Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Italic page numbers refer to figures and tables.
Abe, Shintarō, 105
Abe, Shinzō: address to US Congress, 32, 162; administrations of, 13, 33, 57, 65, 75, 81, 97, 98, 103, 125, 126–27, 129–30, 132–33; antimainstream conservative faction led by, 122; apology on World War II, 26; Article Nine interpretation, 9, 22, 32, 104, 105, 106, 133, 153–54, 206n9, 227n12, 237n60; cabinet members of, 146–47, 149, 151–54, 155, 162, 235nn43, 44; and China–Japan relations, 4, 81, 99, 105, 106, 107, 126, 131, 142, 145, 164; China’s propaganda campaign against, 85; defense spending of, 128, 129, 131, 230–31n3; and domestic political environment, 33, 128–31, 132, 147–49, 154, 162, 164, 167, 179; economic policy of, 126, 129, 165, 167, 179, 180–81; and international security environment, 128; on Japanese historical narrative, 14–15, 51, 53, 54, 55, 60, 105, 107, 125, 126, 141–47, 172, 207–8n18, 227n12, 234n37; and Japanese militarism, 141–49; LDP as political party of, 21, 121; legacy of, 167, 179; and military capabilities, 12, 23, 97, 105, 127, 129, 131–32, 134–35, 137, 141, 154, 157–58, 165, 166, 227n12; nationalistic tendencies of, 15, 85, 105, 126, 130, 147–49; and National Security Council, 106; net strategy of, 6, 24, 206n10; and North Korea, 105; and Okinawa, 165; political opposition to, 132, 143, 167, 180, 184, 186; popularity of, 64, 98, 105, 127, 129, 137, 149, 164, 179; and postwar antimilitarist security, 149–58; and postwar generation, 210n37; predecessors of, 13, 23, 104, 105, 107, 207n14; public demonstrations against, 127, 152, 230n1; and regional security environment, 107, 156–57; resignation from first term, 108; and Russia, 166; security policies of, 33, 65, 97–98, 100, 101, 102, 104–6, 107, 114, 125, 126–28, 129, 130, 131–41, 151–58, 163, 166, 171, 179, 184, 216n39; and South Korea–Japan relations, 105, 106, 126, 142, 164; statement on seventieth anniversary of ending of World War II, 26, 53, 146, 184, 199–203; term lengths of, 102–3, 127, 167; and US–Japan alliance, 32, 104, 105, 106, 156, 160, 162, 186; and Yasukuni Shrine, 24, 81, 144, 145, 146, 165, 234n35
acquisition and cross-servicing agreement (ACSA), 114
Advisory Panel on Japan’s Role and the World Order in the Twenty-First Century, 207–8n18
Advisory Panel on the History of the Twentieth Century, 52, 54, 55, 60, 146, 172, 207–8n18, 216n39, 218n51, 220n79
Advisory Panel on the Reconstruction of the Legal Basis for Security, 140
Afghanistan, 31, 44, 45, 63, 90, 97, 178, 229n31
air-defense network, 40–41
Al Qaeda, 44
anti-submarine warfare (ASW) network, 40
Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law (2001), 44
APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), 90
arms export restrictions: and Abe’s NDPG of 2013, 100; Abe’s relaxation policies of 2014, 8, 33, 57, 92, 93, 128, 151, 176, 178; and Japan’s regional security partnerships, 92, 93, 176; principles of, 139–40; public opinion of, 8, 151; and US–Japan alliance, 57
Article Nine of Japan’s postwar constitution: Abe’s interpretation of, 9, 22, 32, 104, 105, 106, 133, 153–54, 206n9, 227n12, 237n60; Diet’s efforts to change, 48, 60, 106, 133, 152, 216n41, 236–37n60; and postwar antimilitarist security practices, 3–4, 28, 152–54, 236–37n60; public opposition to changes in, 8–9, 15, 152, 182; text of, 205n2
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations): and Abe’s meetings with head of states, 142; defense spending of ASEAN-8, 72, 88; GDP of, 70, 70, 71, 72; Japan’s security partnership with, 97, 175; members of, 206n7; and regional economic growth, 5; and regional security engagement, 67; US–ASEAN outreach, 91
ASEAN Defense Minister’s Meeting–Plus (ADMM+), 94
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 90, 93, 94
Asia: defense spending in region, 67, 71, 72, 88–89; and implications of Japan’s security renaissance, 9, 168, 175–77; multipolar nature of, 7–8, 67, 88, 183; security environment of, 4–5, 16, 34, 66, 67; studies of nationalist sentiment in, 147–48; and US rebalance policy, 9, 67, 69, 71, 89–92, 121, 132, 174. See also East Asia; South Asia; Southeast Asia
Asia Barometer, 147–48
Asian Women’s Fund, 52–53, 218n54
Asō, Tarō, 98, 99, 101, 104, 105, 109–10, 116
atomic bombings of Japan, 26, 27, 29, 48–49, 54, 216–17n43
Auer, James, 41
Australia: Abe’s meeting with head of state of, 142; and China, 161, 176; and Japan’s historical reconciliation, 51–52; Japan’s security partnership with, 9, 23, 77, 86, 92, 93, 97, 106, 109, 114, 117, 125, 156–57, 159, 176, 229n34; and regional distribution of power, 9; and regional security engagement, 67; and trilateral cooperation, 164; and US–Japan alliance, 159
Battle of Iwo Jima, 162
Berger, Thomas U., 49, 50, 54, 210–11n45, 217n48
Bitzinger, Richard A., 224n38
Black, Lindsay, 177
Blair, Dennis, 231–32n12
Britain, 41
Bungeishunjū, 52
Bush, George W., 63, 64, 82, 90, 104, 162, 185
Cabinet Legislative Bureau (CLB), 153
Cambodia, 175
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 94
Chiavacci, David, 221n9
Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery, 165
China: Asian states aligned with, 175; asymmetrical warfare strategy, 85; and Cold War, 50; defense planning documents of, 85; defense spending of, 42, 67, 71, 72, 84, 86–87, 88, 88, 96, 114, 183, 224n38, 225n47; demographic challenges of, 75; economic growth of, 4, 10, 13, 16, 19, 62, 66, 80, 84, 85–86, 89, 96, 114, 161, 179, 181, 183, 208n25; GDP of, 36, 36, 70, 70, 71, 73, 89, 89, 99; Japan’s peace treaty with, 27, 51, 217n49; manned space flight of, 214n20; maritime claims of, 78–79; military capabilities of, 4, 13, 16, 18, 19, 43, 67, 68, 69, 76, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 90, 91, 117, 121, 161, 170, 176, 179, 187; missile testing of, 43; nationalists of, 82; and North Korea, 77, 87; nuclear weapons of, 42, 77, 79, 86, 87; and Philippines, 93–94, 131, 175; population of, 73; postwar civil war of, 39, 77; as regional power, 19; security planning of, 9, 18; social media in, 24; soft power of, 181; as super-aged society, 75; and Taiwan, 20, 43, 77, 182; US normalization with, 80, 161; Western imperialism as threat to, 11
