An era of neglect:
Canadian government policy in the North before 1950
1.Canadian Geographic, “Historical Maps of Canada, 1873,” http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/mapping/historical_maps/1873.asp.
2.Morrison, True North, 3, 21–22, 29; McMillan and Yellowhorn, First Peoples, 5–9.
3.Coates, Canada’s Colonies, 66–99.
4.Grant, Sovereignty or Security?, 10.
5.Carney, “Relations in Education,” 33.
6.Morrison, True North, 105.
7.Morrison, True North, 109.
8.Grant, Sovereignty or Security?, 14.
9.Morrison, True North, 75.
10.Grant, Sovereignty or Security?, 13–15.
11.Carney, “Relations in Education,” 34.
12.Grant, Sovereignty or Security?, 16.
13.Carney, “Relations in Education,” 124.
14.Canada, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Treaty No. 8, http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100028813/1100100028853.
15.Carney, “Relations in Education,” 34.
16.Carney, “Relations in Education,” 127–128.
17.McCarthy, From the Great River, 176.
18.Canada, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Treaty No. 11, http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100028916/1100100028947.
19.Morrison, True North, 111.
20.TRC, NRA, Deschatelets Archives – Ottawa, HR 8004.C73R 3, Missions indiennes des pères oblates, Procés-verbal de la Troisième Réunion tenue à Ottawa, 24–25 novembre 1937. [OMI-033063]
21.Diubaldo, Government of Canada, 34–38; Jenness, Eskimo Administration, 32–33.
22.Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, Statutes of Canada, 1912, Chapter 45.
23.Diubaldo, “The Absurd Little Mouse,” 36.
24.Rompkey, Story of Labrador, 37–47; Rompkey, Grenfell of Labrador.
Laying the groundwork: Mission schools: 1850 to 1900
1.Choquette, Oblate Assault, 38–47; Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 15–18.
2.Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 17–24.
3.Quoted in Choquette, Oblate Assault, 141–143; Abel, Drum Songs, 116–117; McCarthy, From the Great River, 47–49.
4.McCarthy, From the Great River, 50.
5.Abel, Drum Songs, 120.
6.Choquette, Oblate Assault, 69.
7.Rutherdale, Women and White Man’s God, 7–8.
8.Choquette, Oblate Assault, 157.
9.McCarthy, From the Great River, 160; Carney, “Grey Nuns and Children,” 291; Duchaussois, Grey Nuns in the Far North, 148.
10.McCarthy, From the Great River, 163.
11.McCarthy, From the Great River, 159–163.
12.Carney, “Relations in Education,” 159.
13.McCarthy, From the Great River, 159–163.
14.Duchaussois, Grey Nuns in the Far North, 171.
15.McCarthy, From the Great River, 164.
16.McCarthy, From the Great River, 164.
17.Duchaussois, Grey Nuns in the Far North, 148.
18.Duchaussois, Grey Nuns in the Far North, 152.
19.McCarthy, From the Great River, 162, 236.
20.Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 111.
21.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2.15, box 27, file 8, St. Peter’s Mission, Hay River, Diocese of Mackenzie River, Parish History, n.d.; [AAC-087477] TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2.15, box 27, file 8, Hay River Slides, Alf. J. Vale, n.d. [AAC-087480]
22.McCarthy, From the Great River, 165; TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1878, file 630/109-2, part 1, Hay River School St. Peter’s Mission, 1900–1923, FA 85-8, private secretary to Alma Marsh, 25 February 1901. [HRU-000204]
23.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6475, file 918-1, part 1, G. Breynat to D. Laird, 29 March 1904, 4. [FPU-000069]
24.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6475, file 918-1, part 1, D. Laird to Frank Pedley, 6 May 1904. [FPU-000070]
25.Coates, Canada’s Colonies, 150.
26.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3906, file 3908, W. Bompas to Minister of the Interior, 18 June 1896, quoted in Coates, Canada’s Colonies, 137–138.
27.Coates, Canada’s Colonies, 152.
28.Choquette, Oblate Assault, 160–161; TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 1, “The Chooutla Indian School,” in Northern Lights 15, 1 (February 1927). [CAR-011225]
Mission schools of the Northwest Territories: 1900 to 1960
1.For Fort Resolution, see: Carney, “Relations in Education,” 60. For Aklavik, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1927, 14.
2.Johns, “History of St Peter’s Mission,” 22; TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, “Eskimo Residential School,” in Northern Lights, August 1929, 16. [DYK-201365]
3.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1877, file 630/101-3, part 1, R.C. School Day Resolution 1905–1944, FA 85-8, Extract from minutes of the Fifty-Sixth Session of the Northwest Territories Council, 25 February 1935. [RCN-004681]
4.For the opening date of All Saints, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Mines and Resources, 1937, 208. The Hay River residential school is listed in the 1937–1938 Indian Affairs annual report but not the 1938–1939 annual report. Dominion of Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Mines and Natural Resources, 1938, 231; Annual Report of the Department of Mines and Natural Resources, 1939.
5.For Fort Resolution, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Departmental Library, “Farewell to St. Joseph’s School, Fort Resolution, N.W.T.,” Indian Record, volume 20, number 5, May 1957. [IMR-000160] For Fort Providence, see: TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 600-1-1, part 4, School Policy [and Hostels], 1959–1961, Archival box 202-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, “Historic Names for Northern Schools and Residences,” news release, 2 March 1961. [RCN-010612-0002]
6.Dickerson, Whose North?, 41.
7.Carney, “Relations in Education,” 60; TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume1878, file 630/109-2, part 1, Hay River School, St. Peter’s Mission, 1900–1923, FA 85-8, letter from St. Peter’s Mission Hay River, 25 July 1910. [HRU-000248]
8.John Francis Moran, Local Conditions in the Mackenzie District, 1922, Ottawa: F. A. Acland, printer to the King, 1923, 16–17, quoted in Jenness, Eskimo Administration, 43–44.
9.Innis, Wherrett, and Moore, “Survey of Education,” 70.
10.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1051, file 630/158-9, part 1, “Historic Names for Northern Schools and Residences,” 2 March 1961, 3. [RCN-002118]
11.Carney, “Relations in Education,” 197.
12.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives – Ottawa, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2.15, box 27, file 1, Report of the Joint Delegation and Interview with the Prime Minister, 20 December 1934, 1. [AAC-087280]; TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 7185, file 1/25-1-7-1, part 1, Harold McGill to church officers, principals of Indian Residential Schools, 22 February 1933. [AEMR-255373]
13.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, J. O. Plourde to T. A. Crerar, 12 June 1940. [GMA-002340]
14.Carney, “Relations in Education,” 424.
15.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 793, file 6334, part 1, Shingle Point Day and Residential School, 1923–1932, “Application for Admission to Residential School,” 1 September 1929. [SPU-000030]
16.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 793, file 6334, part 1, Shingle Point Day and Residential School, 1923–1932, H. S. Shepherd to J. A. McDougal, 21 November 1931. [SPU-000164-0005]
17.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 793, file 6334, part 1, Shingle Point Day and Residential School, 1923–1932, A. L. Fleming to H. E. Hume, 7 March 1932, 1. [SPU-000167]
18.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 793, file 6334, part 1, Shingle Point Day and Residential School, 1923–1932, [illegible] Doyle to H. E. Hume, 10 August 1932. [SPU-000182]
19.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1883, file 630/219-2, part 3, Shingle Point Anglican School 1935–1936, FA 85-8, “Application for Admission to Residential School,” 1 September 1932. [SPU-000053-0001]
20.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1882, file 630/119-3, part 1, Aklavik, N.W.T. R.C. Residential School, April 1927–January 1940, FA 85-8, Memorandum to H. E. Rowatt, 20 February 1933. [ICU-000922]
21.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1877, file 630/101-3, part 1, R.C. School Day Resolution, 1905–1944, FA 85-8, H. E. Hume to H. H. Rowatt, 23 September 1933. [RCN-001623-0001]
22.Dickerson, Whose North?, 39.
23.Jenness, Eskimo Administration, 42.
24.Jenness, Eskimo Administration, 30.
25.Jenness, Eskimo Administration, 48.
26.Grant, Sovereignty or Security?, 18.
27.Carney, “Relations in Education,” 60.
28.TRC, NRA, English Language Summary of the Fort Resolution Chronicles, volume 1, 1903–1942, 1. [GNN-000077-0001]
29.Carney, “Relations in Education,” 142.
30.Kelcey, Alone in Silence, 133–134.
31.29 January 1926, W242, Microfilm reel 1, Aklavik Histoire Document 12, Archives Deschâtaulets/Grey Nuns, quoted in Kelcey, Alone in Silence, 134–135.
32.Kelcey, Alone in Silence, 135.
33.Carney, “Relations in Education,” 240.
34.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1128, file 250-1-1, part 2B, O. S. Finnie to W. W. Cory, 16 January 1928. [NPC-400544-0000]
35.Archives of the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith, Yellowknife, Indian Affairs file, G. Breynat to C. Stewart, 25 May 1928, quoted in Carney, “Residential Schooling,”120.
36.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 793, file 6334, part 1, Shingle Point Day and Residential School, 1923–1932, W. W. Cory to A. L. Fleming, 3 January 1929. [SPU-000094]
37.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 793, file 6334, part 1, Shingle Point Day and Residential School, 1923–1932, O. S. Finnie to W. W. Cory, 21 December 1928. [SPU-000091-0000]
38.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 793, file 6334, part 1, Shingle Point Day and Residential School, 1923–1932, W. W. Cory to A. L. Fleming, 3 January 1929. [SPU-000094]
39.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1877, file 630/101-3, part 1, R. C. School Day Resolution, 1905–1944, FA 85-8, Extract from the Minutes of the 64th Session of the Northwest Territories Council, held on December 29, 1936. [ASU-000003]
40.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1877, file 630/101-3, part 1, R.C. School Day Resolution, 1905–1944, FA 85-8, L. D. Livingstone to R. A. Gibson, 18 March 1941. [ASU-000009]
41.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 226, file 630/119-2, part 1B, Anglican Schools – Aklavik, 1931–1949, R. A. Gibson to L. D. Livingstone, 10 April 1941. [ASU-000011]
42.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 226, file 630/119-2, part 3, Anglican Schools – Aklavik, 1951–1952, Laval Fortier to Donald B. Marsh, 12 February 1952. [ASU-000027]
43.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 441, file 630/119-2, part 7, Anglican Schools – Aklavik, N.W.T.,1955–1956, FA 85-1, J. W. Burton to L. A. C. O. Hunt, 23 February 1956. [ASU-000046]
44.G. Breynat to J. Plourde, Commission Oblate des Oeuvres Indiennes, Archives of the Vicariate of the Mackenzie, quoted in Carney, “Relations in Education,” 209.
45.Coates, “A Very Imperfect Means,”143.
46.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1908, 398.
47.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1908, 399.
48.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6474, file 916-1, part 1, M. Christianson to H. McGill, 14 August 1936. [FRU-010051]
49.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6475, file 916-5, part 3, J. W. McKinnon to Indian Affairs Branch, 9 August 1947. [FRU-010095]
50.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 225, file 630/118-1, part 1, Government School – Fort McPherson, N.W.T., 1900–1950, Extracts from Mr. J. W. McKinnon’s Report, dated at Yellowknife, N.W.T., 1 July 1947. [FHU-000315]
51.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 226, file 630/119-2, part 3, Anglican Schools – Aklavik, 1951–1952, Inspection Report, J. V. Jacobson, 29 February 1952, 19–24. [ASU-000029]
52.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, Perm. volume 877, file 41-4-2, part 1, Schools – Aklavik, N.W.T., May 1951–January 1952, FA 22-1, J. Trocellier to H. A. Young, 8 September 1952. [AKU-001616]
53.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 395, file 630/101-3, part 5, R.C. Schools – Fort Resolution, N.W.T., April 1954–December 1954, FA 85-1, W. G. Devitt to F. J. G. Cunningham, 3 May 1953. [FRU-001955]
54.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 497, file 630/119-1, part 5, Government School – Aklavik, 1956–1958, J. V. Jacobson to M. E. Winter, 13 February 1957. [ASU-000048]
55.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 226, file 630/119-2, part 3, Anglican Schools – Aklavik, 1951–1952, Inspection Report, J. V. Jacobson, 29 February 1952, 19–24. [ASU-000029]
56.Phillips, Canada’s North, 233.
57.Duchaussois, Grey Nuns in the Far North, 277.
58.Carney, “Native–Wilderness Equation,” 70.
59.Carney, “Residential Schooling,” 126.
60.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 222, file 630/110-3, part 2, R.C. Schools – Fort Providence, N.W.T., October 1949–December 1952, FA 85-1, J. W. McKinnon to B. F. Neary, 1 August 1950. [FPU-002381]
61.Djwa, Politics of the Imagination, 318–327.
62.Scott, “Fort Providence,” in Collected Poems, 230–231.
63.Carney, “Residential Schooling,” 128.
64.Carney, “Residential Schooling,” 129.
65.TRC, AVS, Jane S. Charlie, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Deline, Northwest Territories, 2 March 2010, Statement Number: 07-NWT-02MR1-002.
66.Elias, “Lillian Elias,” 49.
67.TRC, AVS, Samuel Gargan, (Speaking Notes) Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Fort Providence, Northwest Territories, 27 April 2011, Statement Number: SP015.
68.Margaret Oldenburg Papers, http://special.lib.umn.edu/findaid/xml/uarc00512.xml.
69.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 926, file 386-1-14, part 1, Margaret Oldenburg to Dr. Pett, 29 [month not identified] 1946. [NPC-600901]
70.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 7186, file 139/25-1, J. W. Burton to J. G. Wright, 3 January 1952. [FRU-010106-0001]
71.Elias, “Lillian Elias,” 54–55.
72.TRC, AVS, Samuel Gargan, (Speaking Notes) Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Fort Providence, Northwest Territories, 27 April 2011, Statement Number: SP015.
73.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1130, file 254-1, part 1, “Memorandum re Vocational Training of the Eskimo,” Diamond Jenness, 26 November 1925, 2–3. [NCA-002168-0001]
74.Jenness was still writing of this failure in 1964; see Jenness, Eskimo Administration, 48.
75.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1130, file 254-1, part 1, A. L. Fleming to O. S. Finnie, 22 November 1928. [NCA-002197] For alternative spelling, see: Eber, When the Whalers, 115.
76.Eber, When the Whalers, 114–115.
77.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1130, file 254-1, part 1, A. L. Fleming to O. S. Finnie, 22 November 1928. [NCA-002197]
78.Geller, Northern Exposures, 79.
79.TRC, AVS, Willy Erasmus, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Fort Good Hope, Northwest Territories, 15 July 2010, Statement Number: 01-NWT-JY10-022.
80.TRC, AVS, Rita Arey, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Aklavik, Northwest Territories, 12 May 2011, Statement Number: SP019.
81.Elias, “Lillian Elias,” 49.
82.TRC, AVS, Samuel Gargan, (Speaking Notes) Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, 27 April 2011, Fort Providence, Northwest Territories, Statement Number: SP015.
83.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada – Ottawa, Diocese of Calgary, General Synod Archives, Peace Messenger [Athabasca], 01/1934–05/1967, Peace Messenger, July 1936. [AGS-000209]
84.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6472, file 905-1, part 1, Extract from Report of Inspector H. A. Conroy on the Boarding Schools in Treaty 8 and Mackenzie District, 18 December 1911, 3. [HRU-000890]
85.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 793, file 6334, part 1, Shingle Point Day and Residential School, 1923–1932, A. L. Fleming to O. S. Finnie, 23 May 1929. [SPU-000097]
86.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada – Ottawa, General Synod Archives, IERSC Minutes, 01/33–10/34, 1654–1877, Accession GS-75-103, series 2:15[a], box 18, Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, Minutes of Meeting of Indian Residential School Commission, MSCC, 10 January 1933, 5. [AGS-000482]
87.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Fort Providence Chronicles, 1909–1915, 5 February 1910, 127. [GNN-000613]
88.TRC, NRA, English Language Summary of the Fort Resolution Chronicles – Ottawa, volume 1, 1903–1942, 12–13. [GNN-000077-0001]
89.TRC, NRA, English Language Summary of the Fort Resolution Chronicles – Ottawa, volume 1, 1903–1942, 16–17. [GNN-000077-0001]
90.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6474, file 916-1, part 1, Bishop G. Breynat to W. Cory, 17 November 1927. [FRU-010031]
91.Quoted in Krech, “Nutritional Evaluation,” 186.
92.Quoted in Krech, “Nutritional Evaluation,” 186.
93.Quoted in Krech, “Nutritional Evaluation,” 189.
94.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives – Ottawa, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2.15, box 27, file 8, A. J. Vale, “Vale’s Vale,” 12 April 1946. [AAC-087474]
95.Krech, “Nutritional Evaluation,” 189.
96.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6475, file 918-1, part 1, Extract from Report of Mr. H. J. Bury on the Boarding Schools of Treaty No. 8, Northern Section, 5 October 1916. [FPU-000089]
97.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6475, file 918-5, part 1, Extract of monthly report of C. Bourget, M.D., Indian Agent Resolution, N.W.T., 12 February 1924, 1. [FPU-000408]
98.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives – Ottawa, Minutes of the Meetings of Indian Residential School Commission MSCC, 01/1930–11/1932, Accession GS 75-103, series 2:15[a], box 18, Minutes of Meeting of Indian Residential School Commission, MSCC, 16 December 1930, 8. [AGS-000136]
99.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 793, file 6334, part 1, Shingle Point Day and Residential School, 1923–1932, A. L. Fleming to H. E. Hume, 7 March 1932, 2. [SPU-000167]
100.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1877, file 630/101-3, part 1, R.C. School Day Resolution, 1905–1944, FA 85-8, Précis for the Northwest Territories Council: Medical examination of children before admission to schools, 25 April 1939. [RCN-001688]
101.Innis, Wherrett, and Moore, “Survey of Education,” 56.
102.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 442, file 630/119-3, part 8, R.C. Schools – Aklavik, N.W.T. 1955–1956, FA 85-1, L. A. C. O. Hunt to Director Northern Administration and Lands Branch, 21 April 1955. [ICU-000550]
103.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1913, Ottawa, 1913, 592.
104.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Fort Providence Chronicles, 1918–1924, 23 September 1919; 24 September 1919; 21–22, October 1919, 61–63. [GNN-000614-0001]
105.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Fort Providence Chronicles, 1918–1924, 31 August 1920; 23–24 September; 26 September 1920; 28 September 1920. [GNN-000614-0001]
106.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Fort Providence Chronicles, 1943–1964, 28 April 1943, 6. [GNN-000616]
107.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Fort Providence Chronicles, 1943–1964, 2 December 1944, 55. [GNN-000616]
108.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Fort Providence Chronicles, 1943–1964, 5 February 1945, 61. [GNN-000616]
109.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Fort Providence Chronicles, 1943–1964, 2 April 1950, 158. [GNN-000616]
110.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Fort Providence Chronicles, 1943–1964, 30 October 1952, 206; 5 May 1957, 301–302. [GNN-000616]
111.TRC, NRA, GNN, No document location, no document file source, Fort Providence Chronicles, 1943–1964, 10 March 1958, 319. [GNN-000616]
112.TRC, NRA, English Language Summary of the Fort Resolution Chronicles – Ottawa, Volume 1, 1903–1942, 13, 24, 28, 29, 41, 66, 77, 82, 83, 87, 94, 95. [GNN-000077-0001]
113.TRC, NRA, English Language Summary of the Fort Resolution Chronicles – Ottawa, volume 1, 1903–1942, 25. [GNN-000077-0001]
114.TRC, NRA, English Language Summary of the Fort Resolution Chronicles – Ottawa, volume 1, 1903–1942. [GNN-000077-0001]
115.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6472, file 905-1, part 1, J. D. McLean to David Laird, 9 June 1904. [HRU-000870]
116.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6472, file 905-1, part 1, George Bowring to D. C. Scott, 1 February 1918. [HRU-000883]
117.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 809, file 6792, Great Slave Lake District M.H.O.’s Report, April 1930, FA 85-2, John Moran to O. Finnie, 13 October 1930. [HRU-000925-0000]
118.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives – Ottawa, Minutes of the Meetings of Indian Residential School Commission MSCC, 02/35–05/38, 1902–2256, Accession GS 75-103, series 2:15[a], box 19, Minutes of Meeting of Indian Residential School Commission, MSCC, 18 June 1935, 6. [AGS-000533]
119.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada – Ottawa, Diocese of Calgary, General Synod Archives, Peace Messenger [Athabasca], 01/1934-05/1967, Peace Messenger, 1936. [AGS-000209]
120.Johns, “A History of St Peter’s Mission,” 23.
121.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6472, file 905-1, part 1, Hay River Indian Boarding School, I. O. Stringer, 4 June 1910. [HRU-000878-0001]
122.Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 809, file 6792, Great Slave Lake District M.H.O.’s Report, April 1930, FA 85-2, John Moran to O. Finnie, 13 October 1930. [HRU-000925-0000]
123.Johns, “History of St Peter’s Mission,” 28.
