Note: References to Theodore Roosevelt in both main headings and subheadings are shown with the initials TR. In subheadings, references to New York City are shown as NYC.
Africa big-game hunting trip, 4, 89, 218, 219
Agassiz, Louis, 27
Albany, New York, 188
Aldermanic bill (Roosevelt bill), 73, 77–79, 81–83
Alexander, DeAlva S., 181, 196
Alexander, Eleanor. See Roosevelt, Eleanor Alexander
Alexander family, 6
Algeciras Conference of 1906, 211
Alger, Russell, 179
Allison, William, 212
Allotment Commission, 17–18
Alvord, Thomas G., 65–66
American Big-Game Hunting (TR), 128
American Indians, 85–86, 91–92, 175–177, 218, 225
American Museum of Natural History, x, 17, 20, 34–35, 37, 225
Amos, John, 223
Andrews, Avery D., 169
Anglo-Saxon superiority, 91, 139
Anti-saloon crusade, 152–156, 169
Anti-Tammany forces, 47, 66, 180, 189, 213
Arthur, Chester A.
attains presidency upon Garfield’s assassination, 56
as Custom House Collector, 65–66, 131
links to NYC, 207
nominated for vice president by Republican machine, 48–9
patronage abuse enables rise to power, 57
Assembly. See New York State Assembly
Astor, John Jacob, III, 44
Astor, John Jacob, IV, 14
Astor, William Waldorf
backed by Republican machine, 47–48
defeated for NY Assembly, 59
social activities with wife, 44
Athletics, 27
Autobiography (Platt), 196–197, 198
Autobiography (TR), ix, 71, 172, 196
Bailey, Joseph, 212
Barnes, William, Jr., 2–3
Bidwell, George, 214–215
Bishop, Joseph Bucklin, 115, 215
Black, Frank
fights TR for Republican nomination for governor (1898), 182, 185
Black disenfranchisement in the South, 101, 108
Blaine, James G.
corrupt, 30
Garfield’s secretary of state, 49
Harrison’s secretary of state, 125–126
prevents Conkling’s reelection, 65
rejects TR for asst. secretary of state, 126, 138
TR and Lodge’s support seen as divisive for machine, 94, 114, 115
Bliss, Cornelius, 100, 165, 167, 170
Board of Aldermen
introduced, xii
reform bill of TR in Assembly, 69, 77–78
with Sauer as president, 64
Board of Health of New York City, 99, 104, 157–158
Bolters. See Independent bolters
Boone and Crockett Club, 123, 164
Boston
cultural capital, 27–28
as touchstone for Roosevelt Sr. and TR, 17
TR meets lifelong friend, ally Lodge, 57–58
Boston Brahmins
attractive to Roosevelt Sr., financially, professionally, 28
as ruling class with noblesse oblige, 29–30, 39
seek civic reform, good government, 29–30
as TR’s reformer contacts, 57–58
Bowe, James, 80
Boxing and wrestling, 27, 32, 34, 51, 176
Brennan, Katherine, 157
Brown, Henry (chaplain), 179
Brown, Henry Collins, 119–120
Brown, John, 220
Brownstones indicate wealth and prestige, x, 10, 12, 14, 105, 218
Bruce, M. Linn, 215
Bryan, William Jennings
denounces US annexation of Philippines, 192, 203
as Popocrat candidate against McKinley (1896), 159, 164–165
as Popocrat candidate against McKinley (1900), 198, 203–204
as Popocrat candidate against Taft (1908), 216
as reformer and bimetallist, 143–144, 148
Bull, Henry, 176
Burden, I. Townsend, Jr., 176
Burroughs, John, 180
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 186
Butt, Archibald “Archie,” 2
Cambridge, Massachusetts. See Harvard University
Campbell, Alan, 116
Capron, Allyn K., 177
Carow, Edith Kermit. See Roosevelt, Edith Kermit Carow
Cattle investments and ranching, 72, 121
Central America steamship, 15–16
Central Labor Union (CLU), 105–106
The Century magazine, 83, 97, 122
Chanler, Winthrop, 128
Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill painting (Remington), ix