China–Japan relations: and Abe, 4, 81, 99, 105, 106, 107, 126, 131, 142, 145, 164; and China’s military capabilities, 77, 79, 81, 84, 85, 86, 94, 124; and Chinese military and quasi-military actions, 84–85, 86, 87; and competition over influence in Southeast Asia and Oceania, 86; and defense spending, 86–87; and domestic political environment, 113, 114; and Hatoyama, 92, 112, 114; and historical reconciliation, 81, 107, 142, 143, 174, 223–24n32; history of, 80–82, 223n27; and Japanese foreign direct investment, 4, 80, 81; and Japanese militarism, 50, 51, 53, 142, 147; Japanese perception of Chinese threat, 86, 87, 99, 100, 116, 150–51, 225n46; and Japanese public opinion, 116, 129, 149, 150–51; and Japan’s regional security partnerships, 92, 94; and Japan’s security policies, 129, 174, 183; and JSP, 56; and Koizumi, 81, 82, 120, 145; and mitigating factors, 87, 224–25n44; and multinational earthquake relief, 142, 233n29; and Noda, 120, 168; regional rivalry of, 67; and security dilemma, 18, 79–80, 85; and Senkaku Islands, 19, 21, 23, 27, 35, 61, 68, 82–84, 87, 97, 99, 112, 119–20, 121, 131, 132, 145, 160–61, 168, 174, 177, 209n34, 239n6; and territorial disputes, 19, 27, 49, 50, 142, 209–10n34, 222n17; and tourism, 80; and trade, 4, 80, 81, 84, 86; and US–Japan alliance, 85, 86, 87, 150, 160–61, 173–75, 177, 185, 231n6
China Security Reports, 84
Clinton-Okada joint statement, 115
Cold War: and China, 50; division of Asia, 27; emergence of, 39–40; ending of, 4, 27–28, 35, 41; Japan’s balancing Soviet military threat during, 38, 40, 222n17; Japan’s military policies during, 38, 41, 206n8; and Japan’s security policies, 56–57, 78; and nuclear weapons, 39–40; and US–Japan relations, 32, 59, 61, 103. See also post–Cold War period
collective self-defense (CSD) activities: Abe’s commission on, 106, 153; as antimainstream position, 22, 41; and Article Nine of Japan’s postwar constitution, 153–54; Japanese public opinion on, 8, 151–52, 154, 161, 236n58; JSDF’s participation in, 3–4, 9, 12, 15, 20, 34, 41, 58, 141, 151–52, 153, 154, 157, 161–62, 170, 176, 183, 184, 206n9, 237–38n70; legislation on Japan’s participation in, 128, 133, 141, 157, 159, 163; and US–Japan Guidelines for Defense Cooperation, 164
Constantinople, fall of, 4
Constitutional Revision in Japan Research Project, 226n9
constructivist international relations theory, 17, 18, 33, 87
cyberspace, 78, 157, 163, 164, 172
Dark Ages, 5
Defense of Japan 2014, 139
Defense of Japan 2015, 237–38n70
Defense Policy Review Initiative (DPRI), 187
Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ): and alternating political power with LDP, 7, 8, 13–14, 52, 53, 65, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103–4, 107, 110, 112, 119, 128–29, 130, 131; and bureaucracy, 110, 113–14, 116, 119; centrist security policies of, 21, 23; on China–Japan relations, 86, 92, 112, 168; decline of, 132; and foreign policy, 111, 112, 124, 228n26; and history issues, 123; leadership of, 124; mergers of, 108, 205n1; move away from influence of former socialists, 8; policy innovation of, 23; and postwar militarism policies, 57, 111; and pragmatism in security policies, 2; and SDP coalition, 110, 111, 112, 117; security policies of, 2, 21, 23, 99, 100, 104, 108, 110–23, 127, 129, 131, 139, 166, 169, 184, 185, 231n3; and South Korea–Japan relations, 174; and state secrets, 135; and US–Japan alliance, 64, 92, 100–101, 104, 112, 113–15, 123, 228n26
Democratic Social Federation, 108
Designated State Secrets Law of December 2013, 8, 110, 128, 135–36, 137
Dian, Matteo, 229n34
Diet: division of power in, 98, 226n3; efforts to change Article Nine, 48, 60, 106, 133, 152, 216n41, 236–37n60; and exercise of CSD, 22, 41; on fiftieth anniversary of World War II, 53, 196; and JSDF, 64; legalistic tendencies toward defense doctrine, 47–48; and National Security Council, 134; and NDPG, 137; parliamentary system of, 101, 102–4, 166; and security legislation, 20, 58, 128, 130, 135–36, 139–41, 151, 152, 157, 159, 167, 169, 177, 184, 185; and special measures laws, 44; and terms of prime ministers, 102, 103, 123, 127, 163, 166, 226n7; twisted Diet, 57, 98, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 116, 119, 121; and US–Japan relations, 30. See also Lower House; Upper House
domestic political environment: and Abe’s return to power, 33, 128–31, 132, 147–49, 154, 162, 164, 167, 179; and China–Japan relations, 113, 114; and history issues, 37, 54, 96–97, 100–101, 143, 147, 158, 162, 165; and international security environment, 67, 68, 100, 101, 123, 130, 168, 170–71, 188; and Japan’s security identity, 18; and Japan’s security renaissance, 95, 96–97, 100, 101, 104, 111, 112, 125, 128–29, 171, 184–85; and North Korea, 17; and political party composition, 179–82; in post–Cold War period, 47–48; prime ministers and party affiliations, 189; and security legislation, 157; shift to right in, 147, 148; and US–Japan Guidelines for Defense Cooperation, 163. See also Diet; and specific political parties and prime ministers
Dower, John, 211n48, 216–17n43
East Asia: China’s role in, 4; defense spending of states in, 88; demographics of, 75; economic growth of states in, 10, 66, 88, 95, 182; institutional networks of, 94–95; Japanese expansion in, 12, 26, 27, 83, 141; and Japan’s security renaissance, 173, 188; maritime security in, 78, 79; military growth of states in, 10, 66; multilateral approaches to security in, 94; population in, 73; and regional security concerns, 76–79, 150, 163, 188; security dilemma in, 18; territorial disputes in, 27; US involvement in, 9, 90, 164
East Asian Strategic Review 2014, 134
East Asian Summit (EAS), 94
East China Sea, 81, 82, 84–85, 109, 114, 176
Enola Gay, 217n43
Europe: coalitions of, 130; defense spending in region, 67; East Asia compared to, 78; European powers’ postwar retreat from global empires, 39; and Russia, 166; shift to right in, 148
European Renaissance, changes in Japan’s security policies compared to, 3–6, 7, 29, 32, 169–70
exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 11, 82
Fishing Trawler Incident of 2010, 82–83, 101, 112, 116, 120, 134
Foreign Affairs, 145–46
France, 76
Fukuda, Yasuo, 82, 98, 99, 101, 105, 107, 108–9
Fukushima nuclear power plant, 69
Funabashi, Yoichi, 237n66
Germany: demographics of, 74; GDP of, 36, 36; military capabilities of, 76
global financial crisis of 2008 (Lehman shocks), 13, 90, 105, 109, 113
Glosserman, Brad, 54, 86, 147–48
Google, 6
gray-zone conflicts: and NDPGs, 21, 118, 132, 138; and Senkaku Islands, 183; and US–Japan Guidelines for Defense Cooperation, 163
Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995, 226n5
Greece, 74
Green, Michael, 208n20, 211n45
Grønning, Bjørn, 85
Guam, 187
Gulf of Aden, 1, 14, 69, 78, 79, 159
Hagel, Chuck, 165
Hatoyama, Yukio: cabinet appointments of, 111; on China–Japan relations, 92, 112, 114; founding of DPJ, 108, 124; institutional reforms of, 116; Noda compared to, 119; and Obama, 90, 113; resignation of, 117; on US–Japan alliance, 32, 99, 102, 113–15, 117, 125; and US–Japan relations, 101, 113, 114, 115, 168, 229n31
