Abd-al-Rahman, 23
Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 44–46, 56, 62, 64–65, 67
Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archive (ALBA), 44
“academic genocide,” 3
adolescent sexuality, 98
“Advertisement for the Waldorf-Astoria,” 135
aesthetics: colonization and, 113; of Himes, 156, 175; of Hughes, 118, 147; of Lorca, 74, 81, 97, 100, 109, 117; naïveté, 20; of Picasso, 218, 219; slavery and, 113; war and, 48, 187; of Wright, 196, 197, 205, 206–7
Africa, 152, 176, 194, 200, 201, 202
African American intellectuals, 26; human subjectivity and, 42; Lorca and, 75, 82; Spanish Civil War and, 43; Spanish intellectuals and, 11, 13, 131; struggle of, 88; white supremacy and, 36
African Americans: artists, 26, 155; avant-garde, 35; culture, 26, 46, 106; Hughes on oppression of, 130; identity, 106; internationalism of, 34, 35, 45, 46; labor, 134; masking practices of, 147; modernity, 108–10; paternity, 37; perception of, 34; in U.S. broadcasting, 174; violence and, 164; women, 68
African American studies, 154
African culture, Spanish culture and, 202
African Diaspora Studies, 7, 33, 35, 171
African essence, 105
Afro-Asian Conference, 185
Against Race (Gilroy), 41
Agta, 39–40
“Air Raid: Barcelona,” 130
AIT. See Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores
Akan funeral procession, 200
ALBA. See Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archive
Alberti, Rafael, 52
Alcalá, Duque de, 15
alcohol, 172
Alejandro, Miguel, 52
Alfonso, King, XII, 52
Alfonso, King, XIII, 52, 53, 54–56
American culture, 119
American folk culture, 88
American Nurses Association (ANA), 68
American radicalism, 64
Amistad, 77
ANA. See American Nurses Association
anarchism, in Spain, 50
ancient norms, 78
animals: anthropophorous, 14–15, 70, 119, 154, 170, 173, 174–75, 192–93, 218, 219; aspect of humanity, 211; Disability Studies and Animal Studies, 6; Himes on black/animal, 165–66; humans and, 168; imagery of Himes, 165; man and, 12–14, 15, 30, 161, 201, 225; man/anthropophorous animal nexus, 154, 192–93, 218, 219; nature, 172; studies, 6; subjectivity, 174
anthropology, zoology and, 173
anthropophorous animal, 14–15, 70, 119, 154, 170, 173, 174–75, 192–93, 218, 219
anti-black violence, 157
Arabs, 23–24
Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores (International Association of Workers, or AIT), 50, 51
Atlantic culture, 24
Atlantic slavery, 15, 23, 77, 80–81, 117, 152, 175
“August 19th . . . A Poem for Clarence Norris,” 130
“Ballad of the Three Rivers” (“Baladilla de los tres ríos”), 92–93
Balter, Martin, 65–67
baptism, 67
Barneveldt, Alva Trent Van Olden. See Trierweiler, Willa Thompson, 155, 159–61
Barnum, P. T., 173
Batista, Fulgencio, 114
The Bearded Woman. See Maddalena Ventura, con su marido
Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology, and Prehistory, 173
Berrueta, Domínguez, 85
black, white conception of, 174
“Black and American, 1982,” 150
black/animal, Himes on, 165–66
black artists, 88
The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Gilroy), 190–91
Black Boy (Wright), 181
black incarceration, 218
black intellectualism, 150
black liberation, 14
black literature, 150
The Black Nun of Moret. See La Mauresse
Black Power (Wright), 183, 185, 188, 189, 194, 196, 200, 211
black progressive thought, 43
Black Skin, White Masks (Fanon), 1
black soldiers, 26, 32, 35–37, 38, 40, 45, 49, 70, 71, 114
