In the notes that follow, the reference numbers denote page and line of this volume (the line count includes chapter headings). No note is made for material included in a standard desk-reference book. Notes within the text are Sherman’s own. For further identification of persons and events mentioned in the Memoirs, see Mark Mayo Boatner III, The Civil War Dictionary, revised edition (New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1988), and Stewart Sifakis, Who Was Who in the Civil War (New York: Facts On File, Inc., 1988).
5.15 Napier, . . . Hume] Sir William Francis Napier (1785–1860), History of the War in the Peninsula (1828–40) and History of the Conquest of Scinde (1844–46); Sir Archibald Alison (1792–1867), History of Europe during the French Revolution (1833–42; 1852–59); and David Hume (1711–76), History of Great Britain (1754–62).
6.14–16 these publications . . . 1862.] The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 70 vols. (1880–1901).
16.18 Mahan] Dennis Hart Mahan (1802–71) was professor of engineering at the Military Academy from 1832 to 1871 and wrote extensively on military subjects. His course offered the only instruction in strategy given during Sherman’s time at the Academy.
22.31–32 black . . . Joe] Many escaped slaves found refuge among the Seminoles in Florida and fought with them against the U.S. Army.
28.10 Henry Stanberry] Henry Stanbery (1803–81) practiced law with Thomas Ewing in Lancaster, Ohio. He was attorney general under President Andrew Johnson, 1866–68, before resigning to represent Johnson at his Senate impeachment trial.
33.27 counterscarp] A wall or slope in front of a defensive ditch.
42.15–16 Wilkes’s . . . Missions.”] Charles Wilkes (1798–1877), Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition. During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 5 vols. (1844); Richard Henry Dana (1815–82), Two Tears Before the Mast. A Personal Narrative of Life at Sea (1840); Alexander Forbes (1778–1862), California: A History of Upper and Lower California from Their First Discovery to the Present Time (1839).
43.33 alcalde] Mayor.
45.35–37 her brother . . . claim.] Vicente Gómez, who asserted in 1853 that the rich New Indria quicksilver mine, established in San Benito County in 1851, was on land granted to him by the Mexican governor of California in 1844. In 1857 Gómez sold his claim to William McGarrahan. The claim was repeatedly brought before the courts and Congress by McGarrahan and his heirs until 1900, but it was never confirmed. Accusations of corruption were leveled against both McGarrahan and his opponents in connection with their lobbying efforts.
46.3–4 costumbres del pais] Customs of the country.
48.31 Colonel Benton] Thomas Hart Benton (1782–1858) served as a colonel in the War of 1812 and was a Democratic senator from Missouri, 1821–51. His daughter Jessie had married Frémont in 1841.
55.18 Sloat . . . occupation] Commodore John D. Sloat (1781–1867) landed a party at Monterey on July 7, 1846, that proclaimed California to be an American possession under American law.
67.9 McAdam-stone] The macadam roadway, made of layers of stone broken into uniform size, was invented by John McAdam (1756–1836). The roadway and materials used in making it were also called McAdam and MacAdam.
70.6 alforjas] Saddle bags.
107.37–38 Mr. Calhoun . . . end] Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina died on March 31, 1850.
107.39–40 Mr. Webster’s . . . speech] Webster delivered his last speech on July 17, 1850.
118.32 Baulinas Bay] Bolinas Bay.
132.29–30 like Hotspur’s . . . come.] Cf. 1 Henry IV, III, i, 52—54.
139.5 “Eatanswill”] In chapter 13 of Charles Dickens’ Pickwick Papers (1836–37), the fictional borough of Eatanswill is the scene of a parliamentary election. Its partisan newspapers, the Eatanswill Gazette and the Eatanswill Independent, engage in “spirited attacks” on each other, viz., “‘Our worthless contemporary, the Gazette—’ ‘That disgraceful and dastardly journal, the Independent—’ ‘That false and scurrilous print, the Independent—’ ‘That vile and slanderous calumniator, the Gazette.’”
154.16 Aspinwall] Founded in 1850 and named for the railroad builder William H. Aspinwall, the city, now called Colon, is located at what became the northern entrance to the Panama Canal.
158.26 Hugh and T. E., Jr.,] Hugh Boyle Ewing (1826–1905) and Thomas Ewing, Jr., (1829–96) became Union brigadier generals during the Civil War, as did their brother Charles Ewing (1835–83).