124.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada – Ottawa, General Synod Archives, file 24-2, Mabel Jones, 1932–1938 [Shingle Point, Aklavik], 10/33–01/36, Accession M96-7, series 2:1, Diocese of the Arctic, 29 January 1936. [AGS-000547]
125.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 906, file 10498, Death of J. Sakaluk – Roman Catholic Mission Pupil, Aklavik, 1939, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, D. C. Martin, 8 August 1938. [ICU-000516]
126.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada – Ottawa, General Synod Archives, file 24-2, Mabel Jones, 1932–1938 [Shingle Point, Aklavik], 10/33–01/36, Accession M96-7, series 2:1, Diocese of the Arctic, Mabel Jones to A. L. Fleming, 3 October 1933, 3. [AGS-000491]
127.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6472, file 905-1, part 1, Extract from Report of Inspector H. A. Conroy on the Boarding Schools in Treaty 8 and Mackenzie District, 18 December 1911. [HRU-000890]
128.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1879, file 630/109-2, part 3a, Hay River Anglican Residential School, 1935–1937, FA 85-8, Extract from Mr. Meikle’s Report on Inspection Trip to Mackenzie River District – June 21 1937, Church of England Mission, Hay River. [HRU-000744]
129.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6472, file 905-5, part 1, T. B. R. Westgate to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 24 June 1924. [HRU-000907]
130.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6472, file 905-1, part 1, Superintendent of Indian Education to D. C. Scott, 29 May 1924. [HRU-000886]
131.TRC NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1883, file 630/219-2, part 3, Shingle Point Anglican School 1935–1936, FA 85-8, J. A. Urquhart to Mr. Turner, 17 October 1934. [SPU-000243]
132.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6474, file 915-5, part 1, 1928–1938, Reel C-8790, A. F. MacKenzie to Sister A. McQuillan, 3 March 1931. [ICU-000008]
133.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1882, file 630/119-3, part 1, Aklavik, N.W.T., R.C. Residential School, April 1927–January 1940, FA 85-8, Chairman, Dominion Lands Branch to H. H. Mowatt, 4 February 1933. [ICU-001211-0000]
134.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1882, file 630/119-3, part 1, Aklavik, N.W.T., R.C. Residential School, April 1927–January 1940, FA 85-8, H. H. Hume to J. C. Lefebvre, 9 February 1933. [ICU-001214]
135.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1243, file 333-3/101, part 1, Sanitation – Fort Resolution, N.W.T., 1932–1960, FA 85-3, A. H. Perry, Report of a Survey of the Sanitary Condition at Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories, 2 November 1938, 6–7. [FRU-002309]
136.TRC, NRA Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6475, file 916-5, part 2, Microfilm reel C-8790, J. H. Riopel to Secretary, Indian Affairs Branch, 8 August 1945. [FRU-010092]
137.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6475, file 916-5, part 3, Extract from Annual Report on Fort Resolution Northwest Territories Agency dated 1947–1948. [FRU-010097]
138.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 643, file 630/101-1, part 3, J. V. Jacobson, 3 November 1953. [FPU-001529]
139.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 395, file 630/101-3, part 5, R.C. Schools – Fort Resolution, N.W.T., April 1954–December 1954, FA 85-1, L. A. C. O. Hunt to the Director, 16 September 1954. [FRU-001934-0001]
140.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1908, 399.
141.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada – Ottawa, General Synod Archives, Minutes of the Meetings of Indian Residential School Commission MSCC, 01/1930–11/1932, Accession GS 75-103, series 2:15[a], box 18, Minutes of Meeting of Indian Residential School Commission, MSCC, Held on Tuesday, April 7, 1931, 5; [AGS-000145] Minutes of the Meetings of Indian Residential School Commission MSCC, 02/35–05/38, 1902–2256, Accession GS 75-103, series 2:15[a], box 19, Minutes of Meeting of Indian Residential School Commission, MSCC, Held on Tuesday, May 14, 1935, 7. [AGS-000529]
142.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Fort Providence Chronicles, 1943–1964, 31 August 1943, 14. [GNN-000616]
143.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6475, file 916-5, part 1, G. Breynat to H. H. McGill, 31 January 1936. [FRU-010052]
144.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6475, file 916-5, part 1, Extract from Radiotelegram from Dr. Bourget, Resolution, N.W.T., 27 December 1935. [FRU-010048]
145.TRC, NRA, English Language Summary of the Fort Resolution Chronicles, volume 1, 1903–1942, 38, 43, 44, 56, 66. [GNN-000077-0001]
146.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 919-1, part 1, Fort Norman Agency – Aklavik Church of England Residential School – General Administration, 1922–1947, FA 10-17, Perm. volume 6476, Microfilm reel C-8792, S. T. Wood to Commissioner, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 29 November 1922. [AKU-000012]
147.Jenness, Eskimo Administration, 48.
148.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-40a, part 1, Headquarters – Compulsory Attendance of Pupils – Indian Schools, 1904–1933, Microfilm reel C-8149, FA 10-17, J. D. McLean to T. W. Harris, 26 May 1921. [AEMR-255301]
149.TRC, NRA, English Language Summary of the Fort Resolution Chronicles, volume 1, 1903–1942, 3. [GNN-000077-0001]
150.TRC, AVS, Willy Erasmus, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Fort Good Hope, Northwest Territories, 15 July 2010, Statement Number: 01-NWT-JY10-022.
151.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1505, file 600-1-1, part 1, N.W.T. – General Policy file – Education and Schools, 1905–1944, Extract from Act. Sgt. G. T. Makinson’s Report – Resolution, N.W.T., 3 July 1937. [FRU-010059]
152.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6475, file 918-1, part 1, [illegible], Office of the General Superintendent, Oblate Catholic Indian Missions to Philip Phelan, 21 October 1941. [FPU-000133]
153.TRC, NRA Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1877, file 630/101-3, part 1, R.C. School Day Resolution, 1905–1944, FA 85-8, J. Doyle to Mr. Cumming, 16 February 1942. [RCN-001713]
154.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1877, file 630/101-3, part 1, R.C. School Day Resolution, 1905–1944, FA 85-8, D. J. Martin to Commissioner, RCMP, 15 January 1942. [RCN-001709-0001]
155.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 225, file 630/118-1, part 1, Government School – Fort McPherson –N.W.T., 1900–1950, A. S. Dewdney to Gibson, 19 February 1945. [FHU-000267-0001]
156.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6476, file 918-10, part 4, Philip Phelan to Reverend J. Trocellier, 2 November 1951. [FPU-000654]
157.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 643, file 630/101-1, part 3, Government School – Fort Resolution, N.W.T., 1953–1960, L. G. P. Waller to P. Phelan, 29 August 1953. [FRU-001447]
158.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 707, file 630/100-3, part 6, C. L. Merrill to Reverend J. Trocellier, 20 September 1957. [FPU-001545]
159.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Fort Providence Chronicles, 20 March 1902; 27 April 1902, 56–57. [GNN-000612]
160.TRC, NRA, English Language Summary of the Fort Resolution Chronicles, volume 1, 1903–1942, 1. [GNN-000077-0001]
161.TRC, NRA, English Language Summary of the Fort Resolution Chronicles, volume 1, 1903–1942, 34. [GNN-000077-0001]
162.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6475, file 918-1, part 1, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, Search for Missing Children, R.C. Residential School, Providence, N.W.T., 24 August 1942. [FPU-000140]
Student Life at the Mission Schools
1.French, Restless Nomad, 1.
2.French, My Name, 17–20.
3.French, My Name, 22.
4.French, My Name, 24.
5.French, My Name, 29.
6.French, My Name, 37–38.
7.French, My Name, 42.
8.French, My Name, 24–25, 43, 52, 79–80.
9.French, My Name, 49.
10.French, My Name, 82–83.
11.French, My Name, 44.
12.French, My Name, 21.
13.French, Restless Nomad, 1.
14.French, Restless Nomad, 5.
15.French, Restless Nomad, 14.
16.French, Restless Nomad, 3.
17.French, Restless Nomad, 4.
18.French, Restless Nomad, 178.
19.French, Restless Nomad, 19.
20.French, Restless Nomad, 93.
21.French, Restless Nomad, 76–77.
22.French, Restless Nomad, 162.
23.Thrasher, Thrasher, 3.
24.Thrasher, Thrasher, 11.
25.Thrasher, Thrasher, 3–4.
26.Thrasher, Thrasher, 13–14.
27.Thrasher, Thrasher, 14.
28.Thrasher, Thrasher, 28.
29.Thrasher, Thrasher, 15.
30.Thrasher, Thrasher, 14.
31.Thrasher, Thrasher, 45.
32.Thrasher, Thrasher, 38.
33.Thrasher, Thrasher, 27.
34.Thrasher, Thrasher, 28.
35.Thrasher, Thrasher, 39.
36.Thrasher, Thrasher, 26.
37.Thrasher, Thrasher, 30.
38.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart, 1.
39.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart, 4.
40.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart, 5.
41.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart, 6.
42.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart, 11.
43.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart, 12.
44.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart, 13.
45.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart, 21.
46.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart, 29.
47.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart, 27.
48.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart, 41–42.
49.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart, 31.
50.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart, 32.
51.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart, 89.
52.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart, 39.
53.Canadien, From Lishamie, 47.
54.Canadien, From Lishamie, 50–52.
55.Canadien, From Lishamie, 52.
56.Canadien, From Lishamie, 56.
57.Canadien, From Lishamie, 106.
58.Canadien, From Lishamie, 57.
59.Canadien, From Lishamie, 57.
60.Canadien, From Lishamie, 57.
61.Canadien, From Lishamie, 57.
62.Canadien, From Lishamie, 65.
63.Canadien, From Lishamie, 94.
64.Canadien, From Lishamie, 69.
65.Canadien, From Lishamie, 179.
66.Canadien, From Lishamie, 186.
67.Canadien, From Lishamie, 90.
68.Canadien, From Lishamie, 84.
69.Canadien, From Lishamie, 98.
70.Canadien, From Lishamie, 59, 195.
71.Canadien, From Lishamie, 176, 178, 213.
72.Canadien, From Lishamie, 214.
73.Canadien, From Lishamie, 205–206.
74.TRC, AVS, Angus Lennie, (Speaking Notes) Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Tulita, Northwest Territories, 10 May 2011, Statement Number: SP018.
1.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1909, 198.
2.F. H. Kitto, Report of a Preliminary Investigation of the Natural Resources of Mackenzie District and their Economic Development, made during the summer of 1920, Ottawa, Department of the Interior, Natural Resources Intelligence Branch, Section VII, quoted in Fumoleau, As Long as This Land, 143.
3.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3952, file 134, 858, J. Macrae to C. Sifton, 7 December 1900, 2. [FRU-002098]
4.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1907, 389.
5.McCarthy, From the Great River, 163.
6.H. B. Bury, 7 November 1917, “Report on Indian Affairs – Education,” RG10 IABS – 4042 – 336877, 4–7, manuscript, quoted in Carney, “Relations in Education,” 91.
7.F. H. Kitto, “Report on the Mackenzie District,” 22 December 1920, RG15, a–2, VII, quoted in Carney, “Relations in Education,” 92.
8.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1130, file 254-1, part 1, J. I. Doyle to J. Lorne Turner, 13 July 1934. [NCA-005284]
9.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1128, file 250-1-1, part 2b, O. S. Finnie to W.W. Cory, 16 January 1928. [NPC-400544-0000]
10.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1883, file 630/219-2, part 3, Shingle Point Anglican School 1935, FA 85-8, J. A. Urquhart to Mr. Turner, 17 October 1934. [SPU-000243]
11.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1130, file 254-1, part 1, Extracts from the Minutes of the Fifty-third Session of the Northwest Territories Council held on 17 October 1934. [NCA-005286]
12.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 847, file 7770, Education of Lapp Children and Education Policy in General, 1933–1934, Extracts from the Minutes of the Fifty-fourth Session of the Northwest Territories Council, 26 November 1934. [RCN-000103]
13.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1130, file 254-1, part 1, F. E. Porsild to J. Lorne Turner, 22 May 1934. [NCA-005281]
14.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1130, file 254-1, part 1, Diamond Jenness to Council of the Northwest Territories, 11 May 1934. [NCA-006999] Twenty years later the federal government did seek to use the Inuit to strengthen Canada’s claims to northern sovereignty. In the 1950s, the federal government relocated Inuit from the eastern side of Hudson Bay to Resolute Bay and Grise Fiord in the High Arctic. The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples concluded in 1994 that the relocation was involuntary, poorly planned and executed, and “inhumane in its design and in its effects.” In a special report on the relocation, the Royal Commission noted that “the influence of sovereignty on the relocation serves only to reinforce the Commission’s conclusions about the inappropriateness” of the relocation. Following the Commission’s report the federal government set up a $10-million compensation fund and in 2010 formally apologized for the relocation. Tester and Kulchyski, Tammarniit (Mistakes), 133, 160; Canada, Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, “Backgrounder – Apology,” http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100015426/1100100015427.
15.“Old Crow,” The Living Message, May 1938, 136, quoted in Rutherdale, Women and the White Man’s God, 48.
16.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1877, file 630/101-3, part 1, R.C. School Day Resolution, 1905–1944, FA 85-8, Memorandum for Northwest Territories Council – Education – N.W.T., 10 January 1939. [RCN-001679]
17.Geller, Northern Exposures, 135–164.
18.Finnie, Canada Moves North, 74.
19.Finnie, Canada Moves North, 75.
20.Finnie, Canada Moves North, 77.
21.Finnie, Canada Moves North, 78.
22.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1877, file 630/101-3, part 1, R.C. School Day Resolution, 1905–1944, FA 85-8, Mary Mack to R. A. Hoey, 15 July 1942. [FRU-000878-0003]
23.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1877, file 630/101-3, part 1, R.C. School Day Resolution 1905–1944, FA 85-8, S. Lapointe to R. A. Hoey, 20 July 1942. [FRU-000878-0001]
24.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1877, file 630/101-3, part 1, R.C. School Day Resolution, 1905–1944, FA 85-8, E. Kristoff to R. A. Hoey, 17 September 1942. [RCN-001719-0006]
25.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1877, file 630/101-3, part 1, R.C. School Day Resolution, 1905–1944, FA 85-8, H. W. Shepherd to R. A. Hoey, 17 September 1942. [RCN-001719-0007]
26.Innis, Wherrett, and Moore, “Survey of Education,” 61.
27.Innis, Wherrett, and Moore, “Survey of Education,” 61.
28.Innis, Wherrett, and Moore, “Survey of Education,” 62.
29.Innis, Wherrett, and Moore, “Survey of Education,” 67.
30.Innis, Wherrett, and Moore, “Survey of Education,” 82.
31.Innis, Wherrett, and Moore, “Survey of Education,” 71–75.
32.Morrison, True North, 151.
33.Diubaldo, Government of Canada, 90.
34.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1877, file 630/101-3, part 1, R.C. School Day Resolution, 1905–1944, FA 85-8, R. A. Gibson to Major McKeand, 11 May 1944. [RCN-001769]
35.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1877, file 630/101-3, part 1, R.C. School Day Resolution, 1905–1944, FA 85-8, W. F. Lothian to Major McKeand, 1 June 1944. [RCN-001770]
36.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1877, file 630/101-3, part 1, R.C. School Day Resolution, 1905–1944, FA 85-8, P. D. Baird to Major McKeand, 26 June 1944. [RCN-001771]
37.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, volume 165, file 5-2-1-1, part 1, Education in Canada’s Northland, 12 December 1954, 2. [NCA-014503]
38.Grant, Sovereignty or Security?, 199.
39.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, volume 165, file 5-2-1-1, part 1, Education in Canada’s Northland, 12 December 1954. [NCA-014503]
40.Innis, Wherrett, and Moore, “Survey of Education,” 78.
41.Innis, Wherrett, and Moore, “Survey of Education,” 63–64.
42.Innis, Wherrett, and Moore, “Survey of Education,” 82.
43.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1506, file 600-1-1, part 2a, J. G. Wright to Mr. Gibson, 19 November 1946. [NCA-005728]
44.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 229, file 630/158-9, part 1, Government Hostel – Chesterfield Inlet, 1929–1953, Extracts from S. J. Bailey’s Report, Eastern Arctic Patrol, 27 July 1948. [CIU-000189]
45.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1072, file 254-1, part 2a, S. J. Bailey, Western Arctic Inspection Flight: Report on Education, 9 April 1950. [NCA-005694]
46.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1130, file 254-1, part 1, Henry Cook to F. S. G. Cunningham, 9 August 1952. [NCA-005288-0001]
47.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, volume 254, file 40-8-1, part 3, Report of the First Meeting of the Sub-Committee on Eskimo Education Held in Room 302, Vimy Building, 26 September 1952. [NCA-006031-0000]
48.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1072, file 254-1, part 2, Eskimo Education [incl. Sub-Committee on Eskimo Education] 1952–1953, FA 85-3, E. M. Hinds, January 9, 1953. [RCN-011606]
49.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, volume 254, file 40-8-1, part 3, Report of the Second Meeting of the Sub-Committee on Eskimo Education Held in the Library of the Vimy Building, on Friday, 1 April 1953. [NPC-400761-0001]
50.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 229, file 630/158-9, part 1, Government Hostel – Chesterfield Inlet, 1929–1953, J. G. Wright to Director, 29 December 1952. [CIU-000553]
51.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, volume 165, file 5-2-1-1, part 1, Education in Canada’s Northland, 12 December 1954, 5. [NCA-014503]
The mission era in the Yukon
1.Coates, Canada’s Colonies, 85, 92.
2.Coates, Canada’s Colonies, 130–131.
3.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, volume 165, file 5-2-1-1, part 1, Education in Canada’s Northland, 12 December 1954, 1. [NCA-014503]
4.Tizya, “Comment,” 103.
5.Coates, “A Very Imperfect Means,” 132–149.
6.Coates, “‘Betwixt and Between,’”152.
7.For the appeal, see: Coates, “‘Betwixt and Between,’” 152. For the new school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 1, “The Chooutla Indian School,” Northern Lights, volume 15, number 1, February 1927. [CAR-011225]
8.Coates, “‘Betwixt and Between,’”152.
9.Yukon Territorial Archives, Anglican Church, New Series, file 2, Notes of Interview, February 26, 1909, quoted in Coates, Best Left as Indians, 138.
10.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 1, J. D. McLean to A. Henderson, 13 April 1908. [CAR-011062]
11.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3962, file 147, 654-1 2, A. W. Vowell and A. E. Green to Secretary, Indian Department, 14 August 1908. [CAR-017386]
12.TRC, NRA, Anglican Diocese of Yukon Fonds, Yukon Archives – Ottawa, COR 260, F. 3, Lists of Pupils and Staff at Chooutla [Carcross] IRS, 1909–1926, Acc. 88/128, Anglican Church, Diocese of the Yukon Records, Assistant Secretary Indian Affairs to W. E. Meara, 13 October 1908. [DYK-015668]
13.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 1, I. Stringer to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 22 March 1911; Secretary, Indian Affairs to I. O. Stringer, 22 March 1911. [CAR-011075]
14.Cruikshank, Life Lived, 71.
15.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 1, E. E. Stockton to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 29 November 1912. [CAR-011098]
16.Cruikshank, Life Lived, 70.
17.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, Perm. volume 2779, file 822-1-X900, part 1a, Medical and Dental Arrangements, Yukon Region, Whitehorse, Y.T., September 1905–August 1963, FA 29-143, I. O. Stringer to Honourable Commissioner of the Yukon Territory, 12 April 1912. [CAR-017301]
18.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada – Ottawa, General Synod Archives, “School News,” Northern Lights, volume 2, number 1, September 1913, 2. [DYK-201302]
19.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada – Ottawa, General Synod Archives, Northern Lights, Anglican Church of Canada, “School News,” Northern Lights, volume 4, number 1, February 1916, 5–6. [DYK-201312]
20.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada – Ottawa, General Synod Archives, ACC–MSCC–GS 75-103, series 2.15, box 21, file 1, Report of the Indian and Eskimo Commission to the Executive Committee of the MSCC for the Year Ending 30 June 1917, 3. [AAC-083304]
21.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 1, J. Hawksley, Report on the Carcross Indian Residential School, 9 July 1929. [CAR-011233-0001]
22.Tiyza, “Comment,” 103–104.
23.Coates, “‘Betwixt and Between,’” 162.
24.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6481, file 940-10, part 5, J. Hawksley to A. F. MacKenzie, 27 February 1931. [CAR-011293]
25.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Yukon Territorial Records, RG91, volume 11, file 2335, part 6, J. Hawksley to A. F. MacKenzie, 30 August 1932. [CAR-015262]
26.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 2, G. Binning to Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 2 July 1936. [CAR-010617]
27.Quoted in King, School at Mopass, 37.
28.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada – Ottawa, General Synod Archives, “School News,” Northern Lights, volume 2, number 1, September 1913. [DYK-201302]
29.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 1, J. Hawksley “Report on the Carcross Indian Residential School,” 9 July 1929. [CAR-011233-0001]
30.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 1, J. Hawksley to A. F. Mackenzie, 25 March 1931. [CAR-011264]
31.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-5, part 5, T. B. R Westgate to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 5 October 1935. [CAR-012469]
32.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 2, H. C. M. Grant to Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 5 February 1940. [CAR-011309]
33.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, H. Reed to Assistant Commissioner, 28 June 1895. [EDM-003376]
34.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6480, file 940-5, part 7, H. C. M. Grant to Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 1 February 1949. [CAR-013291]
35.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 2, T. B .R. Westgate to Secretary, Indian Affairs Branch, 16 October 1942. [CAR-011306]
36.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 2, F. B. Roth to J. E. Gibben, 30 September 1942. [CAR-011315-0000]
37.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 2, T. B. R. Westgate to Secretary, Indian Affairs Branch, 16 October 1942. [CAR-011306]
38.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6480, file 940-5, part 9, H. A. Alderwood to R. A. Hoey, 17 May 1944. [CAR-012026]
39.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm volume 1336, file 560-3-1, part 1, Care of Children – Yukon [General] 1954, FA 85-4, Laval Fortier to R. G. Robertson, 28 January 1954. [CAR-201404]
40.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 2, D. J. Martin to Commissioner, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 31 March 1943. [CAR-011311]
41.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada – Ottawa, General Synod Archives, ACC MSCC GS 75-103, series 2.15, box 21, file 1, H. A. Alderwood, Indian School Administration, Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, Quarterly Report to the Executive Committee, 14 November 1946, 4. [AAC-083308]
42.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6481, file 940-23, part 2, R. J. Meek to Unknown, 8 May 1953. [CAR-011298]
43.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, file 951/6-1, part 4, volume 8691, R. J. Meek, Re: New Building, Carcross Indian Residential School, 1 February 1954. [CAR-015461]
44.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Burnaby file 801/25-2-940, volume 1, 12/1953-12/1956, Admission and Discharge – Carcross IRS, RG10-151, V1989-90/101, box 38, C. T. Stanger to M. G. Jutras, 7 February 1956. [YKS-003442-0001]
45.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Burnaby file 801/25-2-929, volume 2, Admission and Discharge – Whitehorse IDS, RG10-151, V1989-90/101, box 38, M. G. Jutras to W. S. Arneil, 8 March 1956. [YKS-003482]
46.King, School at Mopass, 37.