Black Studies, 9, 13, 15, 76, 119, 130, 150–51, 152–54, 175
black subjectivity, 8, 10, 151
black/white sexual congress, 155
black women, violence against, 69–70
Boabdil, Prince, 17
Botero, 220–21
British Gold Coast colony, 185, 188, 195
broadcasting, 174
“Broadcast on Ethiopia,” 132
Brown, Edward, 39
Brown v. Board of Education, 2, 185
Buffalo Soldiers, 38
bufones, 40
Cabrera, Miguel, 20, 21, 22, 204, 218
“Calles y sueños.” See “Streets and Dreams”
camp mentality, 41–42
Campos de Castilla (Machado), 85
Camus, Albert, 84
“Canción de la madre del Amargo.” See “Song of Amargo’s Mother”
cannibalism, 202
cante jondo. See deep song
capitalism, 12, 27, 40, 44, 123; colonialism and, 131; exploitation and, 130, 156; legacy of, 175; racialism and, 12; slavery and, 131; subjectivity and, 75; white supremacy and, 43, 49, 186, 194, 211, 218
Capitalism and Slavery (Williams), 189
Capote, Truman, 181
Caribbean, Spain domination of, 18
Casa Griot, 155
casta (caste) paintings, 20
Castro, Fidel, 114
Catholic Church, 201
“The Ceremony Must Be Found: After Humanism,” 150
Cervantes, Miguel de, 146
Charlotte-Mecklenburg school system, 3
Christianity, 11, 23–24, 197–98
civic reform, 7
civil rights, 65
class, 135
Cleveland Magazine, 64
CNT. See The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
Colón, Cristóbal, 17
colonialism, 4, 20, 44; capitalism and, 131; history of, 218; humanism and, 20; reactions to, 41; violence and, 207–8; white supremacy and, 131; Wright and, 189–90
colonization, 6, 12, 25, 27, 74, 108, 168, 217; aesthetics and, 113; apologists for, 78; culture of, 32; exploitation and, 134; humanity and, 182; Kafka and, 169; Lorca and, 90; normative behavior and, 153; procedures of, 182; slavery and, 34; in Spain, 218; universities and, 152; white supremacy and, 43. See also slavery; white supremacy
colonizers, slaves and, 134
The Color Curtain (Wright), 185
“Come, Love,” 83
The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labor, or CNT), 50, 51
consciousness, human, 172
cosmopolitanism, 11, 48, 107, 151, 202, 211, 213
Cuba, 40, 77, 112–13, 114, 140, 142
“Cubes,” 136–39
cultural criticism, 70
cultural nationalism, 118
cultural production, 34
cultural promiscuity, 22
culture: African American, 26, 46, 106; African culture and Spanish, 202; American, 119; American folk, 88; Atlantic, 24; of colonization, 32; European, 119, 130; Hughes and Hispanic, 136; imperial, 20; slave, 13, 32, 83, 130, 194, 196–97, 209; Spanish, 17, 24, 49, 87, 127–29, 202, 204; of white supremacy, 13
Davis, Thadious, 106
de Borbón, Juan Carlos, 52
de Castro, José Antonio Fernández, 141–42, 145–46
de Certeau, Michel, 72, 75, 77–78, 95
decolonization, 175
deep song (cante jondo), 78, 91, 100
De español y negra, mulata (From Spaniard and Black, Mulatta), 20, 21
DeGuzmán, María, 11
dehumanization, 83, 98, 100, 217
de la Barca, Don Angel Calderón, 77
de los Ríos, Fernando, 81–82
“Diálogo del Amargo” (“Dialogue of Amargo”), 95–98
El Diario, 141–42
disabilities, 5
Disability Studies and Animal Studies, 6
disciplinary provincialism, 6–7
diversity, 7
Dodd, Bella V., 176
domesticity, 30, 60, 63–64, 160, 187–88
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 146
Duhamel, Georges, 84
dwarves, 40
economics, 191
Edwards, Brent, 33
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 174
Elisabeth of France, 223
“El niño Stanton” (“Little Stanton”), 79–80, 104
The End of a Primitive (Himes), 156, 159, 161–65, 171, 173–79