166.25–27 Sherman . . . Bocock] On February 1, 1860, William Pennington of New Jersey, a Whig recently turned Republican, was elected Speaker of the House on the forty-fourth ballot taken during the contest.
170.13–14 Bell . . . compromise] John Bell of Tennessee and Edward Everett of Massachusetts, both former Whigs, were nominated for president and vice-president by the Constitutional Union convention in Baltimore on May 9, 1860. The convention adopted no platform, but pledged itself to uphold the Constitution, the Union, and the enforcement of the laws. Bell and Everett carried Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee in the presidential election.
171.6 “Knights . . . Circle,”] A secret organization, formed around 1855, that advocated the annexation of Mexico and the creation of a slaveholding “empire” extending in a “golden circle” from the tip of Florida around the Gulf of Mexico to the Yucatán Peninsula. The name was later used in 1862–63 by a secret society of Confederate sympathizers in the Midwest.
172.16 Haskins] Joseph A. Haskin (1817–74). He became a Union brigadier general in the Civil War, serving in the Washington, D.C., fortifications.
172.23 clamor . . . Brownsville] On September 28, 1859, a group of Mexican-Americans led by rancher Juan Cortina (1824–92) occupied Brownsville, Texas, and proclaimed a “Republic of the Rio Grande.” The rebellion dispersed after U.S. Army reinforcements reached the Rio Grande Valley, and Cortina went into exile in Mexico, where he later served as a military governor under President Benito Juárez.
173.14 Jäger rifles] Name commonly given to the first muzzle-loading, percussion-cap rifle widely issued to the U.S. Army, beginning in 1846. Jäger (“hunter”) troops were the skirmishing and scouting riflemen in German armies.
174.9 esto perpetua] May it be perpetual.
175.30–31 offer of employment] Sherman had been offered a position in London with a new banking venture.
181.13 seven . . . states] Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina.
197.35 difficulty . . . Baltimore] On April 19, 1861, secessionist sympathizers in Baltimore attacked Union volunteers en route to Washington. Sixteen people were killed in the ensuing riot.
206.17 sinks] Latrines.
213.34 senator] Frémont represented California in the U.S. Senate from September 1850 to March 1851.
219.29 Springfield muskets] Muzzle-loading rifles made at the armory in Springfield, Massachusetts.
228.30 Wilkinson, or Wilkerson] Samuel Wilkeson (1817–89).
231.6 onus faciendi] Burden of acting.
232.38–41 It was . . . name.] In the 1875 edition, this passage read: “Still, on a review of the only official documents before the War Department at the time, it was cruel for a Secretary of War to give a tacit credence to a rumor which probably started without his wish or intention, yet through his instrumentality.”
234.19 Halsted] Murat Halstead (1829–1908).
234.26–27 12th of November] The date and text of Halleck’s reply, as well as the chronology of the events discussed in this passage, indicate that Sherman’s letter was written on December 12.
239.32 Island No. Ten] A fortified island in the Mississippi River near New Madrid, Missouri.
239.38 240.8 About . . . 10.] This passage replaced one in the 1875 edition that read: “From the time I had left Kentucky, General Buell had really made no substantial progress, though strongly reënforced beyond even what I had asked for. General Albert Sidney Johnston had remained at Bowling Green until his line was broken at Henry and Donelson, when he let go Bowling Green and fell back hastily to Nashville; and, on Buell’s approach, he did not even tarry there, but continued his retreat southward.”
298.11 Bolivar army] Union forces based at Bolivar, Tennessee.
326.7–9 Dr. Draper . . . Grant.”] John William Draper (1811–82), History of the American Civil War, 3 vols. (1867–1870); Adam Badeau (1831–95), Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, from April, 1861, to April, 1865, 3 vols. (1868–1881). Sherman assisted Draper in the preparation of his second and third volumes. Badeau was Grant’s military secretary, 1864–66, and drew on Grant’s records when writing his history.
351.34 epaulements] Embankments raised for protection from enemy fire.
352.10 Orion P. Howe] Howe was a 12-year-old drummer boy serving with the 55th Illinois Volunteer Infantry.
353.23 Sevastopol] During the Crimean War the Russian garrison was besieged by British and French armies from September 28, 1854, until September 9, 1855. The Russians abandoned the city after the fall of the Malakov, an important part of the defensive fortifications. Sherman toured the Crimean battlefields in 1872.
