Index

abbess: Elisabeth Pawel 147, 149–51, 153, 155, 163n18; Mechthild von Vechelde 144, 147, 149, 151–62, 163nn18–19, 165 n. 35; work of 4, 14, 144–62
agency, female 5, 10–11, 112, 114, 200, 208, 214; cultural agency 14, 17; spiritual agency 153; in urban economy 193, 196
allegorical figures: Fortune 103, 108–09, 111, 117; Nature 109; Throne of Solomon 115; see also Pizan, Christine de, Livre de la mutacion de fortune
alms: gender of recipients 183–84; licence to beg for 176, 181, 189n68; as wife’s responsibility 132, 181; Willoughby family and alms giving/gathering 173, 181–83; as women’s work 180–83
apprentices: female 127; and female servants 128–29; informal forms of female apprenticeships 198–99; and labour of wife 126, 128–30; women taking on 83, 195, 221; women unable to train as 107, 125, 195, 198, 210n29; see also widows, widowhood
authority: conflicts over 200, 221–30; exclusion of women from 182, 195, 207, 218; female 4–5, 10, 15–16, 36, 113–15, 117, 148–49, 151, 153, 154, 155–60, 166n8, 197, 199, 214–15, 217, 223, 226–27, 230, 231; female abuse of 53; and gender 159, 216, 223, 231–32; of head of household 137, 142n73; limits to female 11, 16, 145, 150, 154, 158, 195, 199, 210n16, 214, 216–17; and marriage 230–31; negotiating 3, 145, 156–58, 215, 216, 223–24; see also consensus; patriarchy
Barber, Elizabeth see textile production
beggars 16, 169–85; licence to beg 180–81; punishment for 173–74; see also vagabonds; vagrancy
begging 5, 15, 170, 171, 173, 176–83, 185, 187n38
Bennett, Judith M. 10, 12, 83
biblical figures: Adam 19, 71–72, 88, 95n1; Christ 112, 115; Wisdom 103, 107, 108, 110–17; see also Eve; Virgin Mary
Blanche of Castile 110–11
brewing 10, 130, 138, 139n31; as female-run business 15, 124, 125, 130
Brunswick 144–49; City Council (Rat) 147, 149, 159, 163n18
calicos 17, 203–08, 211n62, 211n64
carding 79, 82, 92, 97n26, 129
chandlers 10, 15, 130, 136
chansons de mal mariée 53, 63
chansons de toile, cloth and cloth work in: cloth of gold 52, 54, 59, 64; cutting 55, 58, 59; embroidery 52, 53–54, 55–56, 58, 60, 65, 66, 67, 68nn11–12; flax 61; gold and/or silver thread 52, 55, 57, 60, 63; needlework 56; orfrois 52, 55, 60, 63, 64; samite 57, 58, 63; sewing 53, 55–56, 59–60, 66; silk cloth 53, 54, 56, 57, 63, 64; spinning 55, 56, 59, 60, 61; tailoring 55, 56, 58
chansons de toile (sewing songs): corpus 51, 67n3; editions 67–68nn4–5; as songs of work 51, 63, 67
chansons de toile, protagonists of: Bele Aelis 52, 60, 65, 69n25, 69n32; Bele Aiglentine 58, 62; Bele Amelot 61, 69n26; Bele Aude 52, 55–56, 59–60; Bele Aye 52–54, 58, 61, 62, 63–64, 65–67; Bele Beatris 56–57; Bele Doe 53–54, 61; Bele Doette 61; Bele Emmelos 53, 62, 63; Bele Erembours 54, 57, 62; Bele Ydoine 62, 63–64; Bele Yolanz 55–56, 57–8; Bele Yzabel 61; Conrad 52, 54, 58–59, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68–69n20, 69n32; Doon 52, 54–55, 60, 6; Guillaume de Dole 58, 59, 60, 61, 65–66, 68 n. 20; Lienor 52–54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65–67, 68n12, 68–69 n. 20, 69 n. 25, 69nn32–33
charity 178–185; cloth work as 54; and unemployment 23n16; see also alms; collections for poor; Exeter
Charles, Lindsey 10, 22
Charles V, king of France 107, 113
Charles VI, king of France 103, 112, 117
childcare 8, 127, 132–35; and theories of gendered division of textile labour 81–82, 84
childrearing 2, 88, 108, 133–34, 141n61
children 1–2, 88, 127, 130, 132, 133–34, 138, 141n62, 197, 217, 219, 225, 227; of beggars or vagrants 177, 179–80, 183; child labour 130, 173, 179, 180; education of 112, 114; as heirs 217, 224–25; provision for 103, 202, 203
