Citations in this section largely reference the books, dissertations, and scholarly articles in the Bibliography that begins on page 433. For sources that do not directly pertain to the subject matter of this book and are used only sparingly, the full citation appears with the note, as do citations for newspapers and popular magazines. Citations of biographical dictionaries and encyclopedias refer to the entry of the individual under discussion, except as indicated. All figures specifically quantifying immigration numbers are taken from the Statistical Abstract of the United States, except as indicated.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NOTES
(Full descriptions in the Bibliography)
ACSS |
Archives of Charles Scribner’s Sons |
ANB |
American National Biography |
CAA |
Century Association Archives |
CBDP |
Charles Benedict Davenport Papers |
CCBP |
Carl C. Brigham Papers |
CIWA |
Carnegie Institution of Washington Archives |
COHP |
Columbia Oral History Project |
CR |
Congressional Record |
CWEP |
Charles W. Eliot Papers |
DNB |
Dictionary of National Biography |
EN |
Eugenical News |
ERP |
Elihu Root Papers |
FBP |
Franz Boas Papers |
HCINC |
House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization Correspondence |
HCLP |
Henry Cabot Lodge Papers |
HCR |
Harvard Class Reports |
HFOP |
Henry Fairfield Osborn Papers |
HHLP |
Harry H. Laughlin Papers |
IRLR |
Immigration Restriction League Records |
JBTP |
John Bond Trevor Papers |
JLP |
Joseph Lee Papers |
LMP |
Louis Marshall Papers |
NYT |
New York Times |
OCAH |
Oxford Companion to American History |
RFA |
Rockefeller Family Archives, Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller |
RPHU |
Records of the President of Harvard University |
SEP |
Saturday Evening Post |
Prologue Ellis Island, 1925
Ellis Island conditions: Curran, 287–93. Arnold, 174–75. Kraut, Huddled Masses, 16. Alfred C. Reed, “Going Through Ellis Island,” Popular Science, 1/1913, 5–18.
more than 3,000: Moreno, 51.
Curran and guests: Henry H. Curran, “The New Immigrant,” SEP, 8/15/1925, 25.
76 percent, 11 percent: Annual Report of the Commissioner General of Immigration, 1925, 8.
“ethnological,” “electric”: CAA, Curran speech introducing La Guardia, 1939.
“immigrants of today”: Henry H. Curran, “Have We an Alien Menace?,” Collier’s, 7/4/1925, 8.
“Biological laws”: Calvin Coolidge, “Whose Country Is This?,” Good Housekeeping, 2/1921, 13–14.
“lowly ranks”: no author, “The Great American Myth,” SEP, 5/7/1921, 20.
“through science”: H. F. Osborn, “Can We Save America?,” unpublished, Hellman Papers, Ser. 3, oversize F157.
“fundamental”: Albert Johnson, “Immigration, a Legislative Point of View,” Nation’s Business, 7/1923, 26–28.
“glad to welcome”: Curran, Collier’s, 7/4/1925, 8.
Chapter One The Future Betterment of the Human Race
“Protoplasm”: Sanger, Margaret Sanger, 374–75.
“nervous”: Riddle, 86.
“life of his own”: MacDowell, 8.
“thrills”: Charles Davenport, Class of 1889, 25th Year, HCR, 1914, 318–21.
unconfident, resentful: MacDowell, 33.
“I am deaf”: Riddle, 85.
papers, boards, memberships: MacDowell, 39–44; Witkowski and Inglis, 53–54.
Davenports at Brooklyn Institute: Yearbook of the Brooklyn Institute.
“chemotropism”: Davenport, Experimental Morphology, 335.
Eliot: CBDP, B36, Eliot to Davenport, 7/30/1894.
death notices: Riddle, 79.
teaching microscope: CBDP, B66, F: MacDowell, memorial note for Gertrude Crotty Davenport.
inveterate walker: MacDowell, 35.
“Whenever you can,” worms: Pearson, Vol. II, 340, 196.
“good fellow”: Pearson, Vol. I, 203.
“Beauty Map”: Galton, Memories, 315–16.
“Fidget”: Francis Galton, “The Measure of Fidget,” Nature, 6/25/1885.
“fleas”: Galton, Inquiries, 2nd ed., 18.
Galton family: galton.org; Pearson, Vol. I, 18.
inherit: Haller, 8–9.
Galton IQ: Cox, 40–43.
170: Terman, American Journal of Psychology.
French, Scott, Iliad: Cox, 40–43; Cowan, v–vi.
journey by pony: Pearson, Vol. IIIB, 446.
“forehead”: Burt, 1.
“unusual power”: Galton, Memories, 11.
“white traveler”: Galton, Hereditary Genius, 339.
“dignity”: Pearson, Vol. II, 334.
medical student: Galton, Memories, 37.
African expedition: Pearson, Vol. I, 231–32.
brewing tea: Brookes, 129.
1853: Darwin to Galton, 7/24/1853, at galton.org.
“tides . . . insurance”: Browne, Voyaging, 512.
“marked epoch,” “ancient”: Galton, Memories, 287.
“fundamental concept”: Pearson, Vol. II, 82.
“useful reference”: Phillips, title page.
law of gravity: DNB.
one in six: Galton, “Hereditary Talent,” 159.
Aikin, LeSage, Becket: Phillips, 1005, 1042, 1013.
Sir Thomas: Galton, “Hereditary Talent,” 159.
Galton’s sources: Ibid., 157–66, 318–27.
“great eaters”: Ibid., 164.
mass wedding: Ibid., 165.
“oarsmen”: Galton, Hereditary Genius, 307.
Athenians: Ibid., 343.
selective breeding: Ibid., 1 (1869 ed.).
“high and generous”: Ibid., 357 (1869 ed.).
“not well received”: Diane B. Paul, “Wallace, Women, and Eugenics,” in Smith and Beccaloni, 267.
“inert”: Saturday Review, 12/15/1869, 833.
“exhale myself”: Darwin to Galton, 12/23/1869, galton.org.
Some Darwin scholars: See, e.g., Angelique Richardson, “I Differ Widely from You,” in Voigts, 17–40.
“We now know”: Darwin, Descent, 111.
Clifford: Quoted in Beer, Darwin’s Plots, 186.
fifth edition: Browne, Power, 312; wide currency: OCAH.
Adams: Education, 284.
“Anthropometric Laboratory”: Galton, “On the Anthropometric,” 205–18; “On Apparatus,” 469–77.
other cities: Blacker, 37–38.
“nature and nurture”: Galton, English, 12.
“good in stock”: Galton, Inquiries, 24n.
Penn: Robert Ward, “The Crisis in Our Immigration Policy,” The Institution Quarterly, 6/30/1913, 31.
“a new race”: Galton, Hereditary Genius, 64 (1869 ed.).
same notion: Darwin, Descent, 168.
Bell: Alexander Graham Bell, “Upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety in the Human Race,” presented to the National Academy of Sciences, 11/13/1883.
“gestation”: Woodhull, Human Body, 443.
“sensuality”: Woodhull, Selected, 276.
denial of “the liberty”: Galton, Memories, 310–11.
“two grades”: Galton, Hereditary Genius, 339–342 (1869 ed.).
paper, Venn: “Abstracts of Papers Communicated to the Seventh International Congress of Hygiene and Demography, London, August 10–17, 1891.”
other attendees: British Medical Journal, 8/15/1891, 315.
Galton speech: Transactions of the Seventh International Congress of Hygiene and Demography. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1892–1893, Vol. X, 11.
Carnegie meeting: Carnegie, Yearbook, 1902, xvi, xxi.
basic research: Kevles, In the Name, 45.
earmarked: www.carnegiescience.edu/about/history.
“plot of ground”: CBDP, B11, F1, Davenport to Trustees, 5/5/1902.
“25 years”: MacDowell, 19.
give up tenure: CBDP, B11, F1, Davenport to Trustees, 5/5/1902. The original draft of the letter included his willingness to give up tenure, which he then crossed out.
“better director”: MacDowell, 18, Davenport to H. F. Osborn.
his qualifications: Ibid., Davenport to John Shaw Billings.
Davenport–Galton correspondence: CBDP, B40, 4/6–5/27/1897.
“constructors”: A. Benedict Davenport, History and Genealogy of the Davenport Family, New York: S. W. Benedict, 1851, iii, 12.
Young Davenport: CBDP, B16, F: Diaries, 1878; B14, Autobiographical; MacDowell, 39–40.
bivalve-hunting: Riddle, 81.
dinner, support: MacDowell, 20.
trustees granted him: Garland Allen, 229–30.
“Yours unworthily,” RED LETTER: CBDP, B16, F: Diaries, 1904; MacDowell, 24.
“running wild”: Charlotte B. DeForest, Smith College Monthly, 10/1902, 49.
“There was a little”: Fogler Library of the University of Maine, Records of the UMaine Laboratory at Lamoine, B1, F41.
Mendel: Henig provides an engaging account of Mendel’s experiments.
Darwin and Mendel’s experiments: Vorzimmer, 77–82.
soon grasped: Riddle, 83.
Davenport’s domain: Carnegie, Yearbook, 1904, 23, 29; MacDowell, 23.
strictly honorary: CBDP, B40, Galton to Davenport, 5/27/1897.
sheep experiments: CBDP, B4, Bell to Davenport, 3/11/1904, and continuing through 1914.
ABA, “thremmatology”: American Breeders Association, Proceedings, I (1905), 115, 190.
SCIENCE TO MAKE: Washington Post, 5/18/1906, 2.
Chapter Two Thrifty, Capable Yankee Blood
“harmless”: Holmes, “The Brahmin Caste of New England,” Atlantic Monthly, 1/1860, 92.
Papanti’s: Marquand, 57. JLP, Box 33, F: Tributes, September 1926, Lee article on Joseph Storrow, Harvard Graduates’ Magazine, 9/1926.
traveling, “complete peace”: Marquand, 50.
Bostonitis: Adams, Education, 419.
child of the eighteenth: Ibid., 42.
“Had he been”: Ibid., 3.
“howling”: Baltzell, Protestant, 92–93.
Spain and Morocco: Harap, 1087.
“Vesuvius”: Samuels, Selected, 281.
“Warsaw or Cracow,” “Indians or the buffalo”: Adams, Education, 238.
same journal: North American Review.
in The Nineteenth Century, Doyle: A Monthly Review, 8/1888, 184.
“ability”: Lodge, “The Distribution of Ability in the United States,” Century Magazine, 9/1891, 687–94.
“common grandmother”: Margaret Cabot Lee, 3.
opium and slaves: Finding Aid, Cabot Family Papers.
George Cabot: Baltzell, Puritan, 197.
“thin soil”: Evan Thomas, 118.
Mowry: “Politicking in Acid,” Saturday Review, 10/3/1953, 30.
“disgusted”: “Americanisms,” America: A Journal for Americans, 7/10/1890, 405.
Velázquez: Groves, 137–38.
wrote weekly: Garraty, 5.
“Pinky”: Samuels, Henry Adams (1989 ed.), 380.
“most remarkable”: CR, 3/16/1896, 2818.
“some Jew”: Adams to Lodge, 5/26/1875, in Saveth, 70.
“guard our civilization”: Lodge, “Restriction,” 27–36.
“queer species”: JLP, B38, F: Genealogy, undated note about Chilton Cabot.
Das Kapital: JLP, B38, F: List of Books Owned.
“not a day”: JLP, B5, John F. Moors speech at Twentieth Century Club dinner, 5/8/1936.
“founder”: JLP, B34, Retirement tribute from Massachusetts Civic League.
row house: Sapora, 114.
“Difficult Problems”: Margaret Cabot Lee, 60.
poured large sums: JLP, B39, Joseph Lee donations.
forswore: JLP, B5, John F. Moors speech at Twentieth Century Club dinner, 5/8/1936.
compelled to take: JLP, B43, F: Joseph Lee Jr. papers about Lee, Memoir by JL Jr. in Yearbook of the Thomas Dudley Family Association, 1938, 308.
“Expensive Living”: Sapora, 109, from Springfield Sunday Republican, 3/27/1898.
mooring stone: JLP, B5, John F. Moors speech at Twentieth Century Club dinner, 5/8/1936.
“helpful”: Boston Globe, 1/5/1936.
“brotherly”: Boston Herald, 7/29/1937.
“whimsical,” “original,” “life of the party”: Mary Coolidge Barton, quoted in Sapora, 100.
“Boston’s most”: Crawford, 286.
“personage”: Barbara Solomon Papers, B4, F4. Moors unpublished memorial notice.
“put the law”: Sapora, 164.
74 percent: U.S. Census 1910, 852, 866.
“vicious”: JLP, Lee to “Blakely,” 3/8/1912.
“drained”: JLP, B2, Nov.–Dec. 1923, Lee to Patten, 12/14/1923.
“evil,” “Dago,” “exclusion”: JLP, B1, Apr.–Dec. 1906: Lee to Ward, 12/29/1906.
Franklin: Franklin to Peter Collinson, 5/9/1753, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, Vol. 4, digital edition at www.franklinpapers.org.
Madison: Zolberg, 58.
New-England Primer, New York: Beaver, 1750, 23.
“Whore”: OCAH online, “Nativist Movement.”
Morse: Morse, 70–71.
able to elect: Tichenor, 61.
denying the vote: Handlin, Boston’s, 204.
Douglass: Tichenor, 37, from Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom (New York: Miller Orton, 1855), 454–55.
“thronging”: Zolberg, 166.
American Emigrant Company: Erickson, 9–10, 24–25; American Emigrant Company brochure, “Statement of the Object and Mode of Operation of This Company,” New York: 1865.
In western states: Abbott, 139.
Hill: Morris, Theodore Rex, 599.
unlawful: Arnold, 109–13, citing People v. Hall, 1854.
Supreme Court barred: Re: Ah Yup, 1878.
“instinctive”: Bisland, 138, Lafcadio Hearn to Ellwood Kendrick, 8/1883.
“no standard”: Gossett, 291.
“biped”: LÓpez, 44.
“Reilly . . . Ah-San”: Stoddard, Rising Tide, 274.
Pittsfield: Bluford Adams, 22.
total Russian Jewish: Kuznets, 35.
cholera epidemic: Handlin, Uprooted, 33; Kohn, 197.
“Evil Effects”: Higham, Strangers, 41.
20 percent: Schrag, 24.
“American Dublin”: Brooks, 7.
“ignorance and vice”: Keyssar, 119.
“blessed garden”: Aaron, 260.
“higher and pleasanter”: Norton and Howe, 254.
one foreign-born: Thernstrom, 113.
“No sound”: James, American, 231.
Bushee: Woods, 140.
“pale babies”: Bellamy, 457–61.
“Abraham Cohen”: Kraut, Silent, 208.
Jewish doctors: Richard Clarke Cabot Papers, B:29, F: Various correspondence, 1908–1929; Cabot interview, 10/6/1922.
Jewish hospital: Linenthal, 36, 373.
“no current”: Garraty, 1670.
“Dude of Nahant,” “Lah-de-dah,” “Silver Spoon”: Schriftgiesser, 57. No, not “Duke” of Nahant, as some sources have it! The term “dude,” roughly equivalent to “dandy,” attained currency in the early 1880s, as Lodge entered public life. The “Dude” epithet was attached to Lodge firmly enough for his first biographer to use it as a chapter title (Schriftgiesser, Chapter V).
“ancestral acres”: Solomon, 68.
“aristocratic disdain”: ANB.
Bemis: Edward W. Bemis, “Restriction of Immigration,” Andover Review, 3/1888, 251–64.
Lodge article and speech: Lodge, “Restriction”; CR, 2/19/1891.
“Race pride”: Lodge, Boston, 210–11.
“let loose”: The Nation, 4/20/1891, 149–50.
“Polish society”: NYT, 2/11/1891.
New Orleans: Lodge, “Lynch Law,” 602.
glass factory: Higham, Strangers, 92.
APA: Higham, “Mind,” 20–21.
main address: “Abuses Many,” Boston Globe, 6/1/1894, 3.
downtown Boston: IRLR, Ser. II, Executive Committee Minutes, Vol. 1, 5/31/1894.
Noble’s: Solomon, 99.
initiated: IRLR, Additional Papers, “To the Members of the IRL,” 6/4/1924.
Winthrop: Ward’s mother was a descendant of Richard Saltonstall.
“old-time families”: Mrs. Prescott F. Hall, xiii.