357.32–33 Lincoln . . . sea.”] In an August 26, 1863, letter to a meeting of Union supporters in Springfield, Illinois, Lincoln wrote: “The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea.”
362.22 tiers état] Third estate or class; in pre-revolutionary France, the commons (in practice, the burghers) as distinct from the nobility and the higher clergy.
363.11–12 Stewart . . . Jackson] Major General J.E.B. Stuart (1833–64); Brigadier General William H. (Red) Jackson (1835–1903).
366.43–367.1 Napoleon’s . . . Mexico] French troops captured Mexico City in June 1863. Napoleon III then arranged for Mexican conservatives to offer the Austrian archduke Ferdinand Maximilian the imperial throne of Mexico in July 1863.
368.24–25 Polonius . . . thee.”] Hamlet, I, iii, 65—67.
381.2 Perryville] The battle of Perryville was fought on October 8, 1862.
381.5 Stone River] The battle of Stones River (also known as Murfreesboro) was fought from December 31, 1862 to January 2, 1863.
398.41 balks and chesses] Balks are beams laid lengthwise along a pontoon bridge, and chesses are planks laid across them.
400.19 tête du pont] Bridgehead.
402.22 place d’armes] An assembly point for troops.
403.12 Napoleon battery] The Napoleon was a smoothbore, muzzle-loading cannon, developed in France under Napoleon III. It was the most commonly used artillery piece on both sides of the Civil War. Most Napoleons fired a 12-pound projectile.
419.4 (Bishop) Polk] Leonidas Polk (1806–64) graduated from the U.S. Military Academy in 1827 and then resigned from the army to become an Episcopal minister. He became Bishop of Louisiana in 1841 and joined the Confederate army in 1861.
425.28 “Anvil Chorus”] Opening chorus in Act II of the opera Il Trovatore (1853) by Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901).
463.22–23 McCook . . . Crittenden] Major General Alexander M. McCook (1831 –1903), brother of Sherman’s former law partner Daniel McCook, Major General James S. Negley (1826–1901), and Major General Thomas L. Crittenden (1815–93) all lost control of their commands during the rout of the Union right wing on the second day of the battle of Chickamauga, September 20, 1863.
490.40–41 Sigel . . . skins.] In his Personal Memoirs (1885–86) Grant wrote that when he explained to Lincoln his reasons for ordering several simultaneous Union advances in the spring campaign, the President replied: “Oh, yes! I see that. As we say out West, if a man can’t skin he must hold a leg while somebody else does.” Lincoln’s personal secretary, John Hay, recorded the remark (as retold to him by the President) in his diary on April 30, 1864, as: “Those not skinning, can hold a leg.”
491.5 two letters] The second letter approved command changes Sherman had recommended (see page 466.9–19 in this volume).
492.30 General Jackson’s army] Andrew Jackson campaigned in northern Alabama against the Creek Indians in 1813–14.
496.35 débouché] Oudet of a pass or gorge.
500.20–21 McPherson . . . cautious.] In the 1875 edition, this passage read: “McPherson seems to have been a little timid.”
503.13 Oostenaula] Oostanaula.
508.25 spring of 1870] Sherman visited New Orleans en route to Texas in 1871.
520.21 somewhat refused] Moved back, away from the enemy line.
524.23 Johnston . . . “Narrative,”] Joseph E. Johnston (1807–91), Narrative of Military Operations Directed During the Late War Between the States (1874).
530.4 “battle above the clouds,”] The name popularly given to the fighting on Lookout Mountain on November 24, 1863, during which the battlefield was covered by mist.
541.34–35 “Well, . . . side?”] Major General Lovell H. Rousseau (1818–69) was from Kentucky, as were many men in the Confederate army.
547.15 fraise . . . abatis,] A fraise is a slanted or horizontal palisade pointing out from a fortified position, chevaux-de-frise are logs or barrels with protruding spikes, used in front of fortified positions, and an abatis is an obstruction made of felled trees with sharpened branches.
559.33–35 Howard . . . Hooker] Howard was junior to Hooker and had served as a corps commander under him in the Army of the Potomac.