Charities and philanthropic giving
foster reform, civic responsibilities, 29–30
supported by Roosevelt Sr., 37–39, 217–218
taken over by TR, 61
Children’s Aid Society, 48
Choate, Joseph
family friend, 19
helps form Republican Reform Club, 30
part of independent bolt, 180
supports street cleaning, 50
supports TR’s political career, 60, 112, 122
Cholera, 9–10, 11, 52, 156, 157
Churches in upscale New York neighborhoods, 14–15, 44, 79
Cigar rolling forbidden in tenements, 70–71, 218
Cities Committee. See New York State Assembly
Citizens’ Committee of One Hundred, 110–111
Citizens’ Union
allies with Tammany, splits Republican Party (1899), 189–193
attacks Republican machine, splits Republican Party (1897), 170–172
nominates Low for mayor, 213
targets Mazet for failing to investigate Platt, 189
“The City in Modern Life” essay (TR), xi
Civil Service Association, 99
Civil Service Commission, US
created by Pendleton, 57
TR as commissioner under Harrison and Cleveland, 127–145
TR investigates Custom House exam fraud, 131–135
TR makes enemies of Harrison, Republicans, 135–137
vindicated by House investigating committee, 138
Civil service reform
introduced, xiii–xiv
dominates TR’s political career, 57, 217
Governor TR urges practicality, 187–188
movements of Boston Brahmins, 30
of New York State influenced by President TR, 215
of NYC police force includes merit-based reforms, 120–121
on Republican platform (1885), 101–102
TR attacks spoils system of Custom House, 131–135
Civil Service Reform Act. See Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
Civil Service Reform Association, 109, 137, 181
Civil War
Copperheads, 192
as defining event for Americans, TR, 17–20
Sharpe’s background, 65
Cleveland, Grover
with New York origins, 207
reelected as president (1892), 141
repeals Sherman Act, 142–144
signs Aldermanic bill, 82
signs bill forbidding rolling of cigars in tenements, 71
supports tariff reform, 124, 142, 143
Coal miner strike in 1902, 209
Coal Strike Commission, 209
Cody, Buffalo Bill, 92
Congressional Investigating Committee, 136–138
Conkling, Roscoe
and Hayes’s mismanagement of collectorship, 35
leads Stalwarts, 49
as Republican boss, controls Custom House, Chester Arthur, 30, 131
supports W.W. Astor for Congress, 47
Conscription Act, 17
Conservation efforts, x, 25, 123, 164, 217
Coolidge, Calvin, 34
Cooper Institute, 50
Cornell, Alonzo, 60–61, 66, 100
Corruption
attacked by TR as Custom House commissioner, x
of Board of Aldermen control of NYC, 69, 77–78, 80
of city government investigated by TR, 74–78, 80–82
increases as city populations boom, 208
of Thompson’s Public Works Department, 68, 73, 74
TR’s writings on civic morality, 139
of unelected city officials, 61
Cowboys
archetypical image of, 88–89, 212
compared to union strikers, 107
genre of novels, 90–91
join Rough Riders with New Yorker elite young men, 175–177, 218
Cowles, Anna “Bamie” Roosevelt
in ill health as a child, 19–20
cares for baby Alice Lee, 93, 121
letters from TR, 107, 144, 149, 157, 196
travels to TR’s Dakota ranches, 88
at TR’s party at Harvard, 42
at TR’s US homecoming in 1910, 3
Cowles, William Sheffield, 201–202, 203
Crime in New York City, 52–53
Croker, Richard, 187–190, 192, 194
Crystal Palace fire, 11–12
Cuba. See Spanish-American War of 1898
Cuban revolution against Spanish colonial rule, 165, 172–173
Culver, Ed, 177–178
Curtis, George William, 57, 141
Custer, George Armstrong, 85
Custom House. See New York Custom House
Cutler, Arthur, 26
