Notes

1. 1.Tokarz, Rafal, et al., “Microbiome Analysis of Ixodes scapularis Ticks from New York and Connecticut,” Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 10, no. 4 (2019): 894–900, doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.04.011; Report of the Other Tick-Borne Diseases and Coinfections Subcommittee to the Tick-Borne Disease Working Group, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, HHS.gov, 2018, www.hhs.gov/ash/advisory-committees/tickbornedisease/reports/other-tbds-2018-5-9/index.html.^back
2. 2.Edouard Vannier and Peter J. Krause, “Human Babesiosis,” New England Journal of Medicine 366, no. 25 (June 21, 2012): 2397–2407, doi:10.1056/nejmra1202018.^back
3. 3.Joy A. Hecht et al., “Multistate Survey of American Dog Ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) for Rickettsia Species,” Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (2019), doi:10.1089/vbz.2018.2415.^back
4. 4.Melissa Hardstone Yoshimizu and Sarah Billeter, “Suspected and Confirmed Vector-Borne Rickettsioses of North America Associated with Human Diseases,” Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, no. 1 (2018): 2, doi:10.3390/tropicalmed3010002.^back
5. 5.Ellen Y. Stromdahl, Robyn M. Nadolny, Graham J. Hickling, et al., “Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks Are Not Vectors of the Lyme Disease Agent, Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirocheatales: Spirochaetaceae): A Review of the Evidence,” Journal of Medical Entomology 55, no. 3 (May 4, 2018): 501–14, doi:10.1093/jme/tjx250.^back
6. 6.Stromdahl, “Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks Are Not Vectors.”^back
7. 7.Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz, Pedro J. Espinosa, Pilar Alberdi, et al., “Tick Galactosyltransferases Are Involved in -Gal Synthesis and Play a Role during Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection and Ixodes scapularis Tick Vector Development,” Scientific Reports 8, no. 1 (September 21, 2018): 14224, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32664-z.^back
8. 8.Ben Beard, James Occi, Denise L. Bonilla, et al., “Multistate Infestation with the Exotic Disease–Vector Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis — United States, August 2017–September 2018,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 67, no. 47 (November 30, 2018): 1310–13, doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6747a3.^back
9. 9.Christina A. Nelson, Shubhayu S. Saha, and Paul S. Mead, “Cat-Scratch Disease in the United States, 2005–2013,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 22. no. 10 (October 2016): 1741–46, doi:10.3201/eid2210.160115.^back
10. 10.Lucia Pulzova and Mangesh Bhide, “Outer Surface Proteins of Borrelia: Peerless Immune Evasion Tools,” Current Protein & Peptide Science 15, no. 1 (February 2014): 75–88, doi:10.2174/1389203715666140221124213.^back
11. 11.Kit Tilly, Patricia A. Rosa, and Philip E. Stewart, “Biology of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi,” Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 22, no. 2 (June 2008): 217–34, v, doi:10.1016/j.idc.2007.12.013.^back
12. 12.Leena Meriläinen, Heini Brander, Anni Herranen, et al., “Pleomorphic Forms of Borrelia burgdorferi Induce Distinct Immune Responses,” Microbes and Infection 18, no. 7–8, (July–August 2016): 484–95, doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2016.04.002.^back
13. 13.Eva Sapi, “Antimicrobial Resistance of Borrelia: Can We Find the Trojan Horse?” Nutramedix 25th Anniversary Meeting, Jupiter, Florida, November 12, 2018.^back
14. 14.Brian A. Fallon, MD, and Jennifer Sotsky, MD, Conquering Lyme Disease: Science Bridges the Great Divide (New York: Columbia University Press, 2018).^back
15. 15.Holly M. Biggs, Casey Barton Behravesh, Kristy K. Bradley, et al., “Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmosis — United States; A Practical Guide for Health Care and Public Health Professionals.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports: Recommendations and Reports 65, no. 2 (May 2016): 1–44, doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6502a1.^back
16. 16.Biggs, “Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases.”^back
17. 17.Yoshimizu, “Suspected and Confirmed Vector-Borne Rickettsioses of North America.”^back
18. 18.Biggs, “Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases.”^back
19. 19.Kerry A. Padgett, Denise Bonilla, Marina E. Eremeeva, et al., “The Eco-epidemiology of Pacific Coast Tick Fever in California,” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10, no. 10 (October 5, 2016): e0005020, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005020.^back
20. 20.Meghan E. Hermance and Saravanan Thangamani, “Powassan Virus: An Emerging Arbovirus of Public Health Concern in North America,” Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 17, no. 7 (July 2017): 453–62, doi:10.1089/vbz.2017.2110.
