975): 487.
9. Letter from C. T. Stoney to Archibald Hunter, October 14, 1914, Archibald Hunter Collection, Utah Historical Society, Salt Lake City.
10. Brad E. Hainsworth, “Utah State Elections, 1916–1924” (PhD dissertation, University of Utah, August 1968): 345–346.
11. Letter from C. T. Stoney, editor of the Inter-Mountain Worker, to Archibald Hunter, February 20, 1915, Archibald Hunter Collection, Utah Historical Society, Salt Lake City.
12. C. T. Stoney, “Man’s Emancipation,” Inter-Mountain Worker (June 19, 1915): 4.
13. Letter from W. P. Metcalf to Charles D. Thompson, December 25, 1914, SPC.
14. Remarks of A. James McDonald in “Letters from ‘American Socialist’ Readers,” American Socialist (June 10, 1916): 3.
15. A. James McDonald, “A Spanish Weekly,” ISR 16 (January 1916): 445.
16. Report of Secretary-Treasurer W. B. Dillon, Las Vegas, Minutes of Joint Conference of National Executive Committee and State Secretaries, August 10–12, 1918, 87, SPC.
17. A. James McDonald to members, State Committee, New Mexico Socialist Party, February 2, 1915, SPC.
18. Dwight M. Ramsey Jr., “A Statistical Survey of Voting Behavior in New Mexico” (M.A. thesis, University of New Mexico, August 1951).
19. Elda B. Conly, “The Idaho State Convention,” ISR 15 (September 1914): 184–185.
20. L. A. Coblentz and A. B. Clark, Official Information for Voters (Nampa: Idaho Socialist Party, 1914): 1, SPC.
21. Ibid., 17.
22. Elda B. Conly, “Hope to Invade State Legislature of Idaho,” American Socialist (October 24, 1914): 4.
23. Coblentz and Clark, Official Information for Voters, 17–18.
24. Boyd A. Martin, Idaho Voting Trends (Moscow: Idaho Research Foundation, 1975): 5.
25. Arguments of Committees for the Election of Candidates for State Office, General Election, 1914, secretary of state, State of Montana, Helena, Montana, October 1914, 16.
26. “Non-Partisan Organization Inaugurated among Farmers, Sinister Movement on Foot in North Dakota to Divide the Farmer Vote,” Montana Socialist (December 11, 1915): 1.
27. Ellis Waldron and Paul B. Wilson, Atlas of Montana Elections, 1876–1976, University of Montana Publications in History (Missoula: University of Montana Press, 1978): 62–66.
28. Advertisement, The Butte Socialist (April 4, 1915): 4.
29. Jerry W. Calvert, The Gibraltar: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895–1920 (Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988): 10.
30. State Secretary Thomas M. Fagan, “Socialism Sweeping on to Victory in Nevada,” American Socialist (October 17, 1914): 3.
31. Ibid.
32. “A. Grant Miller,” Nevada Socialist (September 1914): 2.
33. Fagan, “Socialism.”
34. See State of Nevada, Official Returns of the Election of November 1914 (Carson City, Nev.: State Printing Office, 1915).
35. Justus E. Taylor, state secretary, “Nevada’s Opportunity,” Nevada Socialist (August 1, 1916): 3.
36. Ibid.
37. See State of Nevada, Official Returns of the Election of November 1916 (Carson City, Nev.: State Printing Office, 1917).
38. Eddy, “Situation in Arizona Aids Socialist Fight,” 3.
39. Letter from Eddy to Thompson, August 21, 1914, SPC.
40. W. S. Bradford, “Is Hunt for the Workers?” Arizona Socialist Bulletin (October 11, 1916): 1.
41. Ibid.
42. F. Reaves, “Gila County Comment,” Arizona Socialist Bulletin (October 11, 1916): 4.
43. C. A. Peterson in Arizona Socialist Bulletin, n.d. Reprinted in “Governor Hunt Is Commended,” California Social Democrat (February 19, 1916): 1.
44. Reaves, “Gila County Government,” 4.
45. Letter from Alfred Maddern to George W.P. Hunt, June 2, 1918, George W.P. Hunt Papers, Arizona Collection, Arizona State University Libraries, Tempe.