Czolgosz, Leon, 207
Dakota ranches
buffalo hunting and ranch purchases (1883), 72
influences on TR, interpretations, 87–91
used by TR to escape political losses (1884), 95–98
TR reinserts himself into New York, 95
TR’s final visit (1887), sells devastated ranches, 104, 118, 121–122
See also The West
Dalton, Jack, 85
Daly, Charles Patrick, 50
Dana, Frances Theodora, 112
Dana, Paul, 169
Davidson, Alexander, 76–77, 96
Davis, Charles Henry, 128
Davis, Cushman, 167
Davis, Gherardi, 190, 191, 193
Davis, Richard Harding, 178
De Lôme letter, 172–173
Debs, Eugene, 222
Democratic machine
attacked by Root, 112
controls mayoral appointments, 114
criminal alliance with police, 152
Tammany bosses, 64
Democratic Party
in Assembly, support Aldermanic bill, 79, 83
blamed for the New York Draft Riots, 18
with majority in Assembly, 66, 70
perceived as rough by TR, 67–68
split by Cleveland’s tariff reform, 124
stranglehold on South’s electoral votes, 101
Van Wyck runs against TR for governor, 187
See also Tammany Democrats; Tammany Hall
Depew, Chauncey, 122, 186, 224
Dewey, George, 173, 190–191, 203
Dilke, Charles, 32
Doyle, Alexander P., 167–168
Dresden, Germany, 21, 22–23, 27, 33
Duer, Katherine, 173–174
Dunn, George, 204, 206, 213, 214, 216
Dunne, Finley Peter, 67
Economy
crisis of 1890s, 142–144
downturn as factor in 1896 elections, 149
effects of industrialization, urbanization, 208
McKinley oversees turnaround, 201
regulated by TR, 209–210
slump of 1857–1859, 15–16, 209
Edmunds, George, 100
Eliot, Samuel, 28
Elkhorn Ranch in North Dakota, 88–89, 93. See also Dakota ranches
Elkins and Hepburn Acts, 209
Elliott, Maud, 33
Ellis, Colonel C., 53
Elsberg, Nathaniel A., 190
Emerson, Edwin, 176
Emporia Gazette, 206
An Engineer’s Holiday (Pidgeon), 86–87
Equality of opportunity, xiii, 218
Ethnic identity and prejudices
based on Dutch sense of class, old-stock American, 18–19
of Germans, German Americans, 23
pro-American chauvinism, 21–22
resulting from draft riots, 18
TR as anti-Irish, anti-Tammany, in Assembly, 67, 70
Ewart, Hamilton, 136–137
Executive power enhancement, xii, xv, 83, 160, 210, 217
Extortion by police, jail keepers, 80–81, 150–151
Fallows, Edward H., 191, 193–194
Fayne, Frank, 85
Ferguson, Kenneth, 176
Ferrol, James, 111
Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, 14, 44, 79
Finley, John Huston, 194
Fire catastrophes in New York City, 11–12
First US Volunteer Cavalry, 173, 175, 177. See also Rough Riders regiment
Fish, Hamilton “Ham,” 174–175, 177–178
Flower, Roswell, 59
Forest Reserve Act of 1891, 164
Forest Service. See US Forest Service
Forever Wild movement, 165
The Forum, xi
Foulke, William Dudley, 137
Fowler, Nathaniel, 132–133, 135
Frontier thesis of American history (Turner), 91
Garbage removal in New York City. See Street cleaning
Garfield, James
appoints foe of Conkling to collectorship, 65
nominated for president by Republican reformers, 48–49
assassination and death, 56
Gaynor, William J., 4
George, Henry
George-Hewitt-TR mayoral contest (1886), 125
runs as labor candidate for NYC mayor (1886), 105–116
runs as labor candidate for NYC mayor (1897), 171
understands urban social problems, 148
Georgetown, Colorado, 86
Gerard, Sumner, 176
German Americans in New York City
addressed by leading Republican Schurz, 114
attack TR for saloon closings, 153, 155, 156
with dual identities during World War I, 140
large proportion of NYC population, 23
as Republican voters, 114
Geronimo, 175
Gibbs, Frederick, 116–117
Godkin, E. L.
