Agnostic, the, 143
Agnostic Annual, 143
agnosticism, 7–8, 10, 22, 66, 85, 128, 131, 149–50, 154, 163–66, 173, 175
Aids to Faith (1862), 132
Aikenhead, Thomas, 17
Ali, Ayaan Hirsi, 97
Altholz, Joseph, 6
American Civil Liberties Union, 172
American Humanist Association, 175
American Journal of Psychology, 156
Anglican Church, 1–2, 7, 50, 63, 72, 95, 146
Thirty-Nine Articles of, 1, 64, 66–67, 71, 106–7. See also Church of England
Anglicanism, 1, 10, 14, 18, 68, 71
anti-Catholicism, 17, 73, 111, 134
anti-Semitism, 160–61
Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 12
Arnold, Matthew, 7–8, 66, 72, 137, 139, 150
“Dover Beach,” 137
Empedocles on Etna, 137–38
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 36, 39, 124
Ashton, Rosemary, 118
atheism, 22–23, 30–31, 48, 64, 79–80, 85, 98–99, 101, 103–4, 112, 150, 167, 173
“new,” 4, 9, 11–12, 162–63, 165
Baden-Powell, the Reverend, 123, 131
Badger, Kingsbury, 109
Balch, W. S., 139
Balfour, Arthur James, 12, 140
A Defence of Philosophic Doubt, 12, 149
Foundations of Belief, 145
Bartholomew, Michael, 51
Bell, Vanessa, 146
Berger, Peter, 220n68
Berkeley, Bishop George, 56
Bible, 2, 6, 10, 14, 21, 30, 43, 45, 70, 108, 112, 127, 132–33, 170, 174
American Standard, 27
Corinthians, 169
Deuteronomy, 180
English Revised, 26–27
Genesis, 6, 41–43, 45, 47–48, 103, 110, 134, 169–72
Hebrews, 26–27
Isaiah, 178
Jeremiah, 178
King James, 26–27
Leviticus, 180–81
New International, 27
Revelation, 178
Romans, 169
Sermon on the Mount, 180
supposed infallibility of, 131–32
Ten Commandments in, 180
Bill, M. B., 155
Blanchard, Laman, 141–42
Bohr, Niels, 142
Bosanquet, Samuel Richard, 103
botany, 2
Bradlaugh, Charles, 150
Bray, Cara, 118
Bray, Charles, 118
Brewster, Sir David, 127
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 123
British Humanist Association, 175
“Broad Church” perspectives, 6, 7, 36, 131
Brontë, Anne, 7, 62–64, 75–77, 80–87, 92, 116
Agnes Grey, 81–82
“Despondency,” 85
“Doubter’s Prayer,” 75–78
“Prayer,” 85
Tenant of Wildfell Hall, 81–85
“To Cowper,” 85
“Word to the ‘Elect, ‘” 81, 83, 202n64
Brontë, Charlotte, 69, 75, 86–88, 96, 100, 115
Shirley, 79
Villette, 79–80
“No coward soul,” 80
Wuthering Heights, 82
Brontë, [Patrick] Branwell, 7, 63, 75–77, 80, 82, 86–90
“Doubter’s Hymn,” 89–90
“Harriet II,” 91
Brontë, the Reverend Patrick, 78, 146
Brooke, John Hedley, 127
Bryan, William Jennings, 172
Buckland, the Reverend William, 36–38, 40–42, 45, 47
and “gap theology,” 42–43
Bunsen, Baron C. C. J. von, 134
Bush, President George W., 174
Butler, Lance St. John, 151–52
Butler, Samuel, 199n26
Butterfield, Mary, 86
Byron, Lord George Gordon, 89, 113
Calvinism, 6, 59–60, 65, 68–71, 75, 78, 83–84, 91, 96, 98, 105, 110, 116, 120–21, 140, 171, 202n65
Cambridge University, 40, 49, 101, 128, 146
Carlyle, Thomas, 7, 44, 57–59, 63, 67, 113, 136
Sartor Resartus, 58–63
Chadwick, Esther Alice, 86
Chadwick, Owen, 5