560.1 Slocum . . . displaced] Relations between Slocum and Hooker had been strained since Slocum’s bitter criticism of Hooker’s leadership during the Union defeat at Chancellorsville, May 1–4, 1863.
560.9–17 I had . . .us.] This passage replaced one in the 1875 edition that read: “I am told that he says that Thomas and I were jealous of him; but this is hardly probable, for we on the spot did not rate his fighting qualities as high as he did, and I am, moreover, convinced that both he and General Butterfield went to the rear for personal reasons.” Major General Daniel Butterfield (1831–1901) served as Hooker’s chief of staff in the Army of the Potomac, January–June 1863, and in the Army of the Cumberland, October 1863–April 1864. He commanded a division in Hooker’s corps from April 14 to June 29, 1864, when he left the field because of illness.
560.23–24 fairly earned.] At this point in the 1875 edition there was a sentence that read: “General Hooker, moreover, when he got back to Cincinnati, reported (I was told) that we had run up against a rock at Atlanta, and that the country ought to be prepared to hear of disaster from that quarter.”
575.10 parallels] Trenches dug so as to gradually approach an enemy line.
583.1 “Atlanta . . . won.”] Sherman’s telegram to Halleck announcing the city’s capture contained the phrase “Atlanta is ours and fairly won.”
590.6 Your letter] Sherman wrote a widely published letter to John Spooner, a Massachusetts recruiting agent, on July 30, 1864, criticizing the recruitment of Southern blacks by Northern states as a means of fulfilling their enlistment quotas.
590.22 B——. . . S——] The manuscript of the letter reads: “Belmont, Vallandigham, Wood, Seymour,” referring to August Belmont (1816–90), New York financier and chairman of the Democratic national committee; Clement L. Vallandigham (1820–71), former Ohio congressman and leader of the Peace Democrats; Fernando Wood (1812–81), Democratic congressman from New York and an opponent of the war; and Horatio Seymour (1810–86), Democratic governor of New York and chairman of the Chicago convention.
590.23–27 platform . . . letter] The Democratic national convention adopted a platform on August 30, 1864, that denounced the war as “four years of failure” and called for the immediate cessation of hostilities and negotiations to restore the Union. McClellan accepted the Democratic presidential nomination on September 8 in a letter that repudiated the platform’s description of the war as a failure and its call for an immediate end to the fighting, but which endorsed the restoration of the Union through a negotiated peace.
590.33 W.B. . . . worthies.] The manuscript of the letter reads: “Wilkes, Butterfield, & such worthies.” George Wilkes (1817–85) was the publisher of Wilkes’ Spirit of the Times, where he supported Hooker. For Butterfield, see note 560.9–17.
590.35 relieved . . . occasion] Hooker had been relieved as commander of the Army of the Potomac on June 28, 1863.
603.41 General Hunter’s course] Major General David Hunter (1802–86) ordered the burning of Confederate public buildings and private property in the Shenandoah Valley while commanding Union forces in western Virginia, May 21–August 8, 1864.
614.3 JOSEPH C. BROWN.] Joseph E. Brown (1821–94) was governor of Georgia from 1857 to 1865.
654.36–37 Alabama cavalry] Recruited from among Alabama Unionists, most of whom lived in the northern hill counties.
655.37–38 “John . . . on;”] The common title of the song is “John Brown’s Body”; its author is unknown. Julia Ward Howe wrote “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” (1862) for the same tune.
656.7 never . . . since.] Sherman visited Atlanta in November 1881, but did not revise this passage when preparing the 1886 edition of his Memoirs.
675.12 the capital] An imaginary line bisecting the salient angle of a fortification.
684.33 General Saxton . . . operations] Brigadier General Rufus Saxton (1824–1908) commanded Union forces on the South Carolina Sea Islands, where freed slaves were farming abandoned plantations under army supervision.
693.16 “Ball’s Bluff”] On October 21, 1861, a Union brigade crossed the Potomac at Ball’s Bluff, near Leesburg, Virginia, while another brigade crossed nearby at Edward’s Ferry. The Confederates were able to reinforce their Ball’s Bluff position from a central location between the two crossings without being detected, and launched a counterattack that drove the Union troops back across the Potomac with heavy losses.
700.11 salt . . . sown] At the close of the Third Punic War (149–146 B.C.), the Romans burned and razed Carthage, then plowed and salted the ground on which it had stood to prevent the site from ever being resettled.
