1. Militia Act of 1808, “Journal of the House of Representatives of the U. S.,” vol. 6, page 308.
2. War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880–1901), vol. IV.
3. Ibid.
4. New Orleans Picayune, May 25, 1861; Charleston Mercury, May 29, 1861.
5. National Archives, M-474, General Orders no. 4, January 24, 1862, Pattern of the Form Known as the French Kepi.
6. The issue of this style of cap was rare; however, the Pee Dee Artillery of South Carolina received them in the fall of 1863.
7. National Archives, M-437, Letters Received by the Confederate Secretary of War.
8. Egal Feldman, Fit for Men: A Study of New York’s Clothing Trade (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1960).
9. Erna Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1961).
10. Myers was a native of South Carolina who was stationed at a federal depot in Louisiana. After Louisiana seceded, he turned over all the federal property to the state militia and resigned his U.S. Army commission.
11. National Archives, Record Group 109, Records of C.S. General and Staff Officers, Papers of Major Henry Hill, Paymaster for the State of Virginia. Major Hill notified the Virginia forces that the original act of March 6 was amended as follows: “There shall be allowed to each volunteer to be paid to him in the first quarter of pay rolls, after being received into the service of the Confederate State, the sum of twenty one dollars, in lieu of clothing for six months; and thereafter the same allowance in money at every subsequent period of service for six months in lieu of clothing.”
12. National Archives, M-437, roll 2, Letters Received by the Confederate Secretary of War. This company became Company G, 15th Mississippi Infantry.
13. Ibid. This company became Company G, 1st Texas Infantry. A general order by the War Department dated March 27, 1862, required all sidearms borne by dismounted troops to be turned in, with a fair price to be paid.
14. Ibid. The Bragg Rifles were the 20th Georgia Infantry.
15. National Archives, M-437, roll 1, Letters Received by the Confederate Secretary of War, April 23, 1861.
16. Curtis J. Evans, The Conquest of Labor: Daniel Pratt and Southern Industrialization (Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press, 2001).
17. National Archives, M-437, roll 3, Letters Received by the Confederate Secretary of War. This idea might have had merit had not the same suggestion been made for distinguishing the troops of the Federal Army. In some areas, such as western Virginia, distinctive marks were only used for a short time.
18. National Archives, Record Group 109, M-416, Provost Marshal’s File, citizens—two or more names.
19. National Archives, M-437, Letters Received by the Confederate Secretary of War.
20. Harold S. Wilson, Confederate Industry: Manufacturers and Quartermasters in the Civil War (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2002).
21. National Archives, Record Group 109, M-437, Letters Received by the Confederate Secretary of War.
22. Ibid.
23. National Archives, M-331, Compiled Service Records of Confederate General and Staff Officers, Lloyd Tilghman.
24. National Archives, M-437, Letters Received by the Confederate Secretary of War.
25. Jean cloth is produced by using a cotton warp on the loom with a wool weft. It was a common way to make a cheap yet durable fabric in the nineteenth century.
26. The term “Wide Awakes” refers to the kepi or forage caps they wore. Images of members of the “Wide Awake” political clubs during the prewar period show them with caps nearly identical to the Confederate cap.
27. Blackford served as an engineer officer on Stuart’s staff. His book was published by Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1945.
28. Official Records Series IV, volume 1, page 220.
29. In the Western Theater some regiments reported for service in 1861 with country rifles and double-barreled shotguns.
30. Official Records Series IV, volume 1, page 688.
31. National Archives, Record Group 109, M-331, Confederate General and Staff Officers. Before the fall of Vicksburg the Houston Depot was able to send some uniforms east to the Texas troops serving in the Army of Northern Virginia.
32. This indicates that the waist belt alone refers to a belt with a buckle sewn in.
33. National Archives, Record Group 109, M-324, roll 408, 4th Virginia Infantry File of Lt. Henry J. Keister, Co. L, Ordnance Received March 1863.
34. National Archives, Record Group 109, M-268, roll 203, 20th Tennessee Infantry, Capt. Wm. M. Shy Co., Ordnance received March 31, 1864.
35. Ron Field, Brassey’s History of Uniforms: American Civil War, Confederate Army (Herndon, VA: Brassey’s, 1998), page 48.