Chambers, Robert, 7, 12, 93–94, 98–106, 131, 167, 186
Vestiges, 92–94, 97–98, 100, 102–6, 110, 123
Chambers, William, 98
Chambers’s Edinburgh Journal, 98
Chapman, John, 113–14
Chitham, Edward, 82
Christianity, 2, 10, 17, 49, 67, 79, 95, 116, 127–28, 131, 134, 140, 144, 150–52, 154,
history of, 7, 22, 95, 140, 171. See also Anglican Church
Church of England
Roman Catholic Church
Christian Observer, 104
Christian Voice, 175
Church of England, 5, 14, 24, 43, 48, 50, 55, 64, 68, 70–74, 78, 80, 97–98, 108, 127–28, 131–32, 140, 145, 149, 174
proposed disestablishment of, 174, 195n36. See also Anglican Church
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 23
Cigoli, Ludovico, 152
Clifford, William, 143
Clough, Arthur Hugh, 66–67
Comte, Auguste, 95
“religion of humanity,” 95, 117
Confucius, 112
Conrad, Joseph, 170
Constable, John, 72
Salisbury Cathedral, 72–73
Cooper, Professor Jacob, 157–58
Cooper, Thomas, 5
Cornhill Magazine, 146
Cox, Robert, 18
Crean, Thomas, 11
Creation Museum (Kentucky), 167–71, 173
creationism, 9–10, 41, 48, 92, 96, 169, 171–73, 189n29
cultural redemption, 5, 8, 158
Cumming, the Reverend John, 110–13, 115–16, 120, 176, 178
Apocalyptic Sketches, 110, 116, 176
Church before the Flood, 110
“Creed of the Infidel,” 112
Is Christianity from God? 111–12
Dale, R. W., 139
Darwin, Charles, 5, 7, 44, 48, 52, 54, 92–93, 98, 104, 113, 123–24, 127–29, 130–32, 140, 149
agnosticism of, 10
Christian responses to, 140
Descent of Man, 129
Origin of Species, 10, 52, 54, 92–93, 98, 104, 113, 119, 123–24, 128–29. See also Darwinism; evolution
Darwin, Erasmus, 93–94
Darwinism, 113, 124, 127, 140–41, 143, 154, 171
Christian, 140–41
Davis, Rick, 179
Dawkins, Richard, 11–12, 162–64, 166–67, 176
deism, 22, 28, 32, 71, 100, 129
DeLaura, David, 74
Dennett, Daniel, 166
Descartes, René, 48
Desmond, Adrian, 48
de Wette, Wilhelm M. Leberecht, 119
Bleak House, 199n26
David Copperfield, 199n26
Tale of Two Cities, 2
Dobson, James, 180
Draper, John William, 124
Drummond, Henry, 140
Duckett, R. J., 86
Duns Scotus, John (Johannes), 12
Eichhorn, Johann Gottlieb, 119
Einstein, Albert, 142
Eliot, George, 7, 44, 57, 59, 74, 110, 112–16, 119–20, 112, 167
Daniel Deronda, 117
“Evangelical Teaching,” 112–13, 115–16
Mill on the Floss, 44, 57, 117
“On Being Called a Saint,” 117
and “religion of humanity” (Comte), 117, 122
Silas Marner, 120–21
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 59
End Times, 110, 176–77, 219n53
Erkelenz, Michael, 35
Essays and Reviews (1860), 131–34, 150
Evangelical and Reformed Church, 157
Evangelicalism, 6, 41, 64, 68–69, 77–78, 154, 171, 179–80
Evans, Isaac, 122
evolution: theory of, 9–10, 44, 48–49, 52–53, 75, 94, 98, 100–101, 104–5, 110–11, 123–24, 127–30, 132, 140, 151, 154, 169, 171–73
extinction, 39, 46, 49, 57, 130, 193n8
Falret, Jean-Pierre, 155
Fawcett, Henry, 147
Feiter, Bruce, 175–76
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 95, 119–20, 137