Hirohito (emperor of Japan), 13, 27, 52
Hiroshima, atomic bombing of, 26, 49, 217n43
history issues: Abe on historical narrative, 14–15, 51, 53, 54, 55, 60, 105, 107, 125, 126, 141–47, 172, 207–8n18, 227n12, 234n37; and contemporary Japanese history course, 172; and domestic political environment, 37, 54, 96–97, 100–101, 143, 147, 158, 162, 165; and historical reconciliation, 27, 37, 49, 50, 51–54, 81, 120, 125, 141, 144, 172, 174, 217nn47, 48, 51, 229n34, 234n37; and historical revisionism, 5, 56, 126, 146, 148, 164; influence on Japan’s security practices, 14–15, 24–32, 33, 37–38, 55, 65, 96–97, 100, 113, 126, 128, 133, 141, 146, 169–70, 172, 174, 184, 185–86, 229n34; and Japanese colonialism, 25, 26, 27, 33, 35, 37, 38, 48–55, 101, 113, 120, 126, 142, 143, 172, 183–84, 198–99; and Japanese militarism, 48–55, 101, 122, 126, 135–37, 141–49, 150, 172, 174, 183–84, 187; Japan’s school textbook descriptions of, 48, 50, 79, 105, 120, 143, 146; and postwar antimilitarist security, 3–4, 15, 22, 25, 28–29, 32, 37, 38, 41, 44, 48, 53, 55–58, 64, 65, 99, 107, 113, 115, 125, 126–27, 150–52, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 164, 165, 184, 185, 187; and South Korea–Japan relations, 5, 120; and US–Japan alliance, 15, 25, 29–32, 33, 35, 38, 48, 49, 58–65, 113–15, 125, 127, 141, 151, 159–68, 216–17n43
Hong Kong, 80
Hornung, Jeffrey W., 85, 214n26, 222n15, 233n27
Hosokawa, Morihiro, 53, 214n19
House of Councillors. See Upper House
House of Representatives. See Lower House
Hu Jintao, 81–82, 113, 114, 142, 145
Hughes, Christopher: on Abe Doctrine, 143–44, 233n33; on Article Nine interpretations, 216n41; on DPJ rule, 123; on Japan’s “normalization,” 226n2; on military modernization, 41–42, 47–48, 215n34; on US–Japan alliance, 113
humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) missions, 31, 44, 46, 64, 142, 157–58, 164, 187
Hyūga-class ships, 118, 216n35
imperial Japan: collapse of, 12; comfort women of Japanese imperial military, 26, 52, 105, 120, 142, 143–45, 174, 193–94, 234n37, 235n43; contested memories of, 3, 25, 26; nostalgia for, 5, 169–70. See also Japanese militarism
India: Abe’s meeting with head of state of, 142; GDP of, 36, 36, 70, 70, 71; Japan’s classified-intelligence-sharing agreement with, 9; Japan’s security partnership with, 23, 76–77, 93, 97, 106, 109, 117, 176, 229n34; military capabilities of, 76, 93; and trilateral cooperation, 164
Indian Ocean, 44, 46, 63, 108, 109, 215n30
Indonesia: GDP of, 73; Japan’s security partnership with, 9, 78, 86, 94; population growth in, 73
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), 20, 117
International Atomic Energy Agency, 213n9
International Committee of the Red Cross, 50
International Disaster Relief Activities, 215n30
International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 27, 32, 49
International Peace Cooperation Activities, 215n30
international relations theory, 12, 32–33
international security environment: and Abe’s return to power, 131–32; and changes in military security, 20–21; and domestic political environment, 67, 68, 100, 101, 123, 130, 168, 170–71, 188; in early postwar period, 39; future challenges of, 34, 168; and Japan’s security policies, 2, 9, 16–21, 23, 31, 33, 38, 55, 65, 67–68, 79, 112, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 132, 150, 216n39; and Japan’s security renaissance, 100, 166, 168, 170–71, 177–78, 179, 187, 188; perceptions of, 16, 87; in post–Cold War period, 41–42, 44, 214n26, 226n5; and terrorism, 44–48; and US–Japan alliance, 58, 63–64, 162, 186, 187
Iran, 166
Ireland, 74
Ishihara, Shintarō, 23, 119, 210n40, 238n73
Italy, 74
Japan: Abe’s revitalizing economy of, 129, 167; collapse of bubble economy, 13, 167, 180; declining relative power of, 8, 16, 19, 21, 33, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70–73, 89, 162, 170, 177–78, 180; defense spending of, 14, 42, 46, 52, 60, 62, 71, 72, 76, 84, 86–87, 88, 128, 129, 131, 178, 215n32, 230–31n3; demographic pressures in, 10, 34, 37, 66, 72–75, 167, 168, 177, 179, 180; economic power resources of, 35, 36, 37, 40, 61, 85, 103, 170; economic stagnation of, 13, 21, 37, 62, 69, 71, 73, 123, 167, 179, 180–81, 182; energy imports of, 1, 66, 68–69, 166; GDP relative to other major powers, 36, 36, 37; GDP relative to regional neighbors, 70–71, 70, 72, 73, 99; GDP relative to US and China, 89, 89; government debt as percentage of GDP, 74, 75; government debt of, 37, 74, 167, 168, 170, 177, 180, 182; historical and projected population of those sixty-five and greater, 74, 74, 75; historical and projected total population for, 73, 73, 75; immigration debates in, 74–75, 148–49, 180, 221n9; map of Japan and its region, xxiv, 11; nuclear power reactors of, 66, 69, 167; population of, 11, 73, 73, 74, 74, 75; postwar Allied occupation of, 18, 27, 29–30, 32, 49, 59, 60, 83, 127, 165, 211n48; and postwar constitution revision, 182; postwar economic and political recovery of, 12; soft power of, 85, 86, 181; state secrets law of, 8, 110, 128, 135–36; as super-aged society, 74, 75, 179, 180. See also imperial Japan
Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF): capabilities of, 41, 45, 46–47, 76; and CSD, 155; overseas deployments of, 215n30; and terrorism, 63–64
Japan Association of the War Bereaved (Izokukai), 48
Japan Coast Guard (JCG): capabilities of, 69, 137–38, 177; and piracy, 43, 125, 176; and regional security environment, 175; response to incursions in territorial waters, 57, 78, 82, 120
Japan Communist Party (JCP), 159, 160
Japan Defense Agency (JDA), 40–41, 105, 226n5
Japanese-American community in US, 31
Japanese colonialism: historical legacy of, 25, 26, 27, 33, 35, 37, 38, 48–55, 101, 113, 120, 126, 142, 143, 172, 183–84, 198–99; and Korean Peninsula, 12, 27, 120, 142; school textbook descriptions of, 48, 50, 79; and Taiwan, 11, 27, 49, 80
Japanese electoral system: and changes in political outcomes, 13; and floating voters, 101; and Lower House, 102, 128–29, 226n6; and parliamentary system, 102–4; and proportional representation, 128–29, 130; and single-member electoral districts, 22, 111, 128, 130–31
Japanese elites: on international security environment, 101; and military capabilities, 35; perceptions of Chinese threat, 225n46; on security policies, 7, 8, 152; and US–Japan alliance, 59, 118, 159–60, 219n72
Japanese militarism: historical legacy of, 48–55, 101, 122, 126, 135–37, 141–49, 150, 172, 174, 183–84, 187; and school textbooks, 143, 146; and US–Japan alliance, 174