716.14 these publications] In the 1875 edition: “these false publications.”
729.19–20 “Fear . . . wisdom.”] Psalm 111:10.
732.12–14 possessory . . . approval] In the fall of 1865 President Andrew Johnson ordered almost all of the land set aside under Special Field Order No. 15 restored to its former owners.
780.25–26 “standing . . . going.”] Cf. Macbeth, III, iv, 118—119: “Stand not upon the order of your going, / But go at once.”
789.35 February 7] The original of this letter, now in the Library of Congress, is dated “Feb.y 1865.” Sherman assigned it the date of February 7, but its contents better support the date of February 1.
790.35 decline . . . promotion.] Sherman had written Grant on January 21, 1865, expressing his disapproval of attempts in Congress to create a second lieutenant general in the U.S. Army.
794.20 Kirk’s forces] North Carolina Unionists commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George W. Kirk.
802.43–803.6 remembrance . . . death.] Admiral Dahlgren’s son, Colonel Ulric Dahlgren (1842–64), lost a leg while serving on General George G. Meade’s staff during the Gettysburg campaign. In February 1864 he volunteered to accompany Brigadier General Judson Kilpatrick on a cavalry raid designed to free Union prisoners held in Richmond. The raid failed and Dahlgren was killed on March 1. The Confederates claimed to have found on his body documents proving that Dahlgren planned to burn Richmond and kill Jefferson Davis and his Cabinet. Dahlgren’s body was stripped, his artificial leg was stolen, and one of his fingers was cut off.
827.6 U. S. C. T.] United States Colored Troops.
838.12–15 General . . . refers.] Johnston wrote in his Narrative of Military Operations that he suggested to Sherman “that, instead of a partial suspension of hostilities, we might, as other generals had done, arrange the terms of a permanent peace, and among other precedents reminded him of the preliminaries of Leoben, and the terms in which Napoleon, then victorious, proposed negotiation to the Archduke Charles; and the sentiment he expressed, that the civic crown earned by preserving the life of one citizen confers truer glory than the highest achievement merely military. General Sherman replied, with heightened color, that he appreciated such a sentiment and that to put an end to further devastation and bloodshed, and restore the Union, and with it the prosperity of the country, were to him objects of ambition.” In 1797 Napoleon led his army over the Alps from Italy into Austria and on April 7 reached Leoben, about 80 miles southwest of Vienna, where he entered into negotiations. On April 18 he ratified an armistice and signed preliminary peace terms, acting without instructions or authority from the Directory in Paris. The territorial concessions made by the Austrians at Leoben were confirmed by the treaty of Campo Formio, signed on October 17, 1797.
849.16 call . . . Richmond] On April 6, 1865, Lincoln gave permission for “the gentlemen who have acted as the Legislature of Virginia” to assemble in Richmond for the purpose of withdrawing Virginia troops from the Confederate armies. However, Lincoln withdrew his permission on April 12 after learning that the legislature planned to seek peace terms from the United States.
879.36–37 German . . . recruitment] German regiments, excluding those in the guard-corps, recruited men from specific geographic districts. Each regiment maintained a depot battalion in its home district, which in wartime would train new recruits and send them to the regiment in the field as replacements for casualties.
887.11 Sedan] The site of a decisive German victory in the Franco-Prussian War on September 1, 1870.
892.27–28 new . . . Upton] Emory Upton (1839–81), A New System of Infantry Tactics, Double and Single Rank, Adapted to American Topography and Improved Firearms (1867, revised edition 1874).
894.2 projet de loi] A drafted bill or proposed law.
896.17–18 “Henry . . . soldier.”] 1 Henry IV, I, iii, 63—64.
897.9 Corps Législatif] The legislature of France under the Second Empire, 1852–70. In 1874 the legislature was the Assemblée nationale.
907.20–21 General Bazaine . . . 1870] During the Franco-Prussian War the fortress of Metz was besieged by the Prussians from August 19 to October 29, 1870, when Marshal Achille Francois Bazaine (1811–88) surrendered it with 150,000 men. Denounced as a traitor, Bazaine later asked for a committee of inquiry into his actions, resulting in his censure in the spring of 1872. He then asked to be tried before a military court and was convicted of treason in 1873. His death sentence was commuted to confinement for 20 years. In 1874 he escaped to Italy and lived in exile for the remainder of his life.