46. “State Party Directory,” Arizona Socialist Bulletin (October 11, 1916): 4.
47. Mari Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870–1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981).
48. Platform of the Socialist Party of New Mexico, 1914, SPC.
49. “Manifesto on Equal Suffrage in Nevada,” Nevada Socialist (July 1, 1916): 1.
50. James Weinstein, The Decline of Socialism in America, 1912–1919 (New York: Monthly Review, 1967): 60.
51. See “Woman’s Record,” The Party Builder (June 27, 1914): 5; Max Sherover, “Hope and Work for the Socialist U.S. Senator from Nevada,” American Socialist (September 9, 1916): 3.
52. “Resolutions Adopted by the State Executive Committee, Socialist Party of Nevada, February 15, 1916,” Emmet D. Boyle, Executive Records, Nevada State Division of Archives and Records, Carson City.
53. Debs quoted in Sherover, “Hope and Work,” 3.
54. “Men of the West Praise Suffrage,” New York Morning Telegraph (August 12, 1915), clipping from Emmet D. Boyle, Scrapbooks, Nevada State Division of Archives and Records, Carson City, n.p.
55. David R. Berman, “Gender and Issue Voting: The Policy Effects of Suffrage Expansion in Arizona,” Social Science Quarterly 74 (December 1993): 838–850.
56. Letter from Emma F. Langdon to Carl D. Thompson, August 17, 1914, SPC. This letter came in response to a letter from the national secretary who was trying to assess the effects of suffrage. Other, less definite answers from Socialists in the region came from I. F. Stewart, Idaho, to Thompson, August 26, 1914; Alice Eddy of Arizona to Thompson, August 21, 1914; and A. Carlson from Wyoming, August 18, 1914, all in SPC.
57. Jennie A. McGehe, “Jennie A. McGehe Attends Woman’s Party Meeting,” American Socialist (August 26, 1916): 3.
58. “Montana Suffragists Confident of Winning,” The New York Call (September 7, 1914): 5.
59. “For Inquiry in Butte Outrage,” The New York Call (September 25, 1914): 4.
60. “Overwhelmed But Undismayed Are the Socialists of Butte,” Montana Socialist (April 10, 1915): 1.
61. A. James McDonald, New Mexico state secretary, to Carl D. Thompson, April 22, 1915, SPC.
62. Letter from George Lindsay, businessman (a director of the Farnsworth Canal and Reservoir Company) in Mountain Home, Utah, November 24, 1914, to national party headquarters in Chicago, SPC.
63. “Arizona Farmers Now Ready to Fight for Socialism,” American Socialist (August 28, 1915): 2. See also “Contest Globe Election: Two Aldermen Elected,” American Socialist (July 18, 1914): 1; Robert Logan, “Victory in Arizona,” American Socialist (June 5, 1915): 4.
64. Logan, “Victory in Arizona.”
65. “Note from Nevada,” ISR 17 (October 1916): 247.
66. See letters from Earl W. Bowman to Carl D. Thompson, February 21, 1915, and from W. C. Tharp to Thompson, March 24, 1915, both in SPC.
67. Ethelwyn Mills, “Legislative Program of the Socialist Party,” Socialist Party National Office, Chicago, 1914, SPC.
68. “How Socialist Legislators Served the Working People,” ATR (June 19, 1915): 3.
69. Letter from Earl W. Bowman to American Socialist, January 25, 1915, SPC.
70. Letters from Earl W. Bowman, senator, Adams County, Idaho, to Carl D. Thompson, January 29 and February 21, 1915, both in SPC; “Idaho Socialist Legislator Fights for Unemployment,” American Socialist (February 6, 1915): 1.
71. Carol Cross, “Idaho’s Only Socialist Legislator 35 Years Ago Anticipated Work Relief,” The Idaho Sunday Statesman (March 5, 1950). Reprinted in Gladys Bowman Knight, A Biographical Sketch of Earl Wayland Bowman, ‘The Ramlin’ Kid’” (Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton, 1967): 20.
72. Letter from Earl W. Bowman to Carl D. Thompson, February 21, 1915, SPC.
73. Interview in The Idaho Statesman, n.d., unidentified document, SPC.
74. Ibid.; also letter from Earl W. Bowman to American Socialist, January 25, 1915, SPC.
75. “Force Idaho to Grant Man the Right to Work,” American Socialist (March 20, 1915): 1. See also “How Socialist Legislators Served the Working People,” ATR (June 19, 1951): 3.