Hall never: Mrs. Prescott F. Hall, xii–xiii, xv, 119–23.
“no two”: Blodgett, 620.
“No generalization”: Brooks, 259.
Paine: CR, 5/20/1896, 5476.
Henry Lee: IRLR, F589, H. Lee to Warren, 7/3/1894.
John Murray Forbes: ANB.
“Strictly private”: IRLR, F431, Forbes to Warren, 7/16/1894.
“old crank:” JLP, B33, F: Leo Tolstoy visit, 1889.
requesting copies: JLP, B1, F: 1894–1896. Lee to State Board, 8/15/1894.
family money: JLP, B38, F: Financial Statements, 1898.
wrote to tell Lee: Sapora, 80.
“a society started”: JLP, B36, F: Margaret Cabot Lee.
“bible”: JLP, B1, F: 1894–1896, Hall to Lee, 5/6/1895.
“Study These”: IRLR, Publications of the IRL, No. 2.
“thrifty, capable”: Boston Herald, Hall to editor, 6/25/1894.
personal emissary: JLP, B43, F: Joseph Lee Jr. papers about Lee, Memoir by JL Jr. in Yearbook of the Thomas Dudley Family Association, 1938.
“sifted few”: Holmes, from his poem “Urania,” at www.poemhunter.com.
“our dear land”: Solomon, 87.
“educational test”: IRLR, Additional Papers, “The Present Aspect of the Immigration Problem.”
two decades: Garraty, 46.
“obvious choice”: ANB.
Walker’s article: “Immigration,” 133–37.
“Where Mrs. Lodge”: Adams, Education, 354.
“repellent”: Garraty, 158.
LeBon’s views: Higham, Strangers, 141–42.
Lodge speech: CR, 3/16/1896, 2817–19.
“bed sheet”: Garraty, 61.
“No one,” “everybody,” “history”: Lodge, “Restriction,” 27–36.
“if a lower,” “The danger”: CR, 3/16/1896, 2819.
Emerson: DAB, “Emma Lazarus.”
Henry James: Carole Kessner, “The Emma Lazarus–Henry James Connection: Eight Letters,” American Literary History, Spring 1991, 46–62.
Lowell: Harap, 296.
Thomas Bailey Aldrich: marktwainproject.org/biographies.
venerated: Solomon, 112.
“cesspool”: Greenslet, 168.
“Wide open”: www.poemhunter.com.
“A-1”: Morison, Letters, Roosevelt to Lodge, 3/23/1896.
“most scholarly”: Boston Advertiser, 3/17/1896.
effigy: St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 3/18/1896, 1.
Hoar: Solomon, 118.
maids, cooks: Hutchinson, Legislative, 116–18.
Schultheis: IRLR, F820, Schultheis to Prescott Hall, 12/4/1896.
Danford: CR, 1/27/1897, 1219.
Wilson: CR, 5/20/1896, 5472.
Elijah A. Morse: CR, 1/27/1897, 1230.
condemned mob: Message to Congress, 12/8/1885.
“hardy laboring”: Message to Congress, 12/2/1895.
Cleveland veto message: 3/3/1897.
new president: HCLP, Reel 141, Lodge to Curtis Guild, 2/15/1897.
carefully deleted: Morris, Rise, 537.
“too ignorant”: Hutchinson, Legislative, 118–24.
suspected McKinley: Petit, 29.
Hall managed: IRLR, F658, Telegram, J. A. Porter to Hall, 11/14/1898.
McKinley might: IRLR, Executive Committee Minutes, 11/23/1898.
donated its papers: IRLR, Executive Committee Minutes, 4/1/1899; file memorandum, 10/11/1899.
“Enough! Enough!”: IRLR, F1082, 5th of 6 folders: undated, in Hall’s handwriting.
Chapter Three The Warfare of the Cradle
Albert Ballin, steerage: Sorin, 45; Chernow, 103–5.
average fare: Nadell, 88.
cubic feet: IRLR, F999, William Williams to Prescott Hall, 12/27/1902.
cram two thousand, herring: Kraut, Huddled, 49.
recruiting agents: Nadell, 46–51.
In southern Italy: Kraut, Huddled, 16.
“I welcome”: Antonio Mangano, “The Effects of Emigration Upon Italy,” Charities and the Commons, 1/4/1908, 1329.
Oświeçim: IRLR, F1060, 5th of 9, Herbert Sherwood report for National Liberal Immigration League, 7/21/1907.
“insidious”: HCLP, Reel 141, Lodge to Mr. Hayes, 2/15/1897.
“pressing evil”: Higham, Strangers, 71.
“only issue”: Gompers, Vol. II, 171.
“threats to members”: HCLP, Reel 141, Lodge to W. G. Hunneman, 2/1/1897.
direct payments: See St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 10/2/1913. Rep. Richard Bartholdt had been accepting considerations from two German lines since 1895.
North German Lloyd, Claussenius: Chicago Times-Herald, 1/28/1897.
Guild, Ward: HCLP, Reel 141, Lodge to Curtis Guild, 2/18/1897; Lodge to Ward, 2/20/1897.
“so far superior”: Saturday Evening Post, 5/7/1910, cited in Kenin and Wintle, 496.
personal plea: Sachar, 285.
almost immediately accepted: Baltzell, Protestant, 56; Urofsky, 38.
Hall and Brandeis: Hearings of the Subcommittee of Senate Judiciary Committee, 3/8/16, 1312–14.
Adler: Harvard Graduates’ Magazine, 12/1904, 322. Most of those who have written about Adler have expressed uncertainty about his ethnicity. Those willing to take a deep dive on the Internet, however, can trace Adler to Millersburg, Ohio, and a further step will take the investigator to A Century and a Half of Pittsburg and Its People, Vol. 4, published in 1908 (and now residing at Google Books). There one finds Adler’s relatives among the membership of the city’s Congregation Rodeph Shalom. Perhaps this is an example of why the Internet was invented, and why some books take so long to write.
Hale: Harap, 713.
Emma Lazarus’s father: NYT, 2/11/207, RE7.
“admission of Hebrews”: NYT, 4/15/1893, 1.
Bombay: Spiro, 96–97.
bride’s family: Dinnerstein, 52.
hundred Jews: Peter C. Holloran, Boston’s Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children, 1830–1930 (Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1989), 158.
“very Jew,” “hung,” “appall[ed]”: Lash, 214. All three letters were sent to her mother-in-law in the winter of 1918.
“frayed raiment”: Cook, 390.
“immigrant’s disease”: Hoy, 99.
Sulzberger: Glazier, 9, citing “Jews at Summer Resorts,” American Hebrew, 7/4/1884, 122.
“uncouth Asiatics,” “gnaw the bones”: Sachar, 125.
term “kike”: For example, see Seventh Biennial Session of the National Conference of Jewish Charities in the United States, 1912, 226.
“ignorance and depravity”: Glazier, 32, citing American Israelite, 3/26/1891, 1.
“receive [and] disperse,” Cotopaxi: Osofsky, 179–81.
New Odessa: Sachar, 135.
seed money: Ibid., 134.
Augustus A. Levey: Glazier, 8, citing Jewish Messenger, 9/8/1882, 2.
not tolerate: Sachar, 124.
In Boston . . . 415 Russian Jews: Fein, 38–39; Boston Hebrew Observer, 1/26/1883, 28; 11/23/1883, 4; 3/30/1883, 100.
7,500: Marinbach, 104.
Voorsanger: Sorin, 55.
Schiff, port of Galveston: Brawley, passim; Kraut, 65; Glazier, 59.
sell everything: Marinbach, 24.
kosher meals: Glazier, 110.
“Large numbers”: Hearings, House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, 3/10/1910, 287.
“injure the country”: Roosevelt, Selections, TR to HCL, 3/19/1897.
“careful and not”: TR Message to Congress, 12/3/1901.
Roosevelt was befriended: Morris, Rise, 290.
who most influenced: Evan Thomas, 77.
“observant foot traveler”: Shaler, “European Peasants as Immigrants,” Atlantic Monthly, 5/1893, 647–55.
“Jew bankers”: Morison, Vol. VI, 556. TR to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, 11/13/1896.
“show Russia”: Straus, 210.
particularly upset: Cannato, 156–58.
“a ‘settler’ ”: Roosevelt, Autobiography, 1.
bodyguards: Sachar, 215.
“his principles”: Aaron, 249.
“de notre monde,” “our brains”: Morris, Theodore Rex, 52, 560.
large families: Dyer, 148.
“most fecund”: Ibid., 147.
“extinguishment”: theodore-roosevelt.com, TR to James Wilson, 2/3/03.
“native Americans”: See, e.g., IRLR, F832, Prescott Hall to George Shiras, 2/6/1914; CBDP, B42, F: Madison Grant, Grant to Fairfield Osborn, 3/9/1918; JLP, B1, Samuel J. Barrows to Lee, 2/3/1906.
“half-filled”: Gossett, 243.
“warfare”: Roosevelt, “National Life and Character,” Sewanee Review, 8/1894.
Melting Pot: Dyer, 131.
“severest of all”: Outlook, 4/30/1910, 986.
“viciousness”: theodore-roosevelt.com, speech, 2/13/1905.
“whole future”: Roosevelt, “Race Decadence,” Outlook, 4/8/1911, 766.
“I, for one”: Roosevelt, ibid., 764.
“see a white man”: Evan Thomas, 140, TR to HCL, 8/13/1896.
“melancholy”: Dyer, 158, TR to Jordan, 12/12/08.
“nice friends”: Spiro, 99, quoting Wister, Theodore Roosevelt, 66.
“vulgar modes”: John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, London: John W. Parker, 1849, Vol. 1, 390.
“my husband”: Spiro, 107.
“one is fascinated,” “very pernicious”: Ibid., 106.
“Everywhere the white races”: Gobineau, 456.
certain ambivalence: Biddiss, Father of Racist Ideology, 45, 165.
“artistic genius”: Carlson, 288, 294.
“anthropologically unintelligible”: Gossett, 345. For a more recent examination of the genetic meaning of race, see Aravinda Chakravarti, ed., Human Variation: A Genetic Perspective on Diversity, Race, and Medicine (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Laboratory Press, 2014).
Gossett notes: Gossett, 82.
Adolf Hitler . . . Joseph Goebbels paid: James Joll, “Ravings of a Renegade,” New York Review of Books, 9/24/1981; Spiro, 112–13.
“Physically and mentally”: Chamberlain, 542.
these sentences, “mongreldom”: Ibid., 537, 328.
“That Dante is”: Ibid., 538.
Marco Polo et al.: Spiro, 111; Gossett, 350.
Shaw . . . Churchill: Field, 464, 463.
Roosevelt, by then: “The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century,” Outlook, 6/29/1911, 195–203.
Hall, Lee: JLP, B1, Hall to Lee, 7/23/1911.
He dismantled: Ripley, 477–85.
first page . . . book’s end: Ibid., 1, 529.
“vulgar”: Ibid., 516.
“William . . . ’Tonio”: Ross, Old World, 303.
introduced the phrase: Ross, “Causes,” 88.
Ross description: Hertzler, passim; ANB; Greenberg, 37.
“raise hell”: ANB.
Ross’s firing, AAUP: Menand, 411–12.
“Sacramento hardware merchants”: Ross, Seventy, 69.
“hollowness”: Hofstadter and Metzger, 437–39.
“ruthless,” hundreds of thousands: Gossett, 168–69.
“reprints,” “good repute”: Ross, “Capsules of Social Wisdom,” Social Forces, 12/1948, 186, 188.
“higher race”: Ross, “Causes,” 88.
“fuzzy term”: Mike Wallace, 84.
“lower races”: Ross, “Causes,” 85.
“oxlike”: Ross, Old World, 285.
“deserves the extinction”: Ibid., 304.
“A Yellow World”: Chang, 11.
“unfit,” “brutalized”: Francis A. Walker, “Restriction of Immigration,” Atlantic Monthly, 6/1896, 822–29.
“masses of filth”: Walker, “Immigration,” 135, 137.
inferior: Walker, “Immigration and Degradation,” 426.
“great majority”: Walker, “Restriction of Immigration,” 823.
“pride of blood,” “uncompromising”: Ross, “Causes.”
just as much: Wister, Roosevelt, 65–66.
“educated and careful,” “few or no”: “Men of the Month,” The Crisis, 10/1916, 278.
“train and breed”: English, 5.
2.02 children: Roland M. Byrnes, “Vital Statistics of Yale Graduates,” Yale Alumni Weekly, 6/19/1907, 914–16.
“had failed”: IRLR, F1078, “Copied from The Transcript.”
Phillips’s study: John C. Phillips, “A Study of the Birth-Rate in Harvard and Yale Graduates,” Harvard Graduates’ Magazine, 9/1916, 25–34.
“South Italians”: Terman, “The Conservation of Talent,” School and Society, 3/29/1924, 359–64.
“Roumanian lady”: JLP, B2, Lee typescript, 11/29/1922, “Immigration and the Women’s Clubs.”
68 percent: Hall, “Italian Immigration,” 252.
Lee, Brandeis, Frankfurter: JLP, B36, F: Margaret Cabot Lee, Lee to MCL, 6/19/1918.
Lourie: JLP, B14, F: BSC, Naming Schools, Lee to “Hugh,” 12/1/1914.
peddlers and bootblacks: See, e.g., HFOP, B32, F19, Irving Fisher to Osborn, 11/15/1923.
“barbarian invasions”: IRLR, F1086, clip from Lexington (KY) Herald, 3/17/1908.
Jordan said: Jordan, “Should Present Restriction Laws Be Modified?,” Congressional Digest, 7–8/1923, 304.
complete ban: IRLR, F188, Brown to Prescott Hall, 4/25/1910.
Post editorial: Washington Post, 5/10/1906, 6.
Simmons of North Carolina: Raleigh News & Observer online, 12/15/2015.
“furtive,” “bath”: Wister, Philosophy, 30, 40.
social reformer I. M. Rubinow: Ribak, 44–45.
seven returning: Kessner, 28.
“pig-sty,” “conspicuous faults”: Riis, 48–49, 53.
“inborn suavity”: Boston Evening Transcript, 7/18/1907.
Antonio Stella, Enrico Caruso: Iorizzo, 100; Caruso, 371.
Daughters of the American Revolution: Finding Aid, Carr Papers.
“Bathe the whole body,” “good wages”: Carr, 47, 20–21.
“immigrant predecessors”: Carr, “The Coming of the Italian,” Outlook, 2/24/1906.
Italian Settlement dedicated: NYT, 4/30/1944, 46.
Messina earthquake, “our experience”: LaGumina, 112–13.
“duty”: IRLR, F343, W. E. Davenport to Hall, 3/7/10.
“neglected,” “burdens”: CBDP, W. E. Davenport to C. B. Davenport, 2/18/1924.
His brother Charles: Cinotto, 102–3.
Chapter Four The Kindled Fire
out for dinner: COHP, “Reminiscences of William Stiles Bennet,” 35–38.
“psychical”: See Hall, “Experiments with Mrs. Caton,” Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1914, 1.
small salary . . . office expenses: IRLR, Ser. II, Executive Committee Minutes, 12/5/1901; JLP, B1, Richards Bradley to Lee, 6/11/1919.
“the mainspring”: Mrs. Prescott F. Hall, xxv.
Republican platform: Higham, Strangers, 113.
Lee was pleased: JLP, B1, Lee to Lodge, 2/5/1907.
“a few patriots”: JLP, B2, Patten to Frederick Bigelow, 2/10/1923.
personal expense: Sapora, 136; Solomon, 850.
They included . . . last appearance: IRLR, F41, letterhead of Purity Society, 2/14/1911; Patten testimony, Senate Immigration Committee Hearings, 7/28/1939.
“ablest lobbyist,” its liaison: JLP, B1, Lee to Marjory Moors, 8/9/1917.
“Jew,” “Chink”: JLP, B1, Patten to Lee, 11/28/1910; B1, Patten to Lee, 1/11/1913; Patten to Prescott Hall, 1/19/1918.
“overwhelmed”: JLP, B1, Patten to Lee, 3/8/1906.
“patricians of those races”: Gossett, 437–38.
“In general”: JLP, B1, Eliot to R. M. Bradley, 2/7/1906.
“letter from God”: Urofsky, 457.
Lowell petition: Ibid., 445.