908.14 his death] Maximilian was captured by Juárez’s forces at Querétaro on May 15, 1867, court-martialed, and shot on June 19, 1867.
910.6–7 General E. D. . . . War,”] Edward Davis Townsend (1817–93), Anecdotes of the Civil War in the United States (1884).
912.31 Baltimore police commissioners] Maryland governor Thomas Swann replaced two Republican police commissioners, who were responsible for enforcing voter registration laws, with two conservatives shortly before the November 1866 election. The ousted commissioners then obtained a writ from a federal circuit judge arresting their replacements. Election-day violence was averted when Grant went to Baltimore at Swann and Johnson’s request and negotiated an agreement between the rival parties on poll-watching procedures.
914.40 Fort Phil Kearney] A post in the Powder River country of northern Wyoming Territory, abandoned in the summer of 1868 as part of a treaty with the Sioux. Sherman went in May 1868 to Fort Laramie in southeastern Wyoming, where the treaty was being signed.
917.12 four . . . Cabinet] Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch, Postmaster General Alexander W. Randall, Secretary of the Interior Orville H. Browning, and Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles.
922.12–13 Rip Van Winkle] Protagonist of Washington Irving’s short story “Rip Van Winkle” (first published in The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., 1819–20), who sleeps for 20 years, awakening to find the changes brought by the American Revolution.
929.23–24 “Reconstruction Act;”] Passed over President Johnson’s veto on March 2, 1867, the act divided the former Confederate states (excluding Tennessee) into five military districts and placed them under the administration of the district commanders.
929.25–26 court . . . Dyer] Contractors and inventors made allegations of improper conduct against Brigadier General Alexander B. Dyer (1815–74), who then requested a court of inquiry. It exonerated him, and Dyer continued to serve as chief of ordnance until his death.
930.39 died soon after] Meade died on November 6, 1872, at the age of 56.
934–36 Marcy and Davis] William L. Marcy (1786–1857) served as secretary of war, 1845–49, under President James K. Polk. Jefferson Davis was secretary of war from 1853 to 1857 under President Franklin Pierce.
938.22 your own father] Lieutenant Colonel William G. Belknap (1794–1851), who fought in the War of 1812, the Seminole War, and the Mexican War.
941.31 case . . . cadet] James W. Smith was the first black cadet at the United States Military Academy. His continual harassment by fellow cadets led to a court of inquiry in the summer of 1870, which issued several reprimands. Smith withstood further harassment and survived several disciplinary proceedings brought against him, but left the Academy after failing an unfairly administered examination.
942.18 Fred Grant] Frederick Dent Grant (1850–1912), Ulysses S. Grant’s oldest son, who had graduated from the Military Academy in 1871.
947.19 “Doughertys”] Canvas-sided wagons, with seats that could be converted into beds, pulled by four-mule teams.
949.3–4 Gil . . . Granada] Alain Réné Le Sage (1668–1747), L’Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane (1715–35). In Book VII, chapters 3 and 4 of the novel, the archbishop of Granada employs Gil Bias and asks to be told whenever his homilies or writings show signs of deterioration due to old age. After suffering a stroke the archbishop declines mentally. Gil Bias says so, and the archbishop rejects his statement and dismisses him.
955.33–34 “all . . . players,”] As You Like It, II, vii, 139—40.
959.30 Ducrot’s . . . “Tirailleurs,”] August Alexandre Ducrot (1817–82), Guerre des Frontieres. Wissembourg. Réponse du Général Ducrot a l’État-Major Allemand (1873). Tirailleurs are separate formations of skirmishers and sharpshooters.
961.21 1872] This date appeared in the 1886 edition by error. The correct year of the letter is probably 1875, when the first edition of the Memoirs appeared.
975–39 “mémoire pour servir”] Memoir regarding service.
1049.30 élève] Student.
1050.5 Simeon . . . Bible] Cf. Luke 2:25–35.
1052.5 “Festina lente”] Make haste slowly.
1054.16–17 Logan . . . Confederacy] The southern, or southernmost, region of Illinois, where many Southerners and descendants of Southerners lived, was colloquially known as “Egypt.” Logan was a Democratic congressman from the area in 1859–62, and in 1861 helped rally support there for the Union war effort.