Index

INDEX

Note: Page numbers followed by “f” or “t” indicate figures or tables, respectively

Absolute humidity, 61

Adelaide, Australia, 20–21, 21f

Advection, 54–56

Africa, climate of, 3

Air

condensing water out of, 58

cool, pooling of, 54, 54f, 55f, 73

dew point of, 89–90

moving through landscape, 80f

Air flow, topography and, 80f, 84

Air inversions, 45

Air molecules, 46–47, 58, 68

Air pollution, 39–41, 44–45

Air temperature

in Adelaide, Australia, 20–21

changes in, and maximum water vapor, 61

in climate normals, 110–11

elevation and, 47–48, 58–59

global variations, 75

and humidity, 57, 83

measurement of, 48–53, 53f

in microclimate main concepts, 144

normals for Vancouver and Thunder Bay, 111t

time of day and, 59

understanding and modifying humidity and, 146

Albedo, 66, 88, 90

Aluminum deck furniture, 91

Anabatic winds, 120

Anemometers, 81

Apulia, Italy, 16f

Arica, Chile, precipitation, 84

Ariely, D., 159

Arizona, cave dwellings, 27f

Art deco style, 19

Aspect, mapping, 121

Asphalt, 88

Atlanta, Georgia, 63

Bari, Italy, 14–15, 105

Baumeister, Roy F. , 158

Bjerknes, Jacob, 75

Blue wavelengths, 68

Body temperature, internal, 6–7

Boston City Hall Plaza, 17–18, 18f, 117

Brown, Arthur, house of, 26–27, 28f

Buffalo, New York, context of, 119

Building methods, traditional, 4–5

Building patterns, traditional, 25–26

Buildings

orientation of, 100, 103

topography and, 104

wall colors, exterior, 108–9

wind interception by, 2, 20, 79–80 See also Houses

Campfires, 71

Canoe trip, Rocky Mountains, 129–30

Cardinal, Douglas, 29

Car parking effect, 15–17, 93

Cartesian coordinates, 76

Catalytic heaters, 12

Cattle fences, 78f

Cave dwellings, 5–6, 26, 27f

CCD (critical component design), 107–9

Celsius, Anders, 49

China, time zones in, 125

Client communications, 133–34, 158–61

Client decision making, 132–33, 159

Client meetings, first impressions, 133, 160

Climate, in design process, 109–17

Climate change, 17

Climate normals, 110, 137

Climate regions, 117

Climate stations, 81, 112, 115

Climate types, 103

Climax, Saskatchewan, 108–9

Clock time vs. sun time, 124–25

Clothes, and slowing of heat loss, 9

Clouds, 46, 73

Colors, 90, 108–9

COMFA, 139–40

Communication

with clients, 133–34, 158–61

in design process, 110, 129–34, 138

Community membership, humans and, 132

Composite wind analysis, 126–29

Condensation of water, 58

Conditional climatology, 114–15

Conduction, in energy budget, 10, 87

Coniferous woody plants, 121, 147, 147f

Context, and decision making, 160

Context, in site assessment, 118

Control, human need for, 158

Convection, forced, 90

Convection, in energy budget, 9, 80, 87

Convective heat loss, 22–23

Cool air pooling, 54, 54f, 55f, 73

Coriolis force, 76

Coulees, 76

Courtyard, for New York Times Tower, 136, 139

Courtyard houses, 105–6

Critical component design (CCD), 107–9

Cup anemometers, 81

Cusco, Peru, 36

Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan, 47, 84

Daylight savings time (DST), 125

Death Valley, humidity in, 57

Deciduous woody plants, 121, 147, 147f

Decision making, by clients, 132–33, 159

Decks, in British Columbia, 88–89

Decoys, in communication with clients, 161

Design

critical component design (CCD), 107–9

foundation of, for thermal comfort, 6

functions of microclimate in, 19–20

humidity modification through, 58

as institution in Japan, 30

See also Microclimatic design

Design options for clients, 133

Design process

climate in, 109–17

communication in, 110, 129–34, 138