47.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Yukon Territorial Records, RG91, volume 11, file 2335, part 6, J. Hawksley to A. F. Mackenzie, 20 July 1932. [CAR-015340]
48.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6481, file 940-10, part 5, R. J. Meek to Indian Affairs, 29 August 1947. [CAR-011279]
49.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 801/25-1-940, volume 1, Education – Carcross IRS, 07/1957–02/1962, RG10-151, V1989-90/101, box 36, M. G. Jutras to E. Nielson, 21 January 1959. [YKS-003318]
50.Coates, Best Left as Indians, 192.
51.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Northern Lights, Anglican Church of Canada, Northern Lights, volume 1, January 1913. [DYK-201301]
52.King, School at Mopass, 15, 18.
53.King, School at Mopass, 15.
54.Yukon Territorial Archives, Anglican Church, Moosehide File, Sarah Jane Essau to Bishop, 31 August 1919, quoted in Coates, Best Left as Indians, 154.
55.Yukon Territorial Archives, Anglican Church Carmacks–Little Salmon File, “Report of Missionary Work Carried on from May 23 to August 31 1934 in and about Carmacks,” quoted in Coates, Best Left as Indians, 154.
56.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 630/211-1, part 1, Indian School – Carcross, Y.T., FA 85-4, Perm. volume 1444, I. O. Stringer to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 26 July 1918. [CAR-014704]
57.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 1, D. C. Scott to I. O. Stringer, 7 September 1918. [CAR-011143]
58.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Yukon Territorial Records, RG91, volume 11, file 2335, part 6, J. Hawksley to Principal, Chooutla Indian School, 27 May 1933. [CAR-015290]
59.TRC NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Yukon Territorial Records, RG91, volume 11, file 2335, part 6, J. Hawksley to Principal, Chooutla Indian School, 10 August 1933. [CAR-015296]
60.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6481, file 940-24, part 1, Re: Carcross Indian Residential School (Anglican) Yukon, 28 November 1935. [CAR-011635-0002]
61.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, R. J. Meek to Unknown, 14 October 1946. [BAP-000307-0001]
62.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, R. J. Meek to R. A. Hoey, 5 September 1946. [BAP-000306]
63.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, R. J. Meek to R. A. Hoey, 5 September 1946. [BAP-000306]
64.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada–Ottawa, file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, R. J. Meek to Unknown, 14 October 1946; [BAP-000307-0001] M. Hackett to P. E. Moore, 24 January 1947. [BAP-000315]
65.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, B. F. Neary to R. J. Meek, 19 October 1946; [BAP-000308] B. F. Neary to W. A. Geddes, 25 January 1947. [BAP-000313]
66.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, W. A. Geddes to B. F. Neary, 5 February 1947. [BAP-000316]
67.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, B. F. Neary to R. J. Meek, 11 February 1947; [BAP-000317] B. F. Neary to R. J. Meek, 4 March 1947. [BAP-000319]
68.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file, 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, R. J. Meek to Unknown, 14 October 1946. [BAP-000307-0001]
69.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, C. A. F. Clark to B. F. Neary, 16 May 1947. [BAP-000321]
70.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, H. I. Lee to R .J. Meek, 18 August 1947. [BAP-000336]
71.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency–Whitehorse Day School–General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, R. J. Meek to Indian Affairs, 18 August 1947. [BAP-000338]
72.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, B. F. Neary to R. J. Meek, 23 October 1947. [BAP-000350]
73.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, R. J. Meek to Indian Affairs, 8 October 1947. [BAP-000347]
74.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, R. J. Meek to Indian Affairs Branch, 25 October 1947. [BAP-000352]
75.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, R. J. Meek to Indian Affairs, 11 August 1948. [BAP-000380]
76.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, Proposed Agreement Between Indian Affairs Branch of the Department of Mines and Resources and the Reverend H. I. Lee of Whitehorse, 1 September 1948. [BAP-000397-0001]
77.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, R. J. Meek to Indian Affairs, 23 March 1948. [BAP-000369]
78.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 929-5, part 3, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – Building Maintenance – Supplies – Accounts, 1947–1950, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, R. J. Meek to Indian Affairs Branch, Ottawa, 2 July 1947; [BAP-000453] file 929-5, part 3, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – Building Maintenance – Supplies – Accounts, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, purchase order, 14 July 1947. [BAP-000502]
79.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 929-11, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – Vocational Training – Accounts, 1949–1950, FA 10-17, volume 6478, Microfilm reel C-8793, R. J. Meek to Indian Affairs Branch, 23 December 1949. [BAP-000269]
80.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8762, file 906/25-1-005, part 1, R. J. Meek to Indian Affairs Branch, 8 February 1950, 3. [BAP-090013]
81.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 929-23, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – Death of Pupils, 1922–1951, FA 10-17, volume 6478, Microfilm reel C-8793, P. Phelan to R. J. Meek, 1 March 1951. [BAP-000303]
82.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 929-23, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – Death of Pupils, 1922–1951, FA 10-17, volume 6478, Microfilm reel C-8793, R. J. Meek to Indian Affairs Branch, 7 March 1951. [BAP-000305]
83.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 929-5, part 3, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – Building Maintenance – Supplies – Accounts, 1947–1950, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, H. Lee to J. A. Simmons, 14 February 1959. [BAP-000567]
84.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 929-5, part 3, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – Building Maintenance, B. F. Neary to the Director, Indian Affairs, 23 February 1950. [BAP-000570]
85.TRC, NRA, Yukon Archives – Ottawa, Gov 2209 f. 8, series 1, Whitehorse Indian Mission School, 1950–1955, Finding Aid – Yukon Records Office Files, 1901–1977, L. S. Lee to Praying Friends, April 1952. [BAP-001085]
86.TRC, NRA, Yukon Archives – Ottawa, Gov 2209 f. 8, series 1, Whitehorse Indian Mission School, 1950–1955, Finding Aid – Yukon Records Office Files, 1901–1977, L. S. Lee to Praying Friends, April 1952. [BAP-001085]
87.TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, file 906/36-4-005, volume 1, School Land, Yukon District, Whitehorse School, 1947–1954, locator X314-667, R. F. Davey to F. Fraser, 14 July 1954. [BAP-000652]
88.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8762, file 906/25-1-005, part 1, W. G. Brown to R. G. Robertson, 14 September 1954. [BAP-090021]
89.TRC, NRA, Yukon Archives – Ottawa, Gov 2209 f. 8, Series 1, Whitehorse Indian Mission School, 1950–1955, Finding Aid – Yukon Records Office Files, 1901–1977, R. G. Robertson to F. H. Collins, 17 August 1955. [BAP-001038-0000]
90.TRC, AVS, (Daukaly) Hammond Dick, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Watson Lake, Yukon, 25 May 2011, Statement Number: 2011-0309.
91.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Burnaby file 25-2-929, Admission and Discharge, 12/1952–12/1956, V-1989-90/101, boxes 1–58, box 38, R. J. Meek to Superintendent of Education, 30 September 1954. [BAP-000822]
92.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 906/25-1-005, part 1, Yukon Agency – Correspondence Regarding Indian Schools and Education, 1950–1959, FA 10-28, volume 8762, Microfilm reel C-9703, E. R. Lee to J. W. Pickersgill, 1 March 1955. [BAP-000067-0001]
93.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Burnaby file 25-2-929, Admission and Discharge, 12/1952–12/1956, V-1989-90/101, boxes 1–58, box 38, W. S. Arneil to M. G. Jutras, 17 June 1955. [BAP-000607]
94.TRC, NRA, Yukon Archives – Ottawa, Gov 2209 f. 8, series 1, Whitehorse Indian Mission School, 1950–1955, Finding Aid – Yukon Records Office Files, 1901–1977, E. R. Lee to H. M. Jones, 8 September 1955. [BAP-001032]
95.TRC, NRA, Yukon Archives – Ottawa, Gov 2209 f. 8, series 1, Whitehorse Indian Mission School, 1950–1955, Finding Aid – Yukon Records Office Files, 1901–1977, L. R. Shields to W. D. Robertson, 9 September 1955. [BAP-001030]
96.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada – Ottawa, General Synod Archives, file 1, Visit Reports of the Superintendent, 02/54–12/54, pages 004126–004227, Accession GS 75-103, series 2:15, box 24, Superintendent’s Visit to Chooutla School, Carcross, Y.T., 3–6 December 1954, 3. [DYK-201620]
97.TRC, NRA, Anglican Diocese of Yukon Fonds – Ottawa, Yukon Archives, COR 262, f.11, Indian School Administration, 1956–1960, Anglican Church Diocese of Yukon [box 14], series I–I.1.c., folder 11 of 18, H. G. Cook to T. Greenwood, 12 July 1956. [BAP-000005]
98.TRC, NRA, Anglican Diocese of Yukon Fonds – Ottawa, Yukon Archives, COR 262, f. 11, Indian School Administration, 1956–1960, Anglican Church Diocese of Yukon [box 14], series I–I.1.c., folder 11 of 18, H. G. Cook to H. M. Jones, 1 August 1956; [BAP-000009] TRC, NRA, Anglican Diocese of Yukon Fonds – Ottawa, Yukon Archives, COR 262, f. 11, Indian School Administration, 1956–1960, Anglican Church Diocese of Yukon [box 14], series I–I.1.c., folder 11 of 18, Bishop of Brandon to T. Greenwood, 7 August 1956. [BAP-000012]
99.TRC, NRA, Document location unknown – Ottawa, Protestant Hostel, file. 25-1-943, volume 1, Aug./58–Dec./60, E. R. Lee to M. G. Jutras, 1 May 1959. [YKS-003094]
100.TRC, NRA, Anglican Diocese of Yukon Fonds – Ottawa, Yukon Archives, file 11, Indian School Administration, 1956–1960, Anglican Church – Diocese of Yukon Records [box 14], series I–I-1.c, folder 11 of 18, COR 262, H. G. Cook to Director, Indian Affairs Branch, 8 January 1960. [DYK-010169]
101.TRC, NRA, Anglican Diocese of Yukon Fonds – Ottawa, Yukon Archives, COR 262, f. 11, Indian School Administration, 1956-1960, Anglican Church Diocese of Yukon [box 14], series I-I.1.c., folder 11 of 18, Bishop of Yukon to E. Fairclough, 19 June 1959. [BAP-000033]
102.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 853/25-1, 1956–1968, volume 2, H. C. Montgomery to H. M. Jones, 10 May 1960. [BAP-090005]
103.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 853/25-1, volume 2 (Ctrl #49-5), H. M. Jones to H. C. Montgomery, 19 May 1960. [NCA-009361-0001]
104.TRC, NRA, Document location unknown, Protestant Hostel, file 25-1-943, volume 2, Jan/61–Feb/62, R. F. Davey to Indian Commissioner of British Columbia, 4 January 1961. [YKS-003168]
105.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 7182, file 1/25-1, part 12, Teachers Permanent Indian Day – Residential Schools, 30 September 1962. [RCM-000205]
106.For the date of the Carcross closing, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, RG10-151, V1989-90/101, file 801/6-1-011, volume 2, Carcross IRS, 06/1955–06/1960, Treasury Board Document, 3 March 1969. [CAR-011355-0001] For the date of the Lower Post closing, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, box 66, Acc. 1988-1989/057, General Correspondence Lower Post Students Residence, 1965–1978, G. K. Gooderham to Department Secretariat, 2 May 1975. [LOW-041388]
Section 2 – Introduction
1.See, for example: King, School at Mopass, 34–36.
2.For a fuller discussion of the process of population concentration, see: Duffy, Road to Nunavut, and Damas, Arctic Migrants.
3.Grygier, Long Way from Home, xxi.
The federal government rethinks its northern policy
1.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC, volume 2, file 600-1, locator #062-94, Education of Eskimos (1949–1957), Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources to Northern Administration and Land branch, 8 April 1958. [NCA-016925]
2.Duffy, Road to Nunavut, 3–4.
3.Coates, “Best Left as Indians,”179–204.
4.Reference whether “Indians” includes “Eskimo”, [1939] SCR 104, 05 April 1939, http://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/8531/index.do, accessed 20 May 2014. For details of issue see: Diubaldo, “Absurd Little Mouse,” 34–40.
5.Coates, Canada’s Colonies, 167–176.
6.Coates, Canada’s Colonies, 189–190.
7.Coates, Canada’s Colonies, 176–180.
8.Crowe, History of the Original Peoples, 180–181.
9.Canada, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Annual Report, 1955, 11.
10.Coates, Canada’s Colonies, 225–226; Yukon Archives/Yukon Legislative Assembly, “History of the Yukon Legislative Assembly,” The Legislature Speaks, Yukon Legislature: http://yukonlegislaturespeaks.ca/index.php/history, accessed 14 March 2014.
11.The Beaver was a magazine first published by the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1920. Initially used to promote the “progress” created by the HBC in Canada, by the 1930s it was mainly a magazine devoted to teaching all (southern) Canadians about the country’s “northlands”; indeed, from the 1930s the subtitle of the magazine was “A Magazine of the North.”
12.The first article in the series outlines the purpose of the series. See Margaret Mead, “Enter the European: I – Into the South Pacific,” June 1953, 4. Subsequent articles in the series include Charles Wagley, “Enter the European: II – Into Brazil – Half of South America,” September 1953; Paul A. W. Wallace, “Enter the European: III – Into the United States,” December 1953; H. B. Hawthorn, “Enter the European: IV – Among the Indians of Canada,” Summer 1954; D. B. Marsh, “Enter the European: V – Among the Eskimos: Enter ... The Anglican Missionaries,” Winter 1954; Arthur Thibert, O.M.I., “Enter the European: V – Among the Eskimos: Enter ... The Roman Catholic Missionaries,” Winter 1954; P. A. C. Nichols, “Enter the European: V – Among the Eskimos: Enter ... The Fur Traders,” Winter 1954; and Jean Lesage, “Enter the European: V – Among the Eskimos (Part II),” Spring 1955.
13.Mead, “Into the South Pacific,” 9; Wagley, “Into Brazil”; Wallace, “Into the United States”; Hawthorn, “Among the Indians of Canada”; Jenness, “Among the Eskimos.”
14.Marsh, “Enter ... The Anglican Missionaries,” 33.
15.Thomson, Jean Lesage, 82–85.
16.Lesage, “Among the Eskimos (Part II),” 4.
17.Lesage, “Among the Eskimos (Part II),” 5.
18.Lesage, “Among the Eskimos (Part II),” 4.
19.Lesage, “Among the Eskimos (Part II),” 5.
20.Lesage, “Among the Eskimos (Part II),” 7.
21.Lesage, “Among the Eskimos (Part II),”4.
22.Lesage, “Among the Eskimos (Part II),” 8.
23.Lesage, “Among the Eskimos (Part II),” 5.
24.Lesage, “Among the Eskimos (Part II),” 5.
25.Lesage, “Among the Eskimos (Part II),” 6.
26.Lesage, “Among the Eskimos (Part II),” 6.
27.Lesage, “Among the Eskimos (Part II),” 6.
28.Canada, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Annual Report, 1955.
29.Canada, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Annual Report, 1955, 20–27.
30.Canada, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Annual Report, 1955, 18.
31.Canada, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Annual Report, 1955, 19.
32.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file T-600-1-1, part 2a, Education and Schools – N.W.T. [General and Policy] 1968–1969, Archival box 203-3, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, 28 January 1968. [RCN-011441-0001]
33.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-600-1-1, part 5, Education, Schools Policy N.W.T., 1961–1965, Archival box 202-2, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, “Religious Affiliation of Teaching Staff,” undated. [RCN-009985-0001]
34.Canada, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Annual Report, 1955, 19.
35.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC, volume 2, file 600-1, locator #062-94, Education of Eskimos (1949–1957), Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources to Northern Administration and Land branch, 8 April 1958. [NCA-016925]
36.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 711, file 630/158-1, part 5, Government School – Chesterfield Inlet N.W.T., 1956–1957, “Boarding Schools for Eskimos – Chesterfield Inlet,” 8 August 1958. [CIU-000485]
37.Canada, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Annual Report, 1955, 18.
38.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1956, 51.
39.Library and Archives Canada, Indian Affairs Annual Reports, 1864–1990 History, http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/first-nations/indian-affairs-annual-reports/Pages/introduction.aspx, accessed 10 December 2014.
40.Canada, Advisory Committee on Northern Development, Government Activities, 71.
41.Farish and Lackenbauer, “High Modernism,” 532–539.
42.Canada, Advisory Committee on Northern Development, Government Activities, 71.
43.For 1949 figures, see: TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC, volume 2, file 600-1, locator #062-94, Education of Eskimos (1949–1957), Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources to Northern Administration and Land branch, 8 April 1958. [NCA-016925] For 1959 figure, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1468, file 630/125-9, part 1, Govt. Hostel [R.C.] Inuvik, N.W.T. 1956–December 1959, FA 85-4, 1959–1960 Program, Inuvik, NWT, 10 August 1959. [RCN-008488]
44.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, Perm. volume 1019, file 40-2-17, part 9, Schools – N.W.T. – General Building ... Maintenance of ... Personnel of ... January 1964–June 1965, FA 22-3, “A Five-Year Education Plan for the Northwest Territories and Northern Quebec – 1965–1970,” schedule B. [RCN-009392-0001]
45.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, Perm. volume 1019, file 40-2-17, part 9, Schools – N.W.T. – General Building ... Maintenance of ... Personnel of ... January 1964–June 1965, FA 22-3, “A Five-Year Education Plan for the Northwest Territories and Northern Quebec – 1965–1970,” 13. [RCN-009392-0001]
46.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1968, 26.
47.TRC, NRA, INAC – Departmental Library – Ottawa, “Farewell to St. Joseph’s School, Fort Resolution, N.W.T.,” Indian Record, volume 20, number 5, May 1957. [IMR-000160]
48.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1062, file 630/125-8, part 2, Govt. Hostel [Anglican – Inuvik – N.W.T.] September 1959–February 1961, FA 85-3, R. G. Robertson to D. B. March, 9 October 1959. [SHU-000155]
49.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 600-1-1, part 4, School Policy [and Hostels], 1959–1961, Archival box 202-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, “Historic Names for Northern Schools and Residences,” news release, 2 March 1961. [RCN-010612-0002] See McCarthy, From the Great River, 159, for opening date of Fort Providence.
50.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1376, file 660-14, part 2, Canadian Association of School Superintendents and Inspectors January 1958–June 1962, FA 85-4, “Speech to the Canadian Associations of School Superintendents and Inspectors,” Citizenship and Immigration Minister Richard Bell. [RCN-012875]
51.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 600-1-1, part 4, School Policy [and Hostels], 1959–1961, Archival box 202-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources News Release, “Historic Names for Northern Schools and Residences,” 2 March 1961. [RCN-010612-0002]
52.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 711, file 630/158-1, part 5, Government School – Chesterfield Inlet N.W.T., 1956–1957, Boarding Schools for Eskimos – Chesterfield Inlet, 8 August 1958. [CIU-000485]
53.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives of Canada, R776-0-5 (RG55), volume 290, TB #626127, May-14-1964, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources to Treasury Board, “Details of request to the Honourable the Treasury Board,” 20 April 1964. [120.10656A]
54.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Akaitcho Hall Reports, 1969–1970, Archival box 9-2, Archival Acc. G1995-004. [AHU-003844-0003]
55.Dickerson, Whose North?, 42–44.
56.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, volume 880, file 41-9-2, part 2, W. E. Winter to B. G. Sivertz and J. V. Jacobson, 16 July 1957. [NCA-014404-0000]
57.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, Perm. volume 872, file 40-10-4, part 3, Educational Policy in the Northwest Territories April 1955–December 1957, FA 22-1, W. E. Winter to B. G. Sivertz, 22 August 1957. [RCN-008257]
58.For the period of disruption and transition from intermittent contact to the government-commercial period, see McClellan, Part of the Land.
59.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs Branch, 1951, 12.
60.TRC, LAC, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, volume 318, file 40-2-18, part 1, F. G. Cunningham to Deputy Minister, 24 February 1956. [NCA-014010]
61.TRC, NRA, Yukon Archives, GOV 2209, f.9, series 1, volume 9, Proposed New Whitehorse Indian Baptist Mission Hostel, 1956–1963, FA – Yukon Records Office Files, 1901–1977, J. L. Coudert to J. W. Pickersgill, 12 November 1956. [BAP-001197-0001]
62.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC, file 1/25-1, volume 15 (locator #H4-77), Yukon, G. R. Cameron to E. A. Côté, 26 May 1966. [NCA-001030]
63.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 801/25-2, volume 3, Admission and Discharge Residential Schools, 03/1961–11/1962, RG10-151, V1989-90/101, box 36, W. E. Grant to H. Murphy, 2 March 1961. [CAR-090008]
The federal day schools
1.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Government of Northwest Territories Legislative Library, Joseph Katz, Educational Environments of School-Hostel Complexes in the Northwest Territories (Vancouver, BC: Education Division, Canadian Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, July 1965), 4. [RCN-013107]
2.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Government of Northwest Territories Legislative Library, Joseph Katz, Educational Environments of School-Hostel Complexes in the Northwest Territories (Vancouver, BC: Education Division, Canadian Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, July 1965), 5. [RCN-013107]
3.Canada, J. W. McKinnon to Special Joint Committee, Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence, 1947, 1142.