Enlightenment, ideals of, 4
Ethnology, 173
Euro-American racialism, 166
Europe: Africa and, 152, 194, 201; cultural diversity in, 22; culture of, 119, 130; exceptionalism of, 229; imagination of, 157; Manhood in, 209; slaves in, 25; violence and superiority of, 173
exceptionalism, 34, 45, 87, 117, 171, 181, 186, 229
exploitation, 10, 12, 44, 69, 108, 130, 134, 136, 156, 178
Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne, 215
Falange social domination, 201
Falange Española (Spanish Phalanx), 116
Las Fallas (The Faults) festival, 197–202, 203
Las Fallas sculptures, 198, 202, 203
fascism, 41, 43–45, 50, 59, 73–74, 129–30, 177, 204
The Faults festival. See Las Fallas festival
Federico García Lorca: A Life (Gibson), 94
Federico García Lorca and the Culture of Male Homosexuality (Sahuquillo), 94
Felipe, VI, 52
female subjectivity, 10
Ferdinand, 24
flamenco, 91, 115, 127–29, 183, 210
Forsyth, John, 77
Foucault, Michel, 11, 62–63, 152, 198, 222
Franco, Francisco, 116
Franco regime, 26, 60, 84, 94, 177, 178
fraternity, 139
freedom, 170–72
From Spaniard and Black, Mulatta. See De español y negra, mulata
Fundación Pablo Picasso, 217
gay art, 94–95
gender, 6, 18, 27, 32, 33, 36–37, 49–50, 56, 63–64
genealogy, 37
Genoese traders, 17
Gilroy, Paul, 41, 118, 119, 190–91
Gobert, Pierre, 224
The Golden Chalice (Himes & Barneveldt), 155, 161
Gómez, Isidora Dolores Ibárruri, 186, 206
grammar, 62
Granada, 114–16
graphic arts, during Spanish Civil War, 50, 51
Guernica, 28, 215, 216, 218, 227
Guggenheim Foundation, 108
Guillén, Nicolás, 48–49, 118, 119, 140
Gypsy Ballads. See Romancero gitano
Habeas Viscus: Racializing Assemblages, Biopolitics, and Black Feminist Theories of the Human (Weheliye), 10
Hagenbeck, Carl, 173
Hagenbeck steamer (fictional ship), 170, 173
“Hallo América,” 52
Haraway, Donna, 5
Harlem Hospital, 56, 58, 66, 69
Harlem Renaissance, 106, 107, 133
“Harlem Women Come Out of the Kitchen,” 186
Havana, 112–13
Hayden, Robert, 1
Himes, Chester, 27–28; absurdity and, 155, 157, 176–77; aesthetics of, 156, 175; animal imagery of, 165; autobiography of, 158, 161; Barneveldt and, 155, 159–61; bestiality and, 156; on black/animal, 165–66; characters of, 178–79; craft of, 161–62; death of, 158; early works of, 156; escape to Spain, 157, 162; Euro-American racialism in, 166; finances of, 158; genius of, 178; Haygood and, 159, 163, 164; homosexuality and, 179; on human being, 163–64, 165; land of, 158; letters to Targ, R., 158–59; lifestyle of, 179; in Mallorca, 155, 160, 176; novels of, 155–56; Packard and, 155, 157, 158; readers of, 176; self-awareness of, 161; status as writer, 178; on subjectivity, 162; symbolism of, 170; Western humanism and, 179; on writing, 161–62
Hispanic culture, Hughes and, 136
history, 8, 40, 81–82, 148, 150, 213, 218, 223, 227
homophobia, 94
homosexuality, 27, 85, 94–102, 139–40, 144, 179
Huerta de San Vicente, 114–15, 116
Hughes, Langston, 27, 52; aesthetics of, 118, 147; autobiographies of, 121, 126; biography of, 139, 144–45; Cuba and, 140; detainment in Mexico, 142–43; development as intellectual, 136; ethics of, 118, 123; Ethiopia and, 132–33; Guillén on, 140; Hispanic culture and, 136; homosexuality of, 139–40, 144; humanism and, 136–38; imagery of, 130; Jocko the monkey and, 124; on Manhood, 126; Mason and, 133–36, 146; mistrust of readers and patrons by, 136; mortgage of, 146; on oppression of African Americans, 130; personal history of, 144–45; primitivism and, 132, 134, 146; on prostitution, 121–22, 126; on racism, 141; at Sekondi, 120–21, 126; signature free verse style of, 136–38; slapstick and farce of, 124; on Spain, 127–29; Spanish press card of, 143, 144; speaking in tongues, 136; on S.S. Malone, 120–21, 124, 191; stepfather of, 124; suffering of, 134; summoned before U.S. Senate, 146; translations of, 141–42; Van Vechten on, 145; on white supremacy, 141