applauds TR’s New York police work, 168
backs Citizens’ Union to defeat reformists, 194
joins TR in civil service reform, 141
labels TR a coward, 199
as TR’s Mugwump nemesis, 97, 113, 117, 199
Gold standard, 143–144
Goldman, Emma, 207
Goldman, Hyman ?? 156
Gompers, Samuel
active in George campaign, against Hewitt, TR, 116
honors TR, 224
leads TR on tenements of working poor tour, 71, 147
Goodrich, David M., 176
Government oversight, 160, 209, 210
Governmental responsibility for welfare of vulnerable Americans, xiii, 147–148, 159–160, 218
Grace, William
as mayor of NYC, 64
offers TR positions with NYC, 99, 104, 110
as reform-minded independent, 96–97
turns against Tammany after election, 66, 69
Gramercy Park birthplace and childhood home, xiv, 12–14, 18, 224
Grand Army of the Republic, 6, 109
Grand Tours through Europe, 12, 21, 27
Grant, Hugh, 116–117
Grant, Madison, 181
Grant, Ulysses S., 34, 47, 49, 57, 65, 100
Great Fire of 1835, 11
Griggs, John, 179
Guggenheimer, Randolph, 192
Guiteau, Charles, 56
Hagedorn, Hermann, x
Half-Breeds (Republican political faction), 49, 65
Hanna, Mark
advises McKinley, 201
challenges TR for 1904 presidential nomination, 211–212
as Republican kingmaker, 159, 165
runs for US senator, 191
Harbaugh, William Henry, 87
Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 30
Harper’s Weekly magazine, 26–27, 204–205
Harriman, E. H., 210
Harrison, Benjamin
elected president against Cleveland (1889), 125
appoints Republican machine men to key posts, 127
Harrison, William Henry, 124
Harvard Advocate, 41
Harvard University
Cambridge setting, 31–32
elective system and athletics under Eliot, 26–27
TR’s experiences, friendships, 31–36, 39–41
Hats, 101–102
Hatton, Frank, 136–137
Hawley, Joshua David, 87
Hay, John
on maturing effect of the West on TR, 88
in McKinley’s and TR’s administrations, 165, 166–167, 210
supports TR as governor, 187
attempts civil service reforms, 30, 36
opens American Museum of Natural History, 34
tries to oust Arthur, appoint Roosevelt Sr., 131
Health problems of Roosevelt Sr.’s children, 19, 21
Hearst, William Randolph, 172
Heat wave of 1896, 156–160, 217
Hendricks, Francis, 197
Henry, Nelson, 193
Hertel family death, 10–12
Hess, Charles, 163
Hewitt, Abram
supports street cleaning, 50
wins NYC mayoral election, 105–116
“The Higher Life of American Cities” essay (TR), xi
Hill, David, 96, 98, 100, 153, 181
Historical writings by TR
about the West, ix, 91, 128, 138
as good Republican, 138–141
New York, 139
The Rough Riders, 67
Thomas Hart Benton, 139–140
Hobart, Garret, 167, 179, 195–196
Hodgins, “Big Bill,” 5
Hollander, Saul, 133–135
Holt, George, 215
Hooker, Joseph, 65
Hooper, Bessie, 42
Horses in New York City, 11, 45, 46, 157–158
Hubbell, Walter Sage, 98
Hughes, Charles Evans, 7
Hungarians, 216
Hunt, Isaac, 71
Hunting in the Bad Lands (TR), 128
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman (TR), 90, 95
Iglehart, Ferdinand, 88
Immigrants
contrasted with old stock Americans, 19, 70
flood into Ellis Island, 215
increase leads to exploding urban populations, 208
numbers, 51–52
targeted for police brutality, 150–152
in tenements, aided by TR in heat wave of 1896, 158–159
with underlying patriotism, 140
Independent bolters
with regular Republicans, elect Hewitt for mayor, 114–116
split Republican Party, allowing Democrats to win, xiv, 94, 180
TR as (1912), 221
TR tries to draw back into unified party, 102–104, 109
See also Mugwumps
Independent Citizens’ Union. See Citizens’ Union
Independent Republicans
at national level, 48
TR as crusading reformer, 70–71, 73
TR in Assembly bucks party leaders, 58–60, 62, 66
vie with Republican machine, 110, 188–189
Indianapolis postmaster corruption investigation, 135–136
Irish Catholic immigrants
attack TR for saloon closings, 156
blamed for the New York Draft Riots, 18
Italian Americans in New York City, 23, 140
James, William, 34
Jay, John, 30
Johnson, William, 52–53