21. 21.Fallon and Sotsky, Conquering Lyme Disease.^back
22. 22.“Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www .cdc.gov/relapsing-fever/distribution/index.html. Accessed February 22, 2019.^back
23. 23.Martin E. Adelson et al., “Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella spp., Babesia microti, and Anaplasma phagocytophila in Ixodes scapularis Ticks Collected in Northern New Jersey,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42,no. 6 (2004): 2799-801, doi:10.1128/JCM.42.6.2799-2801.2004; Kevin Holden et al., “Co-detection of Bartonella henselae, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes pacificus Ticks from California, USA,” Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 6, no. 1 (2006): 99–102, doi:10.1089/vbz.2006.6.99.^back
24. 24.Olivier Duron, Karim Sidi-Boumedine, E. Rousset, et al., “The Importance of Ticks in Q Fever Transmission: What Has (and Has Not) Been Demonstrated?,” Trends in Parasitology 31, no. 11 (November 2015): 536–52, doi:10.1016/j.pt.2015.06.014.^back
25. 25.Richard S. Ostfeld, Lyme Disease: The Ecology of a Complex System (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).^back
26. 26.Ostfeld, Lyme Disease, 125–26.^back
27. 27.Scott C. Williams, Megan A. Linske, and Jeffrey S. Ward, “Long-Term Effects of Berberis thunbergii (Ranunculales: Berberidaceae) Management on Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Abundance and Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) Prevalence in Connecticut, USA,” Environmental Entomology 46, no. 6 (December 8, 2017): 1329–38, doi:10.1093/ee/nvx146.^back
28. 28.Megan A. Linske, Scott C. Williams, Jeffrey S. Ward, and Kirby C. Stafford, “Indirect Effects of Japanese Barberry Infestations on White-Footed Mice Exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi,” Environmental Entomology 47, no. 4 (August 11, 2018): 795–802, doi:10.1093/ee/nvy079.^back
29. 29.Felicia Keesing and Richard S. Ostfeld, “The Tick Project: Testing Environmental Methods of Preventing Tick-Borne Diseases,” Trends in Parasitology 34, no. 6 (June 2018): 447–50, doi:10.1016/j.pt.2018.03.005.
30. 30.Kirby C. Stafford and Sandra A. Allan, “Field Applications of Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae F52 (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) for the Control of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae),” Journal of Medical Entomology 47, no. 6 (November 2010): 1107–15, doi:10.1603/me10019.^back
31. 31.Catherine Regnault-Roger, “The Potential of Botanical Essential Oils for Insect Pest Control,” Integrated Pest Management Reviews 2, no. 1 (February 1997): 25–34, doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.002.^back
32. 32.Ostfeld, Lyme Disease.^back
33. 33.“Damminix Tick Tubes Test Results on Fire Island, N.Y.,” Ecohealth Inc., www.ticktubes .com/downloads/ticktubes_fire_island_study.pdf. Accessed March 11, 2018.^back
34. 34.Erin C. Jones, Alison F. Hinckley, Sarah A. Hook, et al., “Pet Ownership Increases Human Risk of Encountering Ticks,” Zoonoses and Public Health 65, no. 1 (February 2018): 74–79, doi:10.1111/zph.12369.^back
35. 35.“Protect Your Pets — Tick Control on Pets,” TickEncounter Resource Center, www.tickencounter.org/prevention/tick_control#top. Accessed February 10, 2019.^back
36. 36.Christina A. Nelson et al., “The Heat Is On: Killing Blacklegged Ticks in Residential Washers and Dryers to Prevent Tickborne Diseases,” Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 7, no. 5 (2016): 958–63, doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.04.016.
37. 37.Jennifer Hostetler, Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Repellency and Efficacy of One Direct Spray Product against Multiple Species, in Terms of Knockdown and Mortality, i2LResearch USA, Inc., July 2018.^back
38. 38.Gabrielle Dietrich, Marc C. Dolan, Javier Peralta-Cruz, et al., “Repellent Activity of Fractioned Compounds from Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Essential Oil against Nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae),” Journal of Medical Entomology 43, no. 5 (January 2006): 957–61, doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[957:raofcf]2.0.co;2.^back
39. 39.Robert A. Jordan, Terry L. Schulze, and Marc C. Dolan, “Efficacy of Plant-Derived and Synthetic Compounds on Clothing as Repellents against Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae),” Journal of Medical Entomology 49, no. 1 (January 2012): 101–6, https://doi.org/10.1603/ME10241.^back
40. 40.Nathan J. Miller, Erin E. Rainone, Megan C. Dyer, and Liliana Gonzalez, “Tick Bite Protection with Permethrin-Treated Summer-Weight Clothing,” Journal of Medical Entomology 48, no. 2 (January 2011): 327–33, doi:10.1603/me10158.^back
41. 41.“Permethrin Insect Repellent Treatment for Clothing Gear and Tents,” Sawyer Products, sawyer.com/products/permethrin-insect-repellent-treatment/.^back
42. 42.“Knockdown Testing,” Insect Shield, www.insectshield.com/Knockdown-Testing.aspx. Accessed March 11, 2018.^back
43. 43.Meagan F. Vaughn and Steven R. Meshnick, “Pilot Study Assessing the Effectiveness of Long-Lasting Permethrin-Impregnated Clothing for the Prevention of Tick Bites,” Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 11, no. 7 (July 2011): 869–75, doi:10.1089/vbz.2010.0158.^back