4.See for example: Canada, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Annual Report, 1959, 25.
5.King, School at Mopass, 48–49.
6.King, School at Mopass, 49–50.
7.King, School at Mopass, 56.
8.King, School at Mopass, 59.
9.Mouat, “Education in the Arctic District,” 6.
10.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1895, file 620-1-1, part 6, Information Re: School Curriculum Incl. Printed Material, 1969–1970, FA 85-8, L. G. P. Waller for R. F. Davey to R. Kruse, 30 September 1969. [RCN-001551]
11.LeFrancois, “Native Education in Yukon,” vii.
12.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Acc. 2003-00196-4, file AQR630/313-1, box 19, volume 1, “Federal School – Payne Bay, P.Q.,” A. Meldrum to C. M. Bolger, 9. [PBH-000086-0001]
13.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 708, file 630/105-7, part 3, High School Facilities – Yellowknife [Public and Separate Schools], 1958–1959, “Yellowknife Composite High School and Vocational School, Proposed Program, 1958–1959.” [AHU-000363] For the Churchill school, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1967, 24.
14.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, box 125, Acc. 1997-98/076, file 630/105-10, part 2, Govt. Hostel – Yellowknife, N.W.T. February 1959–December 1959, FA 85-52, J. M. Black to Chief Superintendent of Schools, 1 December 1959. [AHU-000588]
15.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1967, 24.
16.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1468, file 630/125-9, part 1, Govt. Hostel [R.C.] Inuvik, N.W.T. 1956–December 1959, FA 85-4, “1959–1960 Program, Inuvik, NWT,” 10 August 1959. [RCN-008488]
17.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file T-600-1-1, part 1b, Education and Schools in the N.W.T. General Policy 1966–1968, Archival box 203-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, “Information to Members of Council – Number 8, Change of School Year in Keewatin.” [RCN-011201]
18.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1434, file 600-1-1, part 20, Education – Schools, N.W.T. [General and Policy File] August 1963–November 1964, FA 85-4, R. A. J. Phillips to Gordon, 21 January 1964, 2. [RCN-006677]
19.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives, RG85, Perm. volume 1468, file 630/125-1, part 1, Govt. School at Inuvik, N.W.T. 1956–December 1959, FA 85-4, E. W. Lyall to Jacobson, 25 October 1959. [RCN-008532]
20.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1468, file 630/125-1, part 1, Govt. School at Inuvik, N.W.T. 1956–December 1959, FA 85-4, Administrator of the Mackenzie, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Northern Administration and Lands Branch to J. V. Jacobsen, 25 November 1959. [RCN-009843]
21.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada RG85, Perm. volume 644, file 630/158-1, part 6, Govt. School – Chesterfield Inlet, N.W.T. October 1957–May 1959, FA 85-1, Dickson for J. V. Jacobsen to Director, 11 May 1959. [CIU-002037]
22.Pupils of the Spence Bay Federal School, Spence Bay – 1967.
23.Pupils of the Spence Bay Federal School, Spence Bay – 1967.
24.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG 85, box 162, Acc. 1997-98/076, file 1010-7, part 3, Roman Catholic Church – Gen. File [Incl. Indian and Eskimo Welfare Com.] December 1960–March 1970, FA 85-52, J. M. Rousselière – Les Missionnaires Oblats de Marie Immaculée to Côté, 20 November 1967. [CIU-001786-0001]
25.Phillips, Canada’s North, 240.
26.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-100/12-1, part 2, Reports and Returns Fort Smith Hostel – Breynat Hall 1962–1965, Archival box 222-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, W. G. Booth to B. C. Gillie, 12 July 1963. [BTU-000723] For report of being allowed to speak Aboriginal language at Lapointe Hall in Fort Simpson, see: Blondin-Perrin, My Heart Shook, 146.
27.TRC, AVS, Margaret Leishman, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, K’atl’Odeeche, Northwest Territories, 8 March 2012, Statement Number: SP056.
28.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 6, Hostel Management – N.W.T. [General and Policy], March 1964–January 1965, IRSRC Historical Files, “Staff Fluent in Native Languages of the Pupils,” 29 August 1964. [RCN-002549-0001]
29.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Acc. 1997-98/076, box 131, file 680-1-15, volume 4, Excerpt from NWT Hansard (no date, but context indicates spring 1970), 95–96. [CVC-000558-0002] For Williamson’s position: Northern Research Portal, “R. G. Williamson fonds,” http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/northern/en_finding_aid_display.php?filename=williamson&title=Robert%20Williamson%20fonds, accessed 8 March 2014.
30.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada RG85, Acc. 1997-98/076, box 131, file 680-1-15, volume 4, R. Ritcey to Regional Superintendent of Schools, Churchill, Manitoba, 26 March 1970. [CVC-000560]
31.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Acc. 1997-98/076, box 131, file 680-1-15, volume 4, W. I. Mouat to R. J. Carney, 2 April 1970. [CVC-000561]
32.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Acc. 1997-98/076, box 131, file 680-1-15, volume 4, B. C. Gillie to Commissioner, 22 April 1970. [CVC-000563]
33.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada 779/25-1-1, volume 1, 04/70–02/71, D. A. Davidson to G. D. Cromb, 9 November 1970. [BQL-002898-0001]
34.Eva Aariak, “Remembering Jose Kusugak,” http://arcticcollege.ca/josekusugak/?p=291.
35.Macpherson, Dreams & Visions, 278.
36.Ipellie, “He Scared the Hair,” 60–63.
37.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Cambay [Cambridge Bay] – General, 1969–1970, Archival box 5-3, Archival Acc. G-1995-004, N. J. Macpherson to Principal and Staff, Territorial School, Cambridge Bay, N.W.T., 20 April 1970. [CBS-000861]
38.NWT Hansard (5 February 1979), 528, 533–34, 539. In the orthography of the time, Piita Irniq’s name was spelled “Peter Ernerk.”
39.TRC, NRA, DIAND HQ, file 40-2-185, volume 1, 05/1966–02/1969, C. M. Bolger to C. M. Whitton, 7 October 1966. [AEMR-019430E]
40.TRC, NRA, DIAND HQ, file 40-2-185, volume 1, 05/1966–02/1969, D. B. Marsh to C. M. Bolger, 12 December 1966. [AEMR-019430D]
41.“Priest Calls Department Anti-Catholic,” Ottawa Citizen, 10 June 1961, quoted in Carney, “Relations in Education,” 487.
42.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 853/25-1, volume 2 (Ctrl #49-5), “Report to the Chief of the Education Division, Indian Affairs Branch, On the Experiment With Integration of Indian Students (R.C.) Into Whitehorse Schools, 1960–1961,” E. Cullinane, 1961. [NCA-009389-0001]
43.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 853/25-1, 1956–1968, volume 2, RCAP, E. A. Cullinane to J. E. Ingot, 24 January 1962. [CDH-000060]
44.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, box 366, Acc. 1999-01431-6, file 906/25-7, part 1, W. E. Grant to A/Indian Commissioner for British Columbia, 5 June 1961. [NCA-010764-0002]
45.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1338, file 600-1-1, part 19, D. W. Hepburn, “Northern Education: Facade for Failure,” Variables: The Journal of the Sociology Club (University of Alberta) 2, no. 1 (February 1963): 16–21, 16. [NCA-005960]
46.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1338, file 600-1-1, part 19, D. W. Hepburn, “Northern Education: Facade for Failure,” Variables: The Journal of the Sociology Club (University of Alberta) 2, no. 1 (February 1963): 16–21, 17. [NCA-005960]
47.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1338, file 600-1-1, part 19, D. W. Hepburn, “Northern Education: Facade for Failure,” Variables: The Journal of the Sociology Club (University of Alberta) 2, no. 1 (February 1963): 16–21, 18. [NCA-005960]
48.TRC, AVS, Petah Inukpuk, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (simultaneous translation), Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SP149.
49.TRC, AVS, Petah Inukpuk, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (simultaneous translation), Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SP149.
50.See, for example, TRC, AVS, Beatrice Bernhardt, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SP150; and Piita Irniq, quoted in Legacy of Hope Foundation, We Were So Far Away, 109.
51.NWT Hansard (28 January 1970), 955–56.
52.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, file 73-500-400/B, volume 1, Inuvik Hostel – Grollier Hall [R.C.] – Quarterly Returns [Fort McPherson], 09/69–12/71, Transfer No. 0330, box 8-25, “Statistics on Students Leaving a Particular and Special Hostel: Grollier Hall,” 1971. [GHU-001200]
53.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Quarterly Reports from Staff, 1987–1988, Transfer No. 1530, box 15, “Semester 2 Final Marks – 1986–1987.” [AHU-004913-0001]
54.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Quarterly Reports from Staff, 1987–1988, Transfer No. 1530, box 15, “Semester I, Mid-Term Marks, 1987–88.” [AHU-004914-0001]
55.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Correspondence – Kitikmeot Region, 1990–1992, Transfer No. 1530, box 10, “Kitikmeot Dropouts 1990–1991,” 16 June 1991. [AHU-004019-0002]
56.Duffy, Road to Nunavut, 125.
57.Dickerson, Whose North?, 128–129.
58.Lillian Elias, quoted in Legacy of Hope Foundation, We Were So Far Away, 51.
59.Quassa, We Need to Know, 29.
60.Piita Irniq, quoted in Legacy of Hope Foundation, We Were So Far Away, 111.
61.TRC, AVS, Eddie Dillon, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 1 July 2011, Statement Number: SP151.
62.Peterson, “Sir Joseph Bernier Federal Day School,” 8.
63.Peterson, “Sir Joseph Bernier Federal Day School,” 8.
64.Peterson, “Sir Joseph Bernier Federal Day School,” 9.
65.Peterson, “Sir Joseph Bernier Federal Day School,” 9–11.
66.For an example, see TRC, AVS, Elijah Nashook, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (simultaneous translation), Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 1 July 2011, Statement Number: SP151.
67.John Amagoalik quoted in McGregor, Inuit Education, 110.
68.Amagoalik, Changing the Face of Canada, 43–46.
69.TRC, AVS, David Simailak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Baker Lake, Nunavut, 15 November 2011, Statement Number: SP032.
70.TRC, AVS, Marjorie Ovayuak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SP150.
71.Duffy, Road to Nunavut, 102.
72.Nungak, “Experimental Eskimos,” 16. Back issues of Inuktitut are now available online, at https://www.itk.ca/publication/magazine/Inuktitut. See also the short feature on this event on the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami website, https://www.itk.ca/historical-event/experimental-es-kimo-zebedee-nungak-leaves-puvirnituq-nunavik, accessed 31 January 2013; and the documentary film Experimental Eskimos, reviewed here: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1414861/plotsummary, accessed 31 January 2013.
73.Nungak, “Experimental Eskimos,” 16.
74.Ittinuar, Teach an Eskimo, 2008.
75.Ittinuar, Teach an Eskimo, 65.
The large hostels
1.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Student Residence – Attendance Stats. 09/69–06/73, Transfer No. 0274, box 4-20, “Enrolment at Stringer Hall – By settlement – Quarter ending June 30, 1970.” [SHU-000588]
2.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Student Residence – Attendance Stats. 09/69–06/73, Transfer No. 0274, box 4-20, “Enrolment for Akaitcho Hall – by Settlement, Quarter Ending December 31, 1970.” [AHU-003842]
3.TRC, NRA, INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa, file 630/500-10, “Pupils attending Pre-Vocational School, Churchill, Man. From Arctic District,” 30 September 1964. [CVC-001217-0005]
4.Distance calculator, Yellowknife to Iqaluit, http://www.distance-calculator.co.uk/world-dis-tances-yellowknife-to-iqaluit.htm; Air Miles calculator, Inuvik to Taloyoak, http://www.airmilescalculator.com/distance/yev-to-yyh/.
5.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1468, file 630/125-9, part 1, Govt. Hostel [R.C.] Inuvik, N.W.T. 1956–December 1959, FA 85-4, “1959–1960 Program, Inuvik, NWT,” 10 August 1959. [RCN-008488]
6.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 709, file 630/105-10, part 1, Govt. Hostel – Yellowknife, N.W.T. April 1957–January 1959, FA 85-1, J. V. Jacobson to Director, 11 October 1957. [RCN-008265]
7.See “Line of Authority in the Hostel” in Clifton, Inuvik Study, 54, 67.
8.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1443, file 630/125-8, part 4, Govt. Hostel [Anglican] Inuvik, N.W.T. [Stringer Hall] April 1963–October 1965, FA 85-4, B. G. Sivertz to Deputy Minister, 9 October 1963. [IKU-000612]
9.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 6, Hostel Management – N.W.T. [General and Policy], March 1964–January 1965, C. M. Bolger to Administrator of the Arctic, 5 November 1964. [RCN-002539]
10.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Government of Northwest Territories Legislative Library, Joseph Katz, Educational Environments of School-Hostel Complexes in the Northwest Territories (Vancouver, BC: Education Division, Canadian Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, July 1965), 15. [RCN-013107]
11.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630.116, part 1, Hostel Facilities – Chesterfield Inlet, 1963, Archival box 37, Archival Acc. N-1994-009, I. Mouat to Sister Arcand, 31 March 1967. [CIU-001776-0001]
12.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Government of Northwest Territories Legislative Library, Joseph Katz, Educational Environments of School-Hostel Complexes in the Northwest Territories (Vancouver, BC: Education Division, Canadian Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, July 1965), 16. [RCN-013107]
13.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Acc. 1997-98/076, box 131, file 680-1-15, volume 1, “Memo – Churchill School Data,” undated. [CVC-001896-0000] For diagram showing layout of Akaitcho Hall dormitory, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG 29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 3a, Akaitcho Hall, Yellowknife, Sketch of Girls Dormitory, October 1960. [120.16375A]
14.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1051, file A-630/158-9, part 1, Govt. Hostel [R.C.] – Chesterfield Inlet, October 1959–April 1961, FA 85-3, “Criteria for Selecting Children to Attend Hostels and Residential Schools,” 19 October 1960. [CIU-000090-0001]
15.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 2, Hostel Management – N.W.T. General and Policy, May 1960–December 1960, R. A. Bishop to Administrator of the Mackenzie, 10 May 1960, 2. [RCN-000655]
16.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, Perm. volume 1061, file 250-3-20, part 1, R.C. Hostel – Inuvik (N.W.T.) 1957, FA 22-3, B. G. Sivertz to Deputy Minister, 22 June 1959. [IKU-001224-0001]
17.Norm Burgess, quoted in Macpherson, Dreams & Visions, 332.
18.TRC, AVS, Eric Anautalik, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Baker Lake, Nunavut, 15 November 2011, Statement Number: SP032.
19.TRC, AVS, Dora Fraser, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 19 June 2010, Statement Number: 02-MB-19JU10-012.
20.TRC, AVS, Beatrice Bernhardt, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, 30 June 2011, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Sharing Panel: SP150.
21.Quassa, We Need to Know, 25–26.
22.Watt, “Eyewitness Says,” Winnipeg Free Press.
23.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1376, file 660-14, part 2, Canadian Association of School Superintendents and Inspectors January 1958–June 1962, FA 85-4, “Speech to the Canadian Association of School Superintendents and Inspectors,” Citizenship and Immigration Minister Richard Bell. [RCN-012875]
24.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-100/12-1, part 2, Reports and Returns Fort Smith Hostel – Breynat Hall 1962–1965, Archival box 222-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, W. G. Booth to B. C. Gillie, 12 July 1963. [BTU-000723]
25.Tagoona, “Education,” 53–55.
26.TRC, AVS, Norman Attungala, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (simultaneous translation), Baker Lake, Nunavut, 15 November 2011, Statement Number: SP032.
27.Lillian Elias, quoted in Legacy of Hope Foundation, We Were So Far Away, 60.
28.Piita Irniq, quoted in Legacy of Hope Foundation, We Were So Far Away, 98.
29.TRC, AVS, Eric Anautalik, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (simultaneous translation), Baker Lake, Nunavut, 15 November 2011, Statement Number: SP032.
30.TRC, AVS, Mary Charlie, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Watson Lake, Yukon, 25 May 2011, Statement Number: SP021.
31.TRC, AVS, Agnus Lennie, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Tulita, Northwest Territories, 10 May 2011, Statement Number: SP018.
32.TRC, AVS, Towkie Karpit, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Pangnirtung, Nunavut, 13 February 2012, Statement Number: SP045.
33.Apphia Agalakti Siqpaapik Awa, quoted in Wachowich, Saqiyuq, 106.
34.TRC, AVS, Peggy Tologanak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Iqaluit, Nunavut, 25 March 2011, Statement Number: SP008.
35.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Acc. 1997-98/076, box 131, file 680-1-15, volume 1, “Memo – Churchill School Data,” undated, 4. [CVC-001896-0000]
36.TRC, AVS, Norma Yakeleya, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Tulita, Northwest Territories, 10 May 2011, Statement Number: SP018.
37.TRC, AVS, Peggy Tologanak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Iqaluit, Nunavut, 25 March 2011, Statement Number: SP008. Many of these items are now of significant commercial value. Handmade, hand-tanned moccasins can cost over $500, while parkas can cost over $1,000. For examples, see: Tlicho Online Store, http://onlinestore.tlicho.ca/.
38.TRC, AVS, Marjorie Jack, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Watson Lake, Yukon, 25 May 2011, Statement Number: SP021.
39.See TRC, AVS, Candace Ikey, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Kuujjuaq, Quebec, 16 March 2011, Statement Number: SP003.
40.TRC, AVS, David Simailak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Baker Lake, Nunavut, 15 November 2011, Statement Number: SP032.
41.TRC, AVS, Helen Naedzo Squirrel, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Tulita, Northwest Territories, 10 May 2011, Statement Number: SP018.
42.Piita Irniq, quoted in Legacy of Hope Foundation, We Were So Far Away, 99.
43.TRC, AVS, Anna Kasudluak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (simultaneous translation), Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SP149.
44.Ralph Ritcey, quoted in Macpherson, Dreams & Visions, 330.
45.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-100/12-1, part 2, Reports and Returns Fort Smith Hostel – Breynat Hall 1962–1965, Archival box 222-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, W. G. Booth to B. C. Gillie, 12 July 1963. [BTU-000723]
46.TRC, AVS, Anna Kasudluak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (simultaneous translation), Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SP149.
47.TRC, AVS, Veroha Dewar, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (simultaneous translation), Iqaluit, Nunavut, 25 March 2011, Statement Number: SP008.
48.TRC, AVS, Eva Lapage, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 29 October 2011, Statement Number: 2011-2919.
49.TRC, NRA, INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa, file 630/500-10, “Churchill Pupil Residence, Routine and Rules,” 30 September 1964. [CVC-001217-0008]
50.TRC, AVS, Peggy Tologanak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Iqaluit, Nunavut, 25 March 2011, Statement Number: SP008.
51.TRC, AVS, Peggy Tologanak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, 25 March 2011, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Statement Number: SP008.
52.TRC, AVS, Veronica Dewar, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (simultaneous translation), 25 March 2011, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Statement Number: SP008.
53.Piita Irniq, quoted in Legacy of Hope Foundation, We Were So Far Away, 100.
54.AVS, TRC, Rebecca Williams, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 28 October 2011, Statement Number: SC076.
55.Clifton, Inuvik Study, 60.
56.Clifton, Inuvik Study, 61.
57.See for example: TRC, AVS, Marjorie Ovayuak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SP150.
58.TRC, AVS, Beatrice Bernhardt, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SP150.
59.TRC, AVS, Eddie Dillon, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 1 July 2011, Statement Number: SP151.
60.TRC, AVS, Beatrice Bernhardt, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SP150.
61.TRC, AVS, Peggy Tologanak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Iqaluit, Nunavut, 25 March 2011, Statement Number: SP008.
62.TRC, AVS, Jeannie Evalik, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, 11 April 2011, Statement Number: SP009.
63.TRC, AVS, Marjorie Ovayuak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SP150.
64.TRC, AVS, Judi Kochon, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Tulita, Northwest Territories, 10 May 2011, Statement Number: SP018.
65.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 708, file 630/105-7, part 3, High School Facilities – Yellowknife [Public and Separate School], 1958–1959, A. J. Boxer to J. M. Black, “Progress Report – Yellowknife Hostel. Initial Period to New Year,” 9 December 1958, 5. [AHU-000005-0000]
66.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105/12-1,2,3, Akaitcho Hall, Yellowknife, 1961–1965, Archival box 229-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, N. J. Macpherson to W. G. Booth, 22 November 1963. [AHU-001404-0001]
67.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Confidential, Hostels, 1971–1974, Archival box 8-24, Archival Acc. G1995-004, “Ukkivik Residence, Frobisher Bay, Northwest Territories: A Report and Recommendations,” 24 December 1973, 5. [FBS-000431]
68.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart Shook, 134.