Essence of Christianity, 95, 120
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 97
Fielding, Henry, 32
Fisher, Bishop John, 72
Fitton, William Henry, 39
Flew, Antony, 9
Flint, Robert, 97
founding fathers (U.S.), 173–74
Fox News, 175
Franklin, Sir John, 135
Freethinker, 95
freethought, 15, 17–19, 22, 25, 66, 70, 74, 94–95, 97, 122, 131, 154, 171
French Revolution, 39–40
Freud, Sigmund, 159–62
Civilization and Its Discontents, 159–60, 216n2
Future of an Illusion, 159
“narcissism of minor differences,” 161, 165
Froude, Hurrell, 64, 67, 71, 106
Froude, James Anthony, 1, 12, 64, 71, 74, 106–10, 120, 122, 146, 167, 186
Nemesis of Faith, 1, 64, 94, 106, 108–9, 122, 151
fundamentalism, religious, 11–13, 97, 163, 165–66, 171, 178, 186
Geldart, Edmund Martin, 199n29
Gell, J. P., 66
Geological Society Council, 53
geology, 2, 9–10, 14, 28–33, 36–43, 45, 47–50, 53–56, 58, 68, 74, 93, 101, 105
“Neptunist,” 31–32
Goldstein, Rebecca Newberger, 9, 192n23
Gordon, Lord George, 17
Gould, Frederick James, 143
Agnostic Island, 143
Stepping-Stones to Agnosticism, 143
Gould, Stephen Jay, 164
Grant, Robert Edmond, 53
Granville, Dr. J. Mortimer, 157–58
Green, T. H., 150
Greene, John, 47
Hahn, Scott, 11
Haight, Gordon, 115
Hallam, Arthur Henry, 105
Ham, Ken, 169
Hardy, Thomas, 59, 67, 146–48, 167
Jude the Obscure, 148
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 183
Hegel, G. W. F., 97
Heisenberg, Werner, 152
Uncertainty Principle, 142, 212n57
Hennell, Charles, 118–19
Hennell, Rufa, 118
Henslow, John Stevens, 124
Herbert, Christopher, 142
heresy, 1, 13–14, 22, 25, 35, 77, 80, 113, 151
Hesiod, 26
Higher Criticism (biblical), 6, 74, 109, 119–20, 131–34, 171, 208n66
Hitchens, Christopher, 11–12, 127, 161, 166–67, 176–77
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 147
Hooke, Robert, 29
Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 67, 134–35, 137, 139
“Carrion Comfort,” 134
“I wake and feel,” 134
“No worst, there is none,” 134
Wreck ofthe Deutschland, 67, 134
Hume, David, 7–8, 22–27, 29–30, 32, 35, 39, 70, 84, 97, 101, 118, 146, 158
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, 22, 26, 84, 101
Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 24
Letter from a Gentleman, 24
Natural History of Religion, 22
on religious belief, 28
Treatise of Human Nature, 23
Humphrys, John, 165
Hutton, James, 8, 28–33, 35, 37, 39, 45–48, 59, 61, 101, 116, 129, 171
System ofthe Earth, 29
Theory of the Earth, 28–33, 35, 45
uniformitarianism of, 29–30, 37
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 7, 12, 22, 104, 113, 117, 124, 126–27, 131, 143–46, 148, 165, 167, 186
coins “agnostic,” 117
“Darwin’s bulldog,” 12, 145, 163, 167
“infidel,” 2, 11, 14, 20, 22, 29, 48, 69, 79, 84–85, 94, 98, 104, 113
Ingersoll, Robert, 171
Inquisition, the, 21
James, Henry, 140
James, William, 149
Jefferson, Thomas, 173–74
The Jefferson Bible, 173
Jenkins, Jerry, 177–78