76. “In Nevada’s Legislature,” American Socialist (February 6, 1915): 4.
77. The expulsion is discussed in a letter from Justice E. Taylor, state secretary of the Nevada Socialist party, to Carl D. Thompson, February 11, 1913, SPC.
78. M. J. Scanlan, “Fighting the Good Fight in the Nevada Legislature,” American Socialist (May 8, 1915): 2.
79. “Socialist Legislation in Nevada,” in The American Labor Year Book, 1916 (New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1916): 108.
80. “How Socialist Legislators Served the Working People,” 3.
81. Conner quoted in Mills, “Legislative Program of the Socialist Party,” 38.
82. Ibid., 21.
83. Letter from Conner to Carl D. Thompson, February 17, 1913, SPC.
84. Mills, “Legislative Program of the Socialist Party,” 38–39.
85. “Democratic Platform Pledges Brutally Broken at Helena,” Montana Socialist (February 6, 1915): 1.
86. Ibid.
87. See untitled notes in American Socialist (February 6, 1915): 1.
88. Untitled note in American Socialist (March 27, 1915): 4.
89. “Here’s Brilliant Record of Lone Socialist Legislator in Utah,” American Socialist (April 17, 1915): 4. See also E. D. MacDougall, “Bevan in the Legislature,” Annual Labor Review of the Inter-Mountain Worker (June 19, 1915): 10.
90. Letter from J. Alex Bevan to Carl D. Thompson, December 26, 1914, SPC.
91. MacDougall, “Bevan in the Legislature,” 10–11.
92. Letter from W. C. Tharp to Carl D. Thompson, December 26, 1914, SPC.
93. Ibid.
94. “Republican Victory,” The Clovis Journal (November 6, 1914): 1.
95. Letter Thomas J. Mabry, editor of The Clovis Journal, to Governor W. C. McDonald, November 16, 1914, William C. McDonald Papers, New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, Santa Fe.
96. Letter from W. C. Tharp to Charles D. Thompson, December 26, 1914, SPC.
97. Letter from W. C. Tharp to Socialist headquarters, January 15, 1915, SPC.
98. Letter from A. James McDonald to members, State Committee, New Mexico Socialist party, February 2, 1915, SPC.
99. Ibid.
100. Letter from state party secretary A. James McDonald to W. C. Tharp, February 2, 1915, SPC.
101. “In New Mexico’s Legislature,” American Socialist (January 30, 1915): 1.
102. New Mexico Bluebook of 1915 (Santa Fe: State of New Mexico, 1916): 31.
103. “Socialists and Statehood,” Arizona Daily Star (September 25, 1906): 7.
104. “Industrial Pursuits Advocated for State,” Arizona Gazette (April 16, 1912): 1.
105. Editorial, Coconino Sun (June 30, 1916): 6.
106. David R. Berman, Reformers, Corporations, and the Electorate (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1992).
107. T. A. Larson, History of Wyoming (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978): 334.
108. Ibid.
1. “The Socialist Party and the War,” in The American Labor Year Book (New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1917–1918): 50.
2. Harry A. Mills and Royal E. Montgomery, Organized Labor (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1945): 137.
3. Benson quoted in “Socialist Leadership Un-American Says Allan L. Benson, Quitting Party,” Wyoming Weekly Labor Journal (July 12, 1918): 1.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Hugh T. Lovin, “The Banishment of Kate Richards O’Hare,” Idaho Yesterdays 22 (Spring 1978): 20–25.
7. Report of Special Employee Claude McCaleb at Globe, Arizona, for 1917, to R. L. Barnes, special agent in charge, Military Intelligence, Washington, D.C.
8. William D. Haywood, Bill Haywood’s Book: The Autobiography of William D. Haywood (New York: International, 1929): 299.
9. T. A. Larson, History of Wyoming (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978): 394.
10. John R. Sillito and Timothy S. Hearn, “A Question of Conscience: The Resignation of Bishop Paul Jones,” Utah Historical Quarterly 50 (Summer 1982): 209–223.