36. Private G.W. Nichols, A Soldier’s Story of His Regiment (Jesup, GA: privately published, 1898).
37. Frank Moore, The Rebellion Record (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1864), vol. 7, page 122.
38. Judge James F. Crocker, Gettysburg: Pickett’s Charge and Other War Addresses (Portsmouth, VA: 1915), microfilm copy in the Military History Library, Army War College, Carlisle, PA. The 11th Corps hospital is about two miles from the 12th Corps hospital, and is now owned and has been restored by the Gettysburg Foundation.
39. National Archives, Record Group 92, entry 999, book 22.
40. Leslie D. Jensen, former curator of the Museum of the Confederacy, now at the West Point Museum, made a major contribution when he identified and documented the output of the Richmond Depot. Frederick R. Adolphus’s publication, Imported Confederate Uniforms of Peter Tait & Co., Limerick, Ireland, provides an important and in-depth look at these uniforms, while his outstanding monographs available on the web are invaluable to understanding the output of the various Southern depots. Thomas M. Arliskas has answered many questions on the overall appearance of the Confederate soldier in his book Cadet Gray and Butternut Brown (Thomas Publications, 2006).
41. National Archives, Record Group 109, M-437, file 320-T (1863), Letters Received by the Confederate Secretary of War.
42. Frederick R. Adolphus, Imported Confederate Uniforms of Peter Tait & Co., Limerick, Ireland, (Fort Polk, Louisiana: self-published, 2010.
43. National Archives, M-346, Confederate Records Relating to Citizens or Business Firms, Peter Tait.
44. National Archives, M-331, Compiled Service Records of Confederate Generals and Staff Officers, Major Geo. D. Mercer.
45. Memphis Daily Appeal, March 5, 1861, p.2, c.4.
46. Daily Dispatch, May 13, 1861.
47. Excerpts from the diary of Mason Monroe Cummings on his Civil War experience and how he met his wife, Elizabeth Amelia Watkins just prior to leaving for the battle fields of Mississippi and Tennessee
48. www.fold3.com/image/#71005284
49. Daniel L. Balfour, The 13th Virginia Cavalry (Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1986), pages 50, 53.
50. Ron Field, American Civil War: Confederate Army (Herndon, VA: Brassey’s, 1988), North Carolina.
51. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill digitization project, Documenting the American South, http://docsouth.unc.edu.
52. National Archives, M-266, Compiled Service Records Confederate Soldiers, Georgia, 8th Georgia, Col. John R. Towers.
53. Wilkinson, Warren, and Steven E. Woodworth, “Calm before the Storm: 8th Georgia Infantry Regiment in the Northern Shenandoah Valley, 1861,” Military History Quarterly (Spring 2002).
54. Ibid.
55. Ron Field, Brassey’s History of Uniforms: American Civil War, Confederate Army (Herndon, VA: Brassey’s, 1998), page 82.
56. www.fold3.com/image/#10457920.
57. www.fold3.com/image/#20731962. Other assorted fire-arms of the same types were issued in smaller amounts in a number of returns of various dates before and during the campaign.
58. Owen, William Miller. “In Camp and Battle with the Washington Artillery Battalion of New Orleans” (Boston, 1885), 41.
59. Worsham, John H. One of Jackson’s Foot Cavalry (New York, 1912), 54.
60. Howard, McHenry, Jackson during the Valley Campaign, Recollections of a Maryland Confederate Soldier and Staff Officer (Baltimore, 1914), 79.
61. Jackson, Mary Anna. Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson (Dayton, 1985), 377, 458.
62. Nashville Union & American, May 24, 1861.
63. Clipping from a New York newspaper.
64. New York Herald, May 14, 1862.
65. Ed Gleeson, Rebel Sons of Erin (Indianapolis: Emmis Books, 1993), page 25.
66. www.fold3.com/image/68871490.
67. Echoes of Glory: The Confederacy (Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1991).
68. Ibid.
69. Private collection.
70. J.D.J. Caldwell, History of a Brigade of South Carolinians (Philadelphia: King & Baird Printers, 1866). “We were in excellent health and more properly equipped than at any period prior or subsequent.”
71. The service of the Confederate Indian units was almost exclusively confined to the area of the Trans-Mississippi.
72. National Archives, Record Group 109, Compiled Service Records, 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles.
73. The various Native American tribes had been forcibly relocated to the area shown on antebellum maps as “Indian Territory,” and within that area the tribes existed as separate nations.