Japanese nationalism: and Abe, 15, 85, 105, 126, 129, 130, 147–49; and Article Nine revisions, 236–37n60; cross-national and historical contexts of, 16; and LDP, 56; and Ozawa, 229n31; and Senkaku Islands, 82, 83, 119; studies of, 147–48
Japanese public: and Abenomics, 129; on Abe’s security policies, 127, 129, 136, 151–52; on arms export restrictions, 8, 151; on China–Japan relations, 116, 129, 149, 150–51; on contested memory of World War II, 53, 218n56; on CSD activities, 8, 151–52, 154, 161, 236n58; on international security environment, 101; and Japanese electoral system, 102; on Japan’s security policies, 7, 8–9, 41, 122, 124, 129, 134, 137, 150, 169, 184; on JGSDF deployment to Iraq, 64; and military capabilities, 35, 158; and military security in post–Cold War period, 43; opposition to changes in Article Nine, 8–9, 15, 152, 182; opposition to Designated State Secrets Law, 8, 136, 137, 151–52; perceptions of Chinese threat, 225n46; and postwar antimilitarist legacy, 100, 132; and security treaty revision demonstrations of 1960, 103, 127; support for US–Japan alliance, 31, 59, 117, 118, 159–60, 161, 186; on US–Japan Security Treaty, 238n74
Japanese territory: and China–Japan relations, 19, 50, 209n34, 222n17; Japan’s disputes with Russia, 27, 42, 49, 51, 77, 166, 222n17; Japan’s dispute with Soviet Union, 19, 50, 216n42; and postwar antimilitarist security, 55; protection of, 11, 160–61, 209n34; and South Korea–Japan relations, 5, 19, 49, 50; and unconditional surrender in World War II, 27; US military forces based on, 30, 36, 42, 58, 59–60, 62, 63, 213n8, 214n19, 220n80
Japan Federation of Bar Associations, 136
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), 44, 46, 47, 64, 118, 138–39
Japan Innovation Party (JIP), 23, 205n1, 238n73
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 140, 240n12
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF): capabilities of, 41, 45, 46, 76, 103, 118, 215n34, 215–16n35; and Chinese military actions, 84–85, 131; and maritime commons, 78; overseas deployment of, 14, 63, 215n30; and Philippines, 14, 94; and piracy, 43–44, 125, 176; response to incursions in territorial waters, 57; and terrorism, 44, 63–64, 108, 109; and US–India naval exercises, 93; and US Navy regional operations, 78, 155
Japan Restoration Party (JRP), 23, 121, 132
Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF): and Abe, 105; and Afghanistan, 45, 63, 229n31; autonomy of, 60, 111, 159, 162, 186; budget of, 46, 47, 48, 139, 219n71; capabilities of, 1, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46–47, 64, 65, 68, 69, 75, 76, 77, 79, 83, 85, 97, 100, 118, 137–38, 142, 157–58, 159, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 186, 188, 222n15; and China–Japan relations, 142, 233n29; and collective self-defense (CSD) activities, 3–4, 9, 12, 15, 20, 33, 41, 58, 141, 151–52, 153, 154, 157, 161–62, 170, 176, 183, 184, 206n9, 237–38n70; constraints on use of, 38, 41, 47, 55, 64, 84, 158, 169; and DPJ policies, 7; and Iraq, 45, 57, 64; and JSP, 56; and manpower availability, 180; and military strategy, 1–2; and military technologies, 1, 158, 172, 175, 176; and missile defense, 17, 20, 31, 43, 46–47, 57, 153, 163, 172, 174, 183; and National Security Council, 134; and NSC, 135; officers involved in defense planning, 155–56, 169, 187–88; overseas deployment of, 45, 63, 64, 108, 141, 215n30; personnel and major equipment, 42, 45, 46, 138, 138; postwar creation of, 12; and regional security environment, 175, 186, 187; and Russia, 77; and satellite capabilities, 17, 43, 140, 158, 172, 183; shift of forces to southwest, 84, 100, 118, 120, 124, 138, 173; and state secrets, 136; and US–Japan alliance, 30–31, 61, 62, 63, 64, 118, 156, 159, 161, 163–64, 170, 177, 219n71; and UNPKO, 1, 14, 45, 117, 151, 154, 177
Japan’s Future and Textbook group, 147
Japan Socialist Party (JSP): coalition with LDP, 208n22; and DPJ founding, 108; as minor political party, 57; and postwar antimilitarist policies, 41, 56; SDP as successor to, 111; and US–Japan alliance, 59, 112
Japan’s security identity: and cooperation with states other than US, 157; and cyberspace, 78; evolution of, 18, 33, 37, 67, 125, 150, 152; and outer space, 78; and post–Cold War period, 45; and postwar antimilitary policies, 18, 28–29, 35, 37, 55, 56, 57–58, 150, 155, 206n8, 218n65, 218–19n67; role of political parties in, 57–58, 67, 68
Japan’s security policies: and airspace, 78; and Cold War, 56–57, 78; and cyber space, 157, 163; and development of military capabilities, 9, 12, 23, 35, 38, 39, 40–41, 42, 43, 46–47, 55, 58, 64, 65, 68, 75, 76, 77, 79, 83, 97, 105, 123, 127, 129, 131–32, 134–35, 137, 138, 222n15, 227n12; domestic component of, 10, 13, 21–24, 29, 34, 37, 47–48, 49, 56, 68, 87, 96, 98–102, 104–10, 122–23, 125, 126, 213n8; evolution of, 33, 37, 38–48, 55, 64, 65, 77, 97, 122–23, 150, 176, 179; international component of, 19–21, 23, 67, 123; and international-domestic interactive dynamic, 13, 15–24, 17, 32–33, 68, 87, 123; and international security environment, 2, 9, 16–21, 23, 31, 33, 38, 55, 65, 67–68, 79, 112, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 132, 150, 216n39; Japanese elites’ responses to, 7, 8, 152; and maritime security, 78; military security, 20–21, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 213n8; misleading narratives of, 33, 38, 41; and normalization discourse, 10, 15, 38, 46, 103, 124, 207nn14, 15, 226n2; and ODA, 139–40, 178, 181, 233n26, 240n11; and outer space, 139, 140, 163, 232n24; political discourse on, 21–24, 72; and post–Cold War period, 33, 37, 38, 46, 52, 65, 103, 134, 178; and postwar antimilitarist security, 99, 122, 125, 132, 150–58; postwar legacies of, 12; and pragmatism, 1, 2; and proactive contributions to peace, 14, 38, 50, 137, 139, 140, 141, 149, 166, 170, 171, 178, 181, 184, 208n23; public responses to, 7, 8–9; and regional security environment, 2, 4–5, 8, 9, 13, 16, 19–21, 33, 38, 67–70, 76–79, 87, 99, 122, 124, 138–39, 143, 150–51, 157; resiliency of, 118–19; and seamless defense approach to, 134–35, 138, 139, 163–64, 173; and types of threats, 10–11; and US–Japan alliance, 12, 15, 36, 37, 39, 52, 68, 99, 106, 122, 123, 137, 138, 213n10