energy budgets in, 122–23

evaluation in, 110, 134–35

microclimate consideration in, 43–44, 91, 100–102

microclimate modification in, 110, 122–29

microclimate objectives in, 134–35

performance objectives in, 123–24

precedents in, 110, 117

site assessment in, 110, 118–24

Design strategies

for east-facing site, 155

for north-facing site, 155

for south-facing site, 154

for west-facing site, 154

Design styles, in future of microclimate design, 104

Development projects, 133

Dew point, 89–90

Diffuse radiation, 68–69

Diurnal patterns in local winds, 119–20

Earth, 61–63

Earth's atmosphere, 61, 75–76

Eastern white cedar, 78

East-facing side of house, prototypes for, 152, 153f

East-facing site, design strategies for, 155

East-facing slopes, 104

Elizabeth II, Saskatchewan tour, 85

Enduring microclimate hypothesis, 13

End user considerations, 133

Energy budgets

concept application, 92

in the design process, 122–23

modeling, 7–11

parked cars and, 15–17, 93

of a person, 6–8, 10–11, 70–71

radiation and, 86–87

terrestrial radiation in, 87–88

Equatorial regions, 75, 103

Evaluation, in design process, 110, 134–35

Evaporation, 9–10, 57, 87–88, 90

Evolutionary psychology, 143, 158–59

Evolution of humans, 130–31

Experiments, 64–65, 163–64

Fahrenheit, Daniel, 49

Fans, 101

Fear, in humans, 131

Fences, 77–78, 78f, 148, 149f

First Nations University, 29, 30f

Fleming, Sanford, 124

Fox and Fowle Architects, 136

Fronts (weather), 75

Gardens

of Japan, 32–33

orientation of, 94

rooftop, 47, 139

Ryo-an-ji Temple, 33, 34f, 35f

wall-delimited, 34–35

Gillespie, Terry, 139

Google Earth, 137–38

Google SketchUp, 137–38

Gossip, in communication, 132

Graphic simulations, 138

Grizzly bears, 129–30

Group membership, humans and, 132

Guelph, Ontario, 63, 95–96, 95f

Halifax, Nova Scotia, 81

High-pressure systems, 76

Hot tub, poorly located, 20

Hot-wire anemometers, 81–82

Houses

with courtyards, 105–6

downwind of hog barn, 20

prototypes for, 150–52, 153f

traditional, in Japan, 32, 102

in Tucson, 26–27, 28f

Human body, internal temperature of, 6–7

Human nature, 131–32, 159

Humans, evolution of, 130–31

Human thermal comfort model, 139–40

Humidex (humidity index), 57

Humidity

absolute, 61

in Adelaide, Australia, 20–21

air temperature and, 57, 83

elevation and, 59

and evaporative cooling, 57

measurement of, 59–60

in microclimate main concepts, 144

modification of, through design, 58, 94

relative, 60–61

time of day and, 59

understanding and modifying air temperature and, 146

Hyperthermia, 6, 129

Hypothermia, 6

Ikebana, 29–30

India, outdoor prayers in, 38–39

Interpretive control, 158

Japan, microclimatic design in, 30–36, 102

Jellicoe, Sir Geoffrey, 120

Katabatic winds, 120

Köppen climate classification system, 117

Kyoto gardens, 33

Lake Erie, 119

Lake Ontario, 119

Landscape architects, 13

Landscape elements, effects of, 72, 147–50

Landscape patterns, 14, 25–26, 31–36

Latent heat, 87

LeBlanc, Rob, 136

Light meters, 67–68

Lima, Peru, 40f

Lloro, Columbia, 84

Low-pressure systems, 76

Machu Picchu, 36–38, 37f, 38f

Macroclimate, in site assessment, 118

Malawi, community meeting places, 3–4, 4f

Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, 47

Mapping, in site assessment, 121–22

Melbourne, Australia, 21–22

Mesoclimate, 118

Mesoclimatic effects, 119–20

Message simplicity, 160–61

Metabolic heat, 128–29

Metabolism, human, 7–8

Meteorology, 75

Microclimate measurements, 134–35

Microclimate modifications

celebratory aspects of, 104–5