Christine de Pizan see Pizan, Christine de
Cicero 36, 39–40
Cistercian nuns (Holy Cross, Brunswick) 144–62
Clinton, Elizabeth, The Countesse of Lincolnes Nurserie, 1–2
cloth work 4, 51–70, 69n25, 149; as mestier 59–60; see also carding; chansons de toile, cloth and cloth work in; dyeing; embroidery; flax (making linen); fulling; sewing; spinning; textile production; weaving
cloth workers 4, 21, 51–70; as foreign labour 61–65
collaboration 11, 16, 18, 47n41, 148; see also mutual dependency
collections for poor 182
conduct literature 5, 19, 126–27, 142n82
consensus 154, 158, 160–61, 166n61; see also authority
cooking 132, 134, 135, 140n51
courtliness 41–42, 61, 63; women’s textile work and 52, 59, 65
courtly environment 6, 14, 34, 39, 42, 51–52, 54–58, 62–65
courtly love 14, 21, 41–43, 51, 54–55
Coventry, guild ordinances 126–27
crafts (métiers) 10, 74, 75, 79, 81, 87, 105, 180, 194, 196, 208; bakery 221–22; building/construction 20, 28n72, 173, 178, as allegory 20; butchery 81; carpentry 81; coppersmithing 219; household 124–38; illuminating 10, 106–07; metal work 81; millinery 222; pipe making 10, 218, 224–26; scribal 10, 47n28, 104–06; tanning 125; see also cloth work; guilds; Livre des métiers; textile production
crime 202; clandestine workshops 206; see also begging; illegal activities; illicit economy; smuggling; vagabonds
Crondall, Hampshire, 177–78
Dauphiné see smuggling
de Pizan, Christine see Pizan, Christine de
Duffin, Lorna 10
dyeing 10, 73, 76, 79–83, 99n56, 125, 135, 139n26, 203, 206, 219–20
economy: domestic/household 14, 17, 23n6, 61, 72, 129–131, 135–36, 206; market 12, 14–15, 22, 65, 86, 125–26, 128, 173, 192, 226; monastic 150; Parisian 75; spiritual 152–53; underground/illicit 192, 200–01, 208; urban 124, 192–96, 214–15, 224, 230, 234n21
embroiderers 52–67, 68n19, 74, 81, 127; male 74–75, 81; professional 55, 60, 74–75; and social rank 53–54, 56, 65–67, 68n11, 79
embroidery 53–56, 63, 68n12, 73–74, 82, 87, 88, 93
embroidery statutes, Paris 60
entrepreneurship 3, 199, 202, 205–06, 208
epistolary exchange 4, 14, 17, 21, 30–43
Eve: as model for women and textile production 19, 71–72, 82, 88, 93–94
Exeter: alms giving/poor relief 183–84; parish relief 172; women punished as vagabonds 175–77
familia, monastic 14, 144, 146, 153, 154–61
family 15, 16–17, 66, 68n20, 103–04, 124–38, 163n18, 197, 206, 208, 214, 215, 218, 219, 223, 226, 231–32; maintaining family ties 17, 34–35, 47n36, 135–36, 166n58; religious family 144–62; Willoughby family 181, 183; women learning a craft within 105–07; see also household
female regents: of Dutch welfare institutions 226–32; of France 112–14
feme sole 195, 210n17
flax (making linen) 61, 79, 81, 84, 88, 97n26, 144, 146, 147, 149, 155
friendship 30, 43; ideals of 21, 36–42; networks 18, 61, 129, 135–36, 197, 207
fulling 80–82
gender 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18–20, 23n7, 32, 107–08, 117, 148–51, 204–06, 217, 223, 229, 231–32; and authority 145, 159, 161, 221, 232; beggars and poor relief 182–85; and governance 145, 148–62, 226–31; and guilds 217–18, 221, 223; and pre-industrial economy 192–93, 215; and research into vagrancy 170–74; and space 197, 208; and textile production 71–95, 96n14, 97n24, 98n47, 204–05
Geneva: cotton supply 203, 204
Gouda, guilds: blacksmiths 220; fruit and vegetable sellers 222; pipe-makers 218, 224–26; rope makers 222; tailors (female board) 218; wood merchants 220; see also female regents