11. See generally, F. Ross Peterson, Idaho: A Bicentennial History (New York: Norton, 1976).
12. H. C. Peterson and Gilbert C. Fite, Opponents of War 1917–1918 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1957).
13 “No Pacifists in New Mexico, Declares Jones,” The Silver City Independent (February 27, 1917): 1.
14. Letter attached to letter written to local councils by the Guadalupe County Council of Defense, State of New Mexico, August 13, 1917, Governor Washington E. Lindsey Collection, New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, Santa Fe.
15. Report of the Executive Secretary, NEC, August 8, 1912, 23, SPC.
16. Robert Kern, “Labor Struggle, 1900–1936,” in Robert Kern, ed., Labor in New Mexico: Unions, Strikes, and Social History Since 1881 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1983): 86.
17. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 55.
18. “Big Four Local 3053,” Wyoming Weekly Labor Journal (August 17, 1917): 3.
19. “Strike Is Failing, Leaders Are Leaving,” The Gallup Herald (September 1, 1917): 1.
20. Robert Kern, “A Century of Labor in New Mexico,” in Kern, ed., Labor in New Mexico, 8.
21. Letter from George Powell to Henry S. McCluskey, February 8, 1917, Henry S. McCluskey Papers, Arizona Collection, Arizona State University Libraries, Tempe.
22. Grover H. Perry, secretary-treasurer, “To All Metal Mine Workers: The I.W.W. Is Coming, Join the One Big Union,” pamphlet, IWW’s Metal Mine Workers’ Industrial Union, Phoenix, Arizona.
23. Robert W. Bruere, Following the Trial of the IWW (New York: New York Evening Post, 1918): 3.
24. Douglas quoted in ibid., 7.
25. Will Robinson, The Story of Arizona (Phoenix: Berryhill, 1919): 299.
26. See account by Thomas McGuinness, real estate developer in Bisbee, in “Truth about Bisbee,” ATR (August 25, 1917): 1.
27. Harold Callander, “Bosses Turn Bisbee into Armed Camp,” The New York Call (September 6, 1917): 2.
28. “Dumping I.W.W. at Columbus,” The Deming Headlight (July 13, 1917): 1.
29. Ibid.
30. “Nothing Doing at Hermanas,” The Deming Headlight (July 20, 1917): 1.
31. Enclosure attached to letter from Joseph Patrick Tumulty to Woodrow Wilson, July 12, 1917, in Arthur S. Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 43 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966–1988): 158.
32. Telegram from Woodrow Wilson to Thomas E. Campbell, July 12, 1917, ibid.
33. Letter from J. L. Donnelly and Thomas A. French to Wilson, August 6, 1917, ibid., 373.
34. Rosa McKay, “Butte and Bisbee Outrages Scored by Brave Women Representatives,” ATR (August 18, 1917): 2.
35. “What Has Become of Democracy in the State of Arizona,” Wyoming Weekly Labor Journal (August 17, 1917): 3.
36. Item from Skillings Mining Review, n.d. Reprinted as “The Bisbee System,” The Silver City Enterprise (July 20, 1917): 1.
37. Letter from A. M. Pollard to Governor Lindsey, August 1, 1917, Governor Washington E. Lindsey Collection, New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, Santa Fe.
38. Letter from Pollard to Washington Lindsey, August 4, 1917, ibid.
39. Letter from Fred Fosoff, special representative, to Washington Lindsey, August 12, 1917, ibid.
40. Letter from George Wylie Paul Hunt to Woodrow Wilson, September 3, 1917, in Link, ed., Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 43, 136.
41. Ibid., 137.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid., 139.
45. Bruere, Following the Trial of the IWW, 8.
46. Department of Labor, Office of the Secretary, Report on the Bisbee Deportations, Made by the President’s Mediation Commission to the President of the United States, November 6, 1917 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918).
47. Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Felix Frankfurter, December 19, 1917, in Elting E. Morrison, John Blum, Alfred D. Chandler Jr., and Sylvia Rice, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951–1954): 1264.
48. True Copy of the Notes of the Hon. Thomas E. Campbell (written between 1934 and 1939), MS 132, 59, Campbell Family Papers, Arizona Historical Society Library, Tucson.