“no interest”: JLP, B1, Bradley to Eliot, 12/19/1905.
opposing intermarriage . . . a lot of support: RPHU, B222, F279, American Hebrew, 3/19/1909; Town Topics, 3/11/1909.
He insisted: Henry James, Eliot, Eliot to unnamed correspondent, 11/21/1892.
“Anglo-American by race”: JLP, B28, F: Harvard 1921–1925, Eliot to Lee, 4/10/1924.
“more Italian”: Solomon, 187.
“You and I”: Baltzell, Protestant, 145.
NLIL: Lissak, 197–238.
opposing immigration: Proceedings of the First General Meeting, National Liberal Immigration League, 3/10/1908, 13.
Curley of Boston: Lissak, 228.
its first book: Edmund J. James, ed., The Immigrant Jew in America (New York: Buck and Co., 1907).
league’s letterhead: IRLR, F705, JLP, B1, 10/30/1912.
“sordid”: Wilson, Vol. V, 213.
“great people”: Link, 383.
“Gompers writes”: IRLR, F1125, first of four. Eliot to Lauterbach, 2/1/1907, reprinted in pamphlet “Contrary Views on Immigration,” National Liberal Immigration League.
union label: CWEP, B98, F: NLIL, Eliot to N. Behar, 1/6/1911; Behar to Eliot, 11/13/1912.
National Association of Manufacturers: Higham, Strangers, 116.
“despotism”: Suggs, 66–67.
plantation: Bertram Wyatt-Brown, “Leroy Percy and Sunnyside,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Spring 1991, 60–84.
Percy: Proceedings of the First General Meeting, National Liberal Immigration League, 3/10/1908.
“vicious types”: Philadelphia Inquirer, 3/25/1908.
“dig our ditches”: IRLR, F468, Wickersham to Madison Grant, 12/21/1912.
Ross insisted: Ross, Old World, 144.
bow-and-curtsy: IRLR, F705.
“Bible says”: IRLR, F705, N. Behar to Hall, 2/26/1907.
“group of Jews”: IRLR, F338, Hall to R. Fulton Cutting, 1/17/1908.
spy for the IRL: IRLR, F468, Hall to Madison Grant, 2/11/1907.
“get some Jew”: IRLR, F540, O. C. Kidney to Hall, 7/1/1912.
head tax, $25: Hutchinson, Legislative, 138–39.
“best elements”: CR, 5/23/1906, Sen. Furnifold Simmons, 7294.
air space: IRLR, F608, 3rd of 4, Lodge to Prescott Hall, 4/25/1908.
Lee could say: JLP, B1, Lee to “members of the immigration committee,” n.d.
German agent: JLP, B1, Lee to Lodge, 2/26/1916.
“uncouth”: JLP, B1, Patten to Prescott Hall, 1/21/1920.
“wote”: Salter, 197.
“extraordinary spectacles”: NYT, 6/16/1907, 7.
Cannon roamed: Tichenor, 126.
recruited the mayors: IRLR, F1125, first of four, NLIL pamphlet “An Appeal to American Citizens.”
Gibbons of Baltimore: IRLR, F563, Jesse Taylor fundraising letter, 3/26/1906.
promise to Gardner: JLP, B1, Robert Ward to Lee, 1/10/1907.
“disadvantage politically”: Roosevelt, Selections, 227; Morison, Roosevelt to Lodge, 8/15/1906.
“deserving immigrants”: JLP, B1, Bennet to NLIL, 2/19/1907.
“Cousin Lodge”: JLP, B1, Lee to Lodge, 2/5/1907.
“old charm,” “felicity”: James, American, 243.
ludicrous exercise: IRLR, F1051; see, for instance, meeting of 4/11/1903.
his wallet: JLP, B39, F: Donations, IRL, 2/1908.
“embodies,” “not immortal”: Lee letter to editor, Boston Herald, 9/3/1900.
ONE AMERICAN: Boston Globe, 3/31/1908, 5.
Mount Vernon Street: Author visit.
“VOTED”: IRLR, Ser. II, Executive Committee Minutes, 3/30/1908.
Alexander Graham Bell: IRLR, F117, Hall to Bell, 3/31/1908.
reading list: IRLR, F590, 5/5/1908.
Publication No. 51, “wars”: Mrs. Prescott F. Hall, n.p.
Charles Davenport’s Station: Carnegie, Yearbook, 1907.
“prevent the outbreeding”: Johnson, “The Eugenic Aspect of Birth Control,” Birth Control Review, 1/1922, 16.
hilltop, “nostril height”: Carnegie, Yearbook, 1907, 79, 76.
passion fruit, “outside source”: Carnegie, Yearbook, 1910, 75, 77.
“richest woman”: NYT, 11/8/1932, 21.
“distributed among”: CBDP, B22, FR: Background, early studies: 1909.
“socially fit,” “weak,” “preventive”: CBDP, B125, Davenport to Starr J. Murphy, 7/n.d./1910.
that summer was: MacDowell, 29.
“group of girls”: E. Roosevelt bio, website of Association of Junior Leagues International, ajli.org.
carriage uptown, “Eugenia”: Donn Mitchell, “Debutantes of the World Unite: The Irrepressible Mary Harriman,” www.anglicanexaminer.com.
H. Fairfield Osborn: Jordan, 297–98.
Who’s Who: MacDowell, 29.
“most ‘surely’ ”: CBDP, B84, Mary Harriman (daughter) to Davenport, 2/26/1909.
In a will: NYT, 11/8/1932, 21; Campbell, 1.
“great opportunity,” six thousand requests, “become efficient”: William Allen, v, 3.
“unfortunate ones,” “decay of the American”: CBDP, B45: Harriman to Davenport, Thanksgiving Day, 11/30/1911.
decisions . . . checks: Mehler, 365–66.
marble bust: Arts and Decoration, 4/1915, 251; catalog, Sotheby’s, 2012 Impressionist and Modern Art Sale.
“equal to”: Carl Gray, in NYT, 11/8/1932, 21.
called Arden: NYT, 9/28/1909, 8; various photographs.
Davenport’s plans, “fit matings,” “monument to the memory”: CBDP, B84, Davenport to Harriman, 2/3/1910. In the letter he says his plan required $500,000 a year. The prevailing interest rate in 1910 was 4 percent.
“time lost”: MacDowell, 29.
Rockefeller: CBDP, B125, Davenport to Murphy, 6/7/1910, 7/n.d./1910.
Jacob Schiff: CBDP, B84, Davenport to Schiff, 5/25/1910.
absolute punctuality, “cloak”: Campbell, 1, 46.
“Red Letter Day”: MacDowell, 29.
retard evolutionary progress: Carlson, 196.
“feeling around”: CBDP, B59, Davenport to Jordan, 5/24/1910.
Muir: Campbell, 67–84.
“little visit,” speech: Jordan, 297–98.
“wholesome home life”: CBDP, B45, F: Harriman, Jordan to Harriman, 7/22/1910.
“doesn’t want”: CBDP, B59, Jordan to Davenport, 7/20/1910.
She sailed: CBDP, B45, Harriman to Davenport, 5/29/1911.
prize Holsteins: CBDP, B45, Davenport to Harriman (daughter), 12/5/1910.
“uplifting,” “broad plans”: CBDP, B45, Davenport to Harriman, 6/24/1910.
95 percent: CBDP, B29, “Notes on the History of the Eugenics Record Office.”
“farseeing”: Kuhl, 87.
instructor at his alma mater, “most profitable,” stop over in Kirksville: Garland Allen, 236–38.
“youth and energy”: CBDP, B45, Davenport to Harriman, 6/27/1910.
few semesters’ work: Hassencahl, 50–51.
“little papers,” family histories: CBDP, B45, Davenport to Harriman, 6/27/1910.
“worthless”: Garland Allen, 243.
“conflagration”: CBDP, B45, Davenport to Harriman, 2/21/1911.
“Red letter day”: CBDP, B45, Davenport to Harriman, 10/1/1910.
“well built,” encouraged to emigrate: Pearson, Vol. IIIA, 422, 420.
told Galton: Pearson, Vol. IIIB, Davenport to Galton, 10/26/1910.
“well-assembled machine,” “mechanical skill”: CBDP, B45, Davenport to 7/20/1910; 7/24/1910.
“Seamen know”: Davenport and Scudder, 26.
his belief that: Kevles, In the Name, 48–49.
“extreme measures”: Davenport, Fit, 664.
Punnett: Smith and Wehmeyer, 138, 225.
If the institutions: Bix, 619.
Trait Book, “community reactions”: Bulletin No. 6, Eugenics Record Office, 1919.
3,500 human attributes: CIWA, Genetics, B10, F1: Barbara Burks, “Report of Activities, 11/15/36–6/30/37.”
“silly old fellow”: Garland Allen, 243.
“wedding outfit”: Eugenics Record Office Records, F36, Field worker files, Hester Ann Aldridge.
half a million: Garland Allen, 239.
“standing of the nation”: CBDP, B28, “The Family and the Nation.”
“Buffalo Bill”: EN, 3/20, 16.
“insane, feeble-minded”: CBDP, B45, Davenport to Harriman, 1/5/1911.
“tactful”: CBDP, B125, Davenport to Starr J. Murphy, 1/20/1911.
“careless . . . inaccurate”: David Heron, “Mendelism and the problem of mental defect: A criticism of recent American work,” Questions of the Day and of the Fray, 1913, 61.
listed in Who’s Who: IRLR, F1072, Prescott Hall affidavit, 6/10.
“Harvard Medical School”: Committee report, American Breeders Magazine, 1912, 249–55.
prominent white: Hall, 7/22/1905, in Petit, 154n.
union officials: IRLR, F1071, 1/20/1902.
particularly risible: IRLR, F10491, 7/1905.
Boston Juvenile Court, new headquarters: Sapora, 114, 119–20.
Lee’s personal poll: JLP, B1, 11/1905; Ward to Lee, 12/3/1905.
Barrows: JLP, B1, Lee to Barrows, 12/13/1905.
“public opinion is largely”: IRLR, F472: Hall to Charles M. Green, 4/29/1910.
Bradford: IRLR, F159, Bradford to Hall, attached “manifesto,” 4/28/1910.
Maxim: IRLR, F646, Maxim to Hall, 3/9/1910.
Wilcox: IRLR, F992, Wilcox to Hall, 3/29/1910.
Hall, Ward, Ripley: IRLR, Ripley to Hall, 2/16/1909.
“a racial [question]”: Ward, “National Eugenics.”
“general tendency”: JLP, B1, Lee to George H. Ellis, 11/11/1911.
“Perhaps I ought not”: CBDP, B44, Hall to Davenport, 4/14/1911.
Chapter Five Short, Sober, Musical Rapists
thirty-five trips: IRLR, table of arrivals, Port of Boston, 1901.
220,000: Iorizzo, 220.
“unable to supply”: IRLR, F916, 2nd of 2, [E. A. Moffett?] of Dillingham Commission to Prescott Hall, 10/17/1910.
socialist Sidney Webb: Kevles, In the Name, 74.
more than two-thirds: Alderman, 150.
“white Australia”: Daniels, 33.
Wells told: Wells, Future, 195–201.
“exceedingly abominable”: Wells, Anticipations, 299.
fewer than: Fitzgerald and Martin, 99.
“no race,” “pure” European: Davenport, Heredity, 222, 188.
“pathetic and unedifying”: Davenport, Heredity, quoting Francis N. Balch, 199.
“Would you not,” “they are sincere”: IRLR, F342, Davenport to Hall, 5/20/1911; Hall to Davenport, 5/22/1911.
blunt assertion: Boston Herald, 6/25/1894.
Eugenic Immigration League: Solomon, 150.
“comparative capacity”: Boston Evening Transcript, 6/2/1906, 2.
“race selection”: JLP, B1, Lee to R. M. DeForest, 2/2/1907.
“fitness”: JLP, B1, Lee to L. T. Chamberlain, 5/29/1906.
“need of more facts”: IRLR, F342, Davenport to Hall, 3/23/1912.
he proposed: IRLR, F342, Davenport to Hall, 5/20/1911.
colleague Robert Ward: Ward, “National Eugenics,” 56–67.
“lose sight,” “oft repeated,” “Unless conditions,” “mercurial people,” “series of visits”: Davenport, Heredity, 225, 251, 219, 224, 268.
“paid agent,” related to Emil Boas: IRLR, F342, Hall to Davenport, 5/22/1911.
Emil Boas: Norman Boas, 181.
“fat job”: IRLR, F342, Hall to Davenport, 5/22/1911.
demanded it: IRLR, F342, Davenport to Hall, 11/17/1911.
“did more to combat”: Gossett, 418.
“My ideas have”: Boas, “An Anthropologist’s Credo,” The Nation, 8/27/1938.
“If I do not”: Norman Boas, 15.
“unquestionably the greatest”: Mitchell, “Man—with Variations,” New York World-Telegram, 11/1/1937, 29.
“easy to be”: Painter, 229.
comparing the cranial: Brinton, 25–26.
speech that shredded: Claudia Roth Pierpont, “The Measure of America,” The New Yorker, 3/8/2004, 48–50.
Brinton insisted: Science, 8/30/1895, 249.
repeatedly resign: COHP, “Reminiscences of Franziska Boas,” 67–68.
notable scars: Gossett, 418–19; COHP, Franziska Boas, 25.
visit with him: CBDP, B5, 6/13/1910.
same obsessiveness: COHP, “Reminiscences of Franziska Boas,” 65–68.
journalists, “Preposterous!,” “icy enthusiasm”: Mitchell, New York World-Telegram, 11/2/1937, 13.
psychoanalysis, “Contemporary Operetta”: COHP, Franziska Boas, 40, 13, 34.
Lowie, Mead: ANB.
Worcester incident, “middle-aged Eskimo”: Norman Boas, 101–2, 119.
flesh stripped: Spiro, 49.
Stocking called it: Mike Wallace, 351.
“spared the struggle”: Norman Boas, 12–13.
“label ‘reactionary’ ”: Duffy, Hand, and Orth, The Vermont Encyclopedia (Burlington: University of Vermont Press, 2003), 106.
United States Immigration Commission work: Zeidel, 21–55, 101.
“licking envelopes”: Lepore, 76.
“exhaustive inquiry”: Zeidel, 101.
“superior,” “inferior”: Guterl, 45–46.
His Dictionary: Dillingham, Vol. 5, 3, 11, 18.
Changes in Bodily Form: Dillingham, Vol. 38; Herskovitz, 39; King, Making, 65–69.
von Török: Handlin, Race, 88.
selling skulls: David Thomas, 59–60.
“obvious fact”: Russell, 255.
“no stability”: FBP, Boas to Jacob Schiff, 4/12/1909.
“exorbitant prices”: FBP, Boas to W. P. Dillingham, 6/17/1910.
“carefully read”: FBP, Schiff to Boas, 6/14/1910.
“unrelenting empiricism”: Julian H. Steward, in “Alfred Louis Kroeber,” National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs, 1962.
final report: Dillingham, Vol. 1, 44.
Folkmar’s . . . “reliable”: Dillingham, Vol. 1, 210.
“lecture notes”: Ward, Climate: Considered Especially in Relation to Man (New York: Putnam, 1907), iii.
“astral projection”: Mrs. Prescott F. Hall, xv.
Appalled . . . declined: IRLR, F417, Hall to J. A. Field, 4/28/1912; F143, Hall to Boas, 8/28/1912.
“securing laws”: CBDP, B1, F:1, American Breeders Association Committee, Ward to Davenport, 12/8/1911.
Hall’s article: Hall, “The Future of American Ideals,” North American Review, 1/1912.
Alexander E. Cance: IRLR, F226, Cance to Hall, n.d.
“any manners”: IRLR, F417, Hall to J. A. Field, 4/28/1912.
published report argued: American Breeders Magazine, 1912, 249–55.
“We scientists,” “his jester,” “all America’s streams”: NYT, “Social Problems Have Proven Basis in Heredity,” 1/12/1913, Sec. 5, 10.
“Some day we”: CBDP, B83, Roosevelt to Davenport, 1/3/1913.
Root and Stimson: CBDP, B45, Davenport to Harriman, 11/5/1911.
Gertrude Davenport: MacDowell, 28; NYT, 1/12/1913.
Laughlin play: CBDP, B117, produced 2/2/1912.
new ditty: MacDowell, 30.
“no Negroes”: E. L. Doctorow, Ragtime (New York: Plume, 1996), 3.