in design process, 110, 122–29

elements and strategies, 156–57, 157f

inadvertent, 39–41

New York Times Tower and, 138

universal process for, 19

See also Microclimatic design

Microclimates

design functions of, 19–20

in design process, 43–44, 91

main concepts, 144–45

mechanisms of, 46–48

objectives for, 134–35

on sunny, windy days, 72–73

Microclimatic assessment, for New York Times Tower, 136–37

Microclimatic design

the future of, 101–4

in Japan, 30–36

See also New York Times Tower, Manhattan

Mirrors, in microclimatic design, 102

Misoclimate, 118–19

Monitoring station, in design evaluation, 134–35

Mosoclimate, 118, 137

Mosoclimatic effects, 120

Motivational plasticity, 158

Mount Lemmon, 47

Mount Shasta, 86

Movable partitions, in Japanese houses, 102

Napier-Hastings, New Zealand, 19

Negative vs. positive feedback, 133

New York Times Tower, Manhattan, 47, 126, 136–40

Nickel refinery air pollution, 40–41

Noise distribution, air inversions and, 45

North-facing side of house, prototypes for, 152, 153f

North-facing site, design strategies for, 155

North-facing slopes, 104, 122

Nostalgia vs. local climate, 105–6

Novelty comfort devices, 11–12

Oak trees, coppicing in Japan, 31–32

Oberlander, Cornelia Hahn, 136

Olive groves, 14

Outdoor cafés, in Tokyo, 123

Overhangs, 29, 107–9, 148–49

Ozone, and air pollution, 44–45

Paddy fields, advective effect of, 55–56, 56f

Parking lots, 15–17, 56, 93

Patterns on the land, traditional, 14, 25–26, 31–36

Performance objectives, in design process, 123–24

Personal space needs, 132

Piano, Renzo, 136, 138

Piazzas, 15–17, 93, 106f

Precedents, 14, 110, 117, 137

Precipitation, 83–86

Prevailing winds, 110, 114

Primary control, 158

Prototypes for houses east-facing side, 152, 153f

north-facing side, 152, 153f

south-facing side, 150–51, 151f

west-facing side, 151, 152f

Public involvement, 133

Public projects, 133

Pyranometers, 69

Quick reference, 152–58

Quincy Market, Boston, 117

Radiant heaters, 69, 71, 94, 101

Radiation, 7–8, 10

See also Solar radiation; Terrestrial radiation

Radiation budget, 86–87

Radiation thermometers, 71–72

Rain days per year, 84

Rainwater, calculating volume of, 84

Relative humidity, 60–61

Roof overhangs, 29, 107–9, 148–49

Rooftop gardens, 47, 139

See also New York Times Tower, Manhattan

Rule of ten, in site assessment, 118

Russia, time zones in, 125

Ryo-an-ji Temple garden, 33, 34f, 35f

Ryokans, 32–33

Saskatchewan, Canada

Cypress Hills, 47, 84

rainfall in, 85

tipis in, 28–29

wind in, 77

winters in, 3

Satoyama landscapes, 31–32

Savannah-type landscapes, 131

Season, in microclimate main concepts, 144

Secondary control, 158

Sensible heat, 87

Shade, and solar radiation, 27, 68, 89, 124

Site assessment, 110, 118–24, 137

Sky radiation, 68

Sling psychrometers, 60

Slope, mapping, 121

Smog, and microclimate modification, 39–40

Snow, wind and, 85–86

Snow fences, 77–78

Solar collection devices, 101–2

Solar infrared radiation, 68–69

Solar noon, 125

Solar radiation

in climate normals, 110, 115–17

compared to water spray, 67f

and energy budget of a person, 8

intensity of, 63–64

interception of, 89

measurement of, 67–69, 115–16

as mechanism of microclimate, 46–48

modeling, 137–38

near the equator, 74–75

parking lots and, 56

and precipitation, 83–84

reflection or absorption of, 66

Tucson modern-style house and, 28f

understanding and modifying, 144–46

Sonora Desert, cave dwellings in, 26

South-facing side of house, prototypes for, 150–51, 151f