49. “Gov. Hunt Has His Picture Taken with Indicted Leaders of I.W.W.,” The Bisbee Daily Review (June 7, 1918): 4.
50. Ibid.
51. Letter to George W.P. Hunt from Alfred Maddern, June 2, 1918, George W.P. Hunt Papers, Arizona Collection, Arizona State University Libraries, Tempe.
52. Jeanette Rankin, “Butte and Bisbee Outrages Scored by Brave Women Representatives,” ATR (August 18, 1917): 2.
53. Little quoted in Burton K. Wheeler with Paul F. Healy, Yankee from the West (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962): 139.
54. “Will This Trump Win?” Montana Socialist (August 4, 1917): 1.
55. Ibid.
56. B. Stewart, “Communication,” Wyoming Weekly Labor Journal (August 17, 1917): 3.
57. H. C. Peterson and Gilbert C. Fite, Opponents of War 1917–1918 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1957): 169–170.
58. Robert L. Morlan, Political Prairie Fire: The Nonpartisan League, 1915–1922 (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1985): 173–174.
59. Wheeler and Healy, Yankee from the West, 142.
60. Minutes of Joint Conference of National Executive Committee and State Secretaries, August 10–12, 1918, Chicago, Illinois, 37.
61. “Non-Partisan League Given Poor Recommendation by Attorney Frank C. Goudy,” The Alamosa Courier (October 13, 1917): 1.
62. Minutes of Joint Conference, 37.
63. J.C.H. Reynolds, division secretary of American Patriotic Conference, Northwestern Territory, to Jerome J. Day, August 13, 1918, Jerome James Day Papers, University of Idaho, Moscow.
64. The story is told in “The Associated Press Again,” ATR (October 15, 1921): 2.
65. Reynolds to Day, August 13, 1918.
66. “Duncan Now Mucker in Copper Mines of Butte,” American Socialist (February 10, 1917): 3.
67. Ibid.
68. Quoted in Terrence D. McGlynn, “Lewis J. Duncan, Socialist: The Man and His Work,” paper presented to the Social Science Section, Montana Academy of Sciences, April 18, 1970, 31.
69. William C. Pratt, “Radicalism on the Northern Plains, 1912–1950,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History (Winter 1992): 44, note.
70. Ibid.; Charles Vindex, “Radical Rule in Montana,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 18 (January 1968): 5–8; Verlaine Stoner McDonald, “A Paper of, by, and for the People,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 48 (Winter 1998): 18–33; Dave Walter, “Montana’s Prairie Radicals: 1918–1937, “Montana Magazine (November-December 1996): 78–84.
71. Letter from Office of the Traveling Examiner, Hercules Mining Company, to Harry L. Day, March 4, 1918, Jerome Jones Day Papers, University of Idaho, Moscow.
72. “First Woman Member of Congress Is a Radical,” ATR (March 24, 1917): 2.
73. “Jeannette Rankin and Townley Hit Hard at Big Business Tories,” The New York Call (August 26, 1918): 2.
74. Montana Party platform, adopted September 14, 1918, Melinda Alexander Papers, Montana State Archives and Historical Society, Helena.
75. William S. Shepperson, Retreat to Nevada: A Socialist Colony of World War I (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1966).
76. “Not in Harmony with Socialists’ Policy, A. Grant Miller Withdraws from Party,” Carson City Daily Appeal (September 10, 1917): n.p.
77. Ted Louis DeCorte Jr., “The ‘Red Scare’ in Nevada, 1919–1920” (M.A. thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, August 1979).
78. Stone quoted in Minutes of Joint Conference, 1918, 101.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid.
81. Robert Kern, “A Century of Labor in New Mexico,” in Kern, ed., Labor in New Mexico, 3–24.
82. Letter from Charles Springer to Albert B. Fall, May 3, 1918, FA Box 37, Folder 9, Albert Fall Collection, Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
83. Editorial, “You Can’t Do It Here,” Portales Journal (July 16, 1917): n.p., attached to a letter from J. R. Sanders to Governor Lindsey, August 13, 1917, Governor Washington E. Lindsey Collection, New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, Santa Fe.