Kane, Woody, 176
Keenan, Patrick, 75–76
Keller, John W., 192
Kelly, “Honest” John
as Tammany boss, 64
commands Democrats in Assembly, 66, 68–69
investigated by Roosevelt Committee, 78
quid pro quo with Mayor Edson, 114
Kiernan, Philip, 80
Kleindeutschland of New York City, 10, 23
Knights of Labor, 106
Knoblauch, Charles, 5
La Follette, Robert, 212, 220–221
Labor and labor unions
back George for NYC mayor, 111
with farmers, form Populists, 143
grow as gap between rich and poor increases, 105–107
laws improve under Governor TR, 199, 218
TR’s perspective on labor and capital, 220
unrest grows with increased urbanization, 208–209
Labor strikes
and CLU, 106
railroads and streetcar drivers, 106
tailors, 155
TR mediates with coal miners, management, 209
TR’s attitude toward labor and strikes, 107–108
Las Guásimas skirmish in Cuba, 178
Lawrence, Amos, 29
Lee, Alice Hathaway. See Roosevelt, Alice Hathaway Lee
Lexow, Clarence, 150
Lincoln, Abraham, 13, 18, 20, 65, 220
Lodge, Henry Cabot
encourages TR on police commission, 148
on Loeb’s work cleaning up NY Custom House, 4
reappears in Massachusetts Republican Party, 110
with TR, opposes then supports, Blaine, 93–94
as TR’s friend and political ally, 57–58, 126–127, 165–167
at TR’s US homecoming in 1910, 2
in US House of Representatives, 115, 125
as US senator (1893–1924), 142
eulogizes TR, 88
Loeb, William, 3–4
Longworth, Alice Lee Roosevelt (TR’s daughter)
born to Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, 79
cared for by aunt Bamie Roosevelt Cowles, 93
with TR, stepmother Edith, and step-siblings, 121, 188
at TR’s US homecoming in 1910, 2, 6
Longworth, Nicholas, 2
Lorillard, Pierre, 174
Low, Seth
elected NYC mayor as fusion anti-Tammany candidate (1901), 213–214
splits Republican vote for NYC mayor (1897), 170–171
Ludlow Street City Jail investigation, 76–77, 80–82, 96
“Machine Politics in New York City” (TR) in Century, 51, 83
Mackay, Clarence, 174
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 128
Maine US battleship, 172–173, 224
Majone, Pascal, 76–77
Maltese Cross Ranch in North Dakota, 88. See also Dakota ranches
Manhattan Elevated Railway Company, 69
Mann, Katy, 129–130
Manning, Daniel, 95–96
Masculinity as a virtue, 51, 87, 90–92, 139
Mason, Joel W., 52
Massachusetts Reform Club, 94
Matthews, Brander, 116
Mazet, Robert
investigates governance under Tammany Hall, 187–189
targeted by Citizens’ Union allied with Tammany, 189–190, 191, 192, 194
Mazet Committee, 187–189
McClellan, George B., Jr., 163, 217
McDonald, Augustine Ralph, 80–81
McGinnis, Peter, 77
McGloin, Michael, 76–77
McKinley, William
appoints TR asst. secretary of navy, 165–167
selects TR as running mate for 1900, 196–199
and Spanish-American war, 173
TR campaigns, 159, 164, 165, 203
wins 1896 and 1900 elections against Bryan, 159, 164–165, 198, 203–204
assassinated, succeeded by TR, xv
assassinated, succeeded by TR, 206–207
McKinley Tariff, 165
McKinley-TR inauguration of 1901, 201–203
Meade, George, 65
Merit-based civil service
advocated and established by TR, xiv, 120–121
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 48
Michener, Louis Theodore, 124
Miller, Nathan, 196
Miller, Warner
defeats TR for Assembly speaker bid, 73
defied by TR, 66
drafts platform with TR, 101
replaces Platt as US senator, 65
Minckwitz family, 22
Minot, George, 54
Minot, Henry Davis “Hal,” 32, 33–34, 39
Montauk Point on Long Island, 179–180, 182
Morality, private and civic, 27–28, 31, 40, 47, 139
Morris, Edmund, 196
Morris, Robert, 214–215
Morse, Charles, 158
Morton, Levi, 122, 125, 142, 195
Morton, Paul, 7
Morton Hall
machine politicians and ward heelers, 50
Republican Party headquarters, xiv, 195, 225
Twenty-First District Republican Association meetings, 46, 48, 61–62
Mount Rushmore, 224
Mugwumps
as bolters of Republican Party, xiv
disappointed in Governor TR’s conservatism, 199
disliked by TR for siding with Democrats, 36, 140