human: animals and, 168; behavior, 172; bodies, 193; condition, 184; consciousness, 172; corporeality, 225; differentiation, 78; frailty, 207; freedom of, 170–72; Himes on, 163–64, 165; ignorance, 125, 148; knowledge of, 170; Lorca and, 78; potential, 40; rights, 65; sciences, 119, 151–52, 154, 168, 171, 229; subjectivity, 6, 8–9, 42, 174, 222; subjugation, 216; systemic revalorization of black peoples and, 12; trading, 209
humanism, 4, 31, 69; Black Studies and, 15; colonialism and, 20; crisis of, 151; exceptionalism and, 117; Hughes and, 136–38; liberal, 5, 7; Lorca and, 81, 117; Manhood and, 123; reproduction of, 186; restructuring, 7; Western, 5, 7, 10; white supremacy and, 9, 154; Wright and, 204. See also Western humanism
humanities, 119, 151–52, 154, 168, 171, 229
humanity, 126–27, 172, 182, 211, 230
“human surrogate,” 219
Hurston, Zora Neale, 133
“I, Too,” 141
Iberian Peninsula, 11, 25, 207
Iberians, 23
identity: African, 33; African American, 106; black, 36, 68; of Larsen, N., 107; of Lorca, 103; narratives of, 106; New Negro, 47; normative narratives about, 70; Spanish, 19; white, 19; white Christian, 11
“the imaginary,” 213
In Cold Blood (Capote), 181
industrialization, 68
integration, 2
intellectual labor, 12
intellectual life, 7
International Association of Workers. See Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores
“International Letter From Paul Robeson, Jr.,” 46
international socialism, 49
Isabella, 24
Islam, Christianity and, 23–24
Italy, invasion of Ethiopia, 43, 131, 132
Jesse Robinson (fictional character), 162–65, 166, 173–74, 179
Jocko (monkey), 124
Johnson, Walter, 75
Kafka, Franz, 165, 168–70, 171, 172, 173, 174
Kea O’Reilly, Salaria, 56, 57; autobiographical sketches of, 60–62; education of, 58; encounter with Nazi soldier, 61, 63, 66; escape of, 61–62; image of, 64, 71; injury from bombing raid, 60; labels of, 67–68; marriage of, 58; parents of, 58; propaganda and, 59–60; racist harassment of, 66–67; as representative of other minorities, 63; self-consciousness of, 70; trip to Spain, 64–66
Korea, 176
Kristina (Kriss) Cummings (fictional character), 162–63, 164–65, 173–74, 178, 179
Kutzinski, Vera, 141–42
Larsen, Nella, 105–8
Larsen, Peter, 106
Lavapiés, 228
Lawrance, Jeremy, 25
Lefebvre, Henri, 74
León, María Teresa, 52
Leopold, I, 225
liberal scholars, 209
liberty, 139
“Like Father, Like Sun,” 83
Lincoln, Abraham, 44
literature, violence in, 84
“Little Stanton.” See “El niño Stanton”
Locke, Alain, 133
Lola (fictional character), 205–6, 207
