Acacia bushes, 53
Acushnet (whaler), 2
adaptive radiation, 65, 69(caption), 81
Aguiñaga, Marcela, 142
Albemarle Island, 3 (drawing). See also Isabela
Alvin (submersible), 20
Angelfish, 19
Antarctica, 27
Ants. See Fire ants
Arcturus (research vessel), 20, 23
Asilo de la Paz, 114
Avian malaria/pox/influenza, 131
US military base on, 132
Bartolomé, 10
Beagle. See HMS Beagle
Beak of the Finch, The (Weiner), 78
Beebe, William, 17–19, 20, 23, 24, 62–63, 86, 87, 120
Bibron, Gabriel, 95
Birds, 128. See also Land birds; Seabirds
blue-footed booby, 31–34, plate 3
Botflies, 131
Boulogne-sur-Mer (museum in France), 95
Bowman, Robert, 144
Breeding. See Mating/breeding
Cactuses, 5, 53–55, 77, 102, 103
California Academy of Sciences, 28, 63(fig.), 100, 116–117
Carnegie Ridge, 15, 16, 96, 156–157(figs.)
CDF. See Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galápagos Islands
Centipedes, 64
Champion (islet), 76
Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galápagos Islands (CDF), 121, 122, 150, 151
Charles Darwin Research Station, 103, 121, 122
Charles Island, 3 (drawing). See also Floreana
Charles I (Spanish King), 4, 108
Chatham Island, 3 (drawing). See also San Cristóbal
Climate, 6, 23, 56, 62, 67, 158(caption). See also Rain
Cobos, Manuel, 115
Cocos Plate/Ridge, 14, 15, 20, 156(fig.)
Colnett, James, 27–28, 49–50, 109, 110
Conservation issues, 116–117, 120–131, 133, 138, 139, 143, 144
tension between conservationists and human community, 136
Convergent evolution, 84
Correa, Rafael, 139
Corruption, 142
Cromwell Current, 23, 24, 26, 158(fig.)
Cross-fostering, 32
Currents, 50–51. See also under Ocean
Daisy trees (Scalesia pedunculata), 57–59
Darwin, Charles, 1–2, 5, 11, 36, 39, 44, 57, 63–64, 74, 76, 82, 86, 89, 132, 143
birthday of, 114
Darwin-based anniversaries, 119–120, 121
at Down House in Kent, 65–66
experiments with seeds, 50–51, 52
and finches 71–74
and giant tortoises, 99–100, 102–103, 109
and iguanas, 90, 91, 92, 96–97, 98
interest in rocks, 2, 7–8, 8–9, 9–10, 13, 61, 72
interest in volcanoes, 155(caption)
plants collected by, 48–49, 52-53, 54, 55
snails collected by, 65–66
Darwin Bay (Genovesa), 17
Darwin’s Finches (Lack), 76–77
De Berlanga, Tomás, 4–5. See also Bishop of Panama
Diversity of species, 24, 69(caption), 105
Diving/dive sites, 11, 17–19, 20
DNA, 66, 78. See also Genetic issues
Doves, 85
Drowne, Frederick Peabody, 41
Duméril, André, 95
East Pacific Rise (fault line), 156(fig.)
Ecological zones, 159(fig.). See also individual zones under Galápagos Islands
Economic growth, 140
Ecuador, 40, 62, 107, 120, 133, 136, 140, 141, 143, 147
acquisition of Galápagos Islands, 114
constitution, 139
independence gained, 113
El Comercio newspaper, 141
Elephant seals, 27
of 1982-1983, 26-27, 42, 80, 81, 93
El Progreso commune, 115, 116(fig.)