label Vice President TR a coward, 205–206
See also Independent bolters
“Municipal Administration: the New York Police Force” (TR) in The Atlantic Monthly, 169
Municipal indebtedness limits, 73
Murray, Joe, 58–59
National Civil Service Reform League, 30, 56, 57
Native Americans. See American Indians
Natural history museum of young TR, x, 20–21
Navy Department, US
TR appointed asst. secretary of navy, 165–167
and events leading to war with Spain, 169
TR prepares for war with Spain, 172–173
“New Nationalism” speech (TR), 220, 221
New York City
origins, touchstone, of TR, x, 128, 207–208, 216–218, 225
city death statistics (1881), 52–53
government corruption investigation (Roosevelt Committee), 74–78, 80–82
heat wave of 1896, 156–160
horrific tenements contrasted with great wealth, 9, 12–13, 22, 71
police (see Police commissioner of New York City; Police corruption)
population growth engenders reforms, modernization, xi–xii, 216–217
President TR continues influence, 213–215
TR extols opportunities of city life, 140
TR’s move to McKinley’s cabinet considered loss to city, 167–168
grieves for and memorializes TR, 223–225
New York City mayor
Hewitt-George-TR contest (1886), 105–116
sacrifice campaign of TR defeats Democrat George, xiv–xv, 112–117, 122
TR’s platform to clean up government, 109
See also under specific individuals
New York City police. See Police commissioner of New York City; Police corruption
New York City Public Works Department, 68, 73, 74
New York Commercial Advertiser, 204
New York Custom House
Roosevelt Sr. blocked from collectorship, 31, 38, 39
Hayes orders patronage activities stopped, 30–31
civil service exam fraud uncovered, 131–135
cleaned up by Loeb, 4
collector Bidwell removed by President TR, 214–215
TR attacks corruption, x
New York Draft Riots, 18
New York Evening Post
accuse TR of affiliation with machine, 113, 205
as influential in Republican Party, 57
led by Mugwump Godkin, 97, 194
on Raines law, 154
on TR’s perspective on labor strikes, 107
New York governorship
Frank Black fights TR for nomination, 164, 181, 185, 195
nomination and election of TR, 180
residency established for campaign, 185–187
gulf bridged between Republican machine and independents, 187–196, 198
TR intervenes in NYC reforms, elections, xv, 190–195, 199
Platt moves TR out by backing vice presidency, 196–198
Odell replaces TR and is reelected, 204–206, 213–216
New York Herald, 111, 115, 157
New York in the Elegant Eighties (Brown), 119–120
New York Journal publishes De Lôme letter, 172–173
New York magazine, xi
New York State Assembly
Cities Committee, x, 60, 69, 71, 78, 188
Folks, Slater, lose election due to Platt, machine, 193
investigative committee of NYC corruption led by TR, 74–78, 80–82
Tammany prevents majority votes, deadlocks Assembly, 65–69
TR wins seat as independent Republican, x, 58–60, 62
TR’s merit-based civil service reform, 120
New York State Constabulary bill, 194, 205
New York Sun, 154
New York Times newspaper
critiques Hayes’s civil service reform attempts, 35
exposes Tweed Ring, xii
on lack of philanthropy, civic duty, of New York’s elite, 37–39
need for museum in NYC, 20
NY Custom House exam fraud hearings, 133–134
as reformist supporter of TR, 71, 77–78, 82, 115
on Republican election sweep (1896), 165
on the results of Raines law, 154
TR’s homecoming to US in 1910, 2, 3, 7
New York Tribune newspaper, 35, 112, 181
Newsboys’ Lodging House, 17, 22, 38, 44, 46
Nichols, Sidney P., 52
Nobel Peace Prize of 1906, 211
Noblesse oblige
brought by TR to New York from Boston, 40
conferred by wealth and status, 29
includes politics, government, civic service, 38–39, 218
North American Review, 30, 87, 102
Northern Securities railroad trust, 210
Norton, Charles Eliot, 48
O’Brien, John, 7
Odell, Benjamin
helps convince Platt to support TR as governor, 182–183
backed by Platt, replaces TR as governor, 198–199, 204
as New York governor, asserts independence from Platt, 204–206, 213–215