Jesus of Nazareth, 7, 77–78, 118–19, 173–75, 178, 202n65
Jowett, Benjamin, 131–33
Joyce, James, 58–59
Jung, Carl, 162
Kalman, Maira, 180–81
Kant, Immanuel, 97
Keble, the Reverend John, 71–72, 117
Christian Year, 117
“National Apostasy,” 71–72
Keep, Josiah, 141
Keller, Timothy, 11
Kennedy, President John F., 182, 185
Kingsley, Charles, 106, 108, 144
Kirwan, Richard, 30
Koran, the, 112
LaHaye, Tim, 177–78
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 44, 48, 52–53, 100–101, 203n4
Lancet, 93
Landseer, Sir Edwin, 135
Man Proposes, 135–36
Larsen, Timothy, 204n8
Left Behind (book series), 177–79
Lehmann, Chris, 165
Lewes, George Henry, 113, 122, 206n47
Leyland, Joseph, 90–91
liberalism, 6–7, 50, 74, 106, 113
Lightman, Bernard, 8, 145, 154, 165
Linnaeus, Carl, 116
Lisbon earthquake (1755), 32–33, 42
literalism (religious), 43, 133–34, 163, 171–72, 177, 179, 224
London Review of Books, 12
Lowell, James Russell, 147
Lutheranism, 79
Lyell, Sir Charles, 7, 10, 29, 43–58, 61–62, 92, 100–101, 116, 129, 171
cyclic views of history, 46
and “deep time” (McPhee), 47, 53
on evolution, 54–55
Principles of Geology, 10–45, 47–48, 50–53, 56, 58, 105
Mackay, Robert William, 120
Madison, James, 174
Mallock, William Hurrell, 8, 135
Mansel, Henry Longueville, 131
Limits of Religious Thought Examined, 131
Mantell, Gideon, 52–53
Marxism, 8
McCain, John, 178–79
Methodism, 6, 19, 68, 75–76, 78, 98
Mill, James, 113
Mill, John Stuart, 15, 74, 113, 147
Miller, Arthur, 183
Miller, J. Hillis, 134
Milman, the Reverend Henry, 49–50
Milton, John, 90
Paradise Lost, 90
miracles, 6, 21, 23, 25–28, 109
Monthly Review (London), 53
Moore, Aubrey L., 140
Essays Scientific and Philosophical, 140
Science and the Faith, 140
Morning Chronicle, 90
Mother Teresa, 9
Murray, John, 49–50
National Reformer, 95
National Scottish Church, 111
natural history, 54, 74, 93, 131
natural theology, 33, 39, 50, 54, 128, 194n11
Neufeldt, Victor, 88
Newman, Cardinal John Henry, 2, 6, 49, 62–64, 67, 70, 72, 91–92, 106, 113
conversion to Catholicism, 64–65
“Lead, Kindly Light,” 64–65
Parochial and Plain Sermons, 2
proposed sainthood of, 198n6
and Tractarian Movement, 49
Newman, Francis William, 71, 74, 113
Newsweek, 177
Newton, Sir Isaac, 117
New York Times, 175
Nicene Creed, 112
Nicholson, William, 8, 19–20, 22, 24, 29, 70, 186
Doubts of Infidels, 14, 19–22, 186
Introduction to Natural Philosophy, 19
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 136–37, 139
The Gay Science, 137
Thus Spoke Zarathustra, 137
Nightingale, Florence, 94
Nonconformist, 104
North British Review, 104
Novak, Michael, 162–63
Obama, President Barack, 178–81
Outlook, 140
Oxford Movement, 71–73. See also Tractarians
Oxford University, 1, 34, 36–37, 40, 49, 62–64, 92, 106, 109, 123, 127, 130–32
paleontology, 194n8
Paley, William, 33, 39–42, 47, 50–51, 128
Natural Theology, 33, 39, 41, 50, 128
watchmaker analogy, 39–40
Palin, Sarah, 179