Lorca, Federico García, 25–26, 27, 72; aesthetics of, 74, 81, 97, 100, 109, 117; African American intellectuals and, 75, 82; ancient norms, 78; artists and, 220; art of reiteration and, 73; biographers of, 79, 94; birth of, 79, 81; childhood of, 79; Civil Guard and, 88–91; colonization and, 90; at Columbia University, 103; complexity of, 117; criticism of, 94; death and, 80–81, 82; dehumanization and, 100; dissimulation utilized by, 104; encounter with African American woman, 105–7; English language and, 103; fascism and, 73–74; father of, 82; finances of, 86; flamenco and, 91; gypsies and, 88–91; on Havana, 112–13; homosexuality of, 85, 94–102; human and, 78, 117; humanism and, 81, 117; identity of, 103; imagery of, 80, 94–95, 104, 109; individuality and, 74; Kaufman’s fascination with, 82–83; language of, 112; letters of, 79; Machado and, 85–86; mask of, 113; mastery and, 74, 79; Mayhew on, 87; meeting Larsen, N., 107, 108; meter of, 104; modernity and, 88, 102, 109–10; murder of, 73, 116; music and, 91; name of, 102; in New York City, 91, 102–3, 108–11; perception of blacks, 108–9; phobias of, 86; plays of, 87; poetics of, 73; primitivism of, 105, 108, 112–13; as reader of, 83; rhetoric of, 100; rhythm of, 83, 90; Sahuquillo on, 94; sea voyage of, 94–95; slavery and, 97, 104, 117; Spain and, 93, 115; Spanish history and, 81–82; on S.S. Olympic, 102–3; status in U.S., 87; subjectivity and, 116; summer home of, 114–15; surrealism of, 92, 101, 103, 104, 109; symbolism of, 82–83; travels of, 86–87, 94–95, 102; unconscious and, 109; values of, 109; vanity of, 81; violence and, 78, 83–84; voodoo practitioners and, 110–11; war and, 84; white supremacy and, 91; women and, 87; World War I and, 83–84
Louis, XIV, 223
low-income students, 3
lynching, 196
Machado, Antonio, 85–86
Maddalena Ventura, con su marido, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 218
“Madrid,” 130
madrileña prostitutes, 125, 127
Málaga, 217–18
male exclusivity, 32–33
man: animal and, 12–14, 15, 30, 161, 201, 225; dominance of, 174
“Man,” 8
man/anthropophorous animal nexus, 154, 192–93, 218, 219
Manhood, 32, 48, 54, 67, 211; American, 209; black, 164; definition of, 201; European, 209; as fiction, 227; fragility of, 168; globalization and, 206; Hughes on, 126; humanism and, 123; narratives of, 201; New Negro and, 36–37; violence and, 164; Western, 194; Wright and, 181, 194, 206–7
man/human split, 12, 14, 32, 76, 154, 156, 160
Marie-Thérèse, Louise, 223, 224, 225–26
Marx, Karl, 126
Mason, Charlotte Osgood, 133–36, 146
masters, slaves and, 14–15, 97, 160, 202, 208, 219
La Mauresse (The Black Nun of Moret), 224
Mayhew, Jonathan, 87
Mediodía, 48
Melamed, Jodi, 155
Memmi, Albert, 120
memorialization process, 62, 71
men, prostitutes and, 192, 194
Las Meninas (Infanta Margarita María) (Picasso), 221
Las Meninas (Nottage), 28, 223, 225, 227
Las meninas (Picasso), 28, 219–23, 227
Las meninas (Velázquez), 220
metaphysics, Western humanism and, 28
mind, body and, 27
modernity, 14, 73; absolute, 30; African American, 108–10; of black soldiers, 38; danger of, 26; dehumanization and, 98; Lorca and, 88, 102, 109–10; structures of, 110; violence and, 41
Moglen, Seth, 138
“Moonlight in Valencia: Civil War,” 130
Moret, Mauresse de, 223
La mujer barbuda (The Bearded Woman). See Maddalena Ventura, con su marido
Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, 215, 227
My Life of Absurdity (Himes), 155, 157
Myrdal, Gunnar, 185
mythology, 24
Nabo (African servant), 223, 225–26
nakedness, 167
national bourgeoisie, 189
National Confederation of Labor. See The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
nationalism, 49
Native Son (Wright), 181
natural dominance, 55
nature, humanity and, 172
Negritos, 39–41
Negro Committee to Aid Spain, 57
“New Negro,” 45
“new space,” 74
“New Spain,” 19–20
New York City, Lorca in, 91, 102–3, 108–11