Emperor Seamount Chain, 15
Encantadas, or Enchanted Isles (Melville), 4, 7, 53, 89
Endemism, 39–44, 49, 58, 59, 65, 69(caption), 127
Erosion, 23
Española, 4, 13, 15, 16, 23, 74, 78, 100, 105
marine iguanas on, 91(fig.)
tortoises on, 102, 103, 104, 110, 122–123
Essex (US frigate), 100
Europa (island), 36–37
Evolution, 120
evolutionary biology, 73(caption)
See also Convergent evolution; Natural selection; Speciation
Extinctions, 25, 67, 100, 116–117, 127, 131, 143
Fernandina, 5–7, 8, 9, 13, 15, 20, 23, 24, 25, 42, 66, 90, 95, 125
eruption in 2009, plate 1
Filter feeders, 24
beaks of, 72, 73(fig.), 74, 76–80, 82
Fire ants, 115, 128–129, 130–131
hermaphrodites, 25
Fishing/fishermen, 132, 136, 138, 139, 141, 144
Fitness, 32
FitzRoy, Robert, 22, 50, 57, 72, 74, 114
Flamingos, 85
Flooding, 23
Floreana, 2(caption), 4, 7, 13, 22, 27, 35, 57, 74, 86, 110, 113, 114–115, 122, 123, 144, 149
Floreana mockingbird, 74, 75(fig.), 76, 127
Flores, Juan José, 113–114
Flycatcher birds, plate 6
Food shortages, 26–27, 93, 94. See also Drought
Friends of Galápagos Organizations, 151, 153
Frigatebirds, 34, 37–39, 40, 149
Galápagos (BBC documentary), 20, 22
Galápagos Day, 114
Galápagos Inspection and Quarantine System (SICGAL), 131, 137, 138
Galápagos International Science Project, 121
Galápagos Islands
administrative capital of, 76
arid zone, 52–56, 59, 96, 102, 159(fig.)
bureaucratisation of, 137–138
charities working in, 151
coastal zone, 51–52, 66, 85, 159(fig.)
first commercial exploitation of, 27
first resident and colonists of, 113–114, 127, 143
four views of (drawings), 3
future of, 144
Galápagos Marine Reserve, 28, 137, 138, 141
Galápagos National Park, 9, 137 (see also Galápagos National Park Service)
highlands, 56–59, 67, 77, 102, 114, 115, 143, 149, 159(fig.)
municipalities, 148
parish councils, 148
and process of succession, 16
See also Humans on Galápagos; Special Law for Galápagos; Visitor sites
Galápagos National Institute (INGALA), 137, 139
Galápagos National Park Service (GNPS), 10, 22, 84, 98–99, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 130, 132, 136, 137, 139, 141, 147, 148, 149, 150
volunteering for, 151
Galápagos Rift, 14, 15, 20, 156(fig.)
Galápagos: World’s End (Beebe), 62, 86, 120
Gardner-by-Floreana (islet), 76
Garúa, 56, 158(caption)
Genetic issues, 32, 36, 66-68, 78, 79, 82, 85
concerning lizards, 105
concerning marine/land iguanas, 95, 98
concerning tortoises, 104, 123
Genovesa, 17, 35, 53, 54, 56, 92
Geology, 1–16, 121, 149. See also Darwin, Charles: interest in rocks; Volcanoes
GNPS. See Galápagos National Park Service
Goats, 84, 122–123, 125(fig.), 144
Judas goats, 123–124
Gould, John, 72
Grant, Peter and Rosemary, 79–81
Griffiths, Douglas, 142
Guayaquil, 132
Guides, 149
Gulls, 39–40
Harris, Charles, 41
Hawks, 35, 42, 44, 82, 83(fig.), 126
Heyerdahl, Thor, 10
HMS Blonde, 85
HMS Rattler, 27
Hoff, Stein, 132
Hooker, Joseph Dalton, 49, 50, 52, 58, 82
Hotspot (geological), 14–16, 157(fig.)
How and Why Species Multiply (P. and R. Grant), 79
Humans on Galápagos
first humans to reach Galápagos, 107
islands occupied by humans, 143–144
negative consequences of, 143
population expansion, 133, 135, 138, 141
tension between conservationists and human community, 136
vertebrates and plants introduced by humans, 115
and visitors to Ecuador, 139
See also Tourism; Visitor sites
Humboldt Current, 4, 22–23, 24, 26, 158(fig.)