Japan’s security renaissance: Abe’s efforts to advance, 127, 167; China’s leading role in, 79–87, 183; and civilian-military interaction, 155–56, 237n66; and coalition building, 111; and domestic political environment, 95, 96–97, 100, 101, 104, 111, 112, 125, 128–29, 171, 184–85; and DPJ rule, 231n3; European Renaissance compared to, 3–6, 7, 29, 32, 169–70; future of, 34, 179–85, 188; and history issues, 141–43, 146, 166, 169–70, 172, 184; implications for Asia, 9, 168, 175–77; implications for Japan, 171–72; implications for US, 173–75; implications of, 7–10, 168, 169, 170–78; institutionalization of, 123–25, 166, 169; and international security environment, 100, 166, 168, 170–71, 177–78, 179, 187, 188; and Japanese militarism, 143; JSDF officers’ role in defense planning, 155–56, 169, 187–88; and JSDF training, 161; national security strategy of 2013, 7, 9, 12, 14, 19, 33–34, 55, 91, 106, 133, 137, 139, 149, 150, 155, 157, 213n11; and postwar antimilitarist security, 149–58; and regional security dynamics, 87, 92–94, 96, 156–57, 168, 170, 182–83, 187, 188; relationship to past practices, 6–7, 9, 14, 33, 126, 130, 136, 139–40, 141, 146, 171, 187–88, 232n24; steps toward, 33, 37, 47, 54, 64, 65, 101, 107, 170, 177; and US–Japan alliance, 159–68; and US–Japan Guidelines for Defense Cooperation, 163; and US rebalancing policy, 9, 89–90, 91, 174
Joint Declaration on Security (1996), 44, 63
Joint Staff Office, 137–38, 156
Jordan, 178
Kallender-Umezu, Paul, 232n24
Kamei, Shizuka, 238n73
Kan, Naoto: cabinet appointments of, 111; founding of DPJ, 108, 124; popularity of, 116; proposal for revision of US–Japan Guidelines for Defense Cooperation, 163; resignation of, 118; security policies of, 102, 115–19; and Senkaku Islands, 23, 101, 112; statement on one-hundredth anniversary of Japan-Korea annexation treaty, 120, 198–99
Katō, Kōichi, 22
Kawano, Katsutoshi, 156
Kerry, John, 165
Kimura, Hikaru, 217n47
Kishi, Nobusuke: “Basic Policy for National Defense” approved by cabinet, 40, 213n10; foreign policy agenda of, 103; and historical reconciliation, 51–52; and historical revisionism, 56; internationalist school of, 22; political rehabilitation of, 60, 127; political reign of, 207n14; release from prison for war crimes, 59, 127; in Tōjō cabinet, 227n10; and US–Japan relations, 30, 59, 162
Kitaoka, Shin’ichi, 140
Kitazawa, Toshimi, 114
Koizumi, Juni’ichirō: and George W. Bush, 63, 64, 82, 90, 104, 162, 185; and China–Japan relations, 81, 82, 120, 145; internationalist school of, 22; and LDP faction system, 101; popularity of, 13, 64, 97, 105, 123; security policies of, 38, 48, 65, 97, 98, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 117, 123, 124, 141, 152; and special measures laws, 44; statement on sixtieth anniversary of end of World War II, 53, 196–98, 234n37; term length of, 102; and US–Japan alliance, 63, 109, 123, 141, 156; and Yasukuni Shrine visits, 53, 81, 145
Kōmei Party: LDP’s alliance with, 98, 107, 110, 130–31, 154, 163, 167; name of, 207n12; peace agenda of, 56–57; and proportional representation votes, 130; security approaches of, 8, 21, 122, 130, 131; and single-member district votes, 130, 131
Kongō-class destroyers, 46
Konishi, Weston, 111, 112, 228n26, 230n40
Kōno, Yōhei, statement on comfort women, 26, 52, 105, 142, 144–45, 146, 174, 193–94, 234n37, 235n43
Kōnō Statement Denial Caucus, 235n43
Korean Constitutional Court, 120
Korean Peninsula, 12, 27, 63, 120, 142, 182. See also North Korea; South Korea
Kumagai, Naoko, 218n54
Kushida, Kenji E., 229nn37, 39
Kyodo News, 151
Law Concerning Special Measures on Humanitarian and Reconstruction Assistance (2003), 44
Lehman shocks (global financial crisis of 2008), 13, 90, 105, 109, 113
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP): Abe as president of, 166–67, 179; and Abe’s return to power, 128, 129; and alternating political power with DPJ, 7, 8, 13–14, 52, 53, 65, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103–4, 107, 110, 112, 119, 128–29, 130, 131; and Article Nine changes, 9, 60, 104, 152, 153, 154; coalition with JSP, 208n22; in Cold War period, 56; and economic issues, 129; factions of, 21–22, 24, 56, 99, 101, 108, 122; and history issues, 147, 184; Ishihara on, 23; Kōmei Party’s alliance with, 98, 107, 110, 130–31, 154, 163, 167; and Kōmei Party’s security approaches, 8, 21, 122, 130, 131; loss to rival coalition, 226n1; and postwar antimilitarist policies, 41, 57; and pragmatism in security policies, 2; right of center security policies of, 21, 22, 23; security policies of, 2, 21, 22, 23, 98–100, 102, 103, 108–9, 112, 115, 116, 122, 123, 129, 153, 169, 184; and shift to right, 147, 148; and South Korea, 105; study of Kōnō statement, 144–45; and US–Japan alliance, 59, 64–65, 119; and Yasukuni Shrine, 147
Liberal Party, 108
Lim, Robyn, 41
Lipscy, Phillip Y., 229nn37, 39
Lower House: and division of power in Japan’s Diet, 98, 226n3; and DPJ loss of 2012, 23, 121, 168; and DPJ victory of 2009, 96, 98, 104, 110, 128, 229n31; elections of December 2018, 167, 179; and Japanese electoral system, 102, 128–29, 226n6; LDP loss in Okinawa, 165; LDP victory of 2012, 98, 121, 128, 130, 148; LDP victory of 2014, 98, 130, 148; percentage of party vote and seats in national elections, 191; SMD in, 111, 128, 130–31; voter turnout for elections, 182
MacArthur, Douglas, 29
Maehara, Seiji, 117
mainstream media: and Abenomics, 129; on Abe’s cabinet, 235n44; and Abe’s nationalism, 130; on arms export restrictions, 139; on Article Nine interpretation, 152; and China–Japan relations, 149; on Chinese economic challenge, 85–86; on Chinese military actions, 84; effect of new media on, 24; on historical legacy of World War II, 50, 53, 141, 143, 144–45, 234n35; on Japanese nationalism, 147, 148; on military security, 43; on public demonstrations against Abe, 230n1; on regional security environment, 66; on security policies, 3–4, 99, 182; on twisted Diet, 98
Manchukuo, 12
Manchuria, 27
Mansfield, Mike, 174
March 11, 2011 triple disaster: and Japan’s energy imports, 66, 68–69; logistical challenges of, 118; and US–Japan alliance, 185; and US military assistance to Japan, 31, 101, 118, 119, 124–25, 160
Matsumoto, Kenichi, 227n10
media. See mainstream media; new media; social media
Mid-Term Defense Plan (MTDP), 40, 137, 138, 139, 154–55, 157, 213n11
Miki, Takeo, 103
Ministry of Defense (MOD): annual defense white papers of, 84, 115, 136, 213n11; core mission of, 186, 241n22; creation of, 1, 14, 105, 135, 241n22; and defense spending, 46, 215n32; and National Security Council, 134, 135, 155–56; and NDPG, 155; and overseas deployments, 215n30; and security cooperation, 93, 158, 187–88; and state secrets, 135–36, 231–32n12
Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI), 134
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), 133, 151
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism, 134
Mitsubishi Materials, 217n47
Mitsubishi Mining, 217n47
Miyako Strait, 84
Mochizuki, Mike M., 222n15, 233n27
Murayama, Tomiichi: on Abe’s security policies, 127; foreign policy agenda of, 103; statement on fiftieth anniversary of end of World War II, 26, 53, 144, 146, 194–96, 234n37