Otto Kahn: Mike Wallace, 299.
“desirable elements”: Davenport, Heredity, 218.
“modern studies”: IRLR, F342, Davenport to Hall, 10/7/1912.
removed Boas: IRLR, F342, Davenport to Hall, 4/18/1912; F948, 5/13/1913.
Davenport declined: CBDP, B5, Davenport to Boas, 1/30/1913, 10/11/1913.
“great families”: NYT, “Social Problems Have Proven Basis in Heredity,” 1/12/1913, Sec. 5, 10.
“defective blood”: Hershfield, 102.
list of college presidents: IRLR, F1063 (4th of 10).
“steady influx”: IRLR, F560, Jordan to Hall.
Committee to Study: Hassencahl, 95.
a laborer he knew, “very blue”: CBDP, B33, W. E. Davenport to C. B. Davenport, 11/26/1914; C.B.D. to W.E.D., 11/28/1914.
“day of the sociologist”: Ward, “The Crisis in Our Immigration Policy,” The Institution Quarterly, 6/30/1913, 31.
“When power”: Mukherjee, 63.
Chapter Six To Hell with Jews, Jesuits, and Steamships!
“To play Providence”: The Times (London), 5/3/1912, 5.
wore a badge: Smith and Wehmeyer, 57.
“relics”: Catalogue of the Exhibition.
“baby science”: First International Eugenics Congress, Problems, 13.
improbable entombment: Desmond and Moore, 665.
“give us courage”: First International, Problems, 6.
“stupidest” member: Browne, Power, 333–34.
“zealots and cranks”: Ludmerer, 54.
Montague Crackanthorpe: Gillham, 336.
committee members: IRLR, F1115 (6th of 8), announcement of First International Eugenics Congress.
Sanger: David Kennedy, Birth, 114.
Bleecker Van Wagenen: “Century Memorials,” CAA, 1922, 26.
“obtain wider,” “eliminating defective”: International, Problems, 12–13, 461.
“inferior blood”: Lombardo, 42–43.
“imbeciles,” mutability, “injurious effect,” “storm of applause”: International, Problems, 456, 18, 322, 38.
Prince Kropotkin, “slums”: Woodcock and Avakumonic, 225, passim.
fifty servants . . . estate: James R. Miller, ed., Encyclopedia of Russian History (New York: Gale, 2004), 789–90.
Smith speech: International, Problems, 36–39, 484–85.
“grasped the heart”: Straight, 6.
Better Babies Bureau: Rydell, 48–49.
“number name”: Witkowski and Inglis, 77.
refuse to officiate: NYT, “Baldwin Pleads for Eugenic Unions,” 10/31/1913.
person voidable: Kevles, In the Name, 100.
Fitzgerald, asked: Fitzgerald, Fie!
Belasco explained: Kimberly Miller, 14.
“most approved,” “eugenic wife”: NYT, “Gets Eugenic Certificate,” 10/22/1913; Chicago Examiner, “Wanted—Eugenic Wife,” 10/29/1913, 1; NYT, “Wants to Be Eugenic Bride,” 11/3/1913.
Washington, who harbored: Williams Jr., 61; CBDP, B93, 1/16/1913, Washington to Davenport.
Civic Biology: Hunter, 265, 413.
“Had Jesus been”: Wiggam, 110.
Rogers wrote: Book review, Journal of Psycho-Asthenics, 12/1912, 83.
The book was The Kallikak Family: J. A. Plucker and A. Esping, eds., “Human Intelligence: Historical influences, current controversies, teaching resources,” at www.intelltheory.com.
trace their origins, John Woolverton: Smith and Wehmeyer, 188; Zenderland, 180; Goddard, Kallikak, 50, 29.
“unguarded moment,” “Old Horror”: Goddard, Kallikak, 50, 18.
she made judgments: Goddard, Kallikak, 73, 77.
critical reception: Book Review Digest, 1912, 175; The Dial, 10/1912, 247; The Independent, 10/3/1912, 794.
Goddard even found: Kallikak, 103.
explicitly eschewed: Gossett, 365.
“Of one thing”: S. J. Gould, 183.
“our eye,” “wobble,” “Queen’s plan”: JLP, B1, Lee to James Patten, 11/28/1910; Lee to A. Lawrence Lowell, 8/4/1910; Lee to Patten, 3/17/1910.
prepare to attack: JLP, B1, Lee to James Patten, 11/28/1910.
“expert on nation-building,” “My own studies”: JLP, B1, Prescott Hall to Lee, 7/30/1910; Lowell to Lodge, copy to Lee, 8/9/1910.
primary public concern: Sapora, 164.
“pawn my socks”: JLP, B1, Lee to Cabot, 2/11/1912.
1896 roster, “lower race”: CR, 3/16/1896, 2817, 2819.
“like to secure”: CR, 4/18/1912, 4967.
Root’s clients: Mike Wallace, 38.
Root declared: CR, 4/18/1912, 4967–68.
Borah of Idaho: CR, 4/18/1912, 4971.
As far back: R. H. Mahany, CR, 5/20/1896, 5475.
Cleveland had: Veto message, 3/2/1897.
Southern senators: Higham, Strangers, 166–67.
Washington, who insisted: “Races and Politics,” Outlook, 6/3/1911, 264.
“objections to interbreeding”: Spiro, 200, quoting IRL to “The Honorable.”
Agassiz and his followers: Browne, Power, 216.
“altogether inferior”: Morris, Theodore Rex, 941, quoting Roosevelt to Owen Wister, 4/1906.
biologically related, “live issue”: Spiro, 242; ACSS, Author Files 1, B90, F1: Madison Grant to Maxwell Perkins, 5/3/1927.
“Asiatic and Mongolian”: CR, 8/23/1912, 13145.
Burnett held back: Tichenor, 135–36.
“Hurray”: Patten to Robert Ward, 5/10/1912.
“my favorite”: JLP, B1, Lee to A. Lawrence Lowell, 3/25/1911.
crossed out: JLP, B1, Lee letter to the editor, Post, 5/14/1912.
“suggest racial”: JLP, B1, Lee to multiple recipients, 1/1/1913.
“instinctively turn”: Bailey, 164.
found it unimaginable: IRLR, F608 (2nd of 4), HCL to Hall, 5/10/1912.
“certain elements”: Lowell Papers, B16, F1, Lodge to Lowell, “Personal,” 8/11/1910.
equally American: IRLR, F1008, Pamphlet, Wilson speech, New York City, 9/4/1912.
“doors swinging”: LMP, B1, F7, Taft speech, Cambridge Springs, PA, 10/26/1912.
“indifference and neglect”: NYT, “Progressive Aid for Our Aliens,” 8/19/1912, 8.
Curley . . . representing: Lissak, 215.
brochures in 1912: LMP, B1, F7, “The Injustice of a Literacy Test for Immigrants,” 26–27.
East Room, portion of Kentucky: NYT, 2/7/1913, 4; Betty C. Monkman, The White House: The Historic Furnishings and First Families (Washington, DC: White House Historical Association, 2000), passim.
veto message: Senate document 1087, 2/14/1913.
“To hell with”: Solomon, 173–74.
“arrested for forgery”: Beatty, 133–34.
Williams of Mississippi: CR, 2/18/1913, 3317.
“offspring,” “Wide open and”: CR, 2/18/1913, 3315–16.
“on the rock”: NYT, 2/20/1913, 5.
Amonson . . . seven-stanza response: CR, poem read by Rep. J. H. Moore of Pennsylvania, 2/19/1913, 3421; CR, read by Rep. Adolph Sabath, 2/1/1917, 2453.
“vague, conjectural”: Morris, Colonel, 228.
“multitudes of men”: Wilson, Vol. 5, 212.
“corruption of foreign”: Wilson, “The Character of Democracy in the United States,” Atlantic Monthly, 11/1889, 585.
“somersault”: CR, quoted by Rep. Caleb Powers, 2/4/1915, 3031.
told allies: IRLR, F608 (2nd of 4), Lodge to Prescott Hall, 3/30/1914.
“waves of democracy,” “Darwin and Galton”: Lodge, Early, 3.
“blood of the race”: Hershfield, 110–11.
quadratus muscle: R. B. Bean, quoted in Stocking, 188.
Taft’s veto: IRLR, F806, 3/4/1913.
“cannot fail”: Century, 10/1913, 952.
“He is tackling”: CBDP, B44, Hall to Davenport, 10/5/1912.
“so keen”: Louisville Courier-Journal, 10/19/1914, 8.
“most illuminating”: Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, 11/1/1914, 1.
“readable style”: NYT Book Review, 11/1/1914, 477.
“morally below,” etc.: The excerpts from Ross, Old World, quoted here appear consecutively on pages 293, 114, 244, 243, 113, 154, 136 (both “quarrelsome” and “farmers”), 286, 208, 285, 287.
offered to travel: IRLR, Ser. II, Executive Committee Minutes, Vol. 3, 3/6/1914.
“are immune,” “lips thick,” “pride of race”: Ross, Old World, 291, 286, 304.
invited advocates: CR, 2/4/1915, 3048.
sending an emissary: IRLR, Ser. II, Executive Committee Minutes, Vol. 3, 1/15/1915.
“not selection”: Wilson veto message, 1/28/1915.
“Oriental coolieism”: Stoddard, Rising, 287.
“greatest chance”: IRLR, F832, Hall to George Shiras.
“our Waterloo”: IRLR, F401, Patten to Henry P. Fairchild, 2/9/1915.
Chapter Seven Heaven-Sent Madison Grant
clubs and societies: National Cyclopaedia of American Biography (Clifton, NJ: J. T. White, 1942), 320–21; Spiro, 7–10.
“widespread conspiracy”: HFOP, B32, F15, C. N. Penfield to Osborn, 10/17/1924.
“manly sport”: Evan Thomas, 53.
Half Moon members, “reserve a cabin”: Spiro, 92–93.
Half moon rituals, menus, speakers through Ripley: CBDP, B77, F: H. F. Osborn: invitation for 2/5/1925.
Conklin, a prominent: Half Moon Club files, MS 1475, New-York Historical Society, Log 1906–1934.
“eminent leader,” “Director”: HFOP, Osborn to Grant, 4/24/1914.
“reckless” and “unreliable”: Nils Roll-Hansen, “Eugenics and the Science of Eugenics,” in Bashford and Levine, 29–30.
Flexner, the son: ANB.
scientific holes: RFA, III 2F, B1, F2: Starr Murphy to John D. Rockefeller Jr., 2/16/1914.
“biological consequences”: Conklin, 418.
Walter Lippmann: ANB.
“sinister effect”: Unsigned, “Americanization,” New Republic, 1/29/1916, 322. Lippmann’s authorship established by subsequent correspondence with Lee in JLP, B1, 1/31/1916–2/14/1936.
“managed society”: ANB. The entry was written by Steel.
Lee to send: JLP, B1, Lee to Lippmann, 1/31/1916.
single sentence: IRLR, F1120, extract from Curley speech in the House of Representatives, 12/14/1912.
complete suspension: Boston Globe, 4/7/1915.
Liberty Bell: Nash, 122–29.
J. H. Kellogg: ANB.
“Apollos and Venuses”: Los Angeles Times, 8/8/1915, 6.
Description of fair: Rydell, 40–41; Race Betterment Foundation, 5, 144; Los Angeles Times, 6/27/1915, 25.
“new and glorified”: Los Angeles Times, 8/8/1915, 6.
six generations: Selden, 11.
palace intrigue: ANB.
Jordan’s arguments: “Eugenics and War,” Race Betterment Foundation, 12–15.
1909: “The Biology of War,” Unity, 6/10/1909, 231.
“finest young,” “deterioration”: Darwin, Descent, 133–34.
sanitarium’s jubilee, Davenport speech: The Golden Jubilee of the Battle Creek Sanitarium, 1916, copy at Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan; ubhistory.org/storiesandpeople/JHKellogg.html. Speech, 64–68.
“Warm-hearted,” “heaven-sent”: Spiro, 38, 50.
driving force: New York Herald Tribune, 5/31/1937, 10.
initiated the effort: IRLR, F:468, Grant to Prescott Hall, 11/22/1918.
“No greater”: Spiro, 52.
“We have killed”: Madison Grant, “America for Americans,” The Forum, 9/1925, 346–55.
reform campaign: Spiro, 34.
Devoted to Roosevelt: D. G. Brinton Thompson, “A Personal Memory of Madison Grant,” n.d.
“great achievements”: HFOP, B9, F4, 7/20/1933.
“My dear”: Grant to Roosevelt, 4/28/1928, and Roosevelt to Grant, 5/5/1928, in Franklin Delano Roosevelt Papers.
“lighthouse of fashion”: George Bird Grinnell, quoted by Spiro, 16–17.
Carnegie incident: Spiro, 48.
“well-groomed musketeer”: William Hornaday, in Hornaday Papers, B112, unpublished autobiography, 11:2.
annual income: Thompson, private reminiscence.
summer place, Oatlands: “Oatlands,” Architecture, 10/1918, 297–300.
East Forty-Ninth Street, Park Avenue, servants: Spiro, 117, 336; Thompson, private reminiscence.
“walls of Troy,” “not a nature”: H. E. Anthony, “Madison Grant,” Journal of Mammalogy, 8/1938, 396–97.
Osborn letter: Chase, 164.
“tundras of the north”: F. R. Burnham, “Madison Grant: Charon Beckoned,” typescript, Kermit Roosevelt Papers, B106, F1935–1938, in Dean Sage to Roosevelt, 6/17/1938.
“no present intention”: Hornaday Papers, B13, Grant to Hornaday, 12/13/1927.
were a “curse”: ERP, B94, F:G1912, Grant to Root, 5/10/1912.
“Semitic leadership”: Stoddard, Rising, 247.
“dwarfed and undersized”: Petit, 111.
“dumping ground”: Spiro, 331.
“Papacy”: HHLP, Grant to Laughlin, 2/25/1933.
“Jewish leadership”: Baltzell, Protestant, 96.
“half-Asiatic”: Grant foreword in Mrs. Prescott F. Hall, x.
atheist himself: Thompson, private reminiscence.
moose heads: Grant, “A Canadian Moose Hunt,” in G. B. Grinnell and T. Roosevelt, eds., Hunting in Many Lands (New York: Forest and Stream Publishing Co., 1895), 104.
“Columbus, from”: HFOP, B8, F40, Grant to Osborn, 5709.
“the man who put”: Higham, Strangers, 155.
Moses Taylor Pyne: Mike Wallace, 29; Alexander Leitch, A Princeton Companion, Princeton University Press, 1978.
“race memory,” “ethnic continuity,” Woodrow Wilson: Ralph Adams Cram, quoted in Maynard, 80–81.
Pyne had sponsored: CAA, Century Genealogy.
“suggestive study,” opportunity to discuss: HFOP, B56, F8: Osborn to Charles Scribner, 5/2/1916.
“white man par”: Quotations from The Passing of the Great Race given here appear consecutively on pages 23, 187, 11–13, 198, 199, 150, 198, 191, 138, 140, 144–46, 143, 191, 191.
Grant . . . peculiar notion: Passing, 74.
Houston Stewart Chamberlain: Gossett, 350; Spiro, 110.
“In Hindustan”: Grant, Passing, quotations continue, consecutively, on pages 63–64, 178, 144, 67, 134, 203, 203, 101, 159, 210, 81, 81, 15–16.
“They came,” “lower race mixes”: CR, 3/16/1896, 2818–19.
“maudlin”: Grant, Passing, 228.
“purity of race,” “Nordic nobility”: Grant, Conquest, 5, 15.
Boston settlement house, Wendell: Berg, 32.
“his grandparents”: Cowley, 24.
“history of Europe”: ACSS, Author Files I, B675, F2, 1916 Fall catalog.
“scientist, savant”: ACSS, Publicity Files, B1139, promotional brochure, 1916.
“inrush of lower”: ACSS, Publicity Files, B1139, “RVC” letter to IRL members, 11/16/1916.
“unchecked influx”: ACSS, Publicity Files, B1139, “RVC” letter, 5/1917.
public liftoff: NYT Magazine, 10/22/1916, 8–9.
Roosevelt, was particularly: ACSS, Author Files 1, B675, F3, 1917 Spring catalog, 1.
ex-president’s permission: Morison, Roosevelt to Grant, 12/5/1916.
“a remarkable study”: ACSS, Publicity Files, B1139, quoted in catalog brochure.