South-facing site, design strategies for, 154

South-facing slopes, 104, 122

Stevenson, Thomas, 52

Stevenson Screen, 52

Stone walls, 150f

Streets, widths and layout of, 103–4

Structures and vegetation, in site assessment, 121–22

Sturgeon Landing, Saskatchewan, 64

Style, concept of, 19

Sudbury, Canada, 40–41

Summer, in northern hemisphere, 64f

Sun, movement through the sky, 64–67, 145

Sun-catch, 94–96, 95f

Sunshine, in microclimate concepts, 144

Sunshine, in solar radiation

measurements, 115–17

Sun time vs. clock time, 124–25, 135

Surface colors, 14, 35, 90, 100, 145, 148

Temperature, 6–7, 80

See also Air temperature

Terrestrial radiation

from a book, 63

in energy budget, 87–88

evaporation and, 90

from landscape surfaces, 72

measurement of, 69–70

parking lots and, 56

reducing emissions of, 88

and thermal comfort, 74

trees and, 73–74

understanding and modifying, 145–46

Thermal admittance values, 90

Thermal comfort

asphalt parking lots and, 56

cars parked in piazza and, 15–17, 93

design foundation for, 6

effects on, 96

goals for wind speeds, 81

human thermal comfort model, 139–40

in microclimate main concepts, 144–45

New York Times Tower and, 139

novelty devices for, 12

strategic heating and, 32–33

strategies for, 11–13

terrestrial radiation and, 74

and well-used outdoor places, 1–2

wind and, in winter, 113t

Thermometers, 50, 71–72

Thompson, Manitoba, 105

Thunder Bay

air temperature normals for, 111t

January wind data, 113t

solar radiation in, 116t

wind rose for January, 115f

yearly wind data for, 112t

Time of day, 59, 124–25

Time zones, 124

Tipis, 28–29

Tokyo, 57, 123

Topography

and air flow, 80f, 84

and building opportunities, 104

effects of, 149

local winds and, 119–20

in site assessment, 121

and wind movement, 79

Toronto, 117, 119

Trees

and air pollution, 44

coniferous, 121, 147, 147f

deciduous, 31–32, 121, 147, 147f

for New York Times Tower, 136, 138–39

and solar radiation, 68–69

and terrestrial radiation, 73–74

Trellises, effects of, 147–48, 148f

Tsurezuregusa, 32

Tucson, Arizona, 47, 119–20

University of Guelph, 95–96, 95f

Urban heat islands, 17–18, 39

Vancouver, BC

air temperature normals for, 111t

January wind data, 113t

solar radiation in, 116t

wind rose for January, 115f

yearly wind data for, 112t

Vegetation and structures, in site assessment, 121–22

Viganella, Italy, 102

Wall colors, exterior, 108–9

Walled gardens, 34–35

Walls, 33–34, 149–50

Water

condensation of, 58

effects of, 149

evaporation, 9–10, 57, 87–88, 90

and microclimatically appropriate spaces, 100–101

precipitation, 83–86

as vapor, 61

Waverley Park Stadium, Melbourne, 21–22

Weather stations, 135

Weather systems, 76

West-facing side of house, prototypes for, 151, 152f

West-facing site, design strategies for, 154

West-facing slopes, 104

West-facing windows, 91

White, Henry, 136

White rocks, as mulch, 14

Windbreaks, 77–78, 100, 113–14, 148

Wind generators, 101

Windows, 26, 91–92, 107–9

Wind roses, 81, 82f, 114–15, 115t

Winds

buildings and, 2, 20

in climate normals, 110, 112–15

composite analysis of, 126–29

cooling effect of, 5–6

measurement of, 81, 83, 135

in microclimate main concepts, 144

and microclimates, 72–73

naming convention for, 76

patterns in movement of, 77, 79–80, 119–20, 127f, 128f

and snowfall, 85–86

speed of, and convection, 80

and thermal comfort in winter, 113t

tipis and, 28–29

understanding and modifying, 102, 126–29, 144, 146

Wind tunnels, 79

Wind vanes, 83

WW:SS (Winter Wind:SummerSun), 96