Huxley, Julian, 121
Hybridization, 81
Hydrothermal vents, 20
land iguanas, 94–99
marine iguanas, 90–94, 95, 149, plate 7
Immune system, 33
Inflation, 137
INGALA. See Galápagos National Institute
Insects, 51, 61–65, 77, 85, 128–129, 130–131
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 121
Invertebrates, 24, 61–69, 84, 125, 128
Isabela, 2(caption), 7, 13, 23, 24, 42, 74, 78, 95, 100, 124, 144
Alcedo Volcano on, 13
airport on, 138
Banks Bay, 5
Darwin Volcano on, 13
marine iguanas of, 92–93
Project Isabela, 123–124
Punta Moreno, 53
Tagus Cove, 11, 12(fig. 1.2)
Urbina Bay, 8
Wolf Volcano on, 10, 13, 95, 98, 123
Island Conservation, 126(fig.)
IUCN. See International Union for the Conservation of Nature
Izurieta, Arturo, 136
Jessica (tanker), 138
Johnston, A. K., 50
Journal of Researches (Darwin), 2, 48, 49, 72, 89, 99–100, 102
Kastdalen, Alf, 23–24
King, Philip Gidley, 2(caption)
Kleptoparasitism, 37
Lack, David, 76–77
tameness of, 85–87
See also individual birds
Lanternfish, 20
La Pinta (yacht), 142
Larson, Edward J., 120
Las Plazas, 8
Lava, 2, 6, 8, 9, 24, 48, 53, 56, 66, 90, 102, 155(caption)
‘a’ ā (Hawaiian word), 10
pahoehoe lava, 10–11
Leks, 38
Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, 108
Lichen, 48, 53, 56, 102, 114, 115
Lonesome George, 123
Magpies, 86
Mammals, 26, 34, 45, 84, 85, 89, 97
introduction/removal of, 76, 115, 123–124, 144
Marriages/divorces, 140
Mascarene Islands (Indian Ocean), 99
Mating/breeding, 26, 27, 32, 34, 38–39, 40, 41, 44, 80–81, 93, 99, 122
death rates of non-breeders, 84
See also Courtship rituals
Melville, Herman, 2, 4, 7, 53, 89, 113
Metropolitan Touring, 142
Mexico, 90
Mockingbirds, 35, 74–76, 78, 86, 127
Molina, Raquel, 141–142
Morrell, Benjamin, 5–7, 8, 24, 110, plate 1 (caption)
Nazca Plate, 14, 15, 20, 156–157(figs.)
North Seymour, 8
Ocean, 17–29
currents, 22–23, 24, 49, 50–51, 52, 104, 158(fig.) (see also individual currents)
uplift of ocean floor, 8
water temperatures, 6, 7, 22, 44, 93, 158(caption)
Octopuses, 19
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 50, 74, 76, 119–120, 121, 143
Opuntias, 53–55, 77, 102, 107, 127
Ornithological Notes (Darwin), 71
Panama Canal, 132
Panama Current, 4, 23, 158(fig.)