“warning which should”: Boston Transcript, 12/9/1916.
“incorrect”: Gossett, 363.
“debatable assumptions,” “questionable,” “dignity”: A. B. Show, American Historical Review, 7/1917, 842.
“studied by all”: Carl Kelsey, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 3/1917, 330.
“distinct qualities”: The Nation, 4/19/1917, 466.
titled “Inventing”: “Inventing a Great Race,” New Republic, 1/13/1917.
Frederick Adams Woods: Spiro, 159; Woods, “The Racial Limitation of Bolshevism,” Journal of Heredity, 4/1919, 190.
“undoubtedly one of”: ACSS, Author Files 1, Perkins to Grant, 4/30/1917.
Scott explained in a letter: HFOP, B8, F40, Scott to Grant, 11/27/1922, enclosed in Grant to Osborn, 12/4/1922.
“not a matter”: Osborn, in Grant, Passing, ix.
“secure our nation”: CBDP, B42, Davenport to Grant, 2/10/1917.
Chapter Eight A Carnival of Exclusion
“I am told”: CBDP, B42, Grant to Davenport, 2/16/1917.
“readjustment [of law]”: Grant, Passing, 228–29.
“ ‘scorched the snake’ ”: Boston Daily Globe, 4/7/1915, 9. The Globe printed it as “scotched”; the quote, with “scorch,” is from Macbeth.
“poison of disloyalty,” “welcomed under”: David Kennedy, Over Here, 24.
“subservient legislature”: Grant foreword, in Mrs. Prescott F. Hall, viii.
“after 24 years”: Warren Papers, B10, F4, biographical note, 2/5/1917.
Attitudes toward Asians: Attorney General Charles Bonaparte quoted in Ngai, 41.
deport alien: Higham, Strangers, 202.
longest continuous tenure: Boston Herald, 3/13/1917.
Lodge punched him, baseball player: Garraty, 333–35.
“new infusion”: Rep. Isaac Siegel quoted in Petit, 120.
“set apart”: Lodge, Boston, 210–11.
“museum of wax”: William Gibbs McAdoo quoted in Garraty, 128.
one of two reasons: Hutchinson, Legislative, 163.
Louis Marshall: introduction by Oscar Handlin in Reznikoff, x–xliii.
He knew Theodore Roosevelt: Reznikoff, 1149.
nearly appointed: Handlin in Reznikoff, xvi; JLP, B1, [Patten?] to Taft, 4/9/1910.
“dash off”: Reznikoff, 363n.
“affirmative action”: LMP, B1, F3, n.d.
“irrefragable reason”: Reznikoff, 218.
“electrolytic powers”: NYT, 4/8/1918.
“most vicious,” “dangerous invasions,” “Nothing Jewish”: Handlin in Reznikoff, xiii, xxxviii–xliii.
persuaded Representative John L. Burnett, William Dillingham: LMP, B1, F8, Marshall to Dillingham, 1/1/1913; Dillingham to Marshall, 1/4/1913.
in the statutory language: LMP, B2, F2, Marshall to James Reed, 4/21/1916.
rooted in the American: IRLR, F437: Friends of Russian Freedom to Dillingham, 2/2/1915.
“give a preference”: LMP, B2, F3, Marshall to Montague Triest, 12/16/1916.
red ink: IRLR, F1052, Executive Committee Minutes, 2/9/1917.
“mere agent”: JLP, B1, Patten to Lee, 2/7/1917.
“most comprehensive”: Ward, “Immigration After the War,” Journal of Heredity, 4/1917, 151.
“thousand million”: JLP, B1, Lee to Marjory Moors, 8/9/1917.
“those schemes you”: JLP, B1, Lee to Bradley, 2/13/1917.
“It is probable”: JLP, B1, Hall to “Members of the League,” 2/22/1917.
warned Hall: IRLR, F381, Edgerton to Hall, 6/11/1902.
“spending millions”: IRLR, Ser. II, Executive Committee Minutes, Vol. 3, 3/6/1914.
sight and hearing: JLP, B14, F: BSC Elections, 1914, “My Great Deeds.”
Italy alone: Cannato, 435.
definitive action: EN, 3/1817, 22.
would limit: IRLR, F1110, Draft amendment, 3/1917.
quotas, slashed by 70: IRLR, F363, Hall to Dillingham, 4/12/1917.
in 1911: Handlin, Uprooted, 260.
Jeremiah W. Jenks: IRLR, F549, Jenks to Lee, 12/10/1914.
“an avalanche,” “from hundreds,” “two other groups”: IRLR, F549, Jenks to Hall, 4/21/1914.
counteract “the spread”: JLP, B1, draft of “Numerical Limitation Bill,” 5/1918.
“single race”: IRLR, F1068, 1st of 4, “Preliminary draft,” n.d.
“discriminate in favor”: JLP, B1, draft of “Numerical Limitation Bill,” 5/1918.
John Burnett: IRLR, F203, Burnett to Hall, 11/29/1918.
“most influential agency”: Fairchild, 452.
“now all powerful”: JLP, B1, Hall to Lee, 3/11/1917.
“carnival of exclusion”: Industrial Removal Office, Monthly Bulletin, 2/1915, quoted in Glazier, 67.
“immeasurable calamity”: Introduction by Ross in Popenoe and Johnson, ix.
“mark of Cain”: Boston Post, 9/16/1916, 1.
Sadler ideas: Sadler, passim.
Kellogg, Freud: Martin Gardner, Urantia: The Great Cult Mystery (New York: Prometheus, 1995), 36–37.
“very largely Alpine”: Grant, Passing, revised ed., 231–32.
“barbaric blood”: Washington Times, 6/2/1918.
“new and separate”: Kansas City Star, 7/15/1918, quoted in Hall and Ferlege, eds., Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia, entry “Immigrants—Obligation of.” Online at theodoreroosevelt.org.
“any Yale”: Morison, Roosevelt to Grant, 12/30/1918.
Thomas R. Marshall said: William Manners, TR and Will: A Friendship That Split the Republican Party (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1969), 320.
“qualified ethnologist”: San Francisco Chronicle, 2/11/1917, 2D.
Anthropology Committee: Spiro, 310.
lauded “authorities”: SEP, 5/7/1921, 20.
“Dr. Madison Grant”: Robert DeC. Ward, “Some Thoughts on Immigration Restriction,” Scientific Monthly, 10/1922, 317.
“distinguished zoologist”: NYT, “Madison Grant, 71, Zoologist, Is Dead,” 5/31/1937, 15.
“sociologist Madison Grant”: H. S. Merrill and M. G. Merrill, The Republican Command, 1897–1913 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2015), 11.
“racial anthropology”: Spiro, 305.
“confined to native”: CBDP, B42, Grant to H. F. Osborn, 3/9/1918.
personal approval: CBDP, B40, F: Galton Society.
Over the years: Spiro, Appendix D, 394.
First meetings of the Galton Society: Science, 3/14/1919, 267–68.
Osborn Library: author visit.
portrait of Francis Galton: HFOP, B8, F38: Osborn to Grant, 12/14/1918; Spiro, 305–6.
“interlocking directorate”: Spiro, 229.
“gossip of the natives”: Claudia Roth Pierpont, “The Measure of America,” The New Yorker, 3/8/2004, 57.
“I am convinced”: CBDP, B40, F: Galton Society, ms. copy of Osborn, “Research on the Evolution of Man and the Human Species,” 6.
“charming Copley,” “Xmas handshake”: Campbell, 72–77.
“One need”: Ibid., 295.
Eugenics Record Office Bulletin: Bulletin No. 1, Bulletin No. 2, 1911.
two thousand children: Boorstin, 222.
fifteen thousand: NYT, 2/18/1913, 10.
5,600, nearly 70 percent, “ever-changing stream”: Alfred C. Reed, “Going Through Ellis Island,” Popular Science, 1/1913, 5–13.
admired his work: CBDP, Ser. II, B125: Davenport to Starr J. Murphy, 7/n.d./1910.
“dearest man”: William Healy quoted in Zenderland, 358–59.
“arouse a smile”: Goddard, “The Binet Measuring Scale of Intelligence,” Training School Bulletin, 10/1914, 88.
“ship at gunpoint”: Kraut, Huddled, 3–4.
Darwin himself: Darwin, Descent, 142.
Galton believed: Galton, Inquiries, 308.
“Weaker minds”: Davenport, Heredity, 211.
Ellis Island testers: E.g., Goddard, “Mental,” 262; Cannato, 454.
fluent in three: Cannato, 253–54.
made no mention: Goddard, Feeblemindedness (1914).
Jean Gianini, “masturbator”: Goddard, Criminal, 20.
Paul Popenoe: Goddard Papers, Popenoe to Goddard, 9/9/1913, 5/21/1914; Goddard to Popenoe, 9/10/1913, 6/22/1914.
“hardly escape,” 40 percent, considered “normal”: Goddard, “Mental,” 252, 249. See also Kraut, Silent, 74–75.
funded in part: Sapora, 133.
“great mass”: “Two Immigrants Out of Five Feeble-Minded,” The Survey, 9/15/1917, 528–29.
qualifications and caveats Goddard used: Goddard, “Mental,” 243, 247, 270.
“two practical questions”: Ibid., 243.
federal study, more space: President’s Research, 428; Higham, Strangers, 150–51.
sex manual: T. W. Shannon, Nature’s Secrets Revealed (Marietta, OH: S. A. Mullikin, 1914), 257–63.
“Jewish Eugenics”: Reichler, 18.
“trying to build”: Leuchtenberg, Supreme, 18.
“make you puke”: Lombardo, 164.
Boston University, University of Oregon, MIT: CBDP, Ser. II, B116, F: Eugenics & Genetics in Colleges.
skeptical geneticist: W. E. Castle, Genetics.
Dudley A. Sargent: EN, 3/1917, 38.
Popenoe, “most popular”: David Popenoe, “Remembering My Father: An Intellectual Portrait of ‘The Man Who Saved Marriages,’ ” Popenoe Papers, B174, F18, 2.
“Celibate Motherhood”: HFOP, B43, F10: Program, annual meeting of Eugenics Research Association, 6/14/1924.
“fear of racial”: Popenoe and Johnson, ix.
outlawing child labor, inheritance taxes, “ignorant stocks”: Popenoe and Johnson, 368, 353, 139.
“excellent citizens”: Popenoe and Johnson, 139.
William Earl Dodge Stokes: Dodge, 211–15.
Stokes quotations: Stokes, 8, 7, 56, 58.
He praised Charles Davenport: Stokes, 6, 183.
eugenic paradise: 85–86.
“rotten, foreign,” “admirable race”: 48, 174–75.
Abraham Lincoln: CBDP, Ser. II, B134, Stokes to Davenport, 2/19/1921.
joined him for dinner: CBDP, Ser. II, B134, Davenport to Stokes, 1/10/1924.
“good ideas”: EN, 2/1917, 13.
“exterminate the Negro,” “We don’t want”: Margaret Sanger Papers Project, Sanger to Clarence Gamble, 12/10/1939.
Martin Luther King: Speech, 5/5/1966, Planned Parenthood 50th Anniversary Banquet, New York, available at thekingcenter.org.
“great pleasure,” “should be,” to her board: Spiro, 194.
“Japanese problem”: HHLP, C 2-6:14, “Sayings of Others,” pamphlet copyrighted by Sanger 1921, quoting E. W. Ritter.
“racist fears”: Gordon, 281.
“More children”: American Medicine, 3/1919, 123; Birth Control Review, 5/1919, 12.
1921 essay: Sanger, “The Eugenic Value of Birth Control Propaganda,” Birth Control Review, 10/1921, 5.
“Cruelty of Charity”: Sanger, Pivot, 105.
“glad to say”: English, 40.
“bloodstream of the race,” “moronic mothers”: Sanger, Autobiography, 376.
eagerly sought: Ross Papers, Reel 14, Sanger to Ross, 3/4/1921, 10/18/1921, 10/20/1921.
“thoroughbreds”: Chesler, 216.
“immeasurable calamity,” “Rooted prejudices”: Introduction by Ross in Popenoe and Johnson, ix.
“mutual butchery”: Grant, Passing, 200.
Yerkes at Harvard: ANB.
“unimportant incident”: Robert M. Yerkes, The Dancing Mouse (New York: Macmillan, 1907), vii.
also an advisor, member: EN, 3/1916, 19, 32.
seen the possibilities: CCBP, Yerkes correspondence, 3/28/1917.
“valuable technology”: ANB.
“I am a believer”: JLP, B1, draft letter to Boston Transcript, n.d., early 1917.
commissioned a major: Downey, 7–8.
necessary training: Marks, 89–90.
“pests,” not to serve: Kevles, “Testing,” 574.
“bar of steel”: Kevles, In the Name, 80.
Alpha test consisted: Paul, Controlling, 66.
At Fort Devens: Yerkes, 284.
“most prominent racist”: Barkan, 69–70.
“they nauseate us”: CBDP, B42, F: Joseph J. Gould, 10/?/13.
“very nice fellow”: RFA, Daniel J. Kevles Papers, B2, F2, Kevles oral history interview with Harry Shapiro, 1984.
only “surprise”: CBDP, B14, F: Autobiographical; see also www.arthurmoss.com.
eight researchers: EN, 3/1919.
frequently cited evidence: CBDP, B42, Davenport to Grant, 4/7/1925.
“wayward girls”: Rosenberg, “Charles,” 271.
Harriman endowment: CIWA, Genetics B9, F8, typescript history by Davenport.
deed to Arden: Boston Post, 9/16/1916, 1.
wished to travel: CIWA, Genetics, B4, F17, Davenport to Woodward, 12/12/1918.
turned them down, “peculiarly dangerous,” “best interests”: CIWA, Genetics, B3, F7, Woodward to Davenport, 2/15/1919.
“juvenile journal,” “discourage amateurism”: CBDP, Ser. II, B106, Woodward to Davenport, 10/15/1919.
“High praise”: MacDowell, Bios, 33.
“Galton himself”: CBDP, Ser. II, B106, Davenport to Woodward, 10/18/1919.
continued to challenge: CBDP, Ser. II, B106, Woodward to Davenport, 12/8/1920, 12/29/1920.
Merriam, looked upon: ANB.
“most heartily”: Barkan, 69–70.
“unequivocal”: Spiro, 314.
almost dared them: ANB.
“prostituted science”: The Nation, 12/20/1919, 797.
Fairfield Osborn: Hyatt, 132.
Boas was censured: Norman Boas, 196.
“flood of Bolsheviki”: IRLR, F608 (4th of 4), Lodge to Hall, 10/18/1919.
“great massacre of Jews”: Higham, Strangers, 306.
smuggling one hundred: New York Herald, 11/24/1919.
nation’s editorial pages: IRLR, F1070, 4th of 11, “Friendly and Hostile Newspapers.”
“shut the gates,” “latest gospel”: NYT, 6/9/1919, 12; 7/11/1920, Sec. 2, 2.
“Can we build”: CBDP, B42, Davenport to Grant, 5/3/1920.
know “the facts”: CBDP, Davenport to Grant, 11/27/1920.
Chapter Nine The Coming of the Quota
“best way”: SEP, 5/19/1923, 92.
“misery and want,” “75 percent,” “bring in”: House of Representatives Report 1109, accompanying HR 14461, 12/6/1920.
Gore speech: Charles Gore, “Diplomacy, Old and New,” The Christian Century, 5/1/1919, 11–12.
“headlong plunge”: Stoddard, Rising, 179.
Boas called Stoddard’s: The Nation, 12/8/1920, 656.
Ross called it: Bachman, 4.
a business magazine: The World’s Work, 1919, 205, 276, 471.
apartment at the western, “always irked,” “rotten foundations,” three months: Bachman, 84, 55.
Seth K. Humphrey: EN, 11/1917, 92.
Charles W. Gould, “rapturous encomium”: Charles Gould, 1, 28–29; NYT Book Review, 11/22/1922.
William McDougall: ACSS, Author Files 1, B675, F6, Scribner Fall 1921 catalog, 19; McDougall, 69–71.
Edward M. East: East, vi, 316.
Ellsworth Huntington: “What I Think About Eugenics,” ca. 1927, pamphlet issued by American Eugenics Society.
“permanent domination”: New York Tribune, n.d., quoted in ACSS, Author Files 1, B676, F4, Scribner 1924 Spring catalog.
send a copy: ACSS, Author Files 1, B90, F3, Perkins to Grant, 9/17/1923.