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 180
Non-Aligned Movement, 185
normalization, 19
normative behavior, 153
North African Muslims, 127
Nottage, Lynn, 28, 223, 225, 227
nudity, 167
Nuremberg laws, 45
Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada, 68
object, sign and, 62
“Ode to Walt Whitman” (“Oda a Walt Whitman”), 98–102, 104
Old South, 3
one-drop rule., 37
“An Outline Tracing the Treatment of Material on a Proposed Book on Spanish Life, Tentative Title, Lonesome Spain,” 183
Packard, Lesley, 155, 157, 158
paganism, 181–82, 184, 186, 201
Pagan Spain (Wright), 180–86, 188, 194, 196–97, 200, 202, 204–8, 211, 212–13
Pandian, Jacob, 12
parochialism, 42
“La Pasionaria,” 186–87, 205–6
Passing (Larsen, N.), 106
pastoralism, 38
paternalism, 45
paternity, 37
Patterson, Orlando, 80–81, 219
Paz, Octavio, 168
Peterson, Dorothy, 105
Petro-Nixon, Chanel, 29, 32, 56, 69–70
Phenomenology of Mind (Hegel), 14
Philip, King, IV, 223
Photography on the Color Line: W. E. B. Du Bois, Race, and Visual Culture (Smith), 196
Picasso, Pablo, 26, 28, 136, 199, 215, 216, 217–19, 221, 227
The Plague (Camus), 84
“plantation Negro,” 45
Platt Amendment, 35
Plaza Merced, 217
Plessy, Homer, 37
Plessy v. Ferguson, 35, 36, 37, 48, 68, 107–8
Poema del cante jondo (Poem of the Deep Song) (Lorca), 91
Poem of the Deep Song. See Poema del cante jondo
Poeta en Nueva York (Poet in New York) (Lorca), 26, 79–80, 100, 104, 109–10, 112
“post-racialism,” 48
Prehistory, 173
primitivism, 38, 74, 105, 108, 112–13, 132, 134, 146, 182, 186
Primo de Rivera, Don Miguel, 52
Primo de Rivera, José Antonio, 116
privilege, slavery and, 88
production, 20
propaganda, 47, 51, 54, 55, 59–60
prostitutes, 27, 124; labor and, 134, 192; madrileña, 125, 127; men and, 192, 194; pre-social conception of, 192; soldiers and, 125–26; in Spanish Civil War, 125
prostitution: Hughes on, 121–22, 126; illiteracy and, 209; poverty and, 209; society and, 125; Wright and, 190–94, 208, 209, 210–12
Protestantism, 197
Proverbios y cantares (Machado), 85
psychology, 194
pure form, in art, 222
Quicksand (Larsen, N.), 106
racialism, 12, 23, 36, 38, 48, 49, 59, 166, 191
racial liberalism, 65
Rampersad, Arnold, 121, 132, 139
The Recorder, 39
Redding, Jay Saunders, 121
Red Peter (fictional character), 169–73, 178
“A Report to an Academy,” 165, 168–70, 173
repressed femininity, 206
reproduction, 20
Republicans, 43–44
residential patterns, 2
Revista de la Habana, 145
Reynolds, Paul, 183
Ribera, Jose de, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 218
Riddle, Bedford, 58
Robeson, Paul, 46–49
Robeson, Paul, Jr., 47
Robinson, Cedric, 11
Rodríguez, Federico García, 82
Romancero gitano (Gypsy Ballads) (Lorca), 87
Ronnie (fictional character), 205, 207–8
Rosenwald Fund, 162–63
Russia, slavery in, 175–76
Sahuquillo, Ángel, 94–95
Salaria Kee: A Negro Nurse in Republican Spain, 56–57, 59, 60, 63
Sallis, James, 157
“Scene of the Lieutenant Colonel of the Civil Guard,” 97
Scott, James, 76
Scottsboro case, 130
Seaview Hospital, 58
Second Spanish Republic, 52
segregation, 2, 3, 35, 37, 47, 68, 80–81
Selassie, 132
self-deception, 194
self-reflection, 167
Semple, Jesse B., 146
sexual abuse, 122
sexuality: adolescent, 98; of Barneveldt, 160; of children, 210–11; pastoral conception of, 100; Western humanism and, 196; white fantasies about black, 155; of women, 208, 209–10; of Wright, 195–96, 208
“Shall the Good Go Down?,” 130
shame/technicity nexus, 167