74. National Archives, Record Group 109, M-437, roll 2, Letters Received by the Confederate Secretary of War.
75. National Archives, Record Group 109, Personal Service Records, Officers, 1st Cherokee Mounted Volunteers.
76. Frank Arey, “Two Eyewitness Descriptions of Walker’s Second Indian Brigade in Arkansas, April 1864,” Military Collector and Historian 53, no. 1 (Spring 2001).
77. National Archives, M-270, Personal Records of the 47th North Carolina, file of Lt. John H. Thorpe.
78. Leslie D. Jensen, “A Survey of Confederate Central Government Quartermaster Issue Jackets,” Company of Military Historians Journal (Fall 1989), http://military-historians.org/company/journal/confederate/confederate-1.htm.
79. National Archives, Personal Records of the 47th NC Captain John F. Divine AQM.
80. Lieutenant Colonel Blackford had served as a captain on General J.E.B. Stuart’s staff and would write one of the best personnel accounts of the war, War Years with JEB Stuart, which contains an excellent account of the 1st Engineer Regiment.
81. W.W. Blackford, War Years with JEB Stuart (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1946), page 251.
82. Confederate States Uniform Regulations, 1861.
83. John M. Murphy and Howard Michael Madaus, Confederate Rifles & Muskets (private printing, 1996).
84. National Archives, Record Group 109, Personal File of Col. Talcott, 1st Engineers.
85. Earl J. Hess, Trench Warfare under Grant and Lee: Field Fortifications in the Overland Campaign (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).
86. National Archives, Record Group 109, M-266, Compiled Records of Soldiers Who Served from the State of Georgia. The records of Captain James S. Gholston, Company A, show a receipt of 95 Enfield rifles with sword bayonet, 95 cartridge boxes, 95 waist belts, 95 gun slings, and 95 bayonet frogs on October 18, 1861.
87. Ron Field, Brassey’s History of Uniforms: American Civil War, Confederate Army (Herndon, VA: Brassey’s, 1998), page 49.
88. National Archives, Record Group 109, M-266. It is likely that Private Glenn was wounded at Chancellorsville. He died in Richmond.
89. When they left Tennessee, an eyewitness account made its way into a Northern paper: “The men, had no general uniform, and were all armed to suit their taste. They all had Adams patent six-shooters, an English pistol, received, they said from England a short time since.” Frank Moore, The Rebellion Record (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1863), vol. V, page 286.
90. Frank Moore, The Rebellion Record (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1864), vol. VII, page 286.
91. Henry Lane Stone, Morgan’s Men (Louisville, KY: Free Public Library, 1919), page 5.
92. Wikipedia; also Lester Horwitz, The Longest Raid of the Civil War (Cincinnati: Farmcourt Publishing, 1999).
93. On November 27, Morgan and several of his officers escaped. In 1864 he was in command of Confederate forces in east Tennessee. On September 4 he and his men were encamped near Greenville, Tennessee, when they were surprised by Federal cavalry. Morgan was killed trying to escape.
94. Augusta Chronicle & Sentinel, August 16, 1863, page 3.
95. National Archives, M-267, Personnel Files 34th Battalion Virginia Cavalry, April 30, 1863. Ammunition issued included 2,990 rounds of Mississippi rifle cartridges and 528 cartridges for the Colt navy revolver.
96. National Archives, M-267, File of Captain Levi Collins.
97. National Park Service, Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System.
1. NARA Record Group 92, Quartermaster Consolidated Correspondence File Box 77, “Badges.”
2. National Archives, Record Group 393, entry 202, box 3.
3. Infantry wore a hunting horn, Artillery crossed cannons, Cavalry crossed sabers, and Engineers a castle.
4. National Archives, Record Group 393, entry 202, box 7.
5. Record Group 92, Quartermaster Consolidated Correspondence File Box 77, “Badges.”
6. National Archives, Record Group 92, entry 999.
7. The Army of the Potomac received the first issue of badges in early 1863, and by war’s end there were twenty-five corps, only two of which did not have a distinctive badge.
8. National Archives, Record Group 393, part 2, entry 3762.
9. National Archives, Record Group 393, Regimental Books, 53rd Pennsylvania Infantry.
10. National Archives, Record Group 393, Regimental Books, 29th Pennsylvania Infantry.
11. Revised Statutes of the United States, Section 1, 227.
12. NARA Record Group 92 Quartermaster Consolidated Correspondence File Box 77, “Badges.”
13. NARA, Record Group 92, Entry 225, Badges.
1. The revised regulations of 1861 changed the color of the trousers of enlisted men from dark blue to sky blue. For uniform detail, see The 1865 Quartermaster Manual, first published in 2013 by Arbor House Press, Gettysburg, PA.