persuaded by TR to back Low for mayor, 213–214
replaces Platt as Republican machine boss, 215–216
takes control of Republican campaign (1904), 213–216
Old Guard. See Republican Party
O’Reilly, John, 75
Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter (TR), ix
The Outlook journal, 218, 222–223
Oyster Bay summer home of Roosevelt Sr. family, 21, 42–45, 72, 99, 223
Panama Canal, 210
Pan-American Exposition, 207
Park Protection Act of 1894, 123
Parker, Alton, 181
Parkhurst, Charles, 150, 167, 224
Patronage
controlled by Platt in New York, 127
of NY Custom House uncovered by commission, 131–135
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act seeks to abolish, 57
police purchase appointments through Tammany, 150–152
used to preserve party strength, 49
Paul, George, 136–137
Paul Smith’s Hotel in the Adirondacks, 33
Payn, Louis
dismissed by TR, 195–196
tries to discredit TR’s New York residency, 185–187
at TR’s US homecoming in 1910, 3
Pendleton, George, 57
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, 57, 120
People’s Party. See Populists
Perkins, Thomas, 28–29
“Phases of State Legislation” (TR) in Century, 97
Philippines
Pacific Squadron advances, 173
TR develops plans for US Navy deployment, 169
Pidgeon, Daniel, 86–87
Platt, Thomas Collier “Easy Boss”
Republican boss of party machine, x, 49–50, 164–165
agenda carried out by Governor TR, 187–188
and Citizen Union, 170–172
controls New York patronage, 127
moves TR out of NY, into vice presidency, xv, 196–198
reacts to 1897 elections by backing TR, 180–183
withholds support for TR in McKinley cabinet, 166–167
authority wanes, 213–216
death of, 3
Plimley, William, 215
Police commissioner of New York City
as more powerful than chief of police, 152
responsible for garbage removal, 50, 52
TR leads, helps NYC poor, battles police corruption, 148–161
TR’s midnight inspection tours, 152
TR’s position on strikers, 107
Police corruption
investigated by Parkhurst, Lexow Committee, TR, 150–152
payoffs allow Tammany-related saloons to open, 153–155
protection rackets, extortion, brutality, 119, 150–152
revealed by TR’s midnight inspection tours, 152
touches on most other urban problems, 160
TR urges reform balanced with practical politics, 187–188, 217
Politics
with civil service reform as TR’s cornerstone, 35, 57, 120–121
of New York’s Republican factions, xiii, 64
of NYC actively influenced by TR as governor, president, 190–195, 213–215
of Republican reformers at national level, 48
TR in self-imposed exile, 95–98
TR loses support in NYC, gains support statewide, 155
See also under specific parties, factions
Pomeroy, Earl, 92
Porcellian Club, Harvard, 41, 43
Porter, John Addison, 167
Portsmouth Conference of 1905, 211
Powderly, Terence, 106
Preservation. See Conservation efforts
Preservation of Antiquities Act, 210
Presidency of TR, 208–218
“The President’s Policy” article (TR) in North American Review, 102
The press
criticizes Vice President TR for Platt’s influence, 205–207
reform elements championed by TR, 74, 80–82, 150
and saloon-closing crusade, 154–155
and TR as NY governor, 194, 197
TR cultivates good relations, 70, 71, 212
TR leaks findings of investigations, 136
TR releases Hanna’s opposition letter, 212
Progressive agenda of 1912, 221
Progressive Party, 212
Progressive reform, 109, 199, 220. See also Reform; under specific reforms
Pure Food and Drug Act, 210
Putnam, George, 170–171
convinces Platt to support TR for governor, 182–183
works to link machine with reform Republicans, 191
Quincy, Josiah, 94
Railroad trusts, 209–210
Railroads
Pullman Palace cars, 86
regulated by government oversight, 209, 212
suffer from overbuilding, bad financing, 142
Raines law, 154–155
Ranch Life and the Hunt-Trail (TR), 90
Ranches of TR. See Cattle investments and ranching; Dakota ranches
Raymond Tours, 86
Recessions. See Economy
Reform
Assembly bills following corruption hearings, 82–83