Murphy, R. Taggart, 181, 227n12
Nagasaki, atomic bombing of, 26
Nakaima, Hirokazu, 165
Nakasone, Yasuhiro: and historical reconciliation, 52; internationalist school of, 22; security policies of, 103, 134; term length of, 102; and Yasukuni Shrine visits, 53
National Defense Program Guidelines (NDPGs): and amphibious assault capabilities, 84, 118; and China–Japan relations, 99, 100, 124; comparison of changes in Japan’s military forces, 45–47, 45; comparison of personnel and major equipment, 138, 138; dynamic joint defense concept in, 32, 100, 117, 138, 157; and gray-zone conflicts, 21, 118, 132, 138; and Japan’s cooperation with countries other than US, 157; and Japan’s development of military capabilities, 40, 97, 117, 118, 124, 138–39, 157; and Japan’s security strategy, 128, 135, 137–38, 154–55, 213n11; and MOD, 155; and regional security environment, 100, 115; and repositioning of Japan’s military forces, 7, 19, 23, 100, 115, 116, 117; and US–Japan alliance, 104, 124
National Defense Program Outlines (NDPOs), 40, 42, 117
National Institute for Defense Studies, 84, 156
National Police Agency, 231n7
National Security Council (NSC): creation of, 32, 106, 128, 133, 137, 155; and crisis management, 133, 231n7; and Four-Minister Meeting, 134, 135; and Ministry of Defense, 14, 134, 135, 155–56; and Nine-Minister Meeting, 134, 231n11; structure of, 1, 134–35, 138, 155–56
National Security Secretariat (NSS), 133, 134–35
New Frontier Party, 108
new media: and Abe’s net strategy, 6, 24, 206n10; on China–Japan relations, 149; political extremes empowered by, 24, 147. See also social media
Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), 149, 150, 160
Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), 147
Nixon, Richard, 51
Noda, Yoshihiko: cabinet appointments of, 228n24; and China–Japan relations, 120, 168; and Ozawa, 121; security policies of, 97, 102, 119–23; and Senkaku Islands, 23, 113, 119–20, 210n40; and South Korea–Japan relations, 120; and US–Japan alliance, 119
Nodong missile tests, 20
Nonaka, Hiromu, 22
Northern Territories, 42, 51, 166, 216n42
North Korea: abduction of Japanese citizens during Cold War, 51, 105; and China, 77, 87; defense spending of, 71; GDP of, 36; Japanese public opinion on, 149; Japan’s adversarial relationship with, 27, 49, 51, 66; Japan’s response to military threat of, 8, 13, 16, 17, 20, 42–43, 66–67, 68, 77, 121, 131; and JSP, 56; militarized border, 77; military capabilities of, 20, 42–43, 77, 121, 161; missile tests over Japan, 16, 17, 20, 35, 42–43, 66, 183, 214n20, 226n5; nuclear weapons of, 42, 51, 66–67, 161, 182, 214n20, 226n5; and South Korea, 20, 43, 67, 77, 120; and US–Japan alliance, 159, 161–62
nuclear weapons: of China, 42, 77, 79, 86, 87; and emergence of Cold War, 39–40; Japan’s official three principles on, 111; and Japan’s plutonium stockpiles, 213n9; and Japan’s secret agreements with US, 110–11; of North Korea, 42, 51, 66–67, 161, 182, 214n20, 226n5; Obama’s policies on, 91; of Russia, 77; of United States, 77; and US–Japan relations, 173
Obama, Barack: and Abe’s domestic agenda, 164; and Hatoyama, 90, 113; and Okinawa base realignment, 109; rebalancing strategy in Asia, 9, 90–91; and Senkaku Islands, 83, 161; Sunnylands Summit of 2013, 91; and US–Japan alliance, 162, 164–65
Okinawa: opposition to new US military facilities, 15, 20, 187; opposition to US–Japan alliance in, 165, 175, 185; population of, 11, 216n42; and postwar antimilitarist security, 165; relocation of Futenma Air Station to, 109, 165, 186–87; reversion of administrative control to Japan, 30, 60, 103, 165; and US–India naval exercises, 93; US military bases on, 11, 30, 60, 63, 83, 84, 113, 114, 127, 160, 165, 172, 185, 186–87, 216n42
Operation Tomodachi, 118, 124–25
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 5
Oros, Andrew L., Normalizing Japan, 206n8, 208n20, 214n20, 218n65
Ōsumi-class transport ships, 46, 216n35
outer space, 139, 140, 163, 164, 172, 232n24
Outer Space Treaty of 1967, 140
overseas development assistance (ODA): and defense-related aid, 8, 128; and Japan’s regional security partnerships, 93; and Japan’s security policies, 139–40, 178, 181, 233n26, 240n11; Japan’s strategic use of, 100
Ozawa, Ichirō: and China–Japan relations, 114; and Kan, 116; marginalization of, 238n73; and merger of Liberal Party with DPJ, 108, 124; and Noda, 121; on normalization, 114, 207n14; resignation as DPJ president, 113, 229n31
Pacific Review, 208n25, 225n45
Pacific War. See World War II
Pearl Harbor attack, 26, 49, 54
Pekkanen, Saadia M., 232n24
Pempel, T. J., 92
Penney, Matthew, 235n44
People’s Life Party, 121, 238n73
People’s New Party, 238n73
Perry, Matthew, 11
Persian Gulf War (1990–1991), 35, 44, 45, 214n26, 229n31
Philippines: and Asian Women’s Fund, 53, 218n54; and China, 93–94, 131, 175; and comfort women issue, 142; GDP of, 73; Japan’s security partnership with, 9, 86, 92, 93–94, 159, 175, 176; and JMSDF, 14, 94; JSDF providing disaster relief assistance in, 142; population growth in, 73; and regional distribution of power, 9; and US–Japan alliance, 159
piracy: and China’s participation in international security regimes, 79; and Japan’s participation in international security regimes, 1, 14, 31, 38, 78, 79, 92, 97, 125, 159, 176; as threat to Japan, 43, 69; and US–Japan alliance, 159
postclassical realism, 209n26
post–Cold War period: direct military threats to Japan emerging, 42–44, 45, 77, 214n20; and international security environment, 41–42, 44, 214n26, 226n5; Japan’s adaptation to, 41–44; Japan’s security identity in, 45; Japan’s security policies during, 33, 37, 38, 46, 52, 65, 103, 134, 178; and JMSDF’s cooperation with US Navy, 78, 155; and US–Japan alliance, 44, 59, 62
postwar antimilitarist security: and Abe, 149–58; and Article Nine of Japan’s postwar constitution, 3–4, 28, 152–54, 236–37n60; historical legacy of, 3–4, 12, 15, 22, 25, 28–29, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 41, 44, 48, 53, 55–58, 64, 65, 113, 125, 126–27, 150–52, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 164, 165, 184, 185, 187; and Japan’s security identity, 18, 28–29, 35, 37, 55, 56, 57–58, 150, 155, 206n8, 218n65, 218–19n67; and Japan’s security policies, 99, 122, 125, 132, 150–58; and Japan’s security renaissance, 149–58; and nostalgia for past, 5–6; and US–Japan alliance, 156, 159, 161
proportional representation (PR), 128–29
purchasing power parity (PPP), 70, 84, 93, 225n47
Putin, Vladimir, 166
Pyle, Kenneth, 226n2
Quadrennial Defense Review, 90
Rape of Nanjing, 52
rare earths export ban, 134