44. 44.“Scent Recognition,” Insect Shield, www.insectshield.com/Scent-Recognition.aspx. Accessed March 11, 2018.^back
45. 45.Robert B. Nadelman et al., “Prophylaxis with Single-Dose Doxycycline for the Prevention of Lyme Disease after AnIxodes scapularis Tick Bite,” New England Journal of Medicine 345, no. 2 (2001): 79–84, doi:10.1056/nejm200107123450201.^back
46. 46.Stephen Y. Gbedema et al., “Antimalarial Activity of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta Based Herbal Capsules in Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice,” International Research Journal in Phamacy 2, no. 5 (2011): 127–31.^back
47. 47.Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals: Natural Remedies for Emerging Resistant and Epidemic Viral Infections (North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing, 2013).^back
48. 48.Stephanie Richards, Ricky Langley, Charles Apperson, and Elizabeth Watson, “Do Tick Attachment Times Vary between Different Tick-Pathogen Systems?,” Environments no. 2 (September 2017): 37, doi:10.3390/environments4020037.^back
49. 49.Chien-Ming Shih and Andrew Spielman. “Accelerated Transmission of Lyme Disease Spirochetes by Partially Fed Vector Ticks,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology 31, no. 11 (November 1993): 2878–81.^back
50. 50.Shih, “Accelerated Transmission of Lyme Disease.”^back
51. 51.Lars Eisen, “Pathogen Transmission in Relation to Duration of Attachment by Ixodes scapularis Ticks,” Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 9, no. 3 (March 2018): 535–42, doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.01.002.^back
52. 52.Daniel J. Cameron, Lorraine B. Johnson, and Elizabeth L. Maloney, “Evidence Assessments and Guideline Recommendations in Lyme Disease: The Clinical Management of Known Tick Bites, Erythema Migrans Rashes and Persistent Disease,” Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 12, no. 9 (September 2014): 1103–35, doi:10.1586/14787210.2014.940900.^back
53. 53.Fallon and Sotsky, Conquering Lyme Disease, p. 83.^back
54. 54.F. Breier et al., “Isolation and Polymerase Chain Reaction Typing of Borrelia afzelii from a Skin Lesion in a Seronegative Patient with Generalized Ulcerating Bullous Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus,” British Journal of Dermatology 144, no. 2 (2001): 387–92, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04034.x. Michael Brunner, “New Method for Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi Antigen Complexed to Antibody in Seronegative Lyme Disease,” Journal of Immunological Methods 249, no. 1–2 (2001): 185–90, doi:10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00356-2. P. Coulter et al., “Two-Year Evaluation of Borrelia burgdorferi Culture and Supplemental Tests for Definitive Diagnosis of Lyme Disease,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43, no. 10 (January 2005): 5080–84, doi:10.1128/jcm.43.10.5080-5084.2005. H. Dejmková et al., “Seronegative Lyme Arthritis Caused by Borrelia garinii,” Clinical Rheumatology 21, no. 4, (2002): 330–34, doi:10.1007/s100670200087. Reinhard Kaiser, “False-Negative Serology in Patients with Neuroborreliosis and the Value of Employing of Different Borrelial Strains in Serological Assays,” Journal of Medical Microbiology 49, no. 10 (January 2000): 911–15, doi:10.1099/0022-1317-49-10-911. A. Marangoni, “Comparative Evaluation of Three Different ELISA Methods for the Diagnosis of Early Culture-Confirmed Lyme Disease in Italy,” Journal of Medical Microbiology 54, no. 4 (January 2005): 361–67, doi:10.1099/jmm.0.45853-0. Franjo Pikelji, “Seronegative Lyme Disease and Transitory Atrioventricular Block,” Annals of Internal Medicine 111, no. 1 (January 1989): 90, doi:10.7326/0003-4819-111-1-90_1. S. E. Schutzer et al., “Sequestration of Antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi in Immune Complexes in Seronegative Lyme Disease,” Lancet 335, no. 8685 (1990): 312–15. Allen Steere, “Seronegative Lyme Disease,” JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 270, no. 11 (October 1993): 1369, doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510110111042. Iwona Wojciechowska-Koszko et al., “Serodiagnosis of Borreliosis: Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Immunoblotting,” Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 59, no. 1 (February 2011): 69–77, doi:10.1007/s00005-010-0111-0.^back
55. 55.“Lyme ImmunoBlot IgM and IgG,” IGeneX Inc., https://igenex.com/wp-content/uploads /LymeImmunoBlot-DataSheet.pdf. Accessed January 9, 2018.^back
56. 56.US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Treatment,” https://www.cdc.gov/rmsf/healthcare-providers/treatment.html. Accessed June 10, 2019.^back
57. 57.M. Dinleyici and Y. Vandenplas, “Clostridium difficile Colitis Prevention and Treatment,” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. New York: Springer, 2019.^back
58. 58.For more information on the two sets of guidelines, see Lorraine Johnson, “Two Standards of Care in Lyme Disease,” on the LymeDisease.org website, https://www.lymedisease.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/2014-Two-Standards-of-Care-Revisited-1.7.15-FINAL.pdf. Accessed May 7, 2019.