84. Minutes of Joint Conference, 1918, 85.
85. Unidentified article in True Copy of the Notes of Hon. Thomas E. Campbell (written between 1934 and 1939), MS 132, 59, Campbell Family Papers, Arizona Historical Society Library, Tucson.
86. Report of Executive Secretary to the National Executive Committee, August 8, 1918 (Chicago, Illinois): 17–23, SPC.
87. Eddy quote in Minutes of Joint Conference, 1918, 35.
88. Ibid., 101.
1. See, for example, James Oneal, “The Convention Aftermath,” The Eye Opener (September 15, 1919): 6.
2. Report, Department of Intelligence Office, Chicago, Illinois, September 13, 1919, in Randolph Boehm and Robert Lester, eds., U.S. Military Intelligence Reports: Surveillance of Radicals in the United States, 1917–1941 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Document).
3. Letter from W. B. Dillon to Adolph Germer, July 29, 1919, SPC.
4. Ibid.
5. Resolutions of Socialist Party of New Mexico, received at national headquarters of the Socialist Party of America, August 1, 1919, SPC.
6. Letter from Adolph Germer to W. B. Dillon, August 15, 1919, SPC.
7. FBI Bulletin of Radical Activities, week ending April 24, 1920 (mislabeled on file as May 1, 1920), in Boehm and Lester, eds., U.S. Military Intelligence Reports.
8. Harold Lord Varney, “Butte—A Soviet Strike,” The Revolutionary Age (March 1, 1919): 8.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. See, for example, Report to John H. Wourms, November 12, 1919, MG 315, Box 2, Folder 54, Jerome James Day Papers, 1876–1941, University of Idaho, Moscow.
12. “State Federation Concludes Session,” The Free-Lance (March 3, 1920): 1.
13. “Bail Is Wanted without Fail for the Men Who Are in Jail,” Butte Daily Bulletin (December 6, 1919): 2.
14. John W. Gunn, “Awakening of Farmers Is Shown in Growth of Nonpartisan League,” ATR (September 6, 1919): 2.
15. “Colorado Republicans Endorse Americanism,” Rocky Mountain News (October 3, 1920): 4.
16. T. A. Larson, History of Wyoming (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978): 454–455.
17. “United Republican Party Declares War on League,” Montana Record-Herald (September 11, 1920): 1.
18. “In Forceful Language Republican Candidate Sounds Campaign Keynote,” Montana Record-Herald (September 11, 1920): 1.
19. Full-page ad in The Daily Missoulian (October 31, 1920): 7.
20. Editorial, “The Future of the League in Montana,” The Montana Nonpartisan (November 6, 1920): 4.
21. Robert L. Morlan, Political Prairie Fire: The Nonpartisan League, 1915–1922 (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1985): 239.
22. Boehm and Lester, eds., U.S. Military Intelligence Reports.
23. U.S. Military Intelligence Report from Denver District, Army RCTG Service, April 17, 1920, ibid.
24. Letter from Claude F. Wiley, Nampa, Idaho, to director of Military Intelligence Division, Washington D.C., December 2, 1920, ibid.
25. Letter from Sergeant Joseph G. Zimmerman, Reno, Nevada, to director of Military Intelligence Division, San Francisco, November 26, 1920, Military files, ibid.
26. Material from ibid.
27. U.S. Military Intelligence Report from Denver District, ibid.
28. Letter from Mae Bishop to Eugene V. Debs, January 8, 1920, in Constantine, Vol. 2, 46–47.
29. “Kate O’Hare to Prosecute Idaho Mob,” ATR (July 16, 1921): 2. See also “Kate O’Hare Kidnapped,” The New Day (July 9, 1921): 6.
30. “Kate O’Hare’s Own Story of Kidnapping,” ATR (July 16, 1921): 2.
31. “Legion Lawlessness Growing, Mrs. Hazlett Mobbed!” The New Day (August 6, 1921): 2–3.
32. “Grossbeck for Justice of the Supreme Court,” Wyoming Weekly Labor Journal (November 3, 1922): 4.
33. See, for example, Peter F. Galderisi, Michael S. Lyons, Randy T. Simmons, and John G. Francis, The Politics of Realignment: Party Change in the Mountain West (Boulder: Westview, 1987).
34. Steven J. Rosenstone, Roy L. Behr, and Edward H. Lazorus, Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984): 89.