Reagan, Ronald, 103
realist international relations theory, 17–18, 17, 33, 36, 87, 121, 208–9n26
regional contingency, 63
regional security environment: and Abe, 107, 156–57; and balance of power, 9, 16, 19, 33, 67, 69, 85, 96; and defense spending, 71, 76; and diffusion of power, 19; in early postwar period, 39; economic growth in, 69–76; future challenges of, 34; and Japan’s relative decline, 16, 19, 66, 67, 68, 69–76, 85; and Japan’s security partnerships, 9, 23, 67, 76–77, 78, 86, 92–94, 97, 106, 109, 117, 125, 156–57, 159, 174–76, 179, 229n34; and Japan’s security policies, 2, 4–5, 8, 9, 13, 16, 19–21, 33, 38, 67–70, 76–79, 87, 99, 122, 124, 138–39, 143, 150–51, 157; and Japan’s security renaissance, 87, 92–94, 96, 156–57, 168, 170, 182–83, 187, 188; and military escalation, 43, 69; and multilateral institutions, 68, 72, 73, 77, 79, 94, 125, 164, 175; perceptions of, 68, 87, 225n45; and US–Japan alliance, 58, 63–64, 76, 174–75, 186, 187
relational constructivism, 208n25
Rice, Susan, 161
Roh Moo-hyun, 142
Russia: China as military threat to, 87; defense spending of, 71, 72, 88; in early post–Cold War period, 42; GDP of, 36, 36, 70–71, 70; and gray-zone conflicts, 21, 132; Japan’s lack of peace treaty with, 51, 166; Japan’s territorial disputes with, 27, 42, 49, 51, 77, 166, 222n17; military capabilities of, 76; nuclear weapons of, 77; and US–Japan alliance, 159, 166
Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, 12
Sakigake politicians, 111
Samuels, Richard, 208n20, 210n37, 226n2
San Francisco Peace Treaty, 50, 53
Sea of Japan, 174
Second Armitage-Nye report, 228n18
Security Consultative Committee (2+2 talks), 165
security dilemma, 18
Senkaku Islands: and China–Japan relations, 19, 21, 23, 27, 35, 61, 68, 82–84, 87, 97, 99, 112, 119–20, 121, 131, 132, 145, 160–61, 168, 174, 177, 209n34, 239n6; and Fishing Trawler Incident of 2010, 82–83, 101, 112, 116, 120, 134; and gray-zone conflict, 183; nationalization of, 119–20, 168; and Noda, 23, 113, 119–20, 210n40; and possibility of military conflict, 182; protection of, 11, 19
September 11 attacks, 35, 44–48, 183
Shalikashvili, John, 237n66
Shangri-la Dialogue, 94
Shinoda, Tomohito, 226n5
Sichuan earthquake of 2008, 233n29
Singh, Manmohan, 114
single-member districts (SMD), 111, 128, 130–31
Sino-Japanese war of 1894–1895, 4, 11–12, 26, 27, 83
Sino-Japanese War of 1945, 80
situations in areas surrounding Japan (SIASJ), 63, 220n81
Smith, Sheila A., 80–81, 91–92, 208n25, 225n46
Smithsonian Institution, 216–17n43
Sneider, Daniel, 106, 119, 121–22, 229n31
Social Democratic Party (SDP), 110, 111, 112, 117, 132
social media, effect on discourse over security issues, 6, 16, 24, 136, 206n10
South Asia, 69
South China Sea: anti-piracy efforts in, 159; and China–Japan relations, 43, 84, 92, 93–94, 114, 121, 176–77; China’s actions in, 131; and Japan’s energy imports, 69; and Japan’s regional security partnerships, 93–94, 176; and Japan’s security policies, 170, 175; Kaplan on, 72
Southeast Asia: and China–Japan relations, 86; China’s security interests in, 79; economic growth in, 5; Japan’s economic and security interests in, 23, 69, 71, 72, 78, 79, 106, 108; Japan’s economic size compared to, 72; and Japan’s historical reconciliation, 52, 217n51; and Japan’s role in regional security environment, 175; piracy in, 43, 78, 79; population growth in, 72, 73. See also ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
South Korea: and Asian Women’s Fund, 53, 218n54; defense spending of, 72, 88; economic growth of, 5, 71; GDP of, 36, 70, 70, 71; Japanese peace treaty with, 27, 51; militarized border, 77; military capabilities of, 76, 77; and North Korea, 20, 43, 67, 77, 120; and regional security partnership, 67, 117, 125, 177; as super-aged society, 75; and trilateral cooperation, 164; US forces in, 87
South Korea–Japan relations: and Abe, 105, 106, 126, 142, 164; and benefits of security cooperation, 9, 177; and comfort women issue, 120, 142, 144, 174; and historical reconciliation, 54, 120, 142, 172, 174, 177, 198–99, 229n34; and Japanese militarism, 50–51, 53, 142, 143, 147; and Japanese public opinion, 149; and politicization of history and territorial issues, 5; and territorial disputes, 5, 19, 49, 120
Soviet Union: dissolution of, 4; and emergence of Cold War, 39, 59, 79; Japan’s balancing military threat during Cold War, 38, 40, 41, 222n17; Japan’s territorial dispute with, 19, 50, 216n42; and JSP, 56; military planning of, 40; and regional security environment, 68
specially designated secrets (SDS), 136, 137
state apologies, 210n43
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI): data on defense spending in Asia, 67, 88–89; data on defense spending in Japan, 215n32, 230–31n3
Strait of Malacca, 78
Students Emergency Action for Liberal Democracy (SEALDs) student group, 136, 232n14
Suga, Yoshihide, 234n38
Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), 29–30
survivors of the atomic bombings (hibakusha), 48
Swaine, Michael, 215–16n35, 240–41n19
Syrian refugee assistance, 178
Taepodong missile test, 20, 183
Taisei Yokusankai, 227n10
Taiwan: and Asian Women’s Fund, 218n54; and China, 20, 43, 77, 182; and comfort women issue, 142; GDP of, 36, 71; Japanese foreign direct investment in, 80; Japanese withdrawal from, 83; Japan’s colonization of, 11, 27, 49, 80; Japan’s peace treaties with, 27, 50; and regional contingency, 63, 220n81; and Senkaku Islands, 27, 82, 83, 209n34; as super-aged society, 75; US arms sales to, 79; and US–Japan alliance, 161
Taiwan Strait crisis, 43, 220n81
Takei, Tomohisa, 156
Takeshima Day, 143
Tamogami, Toshio, 148
Tanaka, Kakuei, in Southeast Asia, 52
Tanaka, Makiko, on Murayama apology, 53
Tanigaki, Sadakazu, 22
terrorism: and Japan’s Designated State Secrets law, 136; and Japan’s participation in international security regimes, 38, 44–48, 63–64, 108, 109
Thailand, 94
Togo, Kazuhiko, 210n37
Tokyo subway sarin gas attack of 1995, 226n5
Tomorrow Party, 121
trade: and China–Japan relations, 4, 80, 81, 84, 86; drop in Japanese exports, 109; Japan’s dependence on, 11, 69; Japan’s energy imports, 1, 66, 68–69, 166; and Japan’s security policies, 78; and US–Japan relations, 31
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 165, 180
Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (2009), 91
Tsuda, Daisuke, 206n10
Tsugaru Strait, 84
tsunami of December 2004, 46
tsunami of March 2011, 31, 66, 69, 118
turkey, 178
typhoon Haiyan, 14
United Kingdom, 76
United Nations: and counterpiracy patrols, 31; and Japanese public opinion, 150–51; and Japan’s arms export restrictions, 139; Japan’s status in, 12, 213n10