Pathogens, 131
Physical Atlas (Johnston), 50
Pinnacle Rock, 10
Pinzón, 122
Project Pinzón, 125–128
Plankton, 24
Plants, 47–59
in coastal and arid zones, 51–56
endemic species, 49
eradicating invasive, 129–130
flowering plants, 51
recovery of native vegetation, 124
seeds, 49–51, 52, 79, 80, 103, 130
Poison, 125–128
Polyandry, 84
Porter, David, 100, 109, 110, 113
Potomac (US frigate), 114
Puerto Ayora, 8, 23, 121, 144, 151
La Cascada in, 135–136
Quinine trees, 129
Rábida (islet), 127
Rails, 84–85
Rain, 23, 56, 80, 114, 158(caption)
Rats, 69, 76, 77, 122, 125–128, 144
Rays, 28–29
Red-billed tropicbirds, 39
Reynolds, Jeremiah, 114
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 121
San Cristóbal, 2, 2(caption), 7–8, 9–10, 13, 15, 16, 22, 35, 53, 59, 74, 90, 105, 115, 116(fig.), 124, 144, 149
El León Dormido (The Sleeping Lion) dive site, 11, 12(fig. 1.3)
Freshwater Bay (drawing), 3
Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, 76, 143–144
tortoises on, 102–103, 104, 110, 123
Santa Cruz, 8, 11, 13, 23, 59, 86, 94, 115, 122, 123, 131, 132, 144, 149
Bellavista, 56
See also Puerto Ayora
Santa Fé, 13, 54, 95, 97, 122, 128
Santiago, 8–9, 10, 13, 54, 74, 78, 84–85, 124, 127, 155(caption)
Sullivan Bay, 53
tortoises on, 100, 102, 110, 123
Satellite imaging/transmitters, 13, 40, 104, 115
Scale insects, 130–131
Scalesia forest, 57, 129. See also Daisy trees
Scorpions, 64
Seabirds, 31–45
endemic to Galápagos Islands, 39–44
See also individual birds
Sea lions, 26–27
Seals. See Fur seals
Seamounts, 15–16, 157(caption)
Sea rockets, 47
Seaweed, 91
Sedges, 129
Seeds. See under Plants
Sewage, 136
SICGAL. See Galápagos Inspection and Quarantine System
Slevin, Joseph, 117
Snorkeling, 17
South Equatorial Current, 23, 107, 158(fig.)
South Plaza, 94, 126(fig.), 127
Special Law for Galápagos, 131, 136–138, 140
amendment to, 147–148
Speciation, 64–65, 74, 80, 81, 85, 95–96
notion of a species, 82
species divergence, 66–69, 79, 96
Spermaceti, 112–113
Standard of living, 140
Tartar (ship), 5
Tectonic plates, 13–14, 156(fig.)
Temperature of soil, 52. See also Ocean: water temperatures
Tern Island, 38
Territoriality, 98
Tierra del Fuego, 62
Tortoises, 54, 82, 126, 127, 149
as ecosystem engineers, 103–104, plate 8
fat collected from, 109
giant tortoises, 53, 89, 99–105, 116, 117, 122–123, plate 8
hybrids, 123
slaughter/extraction of, 110–111
Tourism, 29, 133, 135, 139–140, 141, 147
tourist vessels’ itineraries, 148–149
See also Visitor sites
Townsend, Charles Haskins, 110–112
Transmitters, 104
Triggerfish, 19
Tuff cones, 9, 10, 11, 12(fig. 1.2)
Turtles, 25–26
UNESCO, 121
World Heritage Sites/Committee, 132, 138, 139
Vampire finch, 78
Van Denburgh, John, 100
Villamil, José María, 113–114
Visitor sites, 10, 11, 39, 76, 132, 150–151
amounts of money generated by visitors, 148
increased visitor numbers, 138
vessels to, 148–150
visitor fees, 140, 147–148, 151
See also Humans on Galápagos Islands; Tourism
Volcanoes, 2, 5–7, 10, 47, 86, 100, 155(fig.), 157(fig.)
in parallel lines, 13
and uplift of ocean floor, 8
See also Calderas; Hotspot (geological); Lava
Von Hagen, Victor, 120
Vultures, 82
Warblers, 85
Water, 109. See also Freshwater; Ocean
Watkins, Patrick, 113
Weather. See Climate
Weathering, 11, 12(figs.), 16, 48
Weiner, Jonathan, 79
West Nile virus, 131
Whales/whaling fleets, 27–28, 111, 112(fig.), 112–113, 143, plate 2
WikiLeaks, 142
Wolf Island, 13, 35, 36, 64, 149
sharp-beaked ground finch on, 77–78
Woram, John, 108
World Conservation Union’s Invasive Species Specialist Group, 128
World Conservation Union’s Red List of Threatened Species, 67
Wrasse fish, 19, 22, 24, 25, 107
Yale University, 104