69.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Government of Northwest Territories Legislative Library, Joseph Katz, Educational Environments of School-Hostel Complexes in the Northwest Territories (Vancouver, BC: Education Division, Canadian Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, July 1965), 17, 22. [RCN-013107]
70.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Confidential, Hostels, 1971–1974, Archival box 8-24, Archival Acc. G1995-004, “Ukkivik Residence, Frobisher Bay, Northwest Territories: A Report and Recommendations,” 24 December 1973, 4–5. [FBS-000431]
71.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1374, file 630/158-9, part 7, Govt. Hostel [R.C.] Chesterfield Inlet, N.W.T. February 1960–September 1962, FA 85-4, R. Bélair to A. Bishop, 28 September 1961. [CIU-001666]
72.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1374, file 630/158-9, part 7, Govt. Hostel [R.C.] Chesterfield Inlet, N.W.T. February 1960–September 1962, FA 85-4, R. A. Bishop to R. Bélair, 31 May 1962. [CIU-001692]
73.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1374, file 630/158-9, part 7, Govt. Hostel [R.C.] Chesterfield Inlet, N.W.T. February 1960–September 1962, FA 85-4, R. Bélair to R. A. Bishop, 22 July 1962. [CIU-001700]
74.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1442, file 630/125-8, part 3, Govt. Hostel [Anglican] [Inuvik – N.W.T.] March 1961–March 1963, 85-4, L. Holman to B. Sivertz, 27 October 1961. [SHU-000185-0000]
75.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 3, Hostel Management – N.W.T. [General and Policy], January 1961–October 1961, L. Holman to B. G. Sivertz, undated. [RCN-000785-0005]
76.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, file 73-500-400/A, volume 1, Inuvik Hostel – Grollier Hall [R.C.] – Quarterly Returns [Fort McPherson], 09/69–12/71, Transfer No. 0330, box 8-25, M. Thomson to Regional Director, Northern Region Medical Services, Government of Canada, 27 October 1970. [SHU-000594]
77.TRC, NRA, CGS Records Warehouse, Iqaluit, Government of Nunavut, Akaitcho Hall Correspondence, 1988–1989 Kitikmeot Region [Kugluktuk] – box 202, T. Gavac to D. Harvey, 30 May 1990, 4. [AHU-004004]
78.Quassa, We Need to Know, 29–30.
79.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 2, Hostel Management – N.W.T. General and Policy, May 1960–December 1960, F. A. G. Carter to A. Renaud, “Facilities for Medical Care and General Health at Hostels in the Northwest Territories,” 9 May 1960, 2. [RCN-000653]
80.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 708, file 630/105-7, part 3, High School Facilities – Yellowknife [Public and Separate School], 1958–1959, “Public Health Services to Yellowknife Composite School,” 20 January 1959. [AHU-000387]
81.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Acc. 1997-98/076, box 131, file 680-1-15, volume 1, “Memo – Churchill School Data,” undated, 3. [CVC-001896-0000]
82.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 2, Hostel Management – N.W.T. General and Policy, May 1960–December 1960, R. A. Bishop to Administrator of the Mackenzie, 10 May 1960. [RCN-000655]
83.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1374, file 630/111-8, part. 2, Gov’t. Hostel [Anglican] Fort Simpson, N.W.T. December 1961–December 1963, FA 85-4, B. Sales to W. Karashowski, 21 December 1963. [BPU-000052-0002] See also: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1441, file 630/111-8, part 3, Govt. Hostel [Anglican] – Fort Simpson, N.W.T. January 1964–December 1965, FA 85-4, “Memorandum for the Director,” 7 January 1964. [BPU-000262]
84.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, box 143, Acc. 1997-98/076, file 1000/125, part 5, Inuvik, N.W.T. – General File February 1959–December 1967, FA 85-52, J. V. Jacobsen to the Director, “Memorandum for the Director: Measles – Inuvik,” 7 December 1959. [IKU-001287]
85.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, box 143, Acc. 1997-98/076, file 1000/125, part 5, Inuvik, N.W.T. – General File February 1959–December 1967, FA 85-52, P. E. Moore to Deputy Minister, National Health, Deputy Minister, Northern Affairs and National Resources, “G” Division, R.C.M.P. Regional Superintendent, Foothills Region Chief, Epidemiology, “Urgent Report: Influenza Epidemic,” 13 October 1960. [IKU-001315]
86.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, box 143, Acc. 1997-98/076, file 1000/125, part 5, Inuvik, N.W.T. – General File February 1959–December 1967, FA 85-52, P. E. Moore to Deputy Minister, Northern Affairs and National Resources, “Urgent Report: Influenza,” 28 April 1961. [IKU-001339]
87.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 1245, file 312-2-13, volume 2, Report of Medical Health Officer, 26 April 1963. [NPC-600531]
88.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2-15, box 30, file 3, “News Letter,” May 1966. [AAC-084515]
89.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file A3725-2-017, part 1, 1970–1971, Management Services – Whitehorse, Student residence: Indian-Eskimo Affairs Branch, “Whitehorse Student Residence Indian-Eskimo Affairs Branch,” A. G. Massé, B. Stanton, S. Meggs, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Management Services, August 1971, 10. [YHU-090221]
90.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Government of Northwest Territories Legislative Library, Joseph Katz, Educational Environments of School-Hostel Complexes in the Northwest Territories (Vancouver, BC: Education Division, Canadian Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, July 1965), 20. [RCN-013107]
91.TRC, NRA, Government of the Northwest Territories Archives, file 630.012, part 1, Hostels – Churchill, 1964, Archival box 31, Archival Acc. N1994-009, J. Poste to R. L. Graves, 25 November 1964; [CVC-002131] R. L. Graves to A. Whitton, 2 December 1964. [CVC-002144-0001]
92.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives Pupil Residence – General, 1974–1978 Archival box 3-3, Archival Acc. G1995-004, M. Tatty to B. Lewis, 7 December 1978. [AHU-003901]
93.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG 29, volume 2984, file 851-5-X600, part 10a, J. H. Rocks to R. J. Orange, 3 May 1965. [NPC-620584]
94.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 311/125B, part 1, School Buildings – Inuvik, 1959–1968, Archival box 87-1, Archival Acc. G1979-003, J. H. Rooks to Superintendent of Schools, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 5 May 1965. [IKU-001507]
95.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1441, file 630/111-8, part 3, Govt. Hostel [Anglican] – Fort Simpson, N.W.T. January 1964–December 1965, FA 85-4, T. E. Jones to F. A. G. Carter, 20 October 1965. [BPU-000367]
96.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Directorate School Policy – Education [volume 1], part 1, 05/68–12/69, Archival box 262, Archival Acc. G1999-046, B. C. Gillie to S. M. Hodgson, 21 April 1969. [FNU-001685]
97.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, file 73-500-402, volume 2, Fort McPherson Hostel [Anglican] – Quarterly Returns [Fort McPherson], 01/72–12/76, Transfer No. 0330, box 8-21, R. L. Ha[illegible]ey to J. A. Coady, 27 February 1973. [FHU-002368-0001]
98.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, file 73-500-402, volume 2, Fort McPherson Hostel [Anglican] – Quarterly Returns [Fort McPherson], 01/72–12/76, Transfer No. 0330, box 8-21, R. J. Morrison to S. M. Hodgson, 27 November 1975. [FHU-002398-0002]
99.Blondin-Perrin, My Heart Shook, 95.
100.Canadien, From Lishamie, 251.
101.Canadien, From Lishamie, 253.
102.TRC, AVS, Richard Kaiyogan, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SC091.
103.TRC, AVS, Florence Barnaby, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 15 June 2010, Statement Number: 02-MB-16JU10-014.
104.TRC, AVS, Willy Carpenter, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories, 20 September 2011, Statement Number: 2011-0353.
105.TRC, AVS, Steve Lafferty, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Fort Smith, Northwest Territories, 6 May 2011, Statement Number: 2011-0392.
106.TRC, AVS, Brenda Jancke, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Cambridge Bridge, Nunavut, 11 April 2011, Statement Number: SP009.
107.TRC, AVS, Bernice Lyall, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, 11 April 2011, Statement Number: SP009.
108.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 708, file 630/105-7, part 3, High School Facilities – Yellowknife [Public and Separate School], 1958–1959, F. J. G. Cunningham to Sivertz, 27 January 1958. [RCN-000641] For Akaitcho biography see: Helm and Gillespie, “Akaitcho,” 209.
109.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, Perm. volume 864, file 40-2-136, part 2, Hostels in N.W.T. and Y.T. – General January 1959–December 1960, FA 22-1, P. Piché to B. G. Sivertz, 16 July 1960. [RCN-008605-0003]
110.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 600-1-1, part 4, School Policy [and Hostels], 1959–1961, Archival box 202-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources News Release, “Historic Names for Northern Schools and Residences,” 2 March 1961. [RCN-010612-0002]
111.Archives Canada, “Whitehorse Diocese collection,” http://www.archivescanada.ca/english/search/ItemDisplay.asp?sessionKey=1143412449030_206_191_57_196&l=0&lvl=2&v=0&coll=1&itm=268856&rt=1&bill=1.
112.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Schools Registers and Hostels Forms 1961–1974 [Ukkivik Hostel], Transfer No. 0274, box 4-23, “Student Residence Quarterly Return,” September 1971. [FBS-000001]
113.TRC, NRA, INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa, file 630/500-10, D. Marsh to B. Thorsteinsson, 9 September 1964. [CVC-001210-0001]
114.TRC, NRA, INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa, file 250/25-23, volume 1, R. L. Kennedy to R. Haramburu, 26 November 1964. [CVC-000415-0001]
115.TRC, NRA, INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa, file 250/25-23, volume 1, Director to Deputy Minister, 3 December 1964. [CVC-000415-0000]
116.TRC, NRA, INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa, file 630/500-10, volume 3, J. Dufour to F. Dunford, 19 May 1970. [CVC-001236]
117.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 6, Control 440-10, Director, Ottawa to Administrator of the Mackenzie, “Regulations in Pupil Residence,” 27 January 1965. [NCA-016417]
118.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Acc. 1997-98/076, box 131, file 680-1-15, volume 4, F. Dunford to R. Ritcey, 26 May 1970. [CVC-000504]
119.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file T-600-1-1, part 2a, Education and Schools – N.W.T. [General and Policy] 1968–1969, Archival box 203-3, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, “Report on the Inter-relation of Religious Organizations and the Northern Education Program,” 28 January 1968, 3–4. [RCN-011441-0001]
120.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2.15, box 25, file 14, H. G. Cook to Principals, 4 September 1959. [AAC-087024]
121.Honigmann and Honigmann, Arctic Townsmen, 180.
122.TRC, NRA, Beaufort-Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, Grollier Try-Action File 1984–88, “Additional facilities and Equipment Provided by Father Ruyant,” J. Maher to D. Ramsden, undated. [GHU-000675-0001]
123.TRC, NRA, Beaufort-Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, Grollier Try-Action File 1984–88, M. Ruyant to J. Maher, 27 February 1987. [GHU-000673]
124.Cross Country Ski de Fond, “History of TEST,” http://www.cccski.com/About/History/Photos-and-Stories/The-History-of-T-E-S-T—%281%29.aspx#.UvukJV6Lnv0.
125.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 708, file 630/105-7, part 3, High School Facilities – Yellowknife [Public and Separate School], 1958–1959, A. J. Boxer to J. M. Black, “Progress Report – Yellowknife Hostel. Initial Period to New Year,” 9 December 1958. [AHU-000005-0000]
126.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1373, file 630/105-10, part 3, Govt. Hostel – Yellowknife, N.W.T. January 1960–August 1962, FA 85-4, “Superintendent’s Hostel Report, Akaitcho,” G. H. Needham, 7 February 1961, 3. [AHU-000684-0001]
127.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, box 125, Acc. 1997-98/076, file 630/105-10, part 2, Govt. Hostel – Yellowknife, N.W.T February 1959–December 1959, FA 85-52, J. M. Black to Chief Superintendent of Schools, 1 December 1959. [AHU-000588]
128.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Acc. 1997-98/076, box 131, file 680-1-15, volume 1, “Memo – Churchill School Data,” undated. [CVC-001896-0000]
129.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1266, file 1000/158, part 2, “Welfare Teacher’s Monthly Report,” E. Herauf, 18 March 1957. [CIU-000444]
130.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1348, file 1000/158, part 3, W. G. Devitt for J. V. Jacobsen to T. Chaput, 20 January 1959. [CIU-000521]
131.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2-15, box 30, file 3, “Residential Schools & Hostels, Division of M.S.C.C., Newsletter Spring – 1963.” [AAC-084493]
132.Quassa, We Need to Know, 29, 36.
133.TRC, AVS, David Simailik, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Baker Lake, Nunavut, 1 July 2011, Statement Number: SP032.
134.TRC, AVS, Alex Alikashuak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 16 June 2010, Statement Number: 02-MB-16JU10-137.
135.TRC, AVS, Betsy Annahatak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 28 October 2011, Statement Number: 2011-2896.
136.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 708, file 630/105-7, part 3, High School Facilities – Yellowknife [Public and Separate School], 1958–1959, A. J. Boxer to J. M. Black, 9 December 1958, 4. [AHU-000005-0000]
137.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 8, Hostel Management N.W.T. [General and Policy], July 1965–April 1966, D. G. Davis for F. A. G. Carter to C. Gilles, 8 October 1965. [BTU-000294]
138.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Government of Northwest Territories Legislative Library, Joseph Katz, Educational Environments of School-Hostel Complexes in the Northwest Territories (Vancouver, BC: Education Division, Canadian Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, July 1965), 8. [RCN-013107]
139.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 6, Hostel Management – N.W.T. [General and Policy], March 1964–January 1965, “Staff Fluent in Native Languages of the Pupil,” 29 August 1964. [RCN-002549-0001]
140.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Pupil Residence – General, 1974–1978, Archival box 3-3, Archival Acc. G1995-004, J. MacEachern to L. Gilberg, 17 January 1977, 4. [LHU-000676-0002]
141.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Pupil Residence – General, 1973–1978, Archival box 4-2, Archival Acc. G1995-004, B. Lewis to Deputy Commissioner, 1 December 1977. [LHU-000684]
142.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Pupil Residence – General, 1973–1978, Archival box 4-2, Archival Acc. G1995-004, R. L. Julyan to R. W. Halifax, 28 December 1977, 7. [LHU-000685-0001]
143.Repeal 43 Committee, “School Corporal Punishment,” http://www.repeal43.org/school-cor-poral-punishment/.
144.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 708, file 630/105-7, part 3, High School Facilities – Yellowknife [Public and Separate School], 1958–1959, A. J. Boxer to J. M. Black, 9 December 1958, 5. [AHU-000005-0000]
145.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105/12-1,2,3, Akaitcho Hall, Yellowknife, 1961–1965, Archival box 229-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, A. J. Boxer to W. G. Booth, 19 December 1962; [AHU-001319] TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 0000, Akaitcho Hall General, 1965–1968, Archival box 3, Archival Acc. N1994-009, “Report of Informal Investigation into Conditions in Girls’ Dormitory, Akaitcho Hall,” N. J. Macpherson, 18 December 1964. [AHU-003821-0001]
146.Clifton, Inuvik Study, 55.
147.Clifton, Inuvik Study, 52.
148.King, School at Mopass, 77–78.
149.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13836, file 1/1-18-7, part 3, 1958–1965, I. M. McCoy to R. F. Davey, 26 June 1964. [CAR-010114]
150.Peterson, “Sir Joseph Bernier Federal Day School,” 5.
151.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 853/1-13, 1965–1967, volume 2, 18 January 1966. [YKS-003126-0003]
152.TRC, NRA, Unknown Education, Whitehorse Hostel, 25-1-014, volume 2, Nov/63–June/68, D. S. Fraser to L. Badine, 22 February 1966. [YKS-000131]
153.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105-10, part 5, Government Hostel, [Akaitcho Hall] Yellowknife, N.W.T, 1966–1969, Archival box 228-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, R. Haggart, “A Friend Must Be Approved,” The Telegram, Toronto, 3 March 1969. [AHU-001617-0001]
154.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105-10, part 5, Government Hostel, [Akaitcho Hall] Yellowknife, N.W.T, 1966–1969, Archival box 228-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, J. Chrétien to A. Gillespie, 28 March 1969. [AHU-001624]
155.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105-10, part 5, Government Hostel, [Akaitcho Hall] Yellowknife, N.W.T, 1966–1969, Archival box 228-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, Government of Northwest Territories press release, 1 April 1969. [AHU-001629]
156.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105-10, part 5, Government Hostel, [Akaitcho Hall] Yellowknife, N.W.T, 1966–1969, Archival box 228-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, S. M. Hodgson to J. Chrétien, 2 April 1969. [AHU-001630-0000]
157.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105-10, part 5, Government Hostel, [Akaitcho Hall] Yellowknife, N.W.T, 1966–1969, Archival box 228-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, N. J. Macpherson, “Statement of Events at Akaitcho Hall, Saturday, February 22, 1969,” 24 February 1969. [AHU-001596-0003]
158.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105-10, part 5, Government Hostel, [Akaitcho Hall] Yellowknife, N.W.T, 1966–1969, Archival box 228-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, J. Chrétien to S. M. Hodgson, 10 April 1969. [AHU-001631]
159.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Akaitcho Hall Reports, 1969–1970, Archival box 9-2, Archival Acc. G1995-004, “Akaitcho Hall – Yellowknife.” [AHU-003837] For reference to twenty-seven-page document see: TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105-10, part 5, Government Hostel, [Akaitcho Hall] Yellowknife, N.W.T, 1966–1969, Archival box 228-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, R. Haggart, “A Friend Must Be Approved,” The Telegram, Toronto, 3 March 1969, 1. [AHU-001617-0001]
160.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, AKH Staff Handbook, 1981–1982, Transfer No. 1419, box 11, M. Marykuca to All Staff, 3 March 1981. [AHU-003013]
161.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 11, Hostel Management – N.W.T. [General and Policy], August 1967–April 1969, L. Holman to B. C. Gillie, 28 March 1969. [SHU-000037-0001]
162.TRC, NRA, Beaufort-Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, General Children Correspondence [box 44], L. Holman to R. Buie, 30 October 1967. [SHU-000796]
163.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 11, Hostel Management – N.W.T. [General and Policy], August 1967–April 1969, L. Holman to B. C. Gillie, 28 March 1969. [SHU-000037-0001]
164.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, file 73-500-400/A, volume 3, Inuvik Hostel Stringer Hall [Anglican] – Quarterly Returns [Inuvik], 01/73–04/72, Transfer No. 0330, box 8-3, P. Stewart and forty-nine others to D. C. Danks, 15 November 1974. [SHU-000489-0001]
165.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, file 73-500-400/A, volume 3, Inuvik Hostel Stringer Hall [Anglican] – Quarterly Returns, Inuvik, 01/73–04/72, Transfer No. 0330, box 8-3, H. Firth and three others to Dear Sir, 22 November 1974. [SHU-000623]
166.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Pupil Residence – General, 1974–1978, Archival box 3-3, Archival Acc. G1995-004, J. F. Blewett to Director, Department of Education, 6 December 1974. [SHU-000625]
167.TRC, NRA, Beaufort-Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, [Grollier Hall] Student Files Pre: 1991 K-Z, E. Lavoie to J. and [name redacted], 10 October 1989. [GHU-000573-0003]
168.TRC, NRA, Beaufort-Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, [Grollier Hall] Student Files: 1989–1993, A-I, 1/2, “Grollier Hall Incident Report,” 27 November 1991. [GHU-000445-0016]
169.TRA, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Pupil Residence – General, 1973–1978, Archival box 4-2, Archival Acc. G1995-004, G. Black, 28 February 1973, 2. [FNU-001748]
170.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Pupil Residence – General, 1973–1978, Archival box 4-2, Archival Acc. G1995-004, R. L. Julyan to R. W. Halifax, 28 December 1977. [LHU-000685-0001]
171.TRC, NRA, INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa, file 250/25-23, volume 1, unsigned to Bishop Marsh, 9 September 1965. [CVC-000450]
172.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby Yukon Hostel, file No. 25-1-012, volume 3, July/65–Aug/66, A. W. Ratcliffe to Indian Commissioner for B.C., 27 July 1965, 2. [YHU-090129]
173.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file A3725-2-017, part 1, 1970–1971, Management Services – Whitehorse, Student residence: Indian-Eskimo Affairs Branch, “Whitehorse Student Residence Indian-Eskimo Affairs Branch,” A. G. Massé, B. Stanton, S. Meggs, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Management Services, August 1971, 7–9. [YHU-090221]
174.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, file 73-500-402, volume 2, Fort McPherson Hostel [Anglican] – Quarterly Returns [Fort McPherson], 01/72–12/76, Transfer No. 0330, box 8-21, L. Donovan to Mr. Mayne, 15 January 1976. [FHU-002394]
175.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Pupil Residence – General, 1973–1978, Archival box 4-2, Archival Acc. G1995-004, R. L. Julyan to R. W. Halifax, 28 December 1977. [LHU-000685-0001]
176.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Government of Northwest Territories Legislative Library, Joseph Katz, Educational Environments of School-Hostel Complexes in the Northwest Territories (Vancouver, BC: Education Division, Canadian Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, July 1965), 10. [RCN-013107]
177.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Government of Northwest Territories Legislative Library, Joseph Katz, Educational Environments of School-Hostel Complexes in the Northwest Territories (Vancouver, BC: Education Division, Canadian Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, July 1965), 19. [RCN-013107]
178.Clifton, Inuvik Study, 71.
179.Clifton, Inuvik Study, 67, 74.