“new values”: Berg, 41.
“You can tell”: Cowley, xiii.
“admirably summarized,” etc.: The excerpts from Stoddard, Rising, quoted here appear consecutively on pages vii, vi, 10, vi, 115, 4, 91, 169, 70, 56, 13, xxx, 8.
“hordes of immigrant”: Stoddard, Rising, 165.
“marked success”: ACSS, Author Files 1, B90, F2: Perkins to Grant, 2/24/1920.
Du Bois’s ominous: 14.
fifteen separate printings: ACSS, Author Files 1, B676, F4, Scribner 1924 Spring catalog.
“sane and measured,” “defense of what”: NYT, 7/11/1920, Sec. 2, 2.
“well up”: JLP, B1, Hall to Lee, 10/10/1920, 10/15/1920.
“pioneer”: ACSS, Author Files 1, B90, Grant F2: Scribner to Grant, 6/8/1922.
The Great Gatsby: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gatsby, 12–13.
Cather was publishing . . . subhuman: “Scandal,” in Youth and the Bright Medusa (New York: Knopf, 1920), 185–86.
Masters begins: Edgar Lee Masters, The Open Sea (New York: Macmillan, 1921), 270–71. The poem was originally published in Reedy’s Mirror, in 1920.
Grant was delighted: ACSS, Author Files 1, B90, F2, Grant to Perkins, 1/20/1920.
“Henry Ford”: NYT, 10/23/1937, 1.
“Self-Preservation”: SEP, 2/2/1920.
Gregor Mendel, “rose-colored,” “recent advances”: SEP, 5/7/1921, 20.
“fitted biologically,” “fixed a fact,” “infected stock,” “sterilizing effect,” Prescott Hall: SEP, 5/14/1921, 20.
“defeated, incompetent”: SEP, “Ports of Embarkation,” 5/7/1921.
“waiting for you”: Roberts Papers, B52, Ward to Roberts, 3/23/1922.
“require of all those aliens”: Calvin Coolidge, “Whose Country Is This?,” Good Housekeeping, 2/1921.
myriad philanthropic: JLP, B39, F: Donations, passim.
bout of pleurisy, “an aristocracy”: CBDP, B44, Hall to Charles Davenport, 10/1/1920.
“Puritans and pedants”: Johnson Papers, Scrapbooks, “Some Reminiscences,” 4/29/1934.
“bright side”: HHLP, E 1-1:10, HHL to his mother, 3/1905.
“best practical”: Ludmerer, 92.
“frequent contact”: HHLP, E 1-3:5, Kirksville Journal, 1/1/1914.
onion root tips: Carlson, 2235–36.
generous inclinations: HHLP, C 2-2:14, Laughlin, “Eugenics in Germany,” Eugenics Review, 1/1921.
earnestly antiwar, League of Nations: Hassencahl, 46–47.
“scarcely seems”: HHLP, D 2-1:5, Atlantic Monthly editors to Laughlin, 9/21/1917.
preamble to his model: McDonald, 390.
granted Indians: McDonald, 393, quoting Laughlin to Madison Grant, 6/13/1932.
met Robert Ward: Hershfield, 110–11.
“decimal elimination”: Spiro, 1373.
“not solely”: Witkowski and Inglis, 167.
Johnson elected, “proud to say”: Johnson Papers, “Some Reminiscences,” 6/17/1934.
“greatest menace”: Hillier, 199.
Apart from his support: Johnson Papers, Scrapbooks, 1913–1914.
to Celsius: CBDP, B58, Johnson to Davenport, 11/3/1915.
“strenuous life”: Johnson Papers, “Some Reminiscences,” n.d.
“anarchy,” “organized atheism”: Home Defender, 5/13/1912, 2.
“made a study,” telegraph operator, “a prophecy”: Johnson Papers, “Some Reminiscences,” 1/14/1934.
“I am sorry”: Hershfield, 116–17.
lantern slides: HHLP, C 2-4:6.
“besieged”: Yoakum and Yerkes, iii.
Laughlin testimony: House hearings, Biological, 3–22.
“as a mirage”: Rep. Emanuel Celler, CR, 1/23/1914, 1331–35.
in the Galton Society: HHLP, D 2-4:10, W. K. Gregory to Laughlin, 3/20/1923.
trip to Europe: HHLP, C 2-3:3, “Report of Harry H. Laughlin for the Months September 1, 1923–June 30, 1924.”
Singh case: Huping Ling and Allan W. Austin, eds., Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia (London: Routledge, 2015), 363; www.bhagatsinghthind.com.
the court found: Ozawa v. U.S., 1922.
“most unfortunate”: LMP, B1, F3, Marshall to Sabath, 2/28/1910.
came from Sicily: Rollins v. State, Ala. Crim. App. 1922.
Patten described: JLP, B2, Patten to Robert Ward, 1/17/1923.
Stoddard constantly: E.g., Stoddard, Racial, 27; Stoddard, Re-Forging, 129.
Hall hung: Hall, “Immigration and the World War,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1/1921, 190.
“pretty good club”: Hugh Wilson, quoted in Martin Weil, A Pretty Good Club: The Founding Fathers of the U.S. Foreign Service (New York: Norton, 1978).
“small group”: Stephen A. Schuker, “Pride and Prejudice,” Commentary, 9/1978.
Carr was: ANB; Richard Hume Werking, The Master Architects: Building the United States Foreign Service 1890–1913 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2015), 88–89.
“in accordance,” and subsequent quotes in document: Appendix A, House hearings, “Temporary,” 9–12.
“225,000 Hebrews”: House report 1109, House hearings, “Temporary,” 4.
Ira Hersey, Johnson spelled, “[APPLAUSE]”: CR, 12/10/1920, 1–7.
“most extraordinary”: Philadelphia Public Ledger, 12/11/1920, quoted in Robert Ward, “The Immigration Problem Today,” Journal of Heredity, 9–10/1920, 323.
“undesirables”: Boston Post, 12/20/1920, 28.
“heterogeneous hodgepodge”: CR, 12/11/1920, 4563–64.
Ward essay: Ward, “Immigration Problem,” 323–28. Though this issue of the journal is dated “September–October 1920,” the Ward piece is dated 1/1/1921, and the front page of the issue indicated it wasn’t published until 3/1921.
“fed from troughs”: NYT, 12/12/1920, 9.
“American institutions”: NYT, “The Unpopular Branch,” 2/9/1921, 7.
Box . . . attacked, IRC membership: CR, 1/8/1921, 1162–63.
IRC’s dues-paying: House hearings, Proposed, 4/22/1920, 127.
“trifling fraction,” “any wonder”: CR, 1/8/1921, 1162–63.
Grant to Marion and Washington: Spiro, 209.
“paternal interest,” “good friend”: Roberts, I Wanted, 149, 180.
“few feet of macaroni”: SEP, “Guests from Italy,” 8/21/1920, 11–12.
“biologists,” “adventurous people”: SEP, “Points of Embarkation,” 5/7/1921, 2, 72.
Conklin took: Conklin, “Some Biological Aspects of Immigration,” Scribner’s Magazine, 3/1921, 354–59.
“subnormal”: CR, 4/20/1921, 437–39.
“ready to breed”: Bendersky, 161.
“disaster will”: Philadelphia Inquirer, 5/6/1921.
“fully aware”: SEP, 5/7/1921, 20.
“give a preference”: LMP, B2, F3, Marshall to Montague Triest, 12/12/1916.
“bases the right”: LMP, B2, F5, Marshall to House Committee, undated.
Isaac Siegel, Albert Johnson: CR, 4/20/1921, 500.
“reeking with hatred”: Reznikoff, 191.
“Jewish tailors”: Spiro, 205.
Although he and his wife: JLP, B1, Hall’s stationery, in Hall to Lee, 10/18/1918.
“Without him”: Lee, letter to the editor, Springfield Republican, 6/3/1921.
“guess my work”: JLP, B1, Ward to Lee, 4/30/1921, quoting letter from Hall.
Chapter Ten Science Is Our Polestar
Canopic steamed: NYT, 6/7/1921, 3 and 6/12/1921; Boston Post, 6/10/1921, 1; 6/11/1921, 4; 6/12/1921, 1.
White Star was especially: Two brochures, 1907, at gjenvick.com/Brochures/WhiteStarLine.
Even Robert Ward: Ward, letter to the editor, Boston Herald, 6/18/1921.
the paper gave Roberts: Boston Sunday Herald, 6/26/1921, Sec. 2, 1.
“fine work”: Roberts Papers, B53, Stoddard to Roberts, 7/1/1921.
Mayflower: Boston Post, 6/12/1921, 1.
“henceforth all”: Wang, 82.
Luxembourg’s quota: NYT, 6/7/1921, 3; Liberia: “Uncle Sam’s Turnstile,” New Republic, 8/17/1921, 314–15.
Antwerp docks: NYT, 6/17/1921, 1.
In Cherbourg: NYT, 6/16/1921, 14.
Hamburg-American Line: Averell Harriman Papers, B679, F11, Hamburg-American Annual Report, 1921.
Kroonland departed: NYT, 6/17/1921, 1; 3/7/1921, 1.
“Immigrant Derby”: Curran, 287.
Greek ships: NYT, “ ‘Quotas’ Harass Ship Lines,” 10/2/1921, Sec. 8, 12.
“by horsepower”: American Legion Weekly, 12/21/1921, 9.
never a surplus: “Uncle Sam’s Turnstile,” New Republic, 8/17/1921, 314–15.
EUGENISTS DREAD: NYT, 9/25/1921, Sec. 2, 1.
front pages across: E.g., Nebraska State Journal, 9/28/1921; Minneapolis Star-Tribune, 9/27/1921 and 9/28/1921; El Paso Herald, 9/21/1921.
spoken virtually daily: Spiro, 352.
“best team of horses”: Hornaday Papers, B112, Ch. 11, 2.
Rangifer, femur of a chicken: Spiro, 24, 48.
“agreeable Hebrew”: Hellman, 92.
Warburg was not, succeeded: J. M. Kennedy, 216; NYT, 5/2/1933, 10.
“enormously pompous,” “incredibly”: COHP, “Reminiscences of L. C. Dunn,” 167; Hellman Papers, Ser. 3, F4, Ellis L. Yochelson to Hellman, 2/22/1969.
two secretaries: Hellman, Bankers, 193–94.
“not even an envelope”: Ibid., 201.
“positive engine”: Osborn to Grant, 2/10/1909, quoted in J. M. Kennedy, 154.
provided financial support: CBDP, B45, Davenport to C. C. Tegethoff, 6/13/1921. Tegethoff was a financial manager employed by the Harriman family.
flabbergasted: CBDP, B77, Osborn to Davenport, 11/22/1920.
pure science: CBDP, B3, Bateson to Davenport, 2/11/1921.
“alliances between”: Bateson, “Commonsense in Racial Problems,” Eugenics Review, 325, quoted in Ludmerer, 52.
Davenport’s urging: CBDP, B77, Davenport to Osborn, letter recommending participants, ca. 11/1920.
“social propaganda”: CBDP, B77, F: H. F. Osborn, Morgan to Osborn, 6/14/1920.
“scholarly tone”: CBDP, B77, Osborn to Morgan, 7/16/1920.
“be amused”: CBDP, B77, Osborn to Davenport, 7/21/1920.
“if it is a privilege”: CBDP, B77, Osborn to Davenport and C. C. Little, 7/31/1921. Emphasis in original.
biased, lapses, sloppiness, bullying: Lowie Papers, B12, Osborn to Lowie, 6/6/1922; HFOP, B8, F39, Osborn to Grant, 6/3/1919; Lowie Papers, B7, W. K. Gregory to Lowie, 7/5/1927.
“Jew socialist,” “much truth”: HFOP, B8, F40, Grant to Osborn, 6/5/1922; Osborn to Grant, 6/6/1922.
“sledgehammer”: HFOP, B8, F39, Osborn to Grant, 5/28/1920.
most critical issue: HFOP, B11, F320, Osborn to Albert Johnson, 12/19/1922.
railroad car: American Museum of Natural History Central Archives, F20.3: Invitation and guest list.
“my consternation”: HFOP, B9, F1, Osborn to Grant, 8/21/1928.
Congress took over, exhibits: AMNH Central Archives, F20–20.5, Osborn to F.A. Lucas, 5/6/1921; Laughlin, Second, 9, 20–36, 45–59; Spiro, 213–14.
“independent means”: Rydell, 45.
Osborn delivered: Second International, Eugenics, 1–4.
Johnson’s congressional committee: CBDP, B40, F: Galton Society, draft minutes, meeting of 5/5/1925.
every speaker: NYT, “Eugenists Dread Tainted Aliens,” 9/5/1921, Sec 2, 1.
Lapouge, “race of demigods”: Spiro, 214.
personal tour: AMNH Central Archives, F20–20.5, Osborn to Frederick A. Wallis et al., 10/11/1921.
“carry on”: CBDP, B77, Osborn to Fisher, 10/11/1921.
ECUSA membership: CBDP, B77, letterhead.
C. W. Eliot: Eliot, “A Plea for Jewish Integrity,” Jewish Tribune and Hebrew Standard, 12/19/1994, clipping in RPHU, B233, F829.
Carl Campbell Brigham biography: ANB; Leonard Carmichael, “Carl Campbell Brigham 1890–1943,” Psychological Review, 9/1943, 443; Downey, 5–11.
“the Philistines”: Charles Gould, 164.
“our ancestors worked”: CCBP, Gould correspondence, Brigham to Gould, 8/6/21.
“never produced”: CCBP, Gould correspondence, Gould to Brigham, n.d.
“ardent enthusiasm,” squash court: Richard Ward Greene Welling, “Charles Winthrop Gould,” Century Association, Yearbook, 1931.
“revolting”: Charles Gould, 162.
museum-quality: Anderson Galleries, “The Charles W. Gould Art Collection,” auction catalog, 1932.
black-tie dinner, brilliant men: CBDP, B42, telegram, Gould to Davenport, 10/18/1921, 11/2/1921.
“Volstead Act”: CCBP, Gould correspondence, Gould to Davenport, 10/18/1921.
focused on ethnicity: Spiro, 217.
Gould agreed: Brigham, xvii.
Armenians, classified: Barkan, 84; Craver, 30–56.
alumni pressure: Levine, 154; Dinnerstein, 84.
Lowell, who had seen: Dinnerstein, 84.
“summer hotel”: Lowell Papers, B173, F1056, Lowell to William Ernest Hocking, 5/19/1922.
without acknowledging: Author interview with Henry Rosovsky, former dean, Harvard College.
“necessary move”: Melissa Hendricks, “Raymond Pearl’s Mingled Mess,” Johns Hopkins Magazine, 4/2006.
Hughes, cringing: Blom, 107.
“is our polestar”: Bachman, 22.
she cited Yerkes’s: Sanger, Pivot, 263.
“Here’s Mrs. Sanger!”: Sanger, Autobiography, 300–301.
“vastly superior”: Spiro, 335.
“almost invariable”: Roberts, Why, 47–48.
“bubonic plague”: Arthur M. Sweeney, “Mental Tests for Immigrants,” North American Review, 5/1922, 600–612.
William Allen White: White, “What’s the Matter with America?,” Collier’s, 7/1/1922, 4–5, 18.
National Research Council: Stocking, 299.
“golden beauty”: Marie Dressler, My Own Story (Boston: Little, Brown, 1934), 84.
fifteen states, “Paris cure”: Lillian Russell, “Reminiscences,” Cosmopolitan, 9/1922, 108, 106.
Russell issued her report: CR, 4/15/1922, 5557–58, 5562–63.
“all the movies”: JLP, B2, Patten report, 4/5/1922.
Johnson saw to the deletion: Wang, 86.
“colonizing”: IRLR, Additional Papers, Executive Committee Report, 6/15/1922.
Brazil: NYT, “Influx of Immigrants to Brazil,” 5/8/1921, 35.
“nationalism is rampant”: Reznikoff, 203–4.
Chapter Eleven 6,346,856 Inferior Immigrants
Atlantic Monthly published: Cornelia James Cannon, “American Misgivings,” Atlantic Monthly, 2/1922, 145–57.
Missionary Survey: “Why We Should Be Alarmed on the Immigration Question,” Missionary Survey, 5/1922, 326–27.
Wiggam announced: Current Opinion, 10/1/1922, 512.