pantheism, 35
Pater, Walter, 150
Pattison, Mark, 132–33
Paul of Tarsus, Apostle, 161
Pius XII, Pope, 171
Playfair, John, 34
Popular Science Monthly, 155
Porter, Roy, 50
Porteus, Bishop Beilby, 15–16, 19, 22, 24
Poulos, John Allen, 162
Press (London), 127
Protestant Association, 17
Protestantism, 6, 17, 70, 77, 80, 83, 106
Puritans, 5
Ray, John, 39
Reagan, Ronald W., 220n61
Reasoner, 95
Reason Magazine, 165
Reformed Church Review, 157
Rees, Joan, 86
Rhodes, Cecil, 2
Rishell, Charles W., 133
Rolland, Romain, 159–61
Roman Catholic Church, 2, 21, 64–65, 70–72, 74, 79–80, 98, 171, 183
and “theistic evolution,” 167
Rothstein, Edward, v
Royal Irish Academy (Dublin), 30
Ryle, John Charles, 41
Santayana, George, 154–55
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 95
scientific naturalism, 3–4, 6, 12, 35, 44, 49, 55–56, 93, 95–96, 98, 104, 127, 131, 171
Scopes, John T., 172
Secord, James, 51, 92, 94, 98, 100, 104, 106
secularism, 3, 7, 11, 94–97, 122, 141, 143, 151–52, 154, 175–76
Secularist and Secular Review, 95
Secular Review, 143
Shanley, John Patrick, 9, 182–86
“Mont Blanc,” 34–35
Necessity of Atheism, 34
Sinclair, May, 78–86
Snowden, James H., v
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 15
Society for the Suppression of Vice, 19
Socrates, 112
Spencer, Herbert, 7–8, 113, 142–45, 149, 157
Spinoza, Baruch, 119–20
Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, 72
Stephen, Leslie, 7, 44, 146–49, 154–55, 185
“Agnostic’s Apology,” 146, 148–49, 185
Stephen, Sir James, 146
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 140
Strauss, David Friedrich, 118
Life of Jesus, Critically Examined, 118–19
Talmud, the, 112
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 7, 26, 44, 56–57, 67, 105–6, 110, 115, 120, 158, 169
and “honest doubt,” 105–6, 115, 158
“Lotus-Eaters,” 26
Thackeray, William M., 75
Thomson, Keith, 170
Thormählen, Marianne, 77
Time, 178–79
Times (London), 12
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 154
Toulmin, George Hoggart, 51
Tractarians, 49, 70–73, 198n7. See also Oxford Movement
Turner, Sharon, 49
Tyndall, John, 143
unbelief, religious, 1, 12, 19, 61, 63, 67, 78, 82, 87, 91, 95, 104, 106, 109–12, 115, 120–21, 136, 139, 149–50, 154, 157, 160, 163, 171
University of Edinburgh, 17, 24, 29, 33, 40, 59
Ure, Andrew, 50
U.S. News and World Report, 174
van Dyke, Henry, 141
Voltaire (François M. Arouet), 19, 32, 70
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 104
Walpole, Robert, 17
Ward, Mrs. Humphry, 150
Robert Elsmere, 150–51
Watts, George Frederic, 152–53
Werner, Abraham Gottlob, 31, 37, 58, 116
as “catastrophist,” 31–37
“Neptunism” of, 31–32
Westminster Review, 96, 113–14, 143
Wilberforce, Bishop Samuel, 5–6, 124–27, 132, 145, 186
Wilberforce, William, 78
Williams, Archbishop Rowan, 174
Williams, John, 30–32
Williams, Rowland, 133
Woolf, Virginia, 59, 146–47, 185
Yale University Divinity School, 140