180.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1445, file 630/500-10, volume 2, J. G. Ratz to Administrator of the Arctic, 5 October 1965. [CVC-000981]
181.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1445, file 630/500-10, volume 2, A. Stevenson to Director, 5 October 1965; [CVC-000987] A. Stevenson to Director, 15 October 1965. [CVC-000968]
182.TRC, NRA, INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa, file N-5150/C6-3, volume 1, 1/72–4/74, R. Ritcey to F. Dunford, 17 January 1972. [CVC-000288]
183.TRC, NRA, INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa, file N-5150/C6-3, volume 1, 1/72–4/74, R. Ritcey to J. Dalgetty, 23 August 1972; [CVC-000244] W. Eliott to J. A. Provins, 27 August 1972. [CVC-002453-0001]
184.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, file 73-500-402, volume 2, Fort McPherson Hostel [Anglican] – Quarterly Returns [Fort McPherson], 01/72–12/76, Transfer No. 0330, box 8-21, J. A. Coady to J. Simon, 11 December 1974. [FHU-002382]
185.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, CR#70-820-000, Pupil Residences – General, 01/72–06/74, Archival box 260, Archival Acc. G1999-046, S. M. Hodgson to J. Simon, 13 June 1974. [FHU-003783]
186.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, file 73-500-402, volume 2, Fort McPherson Hostel [Anglican] – Quarterly Returns [Fort McPherson], 01/72–12/76, Transfer No. 0330, box 8-21, N. J. Macpherson to Member of the Executive for Education, 21 April 1976. [FHU-002403]
187.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Confidential, Hostels, 1971–1974, Archival box 8-24, Archival Acc. G1995-004, L. P. Holman to J. Coady, 19 June 1972. [SHU-000488]
188.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105-10, part 5, Government Hostel, [Akaitcho Hall] Yellowknife, N.W.T, 1966–1969, Archival box 228-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, B. C. Gillie, Signed for K. W. Hawkins to D. W. Simpson, 27 December 1966. [AHU-001529]
189.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630/105-10, part 6, Government Hostel [Akaitcho Hall] Yellowknife, N.W.T, 1958–1961, Archival box 228-2, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, undated letter from E. Nind, 23 July 1970. [AHU-001636-0001]
190.TRC, NRA, CGS Records Warehouse, Iqaluit, Government of Nunavut, Akaitcho Hall Correspondence, 1988–1989 Kitikmeot Region [Kugluktuk] – box 202, M. Pardy to M. McLeod, 19 January 1988. [AHU-003972]
191.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 853/25-1, volume 2 (Ctrl #49-5), F. Barnes to R. F. Davey, 1 October 1960. [NCA-009383]
192.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, Protestant Hostel, file 25-2-943, volume 1, Aug/60–Feb/62, F. Barnes to W. Grant, 4 October 1960. [YHU-090125]
193.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, Admissions/Discharges R.C. Hostel, 25-2-941, volume 4, Sept/60–Dec/62, E. A. Cullinane to W. E. Grant, 2 May 1961. [CDH-090003]
194.TRC, NRA, Unknown Education, Whitehorse Hostel, 25-1-014, volume 2, Nov/63–June/68, M. Piché to A. Fry, 1 March 1965. [YKS-000125]
195.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, file 801/25-8, volume 11, Education Assistance, 10/1964–06/1968, FA 10-151, V1989-90/101, Archival box 42, 14 October 1964. [CDH-200617]
196.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, file 801/25-2-14, volume 2, Admission and Discharge – R.C. Hostel, 05/1967–01/1969, FA 10-151, V1989-90/101, Archival box 38, G. Michaud to Indian Affairs Branch, 28 November 1967. [CDH-001202]
197.TRC, NRA, Beaufort-Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, Drop Outs 1967–1968, 600-1-3 [box 44], L. P. Holman to R. Buie, 4 December 1967. [SHU-000798]
198.TRC, NRA, Beaufort-Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, General Children Correspondence [box 44], L. P. Holman to R. Buie, 14 February 1968; [SHU-000803] L. P. Holman to R. Buie, 16 February 1968. [SHU-000804]
199.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Rafferty – General Correspondence, 1985, Transfer No. 1530, box 14, J. Rafferty to E. Duggan, 26 March 1985. [AHU-003940]
200.TRC, AVS, Peggy Tologanak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Iqaluit, Nunavut, 25 March 2011, Statement Number: SP008.
201.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Confidential, Hostels, 1971–1974, Archival box 8-24, Archival Acc. G1995-004, L. Holman to J. Coady, 7 September 1972. [IKU-001764]
202.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, Diocese of the Arctic, General Synod Archives, file 110-09, Stringer Hall, Accession M96-7, series 2:1, Notice of missing boys, 1972. [AGS-000341]
203.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Confidential, Hostels, 1971–1974, Archival box 8-24, Archival Acc. G1995-004, Leonard Holman to J. Coady, 14 July 1972. [SHU-000486] For distance, see: Inuvik to Tuktoyaktuk Highway, http://actionplan.gc.ca/en/initiative/inuvik-tuktoyaktuk-highway.
204.TRC, AVS, Lavinia Brown, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 16 June 2010, Statement Number: SC093.
205.King, School at Mopass, 78.
206.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Staff Meetings, 1990–1991, Transfer No. 1530, box 17, “Coping with Death,” 16 January 1992; [AHU-005021] Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Akaitcho Hall Administration, 1992–1993, Transfer No. 1531, box 5, Script for radio interview, 17 June 1992; [AHU-004037-0001] Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Misc. Correspondence, 1991–1994, Transfer No. 1531, box 5, Feltham to Paradis, 27 April 1992. [AHU-004036-0003]
207.For examples, see: TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105/10, 12-1, part 1, Sir John Franklin School, Akaitcho Hall, 1959–1960, Archival box 228-8, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, A. J. Boxer to W. G. Booth, 5 October 1959; [AHU-001109] A. J. Boxer to J. M. Black, 6 October 1959; [AHU-001110] A. J. Boxer to J. M. Black, 22 October 1959. [AHU-001112-0002]
208.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105/10, 12-1, part 1, Sir John Franklin School, Akaitcho Hall, 1959–1960, Archival box 228-8, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, A. J. Boxer to W. G. Booth, 2 February 1960. [AHU-001154]
209.Nickerson, Legal Drinking Age, 20.
210.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105/12-1-1, part 3, General, Reports Akaitcho Hall, Yellowknife, 1961–1966, Archival box 229-3, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, A. J. Boxer to Staff, 22 November 1965. [AHU-001471-0001]
211.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Akaitcho Hall Reports, 1971–1972, Archival box 9-3, Archival Acc. G1995-004, A. J. Boxer to N. Macpherson, 18 October 1971. [AHU-003301-0003]
212.Clifton, Inuvik Study, 72.
213.Clifton, Inuvik Study, 72.
214.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, CR# 71-602-000, Pupil Residence – General, 04/1968–12/71, Archival box 266, Archival Acc. G1999-046, J. F. Blewett to Director, Department of Education, 4 March 1971. [AHU-003855-0002]
215.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Akaitcho Hall Students, 1972–1973, Archival box 9-16, Archival Acc. G1995-004, A. J. Boxer to W. Stapleton, 21 February 1973. [AHU-004832]
216.TRC, NRA, Beaufort-Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, Residences – General – Correspondence [box 42], [name redacted] to J. Maher, 27 October 1986. [GHU-001316]
217.TRC, NRA, CGS Records Warehouse, Iqaluit, Government of Nunavut, Cambridge Bay – 1984–1987 Kitikmeot Region [Kugluktuk] – box 139, M. McLeod to [name redacted], 17 February 1987. [AHU-004546-0016]
218.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105/10, 12-1, part 1, Sir John Franklin School, Akaitcho Hall, 1959–1960, Archival box 228-8, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, A. J. Boxer to W. G. Booth, 5 October 1959. [AHU-001109]
219.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105/12-1-1, part 3, General, Reports Akaitcho Hall, Yellowknife, 1961–1966, Archival box 229-3, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, B. C. Gillie to N. J. Macpherson, 24 June 1966. [AHU-001507]
220.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Student Information, 1970–1971, Transfer No. 1419, box 21, A. J. Boxer and R. L. Toutant to J. Walker, 20 June 1971; [AHU-003264] A. J. Boxer and R. L. Toutant to R. Graves, 20 June 1971; [AHU-003262] A. J. Boxer and R. L. Toutant to E. Shorn, 20 June 1971; [AHU-003261] A.J. Boxer and R.L Toutant to J. Coady, 20 June 1971; [AHU-003263]. A. J. Boxer and R. L. Toutant to H. Darkes, 20 June 1971. [AHU-003265]
221.TRC, NRA, Beaufort-Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, Grollier Hall 1965–66 [box 12], M. Ruyant to R. M. Buie, 5 December 1966. [GHU-001290]
222.TRC, NRA, Beaufort-Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, Refusals 600-1-4-1 [box 44], L. P. Holman to R. Buie, 9 October 1967. [SHU-000791]
223.TRC, NRA, Beaufort-Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, Refusals, 1969–1970 [box 25], R. Buie to P. Castle, 25 July 1968. [SHU-000812]
224.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Pupil Residence – General, 1974–1978, Archival box 3-3, Archival Acc. G1995-004, P. Ernerk to Minister of Education, 15 December 1976. [AHU-003892-0001]
225.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Residences 1976–1977 [Akaitcho Hall], Transfer No. 0349, box 25-1, “Student Residence Quarterly Return, Akaitcho Hall, 30 June 1977,” 10. [AHU-000881]
226.TRC, NRA, CGS Records Warehouse, Iqaluit, Government of Nunavut, Cambridge Bay – 1984–1987, Kitikmeot Region [Kugluktuk] – box 139, J. Rafferty to [names redacted], 22 October 1984. [AHU-004550-0002]
227.TRC, NRA, CGS Records Warehouse, Iqaluit, Government of Nunavut, Spence Bay – Active and Former Students, 1984-1987, Kitikmeot Region [Kugluktuk] – box 139, J. Rafferty to [names redacted], 20 December 1984. [AHU-004522-0006]
228.TRC, NRA, Beaufort-Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, [Grollier Hall] Student Files Pre: 1991 K-Z, “Contract between Grollier Hall and [name redacted],” 11 October 1989. [GHU-000489-0001]
229.See for example: TRC, NRA, Beaufort-Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, [Grollier Hall] Student Files 1992-1995: A-K, B. Lavoie to [name redacted], 21 January 1992; [GHU-000431-0007] B. Lavoie to [name redacted] 22 January 1992; [GHU-000434-0004] [Grollier Hall] Student Files 1992–1995: F-T, D. Mitchell to Whom it May Concern, 12 February 1992; [GHU-000476-0008] [Grollier Hall] Student Files [1989–1993]: K-W, 2/2, D. Mitchell to B. Larocque, 18 September 1992; [GHU-000610-0011] [Grollier Hall] Student Files: 1989–1993, A-I, 1/2, B. Lavoie to [names redacted], 21 September 1992; [GHU-000319-0017] [Grollier Hall] Student Files [1989–1993]: K-W, 2/2, B. Lavoie to [name redacted], 21 September 1992. [GHU-000623-0005]
230.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Akaitcho Hall, 1977–1982, Transfer No. 0342, box 1, M. Marykuca to M. S. Naidoo, 23 January 1980. [AHU-003905-0001]
231.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Akaitcho Hall, 1979–1981, Transfer No. 0340, box 4, C. J. Dent to T. Butters, 4 February 1980. [AHU-003907]
232.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Meetings [Advisory Board – Student, Staff, Heads, SJF Staff], 1980–1986, Transfer No. 1531, box 4, “Akaitcho Hall Report for Community Education Committee Meeting,” R. Menagh, 5 May 1982. [AHU-005009-0000]
233.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Akaitcho Hall, 1977–1982, Transfer No. 0342, box 1, D. Palfrey to D. Patterson, 14 June 1982. [AHU-003928]
234.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Parents Concerns, 1982, Transfer No. 1419, box 11, untitled report of committee of parents from the Keewatin Region, D. Palfrey, 8 June 1982. [AHU-003927-0001]
235.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Quarterly Reports from Staff, 1987–1988, Transfer No. 1530, box 15, D. Gibson, “Quarterly Report – Boys Dorm,” 31 December 1987. [AHU-004964]
236.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Misc. Correspondence, 1991–1994, Transfer No. 1531, box 5, “Akaitcho Hall – Draft Proposal Interim Plan Re: Alcohol/Drug involved Students,” 7 November 1990. [AHU-004036-0008]
237.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Akaitcho Hall, 1992–1994, Transfer No. 0247, box 9, T. Gavac to J. Antoine, 12 March 1992. [AHU-004033-0000]
238.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, 114 GNWT Policies and Information, 1991, Transfer No. 1530, box 9, J. Martin to M. Mercredi, 12 June 1991. [AHU-004020]
239.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Quarterly Reports for Staff, 1992–1993, Transfer No. 1530, box 15, “Akaitcho Hall Girls Dormitory, March 1992,” M. Paradis, March 1992. [AHU-004879-0000]
240.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Admissions/Dismissals [Procedures – Reports – Correspondence], 1992–1993, Transfer No. 1530, box 14, V. J. Feltham to M. Mercredi, 30 November 1992; [AHU-005264] L. Klasen, 30 November 1992. [AHU-005263]
241.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 853/1-13, 1965–1967, volume 2, M. Brodhead to Area Personal [sic] Officer, 28 September 1966. [YHU-090123]
242.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby Admissions and Discharges, Yukon Hostel, file 25-2-012, volume 2, Apr/67–Dec/68, K. W. Johnson to Edith Josie, 8 September 1967. [YKS-003192]
243.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives of Canada, R776-0-5 (RG55), volume 290, TB 626127, May-14-1964, “Details of request to the Honourable the Treasury Board,” 20 April 1964. [120.10656A]
244.TRC, CAR, Anglican Church of Canada, Diocese of the Arctic, Diocese of the Arctic fonds, 1850-1999, series 2, D. B. Marsh Records, 930-1984; Predominant 1950–1972, sub-series 2-6, Diocesan files. 1938-1983, Accession, M96-7 box 92, file 1a. D. Marsh to B. Thorsteinsson, 9 September 1964. [39b-c000095-d0175-002]
245.TRC, CAR, Anglican Church of Canada, Diocese of the Arctic, Diocese of the Arctic fonds, 1850–1999, series 2, D. B. Marsh Records, 930-1984; Predominant 1950–1972, sub-series 2-6, Diocesan files 1938–1983, Accession M96-7, box 92, file 1a, D. Marsh to B. Thorsteinsson, 10 August 1964. [39b-c000095-d0175-004]
246.TRC, NRA, INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa N-5150-/C6-4, R. Ritcey to J. R. Witty, 5 December 1973. [CVC-000041]
247.TRC, NRA, INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa, file 250/25-23, volume 1, E. A. Côté to Executive Assistant to the Minister, 28 July 1964. [CVC-000467-0000]
248.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 685, file A 680-1-15, part 1, Vocational Training – Churchill, March 1964–March 1965, FA 85-1, Regional Administrator to Arctic Administration, Ottawa, 11 March 1965. [CVC-002449]
249.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Acc. 1997-98/076, box 131, file 680-1-15, volume 1, J. B. H. Gunn to Administrator of the Arctic, 7 December 1966. [CVC-001853]
250.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Acc. 1997-98/076, box 131, file 680-1-15, volume 1, CBC Radio News script, 29 December 1966. [CVC-001844]
251.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, Perm. volume 1271, file 40-2-136, part 4, Hostels in N.W.T. and Y.T. – General January 1965–December 1966, FA 22-31, A. Laing to D. B. Marsh, 19 July 1966. [RCN-009554]
252.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/169-1, part 4, Govt. School Facilities, Frobisher Bay, N.W.T. 1968–1969, Archival box 249-9, Archival Acc. G1979-003, “Frobisher Bay Academic and Occupational School,” W. W. Buell, 17 December 1968. [FBS-000402] For date of the opening of Ukkivik see: TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Schools Registers and Hostels Forms 1961–1974 [Ukkivik Hostel], Transfer No. 0274, box 4-23, “Student Residence Quarterly Return,” September 1971. [FBS-000001]
253.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/138-1, part 1, Education Facilities – Schools Igloolik, N.W.T. Govt. School 1959–1969, Archival box 246-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, J. Kadlutsiak and others, petition, 13 November 1968. [IGS-000360] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, Perm. volume 940, file 40-8-9, part 4, Education – Eskimos December 1968–September 1971, FA 22-1, M. O’Connell to J. Chrétien, 20 January 1969. [RCN-009722]
254.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Confidential, Hostels, 1971–1974, Archival box 8-24, Archival Acc. G1995-004, C. D. King to Regional Superintendent of Education, Government of the Northwest Territories, 19 October 1971, 3. [FBS-000419]
255.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Confidential, Hostels, 1971–1974, Archival box 8-24, Archival Acc. G1995-004, N. J. Macpherson to R. McKenzie, 27 October 1971, 2. [FBS-000420]
256.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Confidential, Hostels, 1971–1974, Archival box 8-24, Archival Acc. G1995-004, C. D. King to W. W. Buell, 6 June 1972. [FBS-000424]
257.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Personnel [Vol. 2], Part 2, 01/72–12/72, Archival box 258, Archival Acc. G1999-046, R. McKenzie to W. W. Buell, 19 June 1972. [FBS-000436]
258.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Confidential, Hostels, 1971–1974, Archival box 8-24, Archival Acc. G1995-004, J. A. Earle to N. J. Macpherson, 22 November 1972. [FBS-000427]
259.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Pupil Residence – General, 1973–1978, Archival box 4-2, Archival Acc. G1995-004, W. G. Devitt to Deputy Commissioner, 28 November 1972. [FBS-000541]
260.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Confidential, Hostels, 1971–1974, Archival box 8-24, Archival Acc. G1995-004, Ukkivik students to R. Pilot, 26 November 1972. [FBS-000429]
261.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Confidential, Hostels, 1971–1974, Archival box 8-24, Archival Acc. G1995-004, “Ukkivik Residence, Frobisher Bay, Northwest Territories: A Report and Recommendations,” undated, 4. [FBS-000431]
262.TRC, AVS, Mary Olibuk Tatty, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, 21 March 2011, Statement Number: 2011-0156.
263.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-105/10, 12-1, part 1, Sir John Franklin School, Akaitcho Hall, 1959–1960, Archival box 228-8, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, A. J. Boxer to J. M. Black, 25 November 1959. [RCN-009845-0001]
264.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Akaitcho Hall Students, 1971–1972, Archival box 9-15, Archival Acc. G1995-004, A. J. Boxer to W. Stapleton, 13 November 1971. [AHU-004772]
265.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Confidential, Hostels, 1971–1974, Archival box 8-24, Archival Acc. G1995-004, L. P. Holman to J. Coady, 6 November 1971. [SHU-000482-0000]
266.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Akaitcho Hall, 1977–1982, Transfer No. 0342, box 1, M. Marykuca to R. L. Toutant, 7 December 1977. [AHU-004173-0001]
267.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, file 801/25-8, volume 7, Education Assistance, 01/1961–03/1962, FA 10-151, V1989-90/101, Archival box 41, W. E. Grant to Indian Commissioner for B.C., 28 February 1962. [CDH-200703-0000]
268.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, file 801/25-2-14, volume 2, Admission and Discharge – R.C. Hostel, 05/1967–01/1969, FA 10-151, V1989-90/101, Archival box 38, G. Michaud to Indian Affairs Branch, 15 January 1968. [CDH-001220]
269.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Quarterly Reports, 1988–1990, Transfer No. 1530, box 7, “Akaitcho Hall Chaplains Report for November/December 1989,” December 1980. [AHU-004895]
270.Joseph Jean Louis Comeau worked at Grollier Hall from 1959 to 1965: R. v. Comeau [1998] NWTJ 34 (NTSC). Martin Houston worked there from 1960 to 1962: TRC, ASAGR, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Walter Rudnicki to Director, Indian Affairs, 17 August 1962 [AANDC-234696]; Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, Western Arctic Division, Division File Number 628-626-1, Code 0559, re: Martin Houston, 29 August 1962. [AANDC-234684] George Maczynski worked there from 1966 to 1967: TRC, NRA, Beaufort-Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, Payroll, 1959 to 1966 [box 1], M. Ruyant to Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Payroll list of employees at the hostel for September 1966, September 1966 [GHU-002427]; Beaufort-Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, Payroll, 1967 to 1970 [box 1]; Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Northern Administration: Paylist – Hostel, May 1967. [GHU-002435] Paul Leroux worked there from 1967 to 1979: Taylor, “Grollier Man Pleads Not Guilty,” http://www.nnsl.com/frames/newspapers/1997-11/nov28_97sex.html. All four were convicted of abusing students at Grollier Hall.
271.Peterson, “Sir Joseph Bernier Federal Day School,” 7.
272.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives file 630-118/10-1,2,3, part 1a, Fort McPherson Reports, General and Supplies, 1963-1967, Archival box 239-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, O. G. Tucker to H. Darkes, 26 March 1964. [FHU-001914] TRC, ASAGR, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Your File 20 – Perdue, Donald Arthur, T. E. Jones to B. Thorsteinsson, 24 June 1964. [AANDC-765642]
273.R. v. Frappier [1990] YJ 163 (Territorial Court).
274.The Province, “Accused of 22 Sex Offences,.
275.“Data for the TRC – October 7, 2014,” electronic document received from the Indian Residential Schools Adjudication Secretariat attached to email from Shelley Trevethan to Kim Murray, 10 October 2014.
276.TRC, AVS, Paul Voudrach, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SP150.
277.TRC, AVS, Beatrice Bernhardt, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SP150.
278.TRC, AVS, Veronica Dewar, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (simultaneous translation), Iqaluit, Nunavut, 25 March 2011, Statement Number: SP008.
279.TRC, AVS, Margaret Bouvier, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, K’atl’Odeeche, Northwest Territories, 8 March 2012, Statement Number SP056.
280.TRC, AVS, Paul Voudrach, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SP150.
281.TRC, AVS, Veronica Dewar, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (simultaneous translation), Iqaluit, Nunavut, 25 March 2011, Statement Number: SP008.
282.See TRC, AVS, Andre Tautu, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SP150.
283.TRC, AVS, Elijah Nashook, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (simultaneous translation), Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 1 July 2011, Statement Number: SP151.
284.TRC, AVC, Paul Voudrach, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Nunavut, 30 June 2011, Statement Number: SP150.