governance: of Dutch welfare institutions 226–30; household 136; monastic 145–62
Grande Fabrique see Lyon
Grantham, Agnes 124–25, 130, 132, 135, 141n69
Grenoble, textile smuggling see smuggling
guilds: in Lyon 192–208, 210n29; mixed gender 218; in the Netherlands 217–26, 231; Nuremberg 78; sources 5, 73, 75–76, 215; women’s involvement in 4, 5–6, 15–16, 18, 60, 73, 75–76, 78, 86–87, 94, 96n13, 98n37, 129, 137–38; see also Gouda, guilds; Leiden; Livre des métiers; Lyon; Paris; York
guilds, exclusively female: craft of silk dyers, 99n56; Paris, craft of silk textiles 85; Rouen, linen drapers 87
guild regulations 16, 94, 140n38; Dutch 215, 218, 219, 221, 223, 224; Lyon 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 207; Parisian 85; see also guilds; Livre des métiers; Lyon; statutes
guimpiers (gauze makers) 197–200, 202; see also Lyon
Hafter, Daryl 3
Hanawalt, Barbara 10, 22, 133–34, 141n62
historiography: feminist 2–3, 8, 10–13; idea of work 3–4, 7–9; women’s work 3, 10–13, 16, 21, 22, 26n47, 73–75, 170–72, 192–3, 217–18
household 10, 14–15, 17, 58, 73, 76, 84, 124–38, 175, 178, 204, 208, 219, 231; artisanal 124–25, 128, 134, 206; elite 15–16, 54, 60, 61, 67; mercantile 124–25, 128; monastic 14; women’s management of 108, 131–33, 138, 227–28; see also family; space(s) of work; workshop
household economy: women’s work in 17, 124–38, 182, 206
Howell, Martha C. 10, 12, 98n47
husbands 17, 87, 101n89, 106, 124–38, 181, 194–95, 199, 202, 204, 216, 224–26, 230; abusive 62–63, 202–03; assisted by women 125–29, 178, 195, 204–06, 208, 214; death of 181, 223–26; head of household 138, 142n73; jealous 53–54, 56; women take on business of 87, 104–05, 107, 204–05, 218–20, 222
illegal activities 10, 15–17, 192, 198–208; see also begging; crime, illicit economy; smuggling; theft, of threads (piquage d’once); vagrancy
illicit economy 16, 195–208; see also begging; crime; illegal activities; Lyon; smuggling; theft, of threads (piquage d’once); vagrancy
inheritance 108, 216–17, 224–25
interdependence 11, 16–17, 145, 148; see also collaboration; mutual dependency
intimacy 14, 20–21, 30, 36–43, 136–37
Joyce, Patrick 9
Karras, Ruth Mazo 8, 9, 25n35
Kocka, Jürgen 7, 9
Kushner, Nina 3
labour 2–4, 10, 14–16, 19–20, 22, 71–72, 86, 124, 126–28, 133, 144, 157, 164n30, 173–74, 178–80, 194, 214, 221; ‘assistance labour’ 221; as distinct from work 7–9, 20–21, 23 n. 16, 24n20, 148–49, 169–70; emotional 3, 14; gendered division of 81–84, 86, 100 n. 77, 173–75; scarcity of in fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 127–28, 173; visual images of 19–20, 72, 82, 86, 88–93; writing as 4, 20, 33–36, 109, 111, 117n4; see also unpaid work; wages; work
labourers 22, 60, 84–85, 99n60, 154, 201; in England 171, 173, 178, 182; female 3, 22, 173, 178, 196, 218; in Gouda 218; in Lyon 194, 196; see also Livre des métiers
Lanza, Janine M. 11, 12, 218, 221, 231
law 16, 53, 172, 193, 215–17, 224, 226, 230; common law (Paris) 195, 210nn16–17; English statutes 170, 172–74, 179, 187–88n39; poor law 169–70, 179, 182; vagrancy law 169–85; see also inheritance; statutes
legal status 74, 87, 125, 146, 195, 204, 210n17, 216–20, 223–24, 229, 233n10
Leiden 215, 219; apothecary, women running 220; bakers and their widows 221; coppersmiths 219; fuller’s guild 140n38; orphanage 229, 232; textile industry 219–20, 234n21; see also female regents
letters 17–18, 30–43, 113, 172; begging letters 175–76, 181; as evidence 30–32; as intellectual labour 20–21, 33; petitions 18, 215, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 230; see also Tegernseer Liebesbriefe (Tegernsee Love Letters)