2. This included such things as tents, knapsacks, haversacks, and canteens.
3. Messages and Reports to the General Assembly and Governor of the State of Ohio for the year 1861, Columbus, OH, 1862.
4. The states that supplied uniforms also supplied weapons. Since the troops were mustered into Federal service, the items were charged to the Federal government. The invoices can be found in National Archives, Record Group 217, Records of the U.S. General Accounting Office, State War Claims.
5. The most easily recognized modification is the short, nine-button jacket worn by numerous troops raised by the state of New York. Although it never became standard in the Federal army, many photos show soldiers in regiments from other states wearing similar jackets.
6. National Archives, Record Group 92, Entry 999, book 18, Letters Sent by the Office of Clothing and Equipage.
7. These cities had manufactured clothing for the ready-to-wear men’s clothing industry as well as slave clothing for the Southern market. St. Louis supplied clothing for those heading West. See Fit for Men by Egal Feldman, Public Affairs Press, Washington, D.C., 1960.
8. The Northern ready-to-wear clothing industry had been a major supplier of clothing for slaves to the South as well as the factory and farm workers who were now leaving with the army.
9. Regulations for the Army of the United States (New York: Harper & Bros., 1861).
10. National Archives Record Group 393, Regimental Books, 111th New York Infantry.
11. National Archives Record Group 393, Regimental Descriptive and Morning Report Book, 4th Vermont Infantry.
12. National Archives, Record Group 393, entry 5450, page 206.
13. National Archives, Record Group 393, entry 4439. In this case the bugle refers to the brass hunting horn that was the infantry insignia. It was not often worn on the cap as the size did not allow the badge plus letter and number. In this case the letter is dispensed with. Orders for hat bugles are seen most often in the 6th Corps.
14. National Archives, Record Group 393, entry 4439, once again 6th Corps orders.
15. National Archives, Record Group 393, Regimental Books, 147th New York Infantry.
16. National Archives, Record Group 393, Regimental Books, 66th New York Infantry.
17. National Archives, Record Group 393, Regimental Books, 125th New York Infantry.
18. B.F. McGee, History of the 72nd Indiana Volunteer Infantry (Lafayette, IN: S. Vater and Co., 1882).
19. John D. Vaustier, History of the 88th Pennsylvania Volunteers in the War for the Union, 1861–1865 (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1894).
20. National Archives, Record Group 393, Regimental Books, 66th New York Infantry.
21. The company bundled clothing that was not to be carried on campaign, usually using old shelter halves, and turned it over to brigade quartermasters. They often sent it to Washington to be stored until called for.
22. National Archives, Record 393, entry 254, Inspector General’s Report, 5th Corps.
23. National Archives, Record Group 393, entry 5341.
24. The term referred to the individual tent halves that were carried in or on the knapsack.
25. National Archives, Record Group 393, part 2, entry 5450, page 39.
26. National Archives, Record Group 393, entry 202.
27. National Archives, Record Group 393, part 2, entry 5450, page 39.
28. Sargent Austin C. Stearns, Three Years with Co. K (Cranbury, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1976).
29. Harry M. Keffer, The Recollections of a Drummer Boy (Boston: 1883).
30. National Archives, Record Group 393, entry 202, Regimental Books, 111th New York Infantry.
31. National Archives, Record Group 393, part 2, entry 3762.
32. National Archives, Record Group 393, Regimental Books, 12th Pennsylvania Reserves.
33. National Archives, Record Group 383, Regimental Books, 39th New York Infantry.
34. National Archives, Record Group 393, Papers of 11th Corps.
35. Steubenville was the hometown of General Montgomery Meigs, who commanded the Quartermaster’s Department.
36. National Archives, Record Group 92, Quartermaster Consolidated Correspondence File “Cincinnati”; also Record Group 92, Quartermaster “Persons and Articles Hired.”
37. National Archives, Record Group 92, Quartermaster Consolidated Correspondence File, Col. Wm.W. McKim.
38. The machine used was the Singer no. 1, a heavy, commercial-grade model.
39. National Archives, Record Group 92, entry 2177.
40. Robert J. Rombauer, The Union Cause in St. Louis in 1861 (St. Louis: Nixon-Jones, 1909), page 180.
41. Official Records OR’s, Series 1, vol. 1, page 668–669, telegraph April 19, 1861.
42. Otto C. Lademann, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, vol. 56, “The Battle of Carthage, Mo.,” read March 7, 1907.