285.TRC, AVS, Jimmie Itulu, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (simultaneous translation), Iqaluit, Nunavut, 25 March 2011, Statement Number: SP008.
286.TRC, AVS, Eric Idlaut, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (simultaneous translation), Iqaluit, Nunavut, 25 March 2011, Statement Number: SP008.
287.TRC, AVS, Agnes Chief, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Watson Lake, Yukon, 25 May 2011, Statement Number: SP021.
288.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1283, file 303/100, part 6, Town Planning – Fort Smith, N.W.T. 1959–1960, FA 85-4, Administrator of the Mackenzie, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources to Director to Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, 22 June 1960. [GCU-000211]
289.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 600-1-1, part 1a, Education, Schools – General Policy, 1962–1969, Archival box 202-4, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, P. Piché to R.J. Orange, 27 May 1964. [GCU-000178]
290.Pigott, “Leadership Factory,” National Post. Becker, “Priests Hope for College Grads,” Montreal Gazette.
291.Van Camp, “Bishop Paul Piché,” 169.
292.Van Camp, “Bishop Paul Piché,” 170.
293.Pigott, “Leadership Factory,” National Post.
294.TRC, NRA, Sisters of Charity [Grey Nuns] Edmonton Archives – Alberta Fort Smith – Grandin College, 1968–1980, Historical: Documents – 19, L146 – B01, Grandin College News Letter, 30 April 1981, 3, 6. [GNN-000699]
295.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, box 162, Acc. 1997-98/076, file 1010-7-4, part 1, Roman Catholic Church – Grandin Hall – Fort Smith, N.W.T. 1964–December 1967, FA 85-52, Director, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources to Commissioner of the Northwest Territories, 30 September 1964. [GCU-000018]
296.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, box 162, Acc. 1997-98/076, file 1010-7-4, part 1, Roman Catholic Church – Grandin Hall – Fort Smith, N.W.T. 1964–December 1967, FA 85-52, “Financial Assistance to Church Educational Institutions and the Control of Educational Policy in the Northwest Territories,” E. A. Côté, 12 March 1965. [GCU-000048-0001]
297.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1466, file 630/106-1, part 4, Govt. School [Indian] Rae N.W.T. October 1964–October 1968, FA 85-4, P. Piché to F. A. G. Carter, 11 April 1966. [GCU-000183]
298.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, box 162, Acc. 1997-98/076, file 1010-7-4, part 1, Roman Catholic Church – Grandin Hall – Fort Smith, N.W.T. 1964–December 1967, FA 85-52, S. M. Hodgson to E. A. Côté, 20 December 1967. [GCU-000137]
299.TRC, NRA, Diocese of Mackenzie – Yellowknife, NWT, Grandin College – Administration Files Miscellaneous Papers, Buell for R. Orange to P. Piché, 29 November 1967. [GCU-800198]
300.Blondin-Andrew, “New Ways,” 64.
301.Mountain, “Saved from Grollier Hall,” http://www.nnsl.com/northern-news-services/stories/papers/nov12_07mountain.html.
302.Van Camp, “Bishop Paul Piché,” 169; Pigott, “Leadership Factory,” National Post.
303.Pigott, “N.W.T. ‘Leadership Factory” Alumni,” http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2008/05/19/nwt-grandin.html; Mathisen, “Grand Reunion,” http://www.nnsl.com/northern-news-services/stories/papers/may20_08gra3-nwt.html.
304.Geens, “Behchoko Priest,” http://www.nnsl.com/frames/newspapers/2006-06/jun26_06b.html.
305.TRC, NRA, Diocese of Mackenzie – Yellowknife, NWT Grandin College – Administration Files Grandin’s Progress Reports, “Grandin College: Report on the Year 1972–1973,” undated. [GCU-800229]
306.TRC, NRA, Diocese of Mackenzie – Yellowknife, NWT, Grandin College – Administration Files Rapports Financiers, C. N. Deharveng, “Some short reflections on Grandin College,” 7 October 1983. [GCU-800245]
307.TRC, NRA, Diocese of Mackenzie – Yellowknife, NWT, Grandin College – Administration Files Miscellaneous Papers, Letter Sent on Behalf of Bishop P. Piché and his Diocesan Council, 4 June 1985. [GCU-800247]
308.Raithby, “Residential Schools Returning?,” News North.
309.Quassa, We Need to Know, 36–37.
310.John Amagoalik, quoted in McGregor, Inuit Education, 110.
311.John Amagoalik, quoted in McGregor, Inuit Education, 110.
312.Quassa, We Need to Know, 36–37.
313.Irniq, “Remembering Ralph Ritcey’s,” http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/archives/31219/opinionEditorial/letters.html.
314.TRC, AVS, Eddie Dillon, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 1 July 2011, Statement Number: SP151.
The small hostels
1.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6-1, volume 1, Small Hostel – N.W.T. General, February 1960–May 1961, “Memorandum for the Administrator of the Arctic: Small Hostels,” Director to the Administrator of the Arctic, 21 April 1960. [RCN-004411-0000]
2.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1949, file A-600-1-6-1, part 1, Small Hostel N.W.T. [General File] 1960–1961, FA 85-8, “Guide to the Operation and Maintenance of Small Hostels in the Eastern Arctic,” 21 November 1960. [RCN-003468-0001]
3.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 645, file 630/158-9, part 6, Government Hostel [Roman Catholic] Chesterfield Inlet, N.W.T., 1959–1960, Brief summary of references made in minutes of the sub-committee on Eskimo education, no date; [RCN-005922] RG85, Perm. volume 541, file 630/145-2, part 5.2, Anglican Schools – Coppermine [Incl. Tent Hostel] November 1955–June 1956, FA 85-1, R. G. Robertson to D. B. Marsh, 15 March 1956; [CPU-000295-0000] RG85, Perm. volume 644, file 630/145-2, part 7, Anglican Schools – Coppermine, N.W.T. [Incl. Tent Hostel] November 1957–December 1959, FA 85-1, “Donald the Arctic” (D. B. Marsh) to B. G. Silvertz, 28 September 1959. [CPU-000437-0000]
4.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, Perm. volume 386, file 41-15,-2, part 1, School – Coppermine [N.W.T] November 1950–February 1956, FA 22-3, 16 August 1952. [CPU-001146]
5.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 644, file 630/145-2, part 7, Anglican Schools – Coppermine, N.W.T. [Incl. Tent Hostel] November 1957–December 1959, FA 85-1, R. G. Robertson to J. R. Sperry, 29 November 1959, 4. [CPU-000356] For start date, see: TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-145/22-2, Reports and Returns, Coppermine Tent Hostel School, 1954–1956, Archival box 247-3, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, “Report on the Coppermine Experimental Tent Hostel,” David S. Wilson, undated. [CPU-001206-0002]
6.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 541, file 630/145-2, part 5.2, Anglican Schools – Coppermine [Incl. Tent Hostel] November 1955–June 1956, FA 85-1, L. A. C. O. Hunt to Director, 8 March 1956; [CPU-000294] D. S. Wilson, “Report of the Coppermine Experimental Tent Hostel,” undated. [CPU-000295-0001]
7.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 541, file 630/145-2, part 5.2, Anglican Schools – Coppermine [Incl. Tent Hostel] November 1955–June 1956, FA 85-1, L. A. C. O. Hunt to The Director, 23 March 1956. [CPU-000299]
8.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 401, file 630/145-2, part 4, Anglican Schools – Coppermine, N.W.T. [Incl. Tent Hostel] March 1955–October 1955, FA 85-1, L. A. C. O. Hunt to The Director, 20 April 1955; [CPU-000205] RG85, Perm. volume 541, file 630/145-2, part 5.2, Anglican Schools – Coppermine [Incl. Tent Hostel] November 1955–June 1956, FA 85-1, L. A. C. O. Hunt to Director, 8 March 1956; [CPU-000294] D. Marsh, “Report on the Tent Hostel Coppermine,” 1 April 1956. [CPU-000304]
9.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 541, file 630/145-2, part 5.2, Anglican Schools – Coppermine [Incl. Tent Hostel] November 1955–June 1956, FA 85-1, “Donald the Arctic” (D. B. Marsh), “Report on the Tent Hostel Coppermine,” 8 April 1956. [CPU-000304]
10.TRC, NRA Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 644, file 630/145-2, part 7, Anglican Schools – Coppermine, N.W.T. [Incl. Tent Hostel] November 1957–December 1959, FA 85-1, Director to Administrator of the Mackenzie, Fort Smith, N.W.T., 26 September 1959. [CPU-000436]
11.Indian Residential Schools Settlement, “List of Residential Schools,” http://www.residentialschoolsettlement.ca/schools.html. Aside from the hostels on the settlement agreement, there were small hostels at Fort Liard and Fort Good Hope; see: TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Residences 1976–77 – Quarterly Returns [Akaitcho Hall, Ukkivik, Lapointe Hall, Grollier Hall, Fort Liard, Chief Jimmy Bruneau], 10/75–07/77, Transfer No. 0349, box 25-1, “Attendance, April, May, June, 1976,” 30 June 1976. [RCN-012401]
12.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 701, file 106-5-3, part 1, Inspection Trips [Including Reports] re: Education Division 1962–1963, FA 85-1, Maguire to Rancier, “Report to Mr. Rancier, Mrs. Maguire’s Trip to Keewatin District,” 5 February 1962, 3. [RCN-006477]
13.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1436, file 610-1, part 20, School Teachers and Welfare Teachers – N.W.T. [General File] 1963–1964, FA 85-4, A. Emmett to W. G. Devitt, 28 October 1963. [IGS-000275]
14.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, CR #71-601-700 School Services – Pond Inlet, 07/67–12/71, Archival box 265, Archival Acc. G1999-046, “An Account of Pond Inlet Until 1967,” D. Davies, June 1967, 3, 4. [POS-000174]
15.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630.135, part 1, School Facilities Hostel – Eskimo Point, 1962, Archival box 37, Archival Acc. N1994-009, P. B. Gorlick to Regional Administrator, Churchill, Manitoba, “Bathing Facilities, Small Hostels, Baker Lake and Eskimo Point,” 18 May 1965. [EPS-000372]
16.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Cambridge Bay – Hostel, 1970, Archival box 9-14, Archival Acc. G1995-004, F. S. Ellis to N. J. Macpherson, 17 January 1970, 2. [CBS-000200]
17.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 701, file 106-5-3, part 1, Inspection Trips [Including Reports] re: Education Division 1962–1963, FA 85-1, Maguire to Rancier, “Report to Mr. Rancier, Mrs. Maguire’s Trip to Keewatin District,” 5 February 1962, 3. [RCN-006477]
18.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 12, A. Stevenson to Director, Territorial Relations Branch, “Hostel Mother and Assistants Remuneration,” 23 June 1969. [GWR-000243-0000]
19.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 711, file 630/158-9, part 5, Government Hostel [Roman Catholic] Chesterfield Inlet, N.W.T. 1956–1959, FA 85-1, E. N. Grantham to Jacobson, 24 September 1957, 3. [RCN-005285]
20.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/167-1, part 2, Education Facilities – Schools Lake Harbour, N.W.T. 1960–1966, Archival box 249-7, Archival Acc. G1979-003, K. Kristensen to Devitt, 15 June 1964, 2. [LHS-000052]
21.Library and Archives Canada, RG18, Accession 1985–86/048, box 55, file TA 500-8-1-12, RCMP, “Conditions Amongst Eskimos Generally, Annual Report Ending December 31, 1965.”
22.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1949, file A-600-1-6-1, part 1, Small Hostel N.W.T. [General File] 1960–1961, FA 85-8, “Guide to the Operation and Maintenance of Small Hostels in the Eastern Arctic,” undated, 21 November 1960, foreword. [RCN-003468-0001]
23.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1949, file A-600-1-6-1, part 1, Small Hostel N.W.T. [General File] 1960–1961, FA 85-8, A. Schalburg to R. Hanna, Attached “Memorandum to Mr. R. Hanna: Addendum to Memorandum on Guide to the Operation and Maintenance of Small Hostels in the Eastern Arctic,” 21 November 1960. [RCN-003468-0001]
24.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 610.105, part 1, Teachers – Baker Lake, 1962–1969, Archival box 31, Archival Acc. N1994-009, W. I. Mouat, “Principal’s Report, School Year 1961–62, 3 August 1962,” 4. [BLS-000260]
25.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1470, file 630/1023-1, part 1, Govt. School – Broughton Island N.W.T. 1959–June 1967, FA 85-4, O. Larson to B. Thorsteinson, “Principal’s Half-Yearly Progress Report,” 31 January 1965, 2–5. [BIS-000174-0001]
26.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1949, file A-600-1-6-1, part 1, Small Hostel N.W.T. [General File] 1960–1961, FA 85-8, “Guide to the Operation and Maintenance of Small Hostels in the Eastern Arctic,” undated, 2. [RCN-003468-0001]
27.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1949, file A-600-1-6-1, part 1, Small Hostel N.W.T. [General File] 1960–1961, FA 85-8, “Guide to the Operation and Maintenance of Small Hostels in the Eastern Arctic,” undated, 1–2. [RCN-003468-0001]
28.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 610.105, part 1 Teachers – Baker Lake, 1962–1969, Archival box 31, Archival Acc. N1994-009, I. Mouat, “Principal’s Report, School Year 1961–62,” 3 August 1962, 2–3. [BLS-000260]
29.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/159-1, part 1, Education Facilities – Schools Baker Lake, N.W.T. Government School, 1960–1966, Archival box 248-6, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, “Principal’s Report, 1962–63,” I. Mouat, 29 June 1963, 3. [BLS-000425-0001]
30.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1951, file A.1000/153, part 1, Settlement and Areas Eskimo Point 1960–1964, FA 85-8, M. P. Walsh, “Report of Community Principal on the Community of Eskimo Point and on the Work of the School (including Estimates Material 1961–1962),” 11. [EPS-000255]
31.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Accession 2003-00196-4, box 19, file AQR630/313-1, volume 1, A. Meldrum, “Federal School – Payne Bay, P.Q.,” 4. [PBH-000086-0001]
32.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1436, file 610-1, part 20, School Teachers and Welfare Teachers – N.W.T. [General File] 1963–1964, FA 85-4, A. Emmett to W. G. Devitt, 28 October 1963, 3. [IGS-000275]
33.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Accession 2003-00196-4, box 23, file AQR1000-302, part 1, A. Stevenson to Regional Administrator, Arctic Quebec, 11 September 1967. [GWR-000237-0001]
34.Desrosiers, “Examen de la Politique de Scolarisation,” 108.
35.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, CR #71-601-700 School Services – Pond Inlet, 07/67–12/71, Archival box 265, Archival Acc. G1999-046, D. Davies, “An Account of Pond Inlet Until 1967,” June 1967, 8–9. [POS-000174]
36.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Pupil Residence – General, 1974–1978, Archival box 3-3, Archival Acc. G1995-004, H. J. Mayne to B. Lewis, 31 December 1976, 1–2. [CBS-000233]
37.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Hostel Contract, 1988–1991, Transfer – Nunavut, box 74, “Hostel Contract Questionnaire, Cambridge Bay Hostel, April 1989,” D. Wilson to K. Friesen, 28 April 1989. [CBS-000116]
38.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, CR #71-601-700 School Services – Pond Inlet, 07/67–12/71, Archival box 265, Archival Acc. G1999-046, “An Account of Pond Inlet Until 1967,” D. Davies, June 1967. [POS-000174]
39.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 10, Hostel Management – N.W.T. [General and Policy], August 1967–September 1968, A. Stevenson to Director, 23 January 1968. [RCN-002857]
40.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6-1, volume 1, Small Hostel – N.W.T. General, February 1960–May 1961, “Memorandum for the Administrator of the Arctic: Small Hostels,” Director to the Administrator of the Arctic, 21 April 1960. [RCN-004411-0000]
41.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/138-11, part 1, Education Facilities – Schools Small Hostels – Igloolik, 1962–1969, Archival box 245-6, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, W. G. Devitt to A. Stevenson, “Hostel Furnishings,” 2 August 1963. [IGS-000055]
42.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1436, file 610-1, part 20, School Teachers and Welfare Teachers – N.W.T. [General File] 1963–1964, FA 85-4, A. Emmett to W. G. Devitt, 28 October 1963, 4. [IGS-000275]
43.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-600-1-6, part 1, Hostel Arrangements, 1964–1968, Archival box 204-4, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, S. Schuurman to W. Zuk, October 1964, 2. [IGS-000071]
44.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630.105, part 1, School Facilities Hostel – Baker Lake, 1962, Archival box 37, Archival Acc. N1994-009, A. Stevenson to Regional Administrator, 9 June 1965. [BLS-000501]
45.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 10, Hostel Management – N.W.T. [General and Policy], August 1967–September 1968, W. I. Mouat for J. B. H. Gunn to Administrator of the Arctic, 30 January 1968. [RCN-002847]
46.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Cambridge Bay – Hostel, 1970, Archival box 9-14, Archival Acc. G1995-004, F. S. Ellis to N. J. Macpherson, 17 January 1970. [CBS-000200]
47.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1375, file 630/302-11, part 1, C. M. Bolger to Director, “Hostels – Great Whale River,” 21 December 1961. [GWR-000155]
48.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1375, file 630/302-11, part 1, Director to Devitt, 8 August 1962. [GWR-000175-0001]
49.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-600-1-6-1, part 2, Small Hostel, N.W.T, 1962–1965, Archival box 205-4, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, R. L. Kennedy to Director, 25 November 1963. [RCN-009195]
50.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/166-11, part 1, Education Facilities – School Small Hostel Cape Dorset 1962–1965, Archival box 249-6, Archival Acc. G1979-003, B. W. Lewis to McKee, 27 September 1963. [CPS-000228]
51.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/166-11, part 1, Education Facilities – School Small Hostel Cape Dorset 1962–1965, Archival box 249-6, Archival Acc. G1979-003, B. Shasstein to Administrator of the Arctic, 28 November 1963. [CPS-000232]
52.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1463, file 600-1-5, part 7, Expansion of Educational Facilities in the Northwest Territories 1966–1968, FA 85-4, D. W. Simpson to Administrator of the Arctic, 27 February 1967. [RCN-004116]
53.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/136-1, part 1, Education Facilities – Schools Pond Inlet Govt. School 1960–1969, Archival box 245-4, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, W. Berry to Regional Administrator, Frobisher Bay, N.W.T., 17 February 1965. [POS-000140-0001]
54.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1470, file 630/1023-1, part 1, Govt. School – Broughton Island N.W.T. 1959–June 1967, FA 85-4, O. Larson to B. Thorsteinson, “Principal’s Half-Yearly Progress Report,” 31 January 1965, 5–6. [BIS-000174-0001]
55.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/138-1, part 1, Education Facilities – Schools Igloolik, N.W.T. Govt. School 1959–1969, Archival box 246-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, W. M. Zuk to the Regional Administrator, 7 October 1964. [IGS-000292]
56.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-600-1-6, part 1, Hostel Arrangements, 1964–1968, Archival box 204-4, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, S. Schuurman to W. Zuk, October 1964, 3. [IGS-000071]
57.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/138-11, part 1, Education Facilities – Schools Small Hostels – Igloolik, 1962–1969, Archival box 245-6, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, C. E. McKee to Administrator of the Arctic, 28 January 1965. [IGS-000079-0000]
58.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives, Canada, RG10, 2003-0196-4, box 19, file AQR-630/314-1, “George River Seasonal School Report,” J. Ryan, November 1960. [FGR-000015-0001]
59.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Accession 2003-00196-4, box 19, file AQR630/313-11, volume 1, A. Meldrum to Regional Superintendent of Schools, “Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Pupil Residence Quarterly Return,” 1 April 1962. [PBH-000121]
60.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Accession 2003-00196-4, box 19, file AQR630/313-11, volume 1, [illegible] to Devitt, 22 May 1963. [PBH-000116]
61.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1949, file A-600-1-6, part 1, Hostel Management – N.W.T. [General and Policy] 1960–1964, FA 85-8, Memorandum from Acting Director, Northern Administration Branch, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources to Administrator of the Arctic, 16 December 1963; [RCN-003695] RG10, Accession 2003-00196-4, box 19, file AQR630/313-1, volume 1, L. Beauchamp to Regional Administrator, 14 October 1964. [PBH-000114]
62.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file AQR 630/174-11, volume 1, Education Facilities – Small Hostels – Belcher Islands, 1963–1968, Archival box 250-4, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, P. H. Zacharias to Northern Administration Branch, “Pupil Residence Quarterly Return, Belcher Islands Residence,” 31 March 1964. [BES-000002]
63.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file AQR 630/174-1, part 1, Education Facilities – Small Hostels – Belcher Islands, 1963–1968, Archival box 2500-4, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, “Extract from Mr. Neve’s Report of a Visit to the Belcher Islands from January 22 to February 7, 1964,” file A-1000/174, undated. [BES-000146]
64.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file AQR-633/174-1, part 2, School Statistics – Belcher Islands, 1961–1969, Archival box 256-5, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, “Enrolment Form, Belcher Islands, Federal Day School,” M. C. Sutton, September 1964. [BES-000011]
65.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file AQR 630/174-1, part 1, Education Facilities – School Belcher Islands, 1960–1969, Archival box 250-3, Archival Acc. G1979-003, H. Helbecque to Northern Administrator, Great Whale River, 24 November 1964. [BES-000036]
66.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1462, file 600-1-1, part 23, Education and Schools N.W.T. General and Policy April 1967–April 1968, FA 85-4, J. Cann to J. Bowie, 25 January 1968. [BES-000174]
67.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 610.105, part 1, Teachers – Baker Lake, 1962–1969, Archival box 31, Archival Acc. N1994-009, I. W. Mouat, “Principal’s Report, School Year 1961–62,” 3 August 1962. [BLS-000260]
68.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/159-1, part 1, Education Facilities – Schools Baker Lake, N.W.T. Government School, 1960–1966, Archival box 248-6, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, “Principal’s Report, 1962–63,” I. W. Mouat, 29 June 1963, 3. [BLS-000425-0001]
69.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1353, file 1000/304, part 8, C. M. Bolger to Director, 27 April 1962. [PHQ-007467]
70.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-633/153-1, part 1, School Statistics – Eskimo Point, N.W.T. 1959–1966, Archival box 253-5, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, Promotion Form, Eskimo Point Junior Class, B. M. Davies, 10 July 1963 (eleven of twenty-three students at Clearwater); [EPS-000070] Promotion Form, Eskimo Point Junior Class, B. M. Davies, 10 July 1963 (seventeen of thirty-three students at Clearwater); [EPS-000071] Promotion Form, Eskimo Point Senior Class, David M. Davies, 10 July 1963 (five of twenty-eight students at Clearwater). [EPS-000072]
71.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2939, file 851-1-X600, part 2a, H. N. Colburn to J. H. Wiebe, 19 July 1963. [NPC-621706]
72.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-600-1-6, part 1, Hostel Arrangements, 1964–1968, Archival box 204-4, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, A. Stevenson to J. H. Wiebe, 26 October 1964. [RCN-010871]
73.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, box 15, Accession 1985-86/220, file A1000/153, part 2, Settlements and Area – Eskimo Point February 1967–October 1969, FA 85-15, “Report on Situation at Eskimo Point,” 19 March 1967. [EPS-000402-0001]
74.TRC, AVS, [name redacted], Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, 11 April 2011, Statement Number: SP009.