Stoddard invoked: Stoddard, Revolt, 72.
get in touch: ACSS, Author Files 1, B173, F5: Perkins to Stoddard, 7/30/1924.
“inexpertly popularized”: CCBP, Yerkes correspondence, Yerkes to Brigham, 9/1/1922.
pointed him, “not afraid”: CCBP, Yerkes correspondence, Brigham to Yerkes, 7/16/1922.
“I predict”: CCBP, Yerkes correspondence, Yerkes to Brigham, 9/1/1922.
“its importance”: Yerkes to Princeton University Press, 1/1924, in Schrag, 105.
“Nordic lady”: CCBP, Yerkes correspondence, Yerkes to Brigham, 8/4/1922.
Laughlin’s book’s thesis: Charles Gould, 162.
from Lord Kelvin: HHLP, D 2-4:14.
maps Grant had: Spiro, 215.
Laughlin report: Hearings, “Analysis,” esp. 727, 771, 733.
“Facts of this nature”: Ibid., 1233.
Patten’s report: JLP, B2, Patten to Robert Ward, 11/21/1922.
Gould called it: CBDP, B42, Gould to Davenport, 3/25/1922.
report as bait: CBDP, B35, Davenport to Wycliffe P. Draper, 3/23/1923. Draper, heir to a textile fortune, would later be the founder and primary funder of the unashamedly racist Pioneer Fund. He described the days of his life leading up to its founding in his Harvard Class of 1913, 25th Anniversary Report: “A dozen years of travel. Shooting jaguar in Matto [sic] Grosso and deer in Sonora; elephant in Uganda and chamois in Steiermark; ibex in Baltistan and antelope in Mongolia. Climbing in Alps and Rockies. Pigsticking in India and fox-hunting in England. Exploring in West Sahara with French Mission” (247–48).
Roberts told: SEP, Roberts, “Lest We Forget,” 4/28/1923, 3–4, 158, 162.
“best known scientists”: King, In the Name, 120.
Kinnicutt: Cornelia Brooke Gilder, Edith Wharton’s Lenox (Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2017), 156.
talk went on . . . Spirits: JLP, B2, Patten to Robert Ward, 12/14/1922.
than black people: Brigham, 197.
Excerpts from A Study of American Intelligence: Brigham, 204–10.
justice to Madison Grant, Regarding Charles Gould: Ibid., 184, xvii.
“charming fellow”: CCBP, Gould–Yerkes correspondence, Gould to Yerkes, 11/19/1927.
slice of his fortune: Saretzky, “Sponsor,” 11.
“most valuable documents”: Ludmerer, 103.
“who marries”: LÓpez, 90.
Thind case: United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 261 U.S. 204 (1923).
Davis warned: JLP, B2, Davis to Lee, 9/24/1923, enclosed in Davis to Harding, 4/12/1923; NYT, “Davis Favors Tests to Pick Immigrants,” 4/28/1923, 15.
“sane and sober”: NYT Book Review, 3/18/1923, 18.
“unusual clarity”: Stone, “Social Problems and Reforms,” American Economic Review, 9/1923, 523.
PRINCETON PROFESSOR: Iowa City Press-Citizen, 6/30/1923, 5.
David Starr Jordan: Jordan, “Should Present Restriction Laws Be Modified?,” Congressional Digest, 7–8/1923, 304.
William N. Vaile: American Defense Society Papers, B13, F1, ADS pamphlet report on 11/9/1923 immigration conference.
Fairfield Osborn: Osborn, “The Approach to the Immigration Problem Through Science,” Proceedings of the National Immigration Conference, Special Report No. 26, New York: National Industrial Conference Board, 1923, 8.
National Immigration Conference: NYT, 11/25/1923, 16; 12/9/1923, 17; 12/14/1923, 20.
“vanguard of mankind”: Baur, Fischer, and Lenz, 655. The original edition was published in Germany in 1923; the first English translation, cited here, appeared eight years later.
Adolf Hitler: Muller-Hill, 8.
“it was hopeless”: JBTP, B1, F: Origins, unpublished autobiography, 497–99.
“alien-baiter”: Louis Adamic, “Aliens and Alien Baiters,” Harper’s, 11/1936, 566–74.
Trevor biography: NYT, obituary, 2/21/1956; Panetta, 145–73; NYT, 6/26/1908, 7; Spiro, 203–4.
One of his intimates: RFA, III, B118, F884, J. D. Rockefeller Jr. to Mrs. J. B. Trevor, 8/1/1956.
wife’s nearest: Spiro, 1313.
the servants were English: Panetta, 161, 163, 173.
downtown law office: Spiro, 203–4.
“Ethnic Map”: Mike Wallace, 1031.
“Mexicans and Brazilians”: HCINC, HR68A-F18.1, Trevor to Johnson, 12/6/1923.
“convulsive shivers”: Trevor to Johnson, 2/18/1927, quoted in Spiro, 203–4.
teetotaling schoolteacher, Madison: Hassencahl, 46, 42.
Union Club: MacVeagh Papers, B31, F: IRL.
Union League: JLP, B2, Patten to Ward, 11/25/1922.
Century Association: IRLR, F401, Henry Fairchild to Hall, 3/29/1917.
“Magna Charta”: CR, 4/3/1924, Trevor report, 5469.
itch for cash: Thompson, private reminiscence.
Johnson drank: Higham Papers, Higham notes on telephone conversation with Trevor, 7/23/1949.
Davenport had not: CCBP, Gould correspondence, Gould to Davenport, telegram, 4/21/1924.
traveling energy: Various letters from Grant to Albert Johnson et al.
continued to pay: Grant to Robert Ward, 5/27/1924, quoted in Solomon, 126.
“practically camped”: Higham Papers, Peter F. Snyder to Higham, 6/6/1952.
“conceited ass”: Roberts Papers, B14, F3, Diary, 1/8/1924.
Johnson reported: HCINC, HR68A-F18.1, Johnson to Trevor, 6/18/1924.
not invited: Higham Papers, Higham notes on telephone conversation with Trevor, 7/23/1949.
Johnson was impressed: Higham Papers, Peter F. Snyder to Higham, 6/6/1952.
draft after draft: HCINC, HR68A-F18.1, Trevor–Johnson correspondence, 2/24–4/24.
“considerably encouraged”: HCINC, HR68A-F18.1, Johnson to Trevor, 2/14/1924.
“solidly with us”: JLP, B2, Lee to Ward, 9/19/1923.
weight of the evidence: Reed himself acknowledged it on the Senate floor, in CR, 4/3/1924, 5489. See also Johnson–Trevor correspondence, esp. 3/15/1924, and Johnson to Coolidge, cited at Wang, 118fn70.
“entirely unfair”: NYT, Reed, “America of the Melting Pot Comes to End,” 4/27/1924, Sec. 9, 3.
“buncoed”: CR, 4/3/1924, Speech by Henry Curran entered into the record by Reed, 5475.
“75 percent of us”: NYT, 4/27/1924, Sec. 9, 3.
an associate somehow: Burr, 62, 98. In a letter to the editor (NYT, 3/16/1924), Burr argued that the 1790 census should be used as the bill’s basis.
“really a tour de force”: JBTP, B1, F: National Origins plan, unpublished autobiography, 502.
benighted hordes: Higham Papers, Higham notes on telephone conversation with Trevor, 7/23/1949.
“open the country”: JLP, B2, IRL, memo relating to Senate debate, 3/12/1924.
Garis article: Roy L. Garis, Scribner’s Magazine, “The Immigration Problem: A Practical American Solution,” 9/1922, 364–67.
George Horace Lorimer: Roberts Papers, B53, Lorimer to Roberts, 8/29/1922.
Burnett . . . argued: IRLR, F203, Burnett to Hall, 12/10/1918.
“most undesirable”: SEP, Roberts, “Lest We Forget,” 4/28/1923, 3–4, 158, 162.
only 3,912: Garis, cited in Wang, 88.
apoplectic Adolph Sabath: Sabath Papers, B1, F10, Sabath to “Dear Colleague,” n.d./1924.
“located in Europe”: Johnson to Hale W. Parish, 4/3/1924, quoted in Hassencahl, 221fn.
“are reconciled”: Senate hearing, Selective, 2/14/1924, 30.
“the American born”: Spiro, 230.
“it is a sin”: JLP, B2: Lee to Lodge, 2/13/1924.
“jumbled-up”: Grant, “The Racial Transformation in America,” North American Review, 3/1924, 343–52.
“American watchdog”: HCINC, HR68A-F18.1, text of Laughlin speech to Eugenics Education Society, 1/29/1924.
Osborn letter: NYT, “Lo, the Poor Nordic,” 4/8/1924, 18.
preemptive response: Brigham, A Study, 28.
northern blacks: William Bagley, Determinism in Education, Baltimore: Warwick and York, 125.
“lower and lower,” “ ‘typically American’ ”: Brigham, A Study, 178, 96.
“antiquated, outworn”: Kimball Young, review of Brigham, A Study, 6/8/1923, 670.
brother after Darwin: Barkan, 191.
rented a room, main speaker: Ibid.
“pretty strong”: Jennings Papers, B6, Jennings to Bruno Lasker, 6/20/1923.
appointed Laughlin: Wang, 90. In most respects, the membership and leadership of the ECUSA were identical to those of its successor organization, the American Eugenics Society.
Jennings’s article: Jennings, “Undesirable.”
Laughlin and his sponsor: King, In the Name, 116.
“Nordic propaganda”: Jennings Papers, B3, Jennings to J. McKeen Cattell, 2/20/1924.
“illegitimate and incorrect”: Science, 3/14/1924, 256–57.
“Don’t worry”: Hearings, Europe, 3/8/1924, 1311.
“kept American”: Message to Congress, 12/6/1923.
Marshall testimony: Hearings, Restriction, 289–90.
Kantrowitz, Edlin, Rosenblatt: Hearings, Restriction, 316, 373–74, 387.
chief medical officer, Even Harry Laughlin: IRLR, F917, J. G. Wilson to Hall, 2/25/1912; HLLP, Laughlin to Grant, 11/19/1932.
Fiorello La Guardia: Schrag, 118.
Adolph Sabath: Los Angeles Times, “Strict Immigration Bill Easily Passes House,” 4/13/1924, 1.
Congressional debate quotations, with CR page numbers for the first two weeks of April 1924: Mooney, 5910; O’Connor, 5467; Gallivan, 5849 (real swing: Boston Globe, 4/8/1924, 1A); Taylor, “no illiteracy”, 5871; Robsion, 6254 (“had its thrill”: Los Angeles Times, 4/13/1924, 1); Allen, 5693; Tillman, 5865; Bacon, 5901.
“scientific legislation”: CR, 4/18/1924, 6639.
solicited Herbert Jennings’s: Jennings Papers, B7, Jennings to Johnson, 1/8/1924.
read some of Boas’s: Spiro, 226.
“vicious report,” “dogmatic piffle”: CR, 4/8, 3913–15; CR, 1/23/1924, 1328–30.
PERSISTENCE OF RACIAL: Gompers, “America Must Not Be Overwhelmed,” American Federationist, 4/1924, 313–17.
“much agitated,” “If the Jewish”: Jewish Telegraphic Agency dispatch, 2/14/1924, reprinted in “Twenty Years Ago This Week,” Detroit Jewish Chronicle, 2/25/1944.
Chapter Twelve Without Foundation
Reed stretched: NYT, 4/27/1924, Sec. XX, 3.
James Davis: NYT, 7/20/1924, 5.
Curran would say: “Have We an Alien Menace?,” Collier’s, 7/4/1925, 8.
Osborn gave Harriman: HFOP, B10, F6, Speech, 5/14/1925.
victory lap: JBTP, Johnson to Trevor, 4/19/1924.
“Honorable Sir”: HCINC, HR68A-F18.1, William L. Corey to Johnson, 7/24/1924.
Henry Cabot Lodge: NYT, 5/27/1924, 1.
“amazing triumph,” “change their names”: CBDP, B40, F: Galton Society, draft minutes of meeting, 5/5/1925.
Kannofskys, Pavlosky: New York Tribune, 8/17/1923, 8.
Kabatchnick: Various sources spell the name Kabotschnik, Kabatchnik, Kabakoff, even Kabozizki. I’ve taken the spelling from court filings signed by both Kabatchnicks.
“Your committee”: IRLR, Additional Papers, IRL to members, 6/4/1924.
“only necessary”: JLP, B5, Demarest Lloyd to Lee, 5/17/1928. Lloyd was the son of Henry Demarest Lloyd, the late-nineteenth-century muckraking journalist.
Johnson threatened, valid passport: HCINC, HR68A-F18.1, Johnson to Trevor, 5/8/1926.
amendment denying: Hutchinson, Legislative, 197.
through two organizations: RFA, III, B118, F884, Trevor to John D. Rockefeller Jr., 4/2/1928; Hassencahl, 219.
“a watch-dog”: JBTP, B1, F: Origins, unpublished autobiography, 555.
old friend John D. Rockefeller: RFA, III, B118, F884, Trevor to Rockefeller, 3/14/1930; Rockefeller to Trevor, 3/31/1928, 4/21/1929, 3/18/1932, 5/31/1933. Rockefeller’s cashier’s checks begin 6/17/1927 and repeat annually.
Al Smith, Herbert Hoover: Franklin MacVeagh Papers, B31, F: IRL, IRL Executive Commitee Bulletin no. 8, 2/1/1928.
found Brazil: Jeffrey Lesser, “Jewish Immigration to Brazil,” in Baily and Miguez, 251–52.
“grave consequences”: Ambassador Masanao Hanihara, quoted in Garraty, 407.
“eliminate Japanese”: HCINC, HR68A-F18.1, Johnson to Grant, 12/27/1923.
“created the oddity”: Ngai, 27–28.
Vaishno Das Bagai: www.immigrant-voices.aiisf.org/stories-by-author/876-bridges-burnt-behind-the-story-of-vaishno-das-bagai.
particularly perverse law: Hutchinson, Legislative, 203.
at least sixty thousand: Estimates vary; the most precise, provided by Rebecca M. Kluchin, Fit to Be Tied: Sterilization and Reproductive Rights in America (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2011), is 62,000.
“Butler knows this”: Leuchtenberg, Supreme, 13–15.
André Siegfried: Frank, 156.
innovator George Eastman, Rockefeller: Spiro, 1436.
“Some People Are Born,” “Holsteins, Jerseys,” bronze medal: Spiro, 185.
“Cho-Cho”: Rydell, 48–49.
James Naismith . . . Karl Menninger: Laura L. Lovett, “Fitter Families for Future Firesides”: Florence Sherbon and Popular Eugenics, The Public Historian, Summer 2007, 79–80.
Harry H. Mayer: Spiro, 186.
W. H. P. Faunce: HHLP, C 4-4:3, “What I Think About Eugenics,” ca. 1927, pamphlet issued by American Eugenics Society.
1926 Philadelphia world’s fair: Kevles, In the Name, 62–63.
orchard-supply salesman: HFOP, B23, F9, reference letters, January 1924.
from the Catechism: A Eugenics Catechism, American Eugenics Society, 1926.
state of Oregon: CBDP, B40, F: Galton Society, Harry Laughlin in draft minutes of meeting, 5/5/1925.
“hewers of wood”: W. D. Tait, “Psychology, education and sociology,” School and Society, 1925, 37.
now invoked: Kennedy, Birth Control, 114–17.
struggle “to control”: Sanger, “Function of Sterilization,” Birth Control Review, 10/1926, 299.
Norman Thomas: Birth Control Review, 9/1929, 255.
C. W. Eliot: “A Plea for Jewish Integrity,” The Jewish Tribune and Hebrew Standard, 12/19/1994, clipping in RPHU, B233, F829.
Terman study: Terman, Genetics, 18, 40–43, 87–172.
“Giving 301”: Article distributed by Science Service, in Berkeley Gazette, 12/14/1926, 4; Charleston (WV) Daily Mail, 1/18/1927, 6, and other papers.
“these grounds,” William Bateson: Herbert Jennings Papers, B4, Jennings to Fisher, 9/27/1924.
“Our committee did”: Herbert Jennings Papers, B4, 10/2/1924.
Pearl recantation: Raymond Pearl, “The Biology of Superiority,” American Mercury, 11/1927, 255–66.
As a young scientist: World’s Work, 1/1908, 9823.