43. Memoirs of Gustave Koerner: 1809–1896 (Cedar Rapids, IA: Torch Press, 1909), vol. 2, page 148.
44. Ibid., Lademann MOLLUS.
45. In the H.R. Gamble Papers, Missouri Historical Society, Authors notes.
46. Picture P0084-0848 MHSL collection—unidentified Volunteers.
47. Charles W. Dahlinger, The German Revolution of 1849 (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1903), page 36.
48. Carl Schurz, Reminiscences (New York: Doubleday, 1908), vol. I, pages 112-114, 116-117.
49. Veterans Association 71st Regiment, History of the 71st Regiment, N.G.N.Y. (New York: Eastman Publishing, 1919).
50. Frederick P. Todd and John P. Severin, “71st Regiment (The American Guard), New York State Militia, 1857–1861,” Military Collector & Historian 6, no. 3 (September 1954): pages 72–73.
51. Frederick P. Todd, American Military Equipage, 1851–1872 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1978).
52. Frederick H. Dyer, A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (Des Moines, IA: The Dyer Publishing Company, 1908) vol. 3, pages 1679–1680.
53. Report of The Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, in three parts, Washington, 1863, Part III, Western Department, March of 1862.
54. Missouri Historical Review 46 (April 1952).
55. St. Clairsville (OH) Belmont Chronicle, November 7, 1861. Edmund Vasvary, Lincoln’s Hungarian Heroes (Washington D.C.: The Hungarian Reformed Federation of America, 1939).
56. Joint Committee Conduct of the War, page 186.
57. Galesville Transcript, September 26, 1861.
58. Ibid.
59. Waukegan (Illinois) Gazette, August 23, 1861.
60. New York Tribune, November 11, 1861.
61. Jessie Benton Fremont, The Story of the Guard (Boston: Tick nor and Fields, 1863), page 63. The color blue is mentioned in several texts and articles about the guard in 1861 and later years. Black is the color described in contemporary newspapers and sketches by eyewitnesses at the charge. Whether each company wore the same uniform or different colors we do not know.
62. John T. Wickersham, The Gray and the Blue (San Francisco: self published, 1915), page 15. The Hardee-style hat worn by the guard is depicted in Harper’s Weekly, October 12, 1861. “Fremont at Camp Benton Barracks.”
63. Henrie Lovie, original drawing, The Charge of Fremont’s Bodyguard, Springfield, Missouri, October 25, 1861. Boston College Collection.
64. Collection of Mr. Ray Steinnard, relative. Rothenbuecher mustered out in November of 1861 and joined the 2nd Infantry Regiment of Enrolled Missouri Militia in March of 1862, as sergeant. He wore sergeant stripes and infantry horn on his hat. Since many EMM Regiments were not issued military clothing, he wore his old guard uniform into service. Research aided by Mr. John Maurath, Director of Library Services, Missouri Civil War Museum, Jefferson Barracks.
65. R.I. Holcombe, History of Greene County, Missouri (St. Louis: Western Historical Company, 1883). Official Records, Series 1, Vol. 3. Missouri Historical Review 46, no. 3 (April 1952). The story of the charge at Springfield is a good read for the Civil War historian and practically forgotten.
66. Mary G. Brainard, Campaigns of the One Hundred and Forty-sixth Regiment New York State Volunteers (New York: J.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1915).
67. Harry Grube and Mike McAfee, “146th New York Volunteer Infantry, 1863–1865,” Military Collector & Historian 17, no. 2 (Summer 1970): pages 56–57.
68. National Archives, Record Group 92, box 16, entry number 2182.
69. National Archives, Record Group Entries 2182 and 238. Joseph Jones is listed as inspector of clothing and material.
70. National Archives, Record Group 92, entry 2182.
71. National Archives, Record Group 92, entry 2182.
72. Charles A. Stevens, Berdan’s United States Sharpshooters in the Army of the Potomac, 1861–1865 (Dayton, OH: Morningside Bookshop, 1984).
73. National Archives, Record Group 92, Quartermaster Letters Sent and Received.
74. National Archives, Record Group 92, entry 2182. This regiment was promised the same uniforms as the famous Berdan’s Sharpshooters, and when presented with the green-trimmed blue coats, they rejected them, and they were returned to Schuylkill Arsenal.