75.Carolyne Nivixie, quoted in Legacy of Hope Foundation, We Were So Far Away, 118.
76.TRC, AVS, Eric Anautalik, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (simultaneous translation), Baker Lake, Nunavut, 15 November 2011, Statement Number: SP032.
77.TRC, AVS, Sarah Peryouar, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Baker Lake, Nunavut, 15 November 2011, Statement Number: SP032.
78.See TRC, AVS, Mary Lareau, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Baker Lake, Nunavut, 15 November 2011, Statement Number: SP032. TRC, AVS, Jimmy Itulu, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Iqaluit, Nunavut, 25 March 2011, Statement Number: SP008.
79.TRC, AVS, Annie Agligoetok, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, 11 April 2011, Statement Number: SP009.
80.Dora Fraser, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 19 June 2010, Statement Number: 02-MB-19JU10-012.
81.TRC, AVS, Sarah Peryouar, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Baker Lake, Nunavut, 15 November 2011, Statement Number: SP032.
82.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, box 15, Accession 1985-86/220, file 1000/138, part 2, General File Re: Settlements and Areas in N.W.T. and Y.T. Igloolik March 1969–August 1969, FA 85-15, “Igloolik, N.W.T.,” J. Waye, February 1969. [IGS-000094-0001]
83.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/138-1, part 1, Education Facilities – Schools Igloolik, N.W.T. Govt. School 1959–1969, Archival box 246-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, Administrator of the Arctic to Mowat, 24 July 1969. [IGS-000368]
84.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Students Residences [1983–1987] Misc. LEA [Local Education Authorities] RIMS ID #1201, box 9, “Department of Education, Government Northwest Territories, Student Residences,” undated. [RCN-007186]
85.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, M. Farrow to J. Larocque, 11 May 1995. [FBS-000439] “Did You Reside at Kivalliq Hall” (advertisement), http://www.myvirtualpaper.com/doc/nortext/120316_nnlayout_1-36_vr/2012031401/11.html#10.
86.The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada was not able to find a document confirming the date of the opening for this hostel. For confirmation that it was in operation by 1992, see: TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Ukkivik – Future Plans [Capital Planning], 1995, Transfer – Nunavut, box 21, “Baffin Divisional Board of Education: Analysis of Funding Levels for Residences,” 25 November 1995. [FBS-000566-0005]
87.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Ukkivik – Future Plans [Capital Planning], 1995, Transfer – Nunavut, box 21, untitled consultant’s report, 2 February 1995, 6. [FBS-000451]
88.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, file 632-108-1, volume 1, box 22, Quarterly Attendance Report/Fort Franklin – NWT, 09/1967–12/1968, “Pupil Residence Quarterly Return, Fort Franklin,” 30 September 1967; [FFS-000001-0001] Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, file 73-600-303, volume 2, School Services – Fort Franklin, 01/72–09/73, Transfer No. 0330, box 9, J. A. Coady to N. Macpherson, 22 March 1973. [FFS-000018]
89.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Miscellaneous Hostel Reports RIMS ID #1209, box 9, “Student Residences (Hostels),” undated. [RCN-007183]
90.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Students Residences [1983–1987] Misc. LEA [Local Education Authorities] RIMS ID #1201, box 9, “Department of Education, Government of the Northwest Territories, Students Residences,” undated. [RCN-007186]
91.TRC, NRA, CGS Records Warehouse, Iqaluit, Government of Nunavut, 4235 – Residence – Homeboarding NU Education – box 168, T. Stewart to D. Wilson, 12 May 1996. [CBS-001201-0001]
Territorial administration: 1969 to 1997
1.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Residences 1976–77 – Quarterly Returns [Akaitcho Hall, Ukkivik, Lapointe Hall, Grollier Hall, Fort Liard, Chief Jimmy Bruneau], 10/75–07/77, Transfer No. 0349, box 25-1, “Enrolment in Residences by Age, Oct., Nov., Dec.,” 1976. [RCN-012407]
2.NWT Hansard (13 January 1969), 15.
3.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, CR #71-602-000, Pupil Residence – General, 04/1968–12/71, Archival box 266, Archival Acc. G1999-046, G. Devitt to Director of Education, 5 December 1969. [CIU-001807]
4.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Inuvik Hostel: Grollier Hall [R.C.], 1972–1976, Archival box 1-5, Archival Acc. G2000-014, J. R. Sperry to S. M. Hodgson, 10 January 1975. [SHU-000821]
5.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, ECE [02330-6, 004508], Government of Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NWT, Peter L. McKlusky to Territorial Auditor, 17 December 1975. [SHU-000074-0000]
6.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Miscellaneous Hostel Reports, RIMS ID #1209, box 9, “Student Enrolment in Hostels, 1967–1975.” [RCN-007181]
7.Jenness, Eskimo Administration, 130–132.
8.The figures were provided by Director of Education B. C. Gillie to the Legislative Assembly; NWT Hansard (11 February 1971), 503.
9.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Residences 1976–77 – Quarterly Returns [Akaitcho Hall, Ukkivik, Lapointe Hall, Grollier Hall, Fort Liard, Chief Jimmy Bruneau], 10/75–07/77, Transfer No. 0349, box 25-1, “Enrolment in Residences by Age,” 30 June 1977. [RCN-012415]
10.NWT Hansard (20 January 1975), 515.
11.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Student Residence –Attendance Stats. 09/69–06/73, Transfer No. 0274, box 4-20, “Student Residence Enrolment – age 12 and under.” [RCN-012596-0001]
12.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Pupil Residence – General, 1973–1978, Archival box 4-2, Archival Acc. G1995-004, R. L. Julyan to R. W. Halifax, 28 December 1977. [LHU-000685-0001] TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Miscellaneous Hostel Reports, RIMS ID #1209, box 9, “Student Enrolment in Hostels, 1967–1975.” [RCN-007181]
13.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Student Residence Enrolment and Semi-annual Attendance, 1985–1986 [Deh Cho Hall], Transfer No. 1201, box 9-1, M. Letcher, “Student Residence Quarterly Return, Deh Cho Hall, Fort Simpson,” December 1985. [LHU-000286]
14.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, D. Patterson, “Northwest Territories Education Annual Report: 1987,” 18. [FNU-001846]
15.Thompson, “Dehcho Hall to Close,” http://www.nnsl.com/frames/newspapers/2009-01/jan26_09h.html.
16.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Staff Meetings, 1991–1993, Transfer No. 1419, box 10, “Akaitcho Hall Enrolment Projection.” [AHU-005118-0001]
17.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Misc. Correspondence, 1991–1994, Transfer No. 1531, box 5, C. McLean to J. Stad, 24 June 1994. [AHU-004085]
18.TRC, NRA, Beaufort–Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, Grollier Try-Action File 1984–88, J. Maher to LEA’s Inuvik Region Chairperson, “Operational Guidelines, Grollier Hall,” 30 October 1986. [GHU-000661]
19.TRC, NRA, Beaufort–Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, Grollier Try-Action File 1984–88, D. Croteau to D. Patterson, 26 June 1986. [GHU-000637]
20.TRC, NRA, Beaufort–Delta Education Council Warehouse, Inuvik, NWT, Grollier Try-Action File 1984–88, J. Maher to E. Lavoie, 28 July 1987. [GHU-000713]
21.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Grollier Hall [495-6], 1987–1990, Transfer No. 0246, box 3, G. Joyce to P. Murray, 15 March 1990; [GHU-000770-0001] G. Joyce to P. Murray, 12 April 1990. [GHU-000770-0000]
22.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Student Accommodation in the Inuvik Region, 1995 Transfer – Active, Avery of Cooper Consulting to Department of Education, “Student Accommodation in the Inuvik Region,” February 1995, 10. [GHU-000718-0000]
23.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Ukkivik – Future Plans [Capital Planning], 1995, Transfer – Nunavut, box 2, L. Levy to H. Hunt, 26 April 1995. [FBS-000452]
24.TRC, NRA, no document location, no document file source, B. Pusharenko, Inuvik, NWT, “Demolition of Former Residential School Called For to Put Bad Memories to Rest,” Edmonton Journal, 13 August 1998. [GNN-000298-0026]
25.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, Admissions and Discharges, Carcross IRS, 801/25-2-11, March 1966–June 1969, A. H. Friesen to E. J. Underwood, 27 June 1968. [YHU-090040]
26.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, file 801/6-1-011, volume 2, Carcross IRS, 06/1955–06/1960, RG10-151, V1989-90/101, Treasury Board Document, 3 March 1969. [CAR-011355-0001]
27.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 801/25-1, volume 6, 06/1972–12/1973, “Education Yukon,” 11 December 1972. [YKS-005103]
28.TRC, NRA, Anglican Diocese of Yukon Fonds, Yukon Archives, COR 301, file 9, Anglican Church Series IV.3, box 53, “New Policy for Student Dormitories,” Whitehorse Star, 18 August 1970. [CDH-090069-0001]
29.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 2, 04/71–02/80, Student Residence, PARC, I. P. Kirkby to G. D. Cromb, 24 November 1971. [YKS-002862, 25-13]
30.TRC, NRA, Yukon Archives, GOV 2404, file 5[a], Ferguson to Levirs, Superintendent of Education, “Whitehorse Student Residences,” 18 August 1971. [CDH-090068-0001]
31.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, box 66, Acc. 1988-1989/057, General Correspondence Lower Post Students Residence, 1965–1978, G. K. Gooderham to Department Secretariat, 2 May 1975. [LOW-041388]
32.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1985, 54.
33.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, E4974-1, volume 1, 10/1979 –10/1987, B. Zizman to J. McArthur, 7 May 1985, 3. [YKS-005141]
34.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1462, file 600-1-1, part 23, Education and Schools N.W.T. General and Policy, April 1967–April 1968, FA 85-4, “Hostels Homewreckers,” undated article from unidentified publication (internal evidence indicates that it is from after 1967). [RCN-012280-0001] For information on Gibson’s appointment see: Gibson and Renison, Bull of the Woods, 285.
35.TRC, NRA, INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa, file 250/25-23, volume 2, R. G. Williamson to A. Laing, 23 August 1967, 4. [CVC-000370-0004]
36.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file T-600-1-1, part 1b, Education and Schools in the N.W.T. General Policy 1966–1968, Archival box 203-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, [illegible] to B. Sivertz, 5 January 1967. [RCN-011088] For Williamson’s position, see: University of Saskatchewan, Northern Research Portal, “R. G. Williamson fonds”: http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/northern/en_finding_aid_display.php?-filename=williamson&title=Robert%20Williamson%20fonds.
37.Baffin Region Eskimo Advisory Council Conference et al., Baffin Region Eskimo Advisory Council Conference.
38.“Telegram from Coppermine Conference,” http://www.capekrusenstern.org/docs/itc_coppermine_1970.pdf. The statement was sent by telegram to Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau. A copy of this well-known eight-page document appears on Capekrusenstern.org, a privately managed online repository of mainly western Arctic public documents.
39.Yukon Native Brotherhood, Education of Yukon Indians, 1.
40.Yukon Native Brotherhood, Education of Yukon Indians, 1.
41.Council for Yukon Indians, Together Today, 20–21.
42.Dene Nation, “Dene Declaration,” 3–4.
43.NWT Hansard (2 February 1971), 44–45; NWT Hansard (11 February 1971), 500–508.
44.Kakfwi and Overvold, “Schools,” 142.
45.Kakfwi and Overvold, “Schools,” 147.
46.Berger, Northern Frontier, 90–91.
47.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 12, Hostel Management , N.W.T. [General and Policy], 06/1969–11/1970, F. Dunford to K. Bowles, 4 November 1970. [RCN-001355]
48.See: Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, “Education.”
49.Curley, “On Education,” 29.
50.NWT Hansard (14 January 1975), 122.
51.NWT Hansard (4 March 1991), 290.
52.Hamilton, Arctic Revolution, 110–111.
53.NWT Hansard (11 February 1971), 499.
54.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Fort Simpson Lapointe Hall [RC], 01/72–12/72, Transfer No. 0330, box 8-2, NWT Hansard, 1972, 683. [LHU-000637-0001]
55.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Ukkivik – Future Plans [Capital Planning], 1995, Transfer – Nunavut, box 21, untitled consultant’s report, 2 February 1995, 6. [FBS-000451]
56.Zoe, “Strong Like Two People,” 17.
57.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Hostel Enrolments of the NWT / Stats. File, 09/71–06/74, Transfer No. 0274, box 4-31, “Students in Pupil Residences, by ages – for the quarter ending September 30, 1971.”[RCN-012577]
58.Tolley, “Chief Jimmy Bruneau School,” 60; TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Hostel Enrolments of the NWT – Stats. File, 09/71–06/74, Transfer No. 0274, box 4-31, “Students in Pupil Residences, by ages – for the quarter ending September 30, 1972.”[RCN-012593]
59.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Hostel Enrolment, 1974, Archival box 9-10, Archival Acc. G1995-004, “Pupil Residence Enrolment by Grade, Quarter Ending September 30, 1973”; [RCN-012612-0000] Archival box 9-11, Archival Acc. G1995-004, “Students in Pupil Residences, by ages – for the quarter ending September 30, 1974.” [RCN-012618]
60.Tolley, “Chief Jimmy Bruneau School,” 60.
61.Sharp, Yukon Rural Education, 12, 15–17, 82.
62.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre, Library and Archives Canada, file 801/25-1, volume 7 (locator N338-402), P. B. Lesaux to H. B. Robinson, 29 May 1974. [NCA-017354-0000]
63.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, R776-0-5 (RG55), volume 1639, DIAND 1975, part 1, TB 739089, Treasury Board, “Authority to Enter into a Service Contract,” Mr. & Mrs. Coad, 16 September 1975; [NPC-521960] Mr. & Mrs. Aucoin, 16 September 1975. [NPC-521959]
64.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, E4974-1, volume 1, 10/1979–10/1987, B. Zizman to J. McArthur, 7 May 1985, 3. [YKS-005141]
65.Sharp, Yukon Rural Education, 39.
66.Canada, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Umbrella Final Agreement, 240–41, 259.
67.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Private Boarding, 1981–1983, Transfer No. 1419, box 11, D. Mandeville to T. Curley, 23 September 1980. [AHU-004181]
68.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Hostel Policies, 1978–1986, Transfer No. 0341, box 3, E. J. Duggan to H. Simms, 11 October 1984. [AHU-003937]
69.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, 110 Akaitcho Hall Advisory Board, 1986–1989, Transfer No. 1530, box 14, J. C. R. Williams to D. Patterson, 25 February 1987. [AHU-004188]
70.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, General – Homeboarding [496-1], 1988–1990, Transfer No. 0246, box 3, “Schedule of home boarding rates.” [AHU-004194-0001]
71.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Future Plans [Capital Planning], 1995, Transfer – Nunavut, box 21, “Options for Educational Residences at Iqaluit,” 2 February 1995, 17–18. [FBS-000451]
72.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Future Plans [Capital Planning], 1995, Transfer – Nunavut, box 21, “Options for Educational Residences at Iqaluit,” 2 February 1995, 11–12, 14, 18. [FBS-000451]
73.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Future Plans [Capital Planning], 1995, Transfer – Nunavut, box 21, “Options for Educational Residences at Iqaluit,” 2 February 1995, 18. [FBS-000451]
74.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Akaitcho Hall, 1992–1994, Transfer No. 0247, box 9, “The Akaitcho Hall Review, June 1992,” 23. [AHU-004040-0001]
75.Ritcey, “School in the South,” 21.
76.Kaplansky, Inuit in the South.
77.Curley, “Boarding House System,” 56–61.
78.For example, Kaplansky, Inuit in the South.
79.NWT Hansard (9 February 1983), 201–203.
The residential school experience in Arctic Québec and Labrador
1.Diubaldo, “Absurd Little Mouse,” 34–40.
2.Vick-Westgate, Nunavik, 59–60.
3.Indian Residential Schools Settlement, “List of Residential Schools,” http://www.residentialschoolsettlement.ca/schools.html#Qu%C3%A9bec.
4.Macpherson, Dreams & Visions, 76–77.
5.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, file 633-1, volume 13, box 22, Statistics re: Education 06/1969–09/1973, “Transfer Plans – Educational Activity – Arctic District,” 19 March 1970, 2. [RCN-009771-0001]
6.Vick-Westgate, Nunavik, 54.
7.Clemens, “Canadian Colonialism,” 59–60.
8.Clemens, “Canadian Colonialism,” 120.
9.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 380/6-2-007, volume 1, C. L’Heureux to W. J. Mc-Guire, 22 March 1972; [PHQ-005693] INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa, file 5150/C6-1, volume 1, D. Davidson to the Secretary-Treasurer, “Junior High School – Hearne Hall,” 27 March 1973. [CVC-000615-0000]
10.Vick-Westgate, Nunavik, 75.
11.Clemens, “Canadian Colonialism,” 93–94; Cram, “Native Education Programs,” 52.
12.Kaplansky, Inuit in the South, 15–16.
13.Commission Scolaire Kativik School Board, Symposium ’85, 65, 122.
14.McMillan and Yellowhorn, First Peoples, 287; Nunatsiavut Government, “Labrador Inuit,” http://www.nunatsiavut.com/visitors/labrador-inuit/.
15.McMillan and Yellowhorn, First Peoples, 118–119.
16.Williamson, “Moravian Mission,” 32.
17.Williamson, “Moravian Mission,” 33.
18.Williamson, “Moravian Mission,” 32.
19.Williamson, “Moravian Mission,” 34.
20.Williamson, “Moravian Mission,” 35.
21.Rompkey, Grenfell of Labrador, 23.
22.Rompkey, Grenfell of Labrador, 40.
23.Rompkey, Grenfell of Labrador, 126.
24.Rompkey, Grenfell of Labrador, 156.
25.Kennedy, “Impact of the Grenfell Mission,” 201.
26.Cadigan, Newfoundland and Labrador, 191; Paddon, Labrador Doctor, 170.
27.Rompkey, Grenfell of Labrador, 234.
28.Rompkey, Grenfell of Labrador, 275.
29.Rompkey, Story of Labrador, 116.
30.Paddon, Labrador Doctor, 177–180.
31.Rompkey, Story of Labrador, 107.
32.Rompkey, Story of Labrador, 103.
33.MacKenzie, “Indian Act,” 164.
34.Hanrahan, Lasting Breach, 235–236.
35.CBC News, “N.L. Residential School Lawsuit,” http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/n-l-residential-school-lawsuit-can-proceed-1.921137.
36.See: Anderson v. Canada (Attorney General), 2011 NLCA 82, para 1.
37.TRC, AVS, Rose Oliver, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 27 October 2011, Statement Number: 2011-2878.
38.TRC, AVS, Rosalie Webber, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 26 November 2011, Statement Number: 2011-2891.
39.TRC, AVS, Matilda Lampe, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, 20 September 2011, Statement Number: 2011-4249.
40.TRC, AVS, Rosie Mitsuk, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Hopedale, Newfoundland and Labrador, 23 September 2011, Statement Number 2011-2160.
41.TRC, AVS, Joanna Michel, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, 20 September 2011, Statement Number 2011-4248.
42.TRC, AVS, Sophie Keelan, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 28 October 2011, Statement Number: 2011-2887.
43.TRC, AVS, Marjorie Goudie, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 27 November 2011, Statement Number: 2011-2892.
44.TRC, AVS, Abraham Nochasak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Hopedale, Newfoundland and Labrador, 23 September 2011, Statement Number 2011-2162.
45.TRC, AVS, Samuel Nui, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 27 October 2011, Statement Number: 2011-2860.
46.TRC, AVS, Patricia Kemuksigak, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 1 July 2011, Statement Number: SP151.
47.CBC News, “Labrador Residential School Lawsuit Approved,” http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/labrador-residential-school-lawsuit-approved-1.1026425; “Labrador Residential School Lawsuit Postponed,” http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/labrador-residential-school-lawsuit-postponed-1.2839624.
48.Canadian Press, “Newfoundland and Labrador Residential Schools Suit,” http://www.thetelegram.com/News/Local/2015-01-26/article-4020691/Newfoundland-and-Labrador-residential-schools-suit-moves-to-mediation/1.