letter writing 20–21, 30–43; as performance 132, 38, 39, 40, 43; as philosophical discourse 37, 39–41, 43; see also writing
licence 138n5, 224; to beg 170, 176, 181–83, 187n38, 189n68; to trade 138n5
literature, as source for women’s work 1, 5, 19, 32, 51–67, 76, 79, 93, 127, 143n82
Livre des métiers (Book of Crafts, Parisian guild statutes) 75–76, 79, 81–85, 90, 99n56, 99n64; ouvrières in 84, 99n60
London 60, 75, 90, 100n72, 127, 131, 175, 176, 178
looms 77, 85–86, 97nn32–33, 97n35, 98n47, 100n73, 101n85; economic implications of women’s access to 85–86; women permitted to own 195, 200; women prohibited to own 196; women using 196, 203
loom types: box 85–86, 89; broadloom 86; floor 85–86; horizontal 77–78, 86–87, 98n37, 101n85; loom for handkerchiefs 202; treadle-operated floor 77; vertical 77–78, 86, 89, 101n85; warp-weighted 73, 77, 86
Louis IX (Saint Louis), king of France 111
love 4, 20–21, 31–32, 36–43, 51–67, 117; divine 115
Lyon 5–6, 16–18, 192–208; gendered space in 197, 201, 204–08; Grande Fabrique (silk industry regulatory body) 193–97, 200, 202, 207; infringements of guild statutes 197–208; women’s authorised participation in textile industry 195–96; see also guilds; guimpiers (gauze makers); passementiers; seamstresses; tailors/tailoring
maistre (female master) 53–54, 58, 67, 68n13; see also physical abuse
marital status 15, 94, 104, 136, 195, 207–08, 216–18, 224, 230
McIntosh, Marjorie K. 12, 26 n. 47, 172, 186n15
monastery 144–62; managing spiritual affairs of 145, 148, 151–55; managing temporal affairs of 145, 149, 154–60; see also abbess; provost
mother, motherhood 1–2, 52, 54–61, 66, 91, 103–04, 108, 109, 113–16, 124, 126, 133–35, 199, 203, 220, 226–29
mutual dependency 11, 16, 18, 223; see also collaboration; interdependence
narrow wares 85–87, 89, 94, 97n24, 98n40
noblewomen 1, 19–20, 34–35, 53–54, 60, 64, 67, 68n11, 79, 164n24; education of 34
Norwich 130; vagabonds in 169, 172, 175–76, 179, 183; weaving in 98n47
nuns 4, 14, 27n57, 33–35, 37, 93, 144–68; see also abbess; monastery; prayer
occupations 2–3, 8–11, 13, 18, 68n11, 75, 79–81, 83, 85, 99n64, 104, 108, 127, 128, 134, 137, 170, 173, 222, 223, 226; see also cloth work; crafts; trades
Ogilvie, Sheilagh 3
orphanage(s): in Amsterdam 228; archives 215; conflicts in gendered governance of 226–30; in Leiden 229, 232; in Middelburg 228; in Utrecht 227
Ovid 36–39
Paris 16, 195, 202, 218, 231; book trade 106; guilds 60, 85–86, 96n13; silk industries 75, 84, 85–86, 97n24; see also Livre des métiers; Pizan, Christine de
parish relief 172, 181, 182–83; see also alms; charity
passementiers (makers of trimmings, buttonholes, decorations etc.) 195, 197, 198–99, 202; see also Lyon
patriarchy 5, 10–12, 16, 87, 214, 231
patronage 14, 30–31, 32, 34–36, 42, 47n34, 98n39; royal 113, 117
periodisation 12–13
physical abuse 53–54, 63–66, 68n10, 127; see also maistre (female master)
piquage d’once see theft, of threads
Pizan, Christine de 1, 4, 6, 14, 17, 20, 91, 103–23; Enseignemens (alt. Enseignemens moraulx) 111, 113, 116, 121n75; Epistre a la Royne 114; Epistres du debat sus le Rommant de la Rose 110, 117; Epistre Othea 111, 113; handwriting 104–05; Livre de l’Advision Cristine 106; Livre de la Cite des Dames (Book of the City of Ladies) 20, 91, 106, 108, 110, 114; Livre de la mutacion de fortune 108, 112; Livre des trois vertus 110–11, 113; Livre du chemin de lonc estude 110–11; Le Livre du corps de policie 111; Oroison de Notre Dame 115–16; see also writing