ships, 190–91
siglo del oro. See Spanish Golden Age
sign, object and, 62
Simon, Greg, 80
Sino-Japanese War, 46
slavery, 4, 22, 27, 31, 74, 108, 147–48, 168, 217; aesthetics and, 113; apologists for, 78; Atlantic, 15, 23, 77, 80–81, 117, 152, 175; capitalism and, 131; colonization and, 34; cultural production and, 34; dehumanization and, 83; history of, 40; intellectual protocols of, 6; Kafka and, 169; labor and, 19; Lorca and, 97, 104, 117; mechanics of, 178; narratives of, 84; normative behavior and, 153; privilege and, 88; procedures of enslavement, 182; racial antipathy and, 37; in Russia, 175–76; universities and, 152; vulgarities of, 13; war and, 34; wealth and, 12, 19; “white slavery,” 212; white supremacy and, 131; Wright and, 212
Slavery and Social Death (Patterson), 80–81, 219
slaves: auction, 124; colonizers and, 134; culture, 13, 32, 83, 130, 194, 196–97, 209; essence of, 9; in Europe, 25; Hegel on, 208; as “human surrogate,” 219; markets, 75–76; masters and, 14–15, 97, 160, 202, 208, 219; natal alienation of, 9; owners of, 75–76; sale of first, 25; self-presentation of, 75–76; Spain and, 25; trade, 13; world history and history of, 213
Smallwood, Stephanie, 213
Smith, Shawn Michelle, 196
social interaction, 191
socialism, international, 49
social revolution, 126
social stability, 7
soldiers, 125–26. See also black soldiers
“Son de Negros en Cuba,” 112–14
“Song of Amargo’s Mother” (“Canción de la madre del Amargo”), 98
soul. See duende
South Africa, 176
space, 44
Spain: Africa and, 200, 201, 202; anarchism in, 50; black soldiers in, 71; colonization in, 218; Cuba and, 114; culture of, 17, 24, 49, 87, 127–29, 202, 204; democracy in, 48; domination of Caribbean by, 18; economy of, 209; exceptionalism in, 186; explorers from, 39–40; fantasy of whiteness in, 188; fascism in, 177; Himes escape to, 157, 162; Hughes on, 127–29; Kea O’Reilly trip to, 64–66; Lorca and, 93, 115; Lorca and history of, 81–82; population of, 92; postwar, 205; poverty in, 177; psyche of, 209–10; racism of, 157; singing in, 42; slaves and, 25; Spanish Empire, 18; Stein on, 180; U.S. and, 87; violence in, 43; women of, 188, 209–11; Wright and, 183–84, 188, 199–200, 204
Spain’s Long Shadow: The Black Legend, Off-Whiteness, and Anglo-American Empire (DeGuzmán), 11
Spanish-American War, 25, 27, 32, 36, 37, 41, 52, 81
Spanish Civil War, 26, 27, 44, 49, 207; African American intellectuals and, 43; aftermath of, 183; American participants in, 65; graphic arts during, 50, 51; illiteracy and, 50; prostitutes in, 125; Wright and, 184, 188
Spanish femininity, 205
Spanish Golden Age (siglo del oro), 17, 18–19, 24, 40, 81
Spanish Harlem, 186
Spanish intellectuals, 11, 13, 19, 131
Spanish Phalanx. See Falange Española
speech, 172–73
Spiller, Hortense, 199
“Splendid Little War,” 34
S.S. Olympic, 102–3
S.S. Paris, 67
“Stalingrad: 1942,” 130
Stein, Gertrude, 104, 180–81, 207
“Streets and Dreams” (“Calles y sueños”), 108–10
Studia, 150–51, 154, 161, 166, 168, 174, 176, 178
subjection, 10
subjectivity: African, 144; animal, 174; black, 8, 10, 151; capitalism and, 75; common, 13; female, 10; Himes on, 162; human, 6, 8–9, 42, 174, 222; Lorca and, 116; modern, 17, 118
suffering, 148
Sullivan, Noel, 142
superstition, 126
surrealism, 92, 101, 103, 104, 109
Survey Graphic, 141
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 1–2
Takoradi, 189
Targ, Roslyn, 157–59
Targ, William, 157
Tarifa, 23