75. C. A. Stevens, Berdan’s United States Sharpshooters in the Army of the Potomac, 1861–1865 (St. Paul, MN: Price-McGill Company, 1892).
76. John Elting, “The United States Sharpshooters,” Military Collector & Historian 6, no. 3 (September 1954): pages 57–61.
77. Rudolf Aschmann, Memoirs of a Swiss Officer in the American Civil War, ed. Henry K. Meier (Bern, Switzerland: Herbert Lang, 1972).
78. The 1st and 2nd Dragoons were renamed 1st and 2nd Cavalry, with the U.S. Mounted Rifles becoming the 3rd Cavalry and the original 1st and 2nd Cavalry reassigned as the 4th and 5th Cavalry.
79. Bvt. Maj. Gen. George H. Crosman, The 1865 Quartermaster Manual, Quartermaster Contracts and Inspectors, edited by Earl J. Coates and Frederick C. Gaede (Westminster, MD: Arbor House Press, 2014), vol. 2.
80. The Schuylkill Arsenal located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the main clothing depot for the U.S. Army during the entire nineteenth century and remained such until after World War II. The museum there contained examples of many of the various uniforms worn by the army. When the facility closed, this collection became the basis of the Smithsonian’s uniform collection.
81. National Archives, Record Group 92, entry 2182, box 38.
82. Ibid.
83. Bvt. Maj. Gen. George H. Crosman, The 1865 Quartermaster Manual, edited by Earl J. Coates and Frederick C. Gaede (Westminster, MD: Arbor House Press, 2013).
84. National Archives, Record Group 393, entry 3873, Circulars, 1st Division, 3rd Corps, April 6, 1863. “The Pioneer Corps of this Division will be armed with Sharps Carbines. The Commanding Officers of Regiments will make the necessary requisition . . . for the following articles; Sharps carbines, Cartridge boxes for Sharps Carbines, Cartridge box belts for Sharps carbines, gun slings, ball cartridges (60 rds.) each.”
85. National Archives, Record Group 94, Regimental Books, 6th New York Cavalry.
86. Illustrated Catalogue of Arms and Military Goods (Schuyler, Hartley and Graham, 1864), page 65.
87. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol XXXV. 1911 , No 1., P. 24
88. Rand K. Bitter, Minty and His Cavalry: A History of the Sabre Brigade (Michigan: self published, 2006).
89. Bvt. Maj. Gen. George H. Crosman, The 1865 Quartermaster Manual, Quartermaster Contracts and Inspectors, edited by Earl J. Coates and Frederick C. Gaede (Westminster, MD: Arbor House Press, 2013), page 211.
90. Joel Fisk, A Condensed History of the 56th Regiment New York Veteran Volunteer Infantry (Newburgh, NY: Newburgh Journal Printing House, 1906).
91. New York Tribune, October 29, 1861, page 5.
92. New York State Military Museum Collections.
93. Frederick P. Todd, American Military Equipage, 1851–1872 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1978).
94. William A. Gladstone, Men of Color (Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1993).
95. Michael J. McAfee, “Army Chaplains,” Military Images Magazine (March/April 2009): pages 25–30.
96. Regulations and Notes for the Uniform of the Army of the United States, 1861, compiled by Jacques Noel Jacobsen (Staten Island, NY: Jr. Manor Publishing, 1978).
97. Robert Strong Hale, A Yankee Private’s Civil War (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1961), page 25.
98. NARA Record Group 92, Entry 225, Badges.
99. Bvt. Maj. Gen. George H. Crosman, The 1865 Quartermaster Manual, Quartermaster Contracts and Inspectors, edited by Earl J. Coates and Frederick C. Gaede (Westminster, MD: Arbor House Press, 2014).
100. Luis F. Emilio, History of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863–65 (Boston: 1894).
101. The Adjutant General, State of Massachusetts, Massachusetts Soldiers, Sailors & Marines in the Civil War (Norwich: 1939).
102. War Department General Orders, no. 287, November 28, 1864.
103. Earl J. Coates and John D. McAulay, Civil War Sharps Rifles & Carbines (Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1966).
104. National Archives, Record Group 94, Regimental Order Book, 3rd U.S. Veteran Volunteers.
105. Ibid.
106. National Archives, Record Group 94, Regimental Order Book, 6th U.S. Veteran Volunteers.
107. Frederick H. Dyer, A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion: Compiled and Arranged from the Official Records of the Federal and Confederate Armies (Des Moines, IA: The Dyer Publishing Company, 1908).