poverty 15–16, 64, 85, 160, 170–72, 198–99, 203–04, 208
power relations 11–12, 18, 41, 58–67, 90, 94, 112, 117, 145, 151–62, 197, 215, 224–30, 232
prayer 14, 93, 111, 115–16, 144–46, 148–49, 151–52
premodern, definition 2, 12, 22n4
provost: of female monastery 144–62; Royal Provost of France 75
punishments 53, 64; of children 229; of vagabonds 169–78, 181, 185, 187–88n39; of wife 142n73
remuneration 2, 8, 69nn25–26, 85; see also unpaid work; wages
Renard, Jean: L’Escoufle 60
Roman d’Enéas 59
Le Roman de la Rose ou de Guillaume de Dole 51–52, 54, 58, 60, 61, 63, 66, 69n25; see also chansons de toile (sewing songs)
Roman de la Violette 51; see also chansons de toile (sewing songs)
seamstresses 55, 58, 125, 218; conflict with tailors in Lyon 197–98; see also Lyon; tailors/tailoring
servants 15, 16, 17, 58, 96n15, 124–35, 137, 138, 144, 146, 150, 156–57, 171, 185, 196, 199, 200, 221, 226
service 34, 111, 133, 179–80; domestic 15, 127, 129, 179; public 226
sewing 21, 51–67, 79, 134, 164n31, 206, 227
sewing songs see chansons de toile (sewing songs)
sex 4, 59, 64–66, 124, 127, 136–37
sheets 131, 136, 176, 201
silk 16, 17, 52–65, 76, 78–80, 84–86, 100n77, 127, 197, 200–203, 208; foreign workers of 63–65; imported 63; silk threads 18, 60, 63, 98n43, 197; see also Lyon; Paris; spinning; weaving
silk workers 85, 99n56, 99n60, 196; see also Lyon; Paris; silk; spinning; weaving
silkwomen 64, 65, 69n30, 80, 84, 86, 98n43; see also Lyon; Paris; silk; spinning; weaving
single women 14, 18, 85, 177, 184, 198, 206–07, 216; see also unmarried women
smuggling 192–93, 203–08, 211n65; in the Dauphiné 203, 205; in Grenoble 204–06; see also illegal activities; illicit economy; Lyon
social order/status 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21, 34, 36, 53, 61, 71, 73, 74, 79, 86–88, 94, 104, 106, 125, 128, 157, 171, 195, 197, 207, 217, 219–20, 228, 231; see also beggars; legal status; marital status; noblewomen; single women; unmarried women; vagabonds
spaces (of work) 17, 75, 83, 86–87, 94, 124–25, 130, 134, 208; courtly/royal 34, 58, 59, 60, 67; domestic/household 4, 6, 8, 15, 86, 99, 124–25, 127, 128, 131–33, 135–37, 178, 205, 208; gendered 75, 84, 86–87, 93, 125, 197, 205–06; inns 198, 199, 205; monastic 33–34, 144–62; neighbourhood 17, 201, 208; place of work and residence 124, 125, 134, 208; textile production 82–83, 84, 86–87, 93, 94; ‘underground’ 200–03, 205; urban 17, 106, 124–38, 193, 204–06, 207, 208; workshop 15, 18, 60, 82, 84, 87, 99n56, 105, 105, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134, 194–95, 196, 198, 199, 218, 219, 220–24, 234 n. 28; workshops, clandestine 199, 206; see also begging; vagabonds; vagrancy
spinning 19, 28n68, 55–56, 59–61, 71, 75, 77, 79–82, 84–85, 86–88, 90–91, 93, 108, 128–29, 134, 138, 200, 202; gold and silver thread 197; men spinning 87, 90, 93, 100n75; silk 76, 197
spinning wheel 82, 86–87, 90, 99n64, 100n75, 129, 200, 203
statutes: Cistercian 152; embroidery (Paris) 60; for monastic servants 156–57; Statute of Labourers (1349) 173; vagrancy 169–80, 182; see also guild regulations; law; Livre des metiers; Lyon
survival strategies 16, 105, 192–93, 196–203, 206, 231
tailors/tailoring 55, 56, 58, 79, 80, 195, 206, 209n6; conflict with seamstresses in Lyon 197–98; see also Gouda, guilds
Tegernsee 13, 30–34, 35
Tegernseer Liebesbriefe (Tegernsee Love Letters) 4, 30, 32–34, 36–43; authorship 30–32; see also letters; letter writing