Teresa, Margarita, 223–24, 225
Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Nietzsche), 180
“Too Much of Race,” 131
tourism, sex and, 126
travel, sex and, 126
Trierweiler, Willa Thompson, 239, n. 10
Twenty-Fourth Infantry, 40
Unamuno, Miguel de, 85
unconscious, 109
UNESCO, 176
United States (U.S), 87, 146, 174, 177
universalism, 151
universities, 152
“The Unthinkable,” 155
U.S. See United States
Valencia, 202
Van Vechten, Carl, 145
Velázquez, Diego, 219, 220, 222, 223, 227
Ventura, Maddalena, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22
violence, 10, 13, 28, 29–30, 125, 178; African Americans and, 164; against Africans, 229; anti-black, 157; black peoples and, 36; against black women, 69–70; colonialism and, 207–8; European superiority and, 173; homosexuality and, 95; in literature, 84; Lorca and, 78, 83–84; Manhood and, 164; modernity and, 41; nature of, 216; police, 218; silence surrounding, 69–70; in Spain, 43
voodoo practitioners, 110–11
Walker, Peter, 106
Wallace, Maurice, 196
war: aesthetics and, 48, 187; black soldiers and, 35–37; domesticity and, 63–64, 187–88; gender and, 49–50, 56, 63–64; Lorca and, 84; narratives of, 31–32; nature of, 216; slavery and, 34
Warmsley, W. C., 35–36
The Weary Blues (Hughes), 145
Weheliye, Alexander, 10
Western humanism, 5, 7, 10, 13, 28, 179, 183, 196, 207, 209
Western Man, 201
Western philosophical traditions, 5, 9
“While Passing Through,” 60–61
White, Steven, 80
white bourgeois domesticity, 160
white Christian identity, 11
white conception of black, 174
white identity, 19
white paternalism, 45
“white slavery,” 212
white supremacy, 2, 4, 23, 27, 28, 30, 44, 122, 168; African American intellectuals and, 36; American-style, 228; capitalism and, 43, 49, 186, 194, 211, 218; colonialism and, 131; colonization and, 43; culture of, 13; Hughes on, 141; humanism and, 9, 154; legacy of, 175; Lorca and, 91; protocols of, 70; slavery and, 131; Wright and, 203, 205
white Western homogeneity, 23
Whitman, Walt, 98–102
Wilderson, Frank, 7–8
Williams, Eric, 189
women, 30; African American, 68; fascism and, 204; heroism of, 204; history of, 223; liberation of, 205–6; Lorca and, 87; modern society and, 204; oppression of, 121–23; poverty and, 209; repressed femininity, 206; sexuality of, 208, 209–10; of Spain, 188, 209–11; violence against black, 69–70; Wright and, 182, 187, 195, 198–99, 200, 204–5, 207–13
world history, slave history and, 213
Wright, Richard, 27–28; aesthetics of, 196, 197, 205, 206–7; affair with Hornung, 195, 206; on Akan funeral procession, 200; Christianity and, 197–98; colonialism and, 189–90; Communism and, 205–6; editors of, 197; Las Fallas festival and, 197–202, 203; Las Fallas sculptures and, 198, 202, 203; humanism and, 204; Manhood and, 181, 194, 206–7; masculinity of, 198–99; minority status of, 181; pornography of, 195–96, 198, 205; prostitution and, 190–94, 208, 209, 210–12; self-consciousness of, 206; sexuality of, 195–96, 208; slapstick and farce of, 192; slave culture and, 194, 196–97; slavery and, 212; social consideration of the master/slave dialectic, 202; Spain and, 183–84, 188, 199–200, 204; Spanish Civil War and, 184, 188; Stein and, 180–81, 207; stereotypes of, 187, 199–200; trip to Valencia, 202; Western humanism and, 183, 207; white supremacy and, 203, 205; women and, 182, 187, 195, 198–99, 200, 204–5, 207–13
Wynter, Sylvia, 12, 62, 150, 152, 153, 157, 164, 168
zoology, anthropology and, 173