Mears bequest: Harvard Crimson, 5/1/1929.
Thomas Hunt Morgan: Quoted in Pearl, American Mercury, 11/1927.
“over to the enemy”: Goddard, “Feeblemindedness” (1928), 219–27.
“intellectual not racial”: Zenderland, 327.
“any system”: Brigham, “Validity of Tests in Examination of Immigrants,” Industrial Psychology, 6/1926.
“movement was dominated”: Lemann, 33.
repudiation of his own work: Brigham, “Intelligence Tests of Immigrant Groups,” Psychological Review, 3/1930, 164–65.
“hypothesis is dead”: Downey, 27.
“ridiculous to claim,” “fallacious”: NYT, “Brigham Adds Fire to ‘War of the I.Q.s,’ ” 12/3/1938, 10D.
“Nothing good”: Kennan, Diaries, 78.
Rudolf Hess, declared: Kuhl, 36.
Walter Schultze had been: Robert S. Wistrich, Who’s Who in Nazi Germany (New York: Routledge, 2002), 229–30.
“policy and thinking”: Proctor, 100.
“simply excluding”: Hitler, 400.
Handbook for Law: Whitman, 54.
“It seems strange”: ACSS, Author Files 1, B80, F3: Grant to Perkins, 11/7/1924.
studied, cited: Hitler, kritische edition, Vol. I, 745, Annotation #22; Vol. II, 1111, editors’ introduction to Chapter 3.
“warmly inscribed”: Ryback, 109.
Several historians, Another memoirist: Whitney, unpublished autobiography, 205, American Philosophical Society, Mss.B.W613b; D. G. Brinton Thompson, “A Personal Memory of Madison Grant,” n.d.
“new testament”: Baltzell, Protestant, 274.
Rosenberg encouraged: Rosenberg, The Myth of the Twentieth Century: An Evaluation of the Spiritual-Intellectual Confrontations of Our Age, at aryanism.net, 149.
“spiritual fathers”: Kuhl, 38.
commissioned by Fairfield: HFOP, B8, F39, Osborn to Grant, 1/16/1920.
reluctantly agreed: William Gregory Papers, B44, F16, Davenport to Gregory, 2/14/1930.
he missed . . . Fischer . . . Rüdin: CBDP, B28, Draft of Davenport speech to Third International Congress.
“under the Leitung”: CBDP, B80, Davenport to Ploetz, 10/1/1932.
official opening: CBDP, B14, Diary for 1927.
met in 1923 . . . pilgrimage: CBDP, B84, Davenport to Rüdin, 4/10/1923; 2/26/1930; Rüdin to Davenport, 2/1/1930, 4/15/1930.
difficult situation: CBDP, B84, Rüdin to Davenport, 8/9/1932.
“valueless individuals”: Muller-Hill, 31.
human hybridization: CBDP, B37, Davenport to Fischer, 1/28/1932.
“destroyed the theory”: Proctor, 345.
“single day”: Ibid., 64.
“Only through”: William Tucker, The Science and Politics of Racial Research (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 121.
Frick hailed, guest of honor, “rare and special”: Muller-Hill, 120–23, 15, 61.
“not objective”: CBDP, B14, Davenport to Darwin, 6/6/1928.
publish a letter: CBDP, B42, Davenport to Madison Grant, 10/7/1930.
“slowly understanding”: CBDP, B77, Davenport to Frederick Osborn, 2/10/1930, 2/14/1930.
He despised: Davenport, letter to the editor, Life, 6/13/1928, 3.
“force crushing”: Davenport to Frederick Osborn, 12/23/1932, quoted in Rosenberg, No Other, 95.
naive willingness: Kuhl, 68–70. I should acknowledge that I interpret the evidence Kuhl presents rather differently than he does.
“shocking violations”: William Gregory Papers, B78, F18, Davenport to Gregory, 5/7/1935.
Curt Stern: Ludmerer, 149–50.
enlisted Boas: FBP, Davenport to Boas, 5/31/1935; CIWA, Genetics, B2, F18: CBD to W. M. Gilbert, 6/1/1938.
Edward A. Ross: Ross, Seventy, 275–79.
Leon Whitney: Kuhl, 36, 45.
extended membership: Spiro, 367.
In the Journal of Heredity: Popenoe, “The German Sterilization Law,” Journal of Heredity, 7/1934, 257.
“eternal change”: CBDP, B14, Autobiographical #2: Davenport to John C. Merriam, 9/21/1933.
recruited Campbell . . . tapped him: HFOP, B4, F12, Osborn to Campbell, 10/14/1925; B9, F1, Osborn to Madison Grant, 6/27/1928.
“squelching the Jews”: American Defense Society Papers, B8, F5: Campbell to Grant, 9/18/1935.
Osborn traveled: Spiro, 370.
“all that is bad,” “freely mingle”: HFOP, B44, F8, Osborn to Charles Singer, 5/28/1935; Osborn to Gregory, 5/25/1935.
including those: Norman Boas, 236.
confined to a wheelchair: H. E. Anthony, “Madison Grant,” Journal of Mammalogy, 8/1938, 396–97.
“his own solution”: HHLP, C 2-1:8, R. N. Fuller of Scribner Bookstore to “those interested in the future of America,” 11/1933.
At Grant’s request, increasingly put-upon: ACSS, Author Files 1, B90, F3, R. V. Coleman to “Miss Wycoff,” 10/26/1933; Whitney Darrow to Perkins, 12/13/1933.
“deserves much greater”: ACSS, Author Files 1, B90, F1, Perkins to Robert Thomas, 8/7/1934.
“those races whose”: ACSS, Author Files 1, B90, F3, Perkins to Grant, 11/4/1933.
“Jews are less”: ACSS, Author Files 1, B90, F1, Perkins to Grant, 4/23/1934.
something of a decline: HFOP, B12, F38, Laughlin to Grant, 9/30/1933.
warm and productive: HHLP, C 4-4:7, Laughlin to Eugen Fischer, 7/31/1935; Fischer to Laughlin, 3/4/1936; B 2-2:6, Ernst Rüdin to Laughlin, 1935 [date unclear]; D 2-2:17, HHL to Fritz Lenz, 10/25/1928–.
financial support: HHLP, D 2-5:5, Laughlin to Grant, 11/14/1931; CBDP, B7, F2, Davenport to Campbell, 11/20/1928.
“biological foundations”: EN, 10–11/1933, 89–92.
Frick’s speech: “German Population and Race Politics,” EN, 3–4/1934, 33.
“Dr. Frick’s address”: Lombardo, 202, quoting Laughlin to Grant, 1/13/1934.
Alfred Ploetz: EN, 9–10/1934, 129.
enthusiastic review: EN, 1–2/1935, 7.
Clarence Campbell: EN, 3–4/1936, 1.
Lapouge to his friend, eightieth-birthday greetings: EN, 3–4/1934, 39; 1–2/1935, 4.
Campbell speech: Kuhl, 34; NYT, 8/29/1935, 8; Time, 9/9/1935.
University of Heidelberg ceremonies: NYT, “Heidelberg’s Aim Changed by Nazis,” 7/2/1936, 8; HHLP, E 1:3-8, event program.
university spokesman, boycott initiated: NYT, “Heidelberg Guests See Rule by Nazis,” 7/5/1936, Sec. IV, 4; editorial, 7/2/1936, 20.
completed purge: Arye Carmon, “The Impact of the Nazi Racial Decrees on the University of Heidelberg,” Yad Vashem Studies, 1976, 31–141.
“farseeing representative”: Kuhl, 187.
“personal honor”: HHLP, E 1:3–8, Laughlin to Schneider.
committed suicide: Weindling, 71.
Chapter Thirteen The Train of Consequences
Rüdin sailed: CBDP, B84, Davenport to Rüdin, 2/26/1930.
St. Louis: Ogilvie and Miller, 13, 24.
“desperate people”: Breitman et al., Refugees, 143–44.
Fortune magazine poll: “The Fortune Quarterly Survey: XIII,” 7/1938, 36.
another poll asked: Ishaan Tharoor, “What Americans Thought of Jewish Refugees on the Eve of World War II,” Washington Post, 11/17/2015.
“protect the youth”: Wyman, 75–78.
Houghteling was rather: Daniels, 78–79.
Moseley was more: Bendersky, 250.
“no inclination”: Time, 3/4/1940, 16.
Fosdick, withdrew: Mehler, 349.
extricate the Rockefeller Foundation: Paul, Politics, 61.
remaking itself: Notice of Special Meeting of Members, 10/25/1938, at www.dnalc.org, document 11607.
Even the Immigration Restriction League: JLP, B3, F:IRL, “The Immigration Problem Today,” IRL pamphlet 11/1934.
chosen successor, chairman: Regal, 193–95.
“bitter partisans”: William Gregory Papers, B44, F16, Gregory to Grant, 7/25/1932.
“I cannot approve”: William Gregory Papers, B44, F16: Gregory to Grant, 10/9/1934.
“in sympathy,” “simply uncovered”: William Gregory Papers, B78, F18, Gregory to Wingate Todd, 5/13/1935; Gregory to C. R. Stockard, 5/23/1935.
Researchers were denied: In 1965, a museum official rejected a researcher’s request for “personal facts about Madison Grant,” saying they were generally “uninformative” and Grant’s letters at AMNH were mostly written in his role as an officer of the New York Zoological Society; in fact, the Grant records comprise eight bulging folders of frank and revealing correspondence. (AMNH Archives, Biography Files, Charlotte W. Stove to Lewis Fechter, 2/8/1965.) Three decades later, while working on his definitive biography of Grant, scholar Jonathan Spiro was “abruptly and rudely kicked out” of the museum library when officials learned he was “more interested in Madison Grant the eugenicist than MG the conservationist.” (Email from Spiro to author, 12/22/2014.)
not to use: Author interview with cataloger Eleanor Schwartz, 12/09/2015.
uncomfortable melding, “superficiality”: Hassencahl, 328–29; CIWA, Genetics, B4, F18, Merriam, “Confidential Administration Document,” 7/6/1929.
advisory committee to monitor: Garland Allen, 250.
committee were unanimous: L. C. Dunn Papers, B3, Merriam to Dunn, 7/25/1935, A. V. Kidder to Dunn, 8/1/1935.
committee’s forward-looking: CIWA, Genetics, B8, F9, “Report of the Advisory Committee.”
“any intervention”: HHLP, C 2-1:8, Grant to Laughlin, 11/22/1935.
“entirely wise”: CIWA, Genetics, B2, F18, Davenport to Bush, 5/8/1939.
renaming itself, Shapiro office: Notice of Special Meeting of Members, 10/25/1938, at www.dnalc.org, document 11607.
The individuals who, Grant and others: CBDP, B77, Frederick Osborn to Albert Blakeslee, 4/23/1940.
racist websites: www.eugenicsarchive.org and www.dnalc.org.
“unequalled opportunity”: FBP, 2/11/1908.
“beyond the pale”: Hellman, 196–97.
“biased spirit”: Robert Lowie Papers, B12, Osborn to Lowie, 6/6/1922.
“To err is”: HFOP, B44, F8: Galton Society, Osborn to Gregory, 3/23/1935.
“successor to Darwin”: New York Sun, 11/6/1935.
one sentence: NYT, 11/7/1935, 23.
“his ideals will”: EN, 1–2/1935, 98.
Third World Center: www.fieldscenter.princeton.edu. Its current name is the Carl A. Fields Center for Equality and Cultural Understanding.
he was a Bolshevik: JLP, B1, Lee to James Patten, 11/30/1918.
as an insult: Grant’s introduction in Stoddard, Rising.
unleash Grant: IRLP, F590, 2nd of 2, Lee to Hall, 7/28/1916; F528, unknown to Hughes, 7/29/1916.
“Egyptian night”: Solomon, 126.
on his bookshelf: JLP, B38, F: List of books owned.
“chocolate races”: HCR, Class of 1883, 50th reunion, 189–95.
“uplift the psalm”: JLP, B43, F: Joseph Lee Jr. papers about Lee, Memoir by JL Jr. in Yearbook of the Thomas Dudley Family Association, 1938, 308.
Lee blamed: Grant, Passing, 14.
“racial prejudice”: Barbara Solomon Papers, B4, F4, Bradley to Mrs. Joseph Lee, 6/18/1937.
his lengthy obituary, editorial page encomium: NYT, 7/29/1937, 4, 19.
Lee-Domini family: Author correspondence with John Domini, Joe Lee’s great-grandson.
Bradley-Epstein family: Lionel Epstein obituary at legacy.com, from death notice in Washington Post.
The Times treated: NYT, 5/31/1937, 15.
He asked Charles Davenport: HFOP, B6, F15, Davenport to Grant, 6/19/1935.
He lobbied hard . . . futile: HHLP, C 2-1:8, Laughlin to James Rowland Angell, 2/17/1936; Grant to Laughlin, 12/29/1936, 1/8/1937.
particularly florid: F. R. Burnham, “Madison Grant: Charon Beckoned,” typescript, Kermit Roosevelt Papers, B106, F1935–1938, in Dean Sage to Roosevelt, 6/17/1938.
International Hunting Exposition: NYT, 11/7/1937, 34; Spiro, 385.
epileptic seizures: CIWA, Genetics, B5, F11, George L. Streeter to John C. Merriam, 10/26/1937, Albert Blakeslee to Streeter, 11/3/1937.
Trevor-financed: HHLP, C 4-3:1, Trevor to Francis K. Stevens, 4/29/1939.
Immigration and Conquest: Laughlin, 92, 28, 123.
Bush received: CIWA, Genetics, B31, F13, Bush to Laughlin, 5/4/1939.
accelerated pension: CIWA, Genetics, B31, F13, Bush to Laughlin, 6/1/1939; Laughlin to Bush, 6/22/1939.
field glasses: CIWA, Genetics, B5, F10, CIW press release to Science, 1/19/1940.
sending out copies: HHLP, C 4-5:9.
box of fudge: CBDP, B30, Seventy-Fifth Birthday Scrapbook.
route their money, “entirely understandable”: CIWA, Genetics, B2, F18, W. M. Gilbert to Davenport, 11/25/1939; Davenport to Gilbert, 11/27/1939.
“should be ‘bought off’ ”: CIWA, Genetics, B2, F18, George L. Streeter to Merriam, 10/19/1938.
same birthday mail: CBDP, B30, Seventy-Fifth Birthday Scrapbook.
Boas’s regard for Davenport: CBDP, B5, Davenport to Boas, 5/28/24. In 1930, as Columbia was starting a department of physical anthropology, he revised his will and sent his papers there.
Boas’s death: Herskovitz, 120-21.
“great thrills”: HCR, Class of 1889, 50th Reunion, 148–50.
Hans Przibram: CIWA, Genetics, B2, F18, Davenport to W. M. Gilbert, 6/1/1938.
Davenport recounted: CIWA, Genetics, B2, F18, Davenport to Bush, 6/12/1939.
volunteer air warden: Riddle, 92.
“not generally known”: CBDP, B77, Davenport to Frederick Osborn, 3/12/1941.
Stoddard comments: Stoddard, Into, 256, 187, 205–6.
in a veterans’ hospital: John Higham Papers, Johnson to Higham, 7/22/1951.
“soundness of his judgment”: RFA, III, B118, F884. Rockefeller to Caroline Trevor, 6/1/1956.
his son John B. Jr.: NYT, “Fund Backs Controversial Study of ‘Racial Betterment,’ ” 12/11/1977, 76.
Rotenbergs: Letters, as translated by Miriam Leberstein, provided to author by James Rotenberg.
“sympathetic and kind”: Breitman and Stewart, 143–44.
Yehoshua’s death: Dovid Schnipper, trans. Michael Gottlieb, “My Town Plontch,” at www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/staszow/sta633.html.
Epilogue Liberty Island, 1965
50,000 European Jews, less than 9,000: Schneiderman, 599, 600.
“Doctors’ Trial”: See, e.g., at nuremberg.law.harvard.edu, Karl Brandt document 51, 116–18; also here, defense statement for defendant Wilhelm Beiglboeck, 11150; at Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1949), defense exhibits for defendant Otto Hofmann, Vol. 4, 1159. Additional material in Kuhl, 101–3, and Spiro, 381–82.
Rüdin was apprehended: Weindling, 71.
Johnson sat at a desk: Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965, Vol. II (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office), 1037–40.
Acknowledgments
“nothing of value”: JLP, B38, F: Instructions.