textile production 65, 71–102, 125, 173, 192–200, 220; in art 76–78, 81, 88–93; and childcare 82; domestic 128–29; Elizabeth Barber, theories of, 81–84; in literature 73, 78–79, 88; technology for 73, 75, 84–88; in the workhouse 178–79; see also cloth work; crafts; guilds; Lyon
textiles 71–102, 136, 192–213; cotton 204; luxury 54–55, 72; see also calicos; cloth work; silk
theft, of threads (piquage d’once) 193, 200–03
trades 5, 10, 14, 15, 16–19, 75, 108, 125–26, 135, 137, 214, 224–25; leather 126; textiles 80, 84–88, 126–27, 192–96, 202–08; victualling 126; see also crafts; Paris, book trade
Troyes, Chrétien de, Cligès 57; Perceval 85; Yvain ou le chevalier au lion 64, 79
unemployment 23n16, 169–71, 179, 184
unmarried women 195, 198, 210n16, 216–17, 218, 220, 230; see also single women
unpaid work 3, 67, 74, 214, 218
vagabonds 5, 6, 169–91; see also beggars; vagrants
vagrancy 16, 169–91
vagrants 6, 16, 154, 171–78, 179
Virgin Mary: compared with Eve 19, 88, 93; as humble handmaiden 110; as model for women and cloth work 19, 88–90, 93, 101nn83–85, 134; and Wisdom 103, 110, 114–17; and Ysabel of Bavaria, queen of France 114–15
wages 8, 15, 126, 127, 170, 173, 178, 183, 222; silk 98n40, 196; weaving 76–77, 79, 81–82, 85–86, 88–89, 98n47, 128, 134, 196; women’s 13, 15, 173, 184, 196, 208, 218; and writing 101n93; see also looms; narrow wares
White, Micheline 12
Whittle, Jane 8, 15, 24n28, 84
widows, widowhood 11, 14–15, 18, 85, 103–04, 108, 135, 177, 196, 198, 202–04, 206, 208, 230–31; within guilds 193, 195, 199; management of workshop/business 87, 107, 129, 195, 204–05, 214, 217–26
Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (also Merry Wiesner) 10, 12, 16, 220–21, 223, 231
wife: wives 6, 11, 15, 17, 53, 88, 133, 140n38, 140n51, 141n68, 176, 185, 195, 196, 197, 216, 219–20, 223–24, 227, 231; bourgeois wife 19–20, 124–38, 142n73; economic contribution to household of 14, 129–31, 182; elite wives’ responsibilities compared with monastic governance 14; housewife 9, 19–20, 185; idealised 88, 142n74; illicit activity of 199, 202–04, 206; labouring/working with husbands 126, 178, 199, 206, 220; merchant wives 133, 136; of Noah 93; see also noblewomen; Virgin Mary
work: cultural 1–3, 4, 9, 19–21, 22, 30–43, 51, 63, 67, 107–17, 132; cultural construction of 7–9, 23n8; definition 7–9; domestic 8, 14, 15, 82, 86, 88–89, 94, 99n63, 108, 124, 128, 131–35, 136–37, 173, 183, 214, 231; economic aspects 3, 5, 7–9, 12–17, 58–66, 75–76, 81–88, 104, 124–26, 128–33, 136–37, 148–51, 155–60, 170, 173, 178–85, 192–93, 198, 201, 206–08, 214–15, 220–26, 231; iconography of 19–20, 28n68, 71–72, 76–79, 82–83, 86, 88–93, 100n73, 132, 134; intellectual 2, 4, 9, 14, 20–21, 30–43, 103–23; kinship 17, 135–36, 141n68; penal 178–79; semantic history of 7–9, 25n35; spiritual 7–9, 20, 111, 114, 115–16, 144–45, 146, 148, 151–55; status of 15, 79, 87, 99n63, 157, 195, 197–98, 219, 231; see also historiography; illegal activities; labour; unpaid work; wages
workshop 60, 73, 82, 87, 125, 196, 198, 199, 208; women’s involvement in 15, 18, 60, 84, 87, 99n56, 105–06, 124, 126–30, 134, 193–95, 199, 206, 218–24; see also household; spaces (of work); widows, widowhood
writing 17; allegories of birth, 109, 115–16, building/construction 20; as didactic tool 37–38, 103, 111–17, 115; as occupation 17, 103–17; see also Clinton, Elizabeth; labour; letter writing; Pizan, Christine de; weaving
York 96n15, 125, 128–30, 132, 135–37, 178–79, 183; ecclesiastical court 124, 125–26; guild ordinances 126, 129, 132
Ysabel of Bavaria, queen of France 17, 105–06, 112–15, 117; see also Virgin Mary