United Nations peacekeeping operations (UNPKO): and DPJ, 112, 114, 117, 229n31; JSDF participating in, 1, 14, 45, 117, 151, 154, 177
United Nations Population Division, 73
United Nations Security Council, 86
United States: and China–Japan relations, 86, 87, 173–75, 231n6; and Chinese defense planning documents, 85; Democratic Party in, 121; economic recession of 2008, 90; and emergence of Cold War, 39, 79; G2 relationship with China, 86; GDP of, 89, 89; historical memory of World War II, 26; implications of Japan’s security renaissance for, 173–75; military capability of, 76; military spending of, 5, 71, 88–89, 88, 175, 183, 221n6, 225n47; nuclear weapons of, 77; as super-aged society, 75
US Air Force, JASDF compared to, 41
US Central Command, 64
US–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue, 91
US Congressional Research Service, 147, 164
US Department of Defense, 155
US–Japan alliance: abandonment and entrapment concerns, 61, 160–62, 170, 172, 173, 174, 186; and China–Japan relations, 85, 86, 87, 150, 160–61, 173–75, 177, 185, 231n6; and defense guidelines, 156, 237n66; evolution of, 91, 156, 164, 170, 173, 185, 187; and extended deterrence, 31, 79, 161, 213n9; historical legacy of, 15, 25, 29–32, 33, 35, 38, 48, 49, 58–65, 113–15, 125, 127, 141, 151, 159–68, 216–17n43; institutions of, 156; and international security environment, 58, 63–64, 162, 186, 187; Japanese political opposition to, 59–60, 61, 64; Japanese public support for, 31, 59, 117, 118, 159–60, 161, 186; and Japan’s exceptionalism, 233n27; and Japan’s international reputation, 60–61; and Japan’s military capabilities, 76, 100, 183; and Japan’s missile defense technology, 43, 47, 57, 153, 163, 172, 174, 183; and Japan’s patrols of sea lanes, 78, 79; and Japan’s security policies, 12, 15, 36, 37, 39, 52, 68, 99, 106, 122, 123, 137, 138, 213n10; and JSDF, 30–31, 61, 62, 63, 64, 118, 156, 159, 161, 163–64, 170, 177, 219n71; and military security, 39, 41, 42, 213n8; and military-to-military cooperation, 156, 163–64; in post–Cold War period, 44, 59, 62; and postwar antimilitarist security, 156, 159, 161; and regional security environment, 58, 63–64, 76, 174–75, 186, 187; and state secrets, 135–36, 231–32n12; strengthening of, 7, 9, 24, 44, 69, 79–80, 85, 88, 90, 105, 109, 114, 117, 118, 119, 123, 124–25, 162–63, 165, 185, 186; unequal relationship, 3, 15, 25, 31, 32, 35, 58, 61–62, 64, 100, 112, 113, 159, 173, 187; and US nuclear umbrella, 36, 40, 42, 43, 56, 213n9
US–Japan–China strategic triangle, 88
US–Japan Guidelines for Defense Cooperation: and Alliance Coordination Mechanism, 163–64; and expansion of security cooperation with US, 33–34, 157; and flexibility in US–Japan military cooperation, 163–64; implementation of April 2015 guidelines, 185–87; and Japan’s contributions to international security, 177; negotiation of, 159, 162–64; revisions of 1997, 6, 44, 62–63, 156; revisions of April 2015, 9, 20, 31, 58, 64, 65, 68, 91, 106–7, 124, 127–28, 135, 138, 157, 160, 161, 162–64, 185; and trilateral and multilateral cooperation, 164
US–Japan Joint Vision Statement, 163
US–Japan Mutual Defense Treaty, 29, 30, 61, 68, 207n14, 220n78
US–Japan relations: and Bush-Koizumi alliance, 63, 64, 82, 90, 104, 162, 185; and China, 170, 172; and Cold War, 32, 59, 61, 103; DPJ policies on, 7; and enhanced security cooperation, 14; and Hatoyama, 101, 113, 114, 115, 168, 229n31; and Japan’s fear of US economic and military decline, 13, 113; and Japan’s historical reconciliation, 54; joint statement of 2015, 91; and Kishi, 30, 59, 162; Mansfield on, 174; and postwar Allied occupation of Japan, 18, 27, 29–30, 32, 49, 59, 60, 83, 127, 165, 211n48; and postwar bombings of Japan, 29; and trade, 31
US–Japan Security Treaty: fiftieth anniversary of, 31–32; Kishi’s signing of, 30, 59; public protests against, 103, 127; public support for, 238n74; reliability of commitments, 129, 160; and Senkaku Islands, 83; and US protection of Japanese territory, 160–61, 209n34
US military bases, on Okinawa, 11, 30, 60, 63, 83, 84, 113, 114, 127, 160, 165, 172, 185, 186–87, 216n42
US National Security Advisor, 133
US Navy, JMSDF’s cooperation with, 78, 155
US Republican Party, 23–24
US Seventh Fleet, 41
USS Missouri, 26
US–South Korea “Joint Vision for the Alliance,” 91
USS Ronald Reagan, 30
US Tea Party, 23
“Unmet Expectations” report, 228n18
Upper House: and changes in security policy, 152; creation of, 226n3; and division of power in Japan’s Diet, 98, 226n3; DPJ loss of 2010, 98, 116; DPJ loss of 2016, 123; DPJ victory of 2007, 229n31; DPJ victory of 2010, 112; and Japanese electoral system, 102; LDP loss of 2007, 98, 107, 110, 133, 167; LDP victory of 2010, 116; LDP victory of 2013, 98, 130, 131; national elections of July 2016, 167–68, 169, 179, 180; percentage of party vote and seats in national elections, 192
Vietnam: and China, 131, 175; GDP of, 73; Japan’s security partnership with, 9, 86, 92, 93, 94, 159, 175, 176; military capabilities of, 77; population growth in, 73; and regional distribution of power, 9; and US–Japan alliance, 159; US relations with, 91
Wallace, Corey, 93
Weiner, Tim, 219n72
Wen Jiabao, 80, 81, 82, 107, 109, 223–24n32
Western colonialism: Japan’s World War II mission of liberating Asia from, 11, 14, 28, 227n12; postwar retreat from, 39
White, Hugh, 161
WikiLeaks, 114
World Values Survey, 148
World War II: Abe’s statement on seventieth anniversary, 26, 53, 146, 184, 199–203; atomic weapons used in, 2; contested memories of, 3, 14–15, 25–28, 32, 37, 48–50, 52, 53, 59, 107, 115, 165, 172, 216–17n43; disagreement on origins of, 59, 208n18; fiftieth anniversary of end of, 26, 53, 144, 146, 194–96, 234n37; Japan’s school textbook descriptions of, 48, 50, 79, 120; and Japan’s state secrets, 135; Koizumi’s statement on, 53, 196–98, 234n37; legacies of, 72, 120; Murayama’s statement on, 26, 53, 144, 146, 194–96, 234n37; POWs of, 49, 50, 54, 201, 217n47; seventieth anniversary of end of, 26, 53, 146, 172, 183–84, 199–203; sixtieth anniversary of end of, 37, 53, 196–98, 234n37. See also postwar antimilitarist security
Worshipping at Yasukuni Shrine Together group, 147
Yachi, Shotarō, 133
Yalta peace accords, 27
Yamada, Atsutoshi, 210n37
Yasukuni Shrine: and Abe, 24, 81, 144, 145, 146, 165, 234n35; and China–Japan relations, 79; and historical revisionism, 5, 59; and Koizumi, 53, 81, 145; museum connected to, 49–50, 59; and Nakasone, 53; Worshipping at Yasukuni Shrine Together group, 147
Yasutomo, Dennis T., 233n26, 240n11
Yoshida, Shigeru, 30, 102, 103, 208n20
Yoshida Doctrine, 28, 103, 208n20, 211n45
Yoshida school, 22
Yoshihara, Toshi, 180