balanced with practical politics by Governor TR, 187–188, 199
of Boston’s government, civil service, 29–30
delegates organize as union ticket led by TR, 98–99, 100–102
focuses on corrupt police, 120, 150–155
in NYC suffers as TR moves to McKinley cabinet, 167–168
presidential agenda, 212–213, 218
TR on Civil Service Commission, crusades, makes enemies, triumphs, 127–145
TR’s mayoral platform to clean up NYC government, 105–106, 110–115
Religion underpins charity, 29
Remington, Frederic, ix, 89
Renwick, James, Jr., 14
Republican factions united by TR
between machine and independents, 188–190, 218
as sacrifice candidate in 1886 mayoral race, 112–114, 122
Republican independents
alienated by TR, 109
Godkin backs Citizens’ Union, 194
reformers at national level, 48
reject Blaine, 66
vote for Hewitt with regular Republicans, 115–116
Republican machine
blocks Hayes’s appointment of Roosevelt Sr., 31, 65–66
blocks TR from Assembly Speaker position, 73
favors TR’s appointment to McKinley cabinet, 167
gains in 1900 election of McKinley, 198
and Harrison’s New York appointments, 127
persuaded by TR to back Low for mayor, 213–214
supports W.W. Astor for Congress, 47
vies with independents for control of party, 188–190
Republican National Conventions
1876, Cincinnati, 30
1880, New York, 65
1912, Chicago, 221
Republican Party
civil service reform becomes important, 35
committed to tariff, 124
factions result in Democrats winning
Governor TR seeks unity between machine, independents, 187, 189, 191, 198
massive victories in New York (1896), 164–165
Old Guard as obstacle to TR’s reform efforts, 137, 211–212, 221
perceived by TR as a better class than Democrats, 67, 70
platform developed by TR (1885), 101–102
Stalwart and Half-Breed factions, 49, 56, 73
TR runs as sacrifice candidate in mayoral race (1886), 109, 112–114, 122
TR tries to align while attacked for independent stance, 93–94
Republican Party bosses
block TR from Assembly Speaker position, 73
Hess, 94
at TR’s US homecoming in 1910, 3–4
use patronage to preserve party strength, 49
Republican Reform Club, 30
Residency issues for TR’s cabinet appointment and governorship, 168–169, 170, 185–187
Ricketts, Basil, 176–177
Ricketts, James, 176
Riis, Jacob
on the effects of the West on TR, 88
at TR’s US homecoming in 1910, 2
and TR’s work on NYC police commission, 148, 152
as urban reformer and friend, 106, 147, 158
Robertson, William, 65
Robinson, Corinne Roosevelt
travels with parents after Civil War, 19–20
assesses TR in western setting, 88–89
marries Douglas Robinson, 48
on TR’s grief over brother Elliott’s death, 131
at TR’s US homecoming in 1910, 3
Robinson, Douglas, 130
Ronalds, Reginald, 174–175, 176
Roosevelt, Alice Hathaway Lee (TR’s first wife)
character and ill-health, 54–56
engaged to, marries, TR, 44
in New York society, 44–45
death of, 79
Roosevelt, Alice Lee (TR’s daughter). See Longworth, Alice Lee Roosevelt
Roosevelt, Anna “Bamie.” See Cowles, Anna “Bamie” Roosevelt
Roosevelt, C. V. S. See Roosevelt, Cornelius Van Schaack
Roosevelt, Corinne. See Robinson, Corinne Roosevelt
Roosevelt, Cornelius Van Schaack, 13, 28, 209
Roosevelt, Edith Kermit Carow (TR’s second wife)
as early love interest, 31–33, 36
TR becomes engaged to Alice Lee, 42, 44
secretly engaged to TR after Alice’s death, 92, 102–103
marriage to TR and European honeymoon, 117–118
moves to Albany for TR’s governorship, 188
TR’s death, 223
Roosevelt, Eleanor
marries Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 3, 99
TR’s brother Elliott’s daughter, 129
Roosevelt, Eleanor Alexander, 3, 6
Roosevelt, Elliott “Ellie”
as young boy, 13
on big-game hunting trip in India, 53–54
in Dresden with TR (1873), 22–23
on hunting trip to the West with TR, 42–43
mental and physical health declines, dies, 128–131
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 3, 129
Roosevelt, James “Jimmie”
opposes TR’s Assembly candidacy, 59, 61
accompanies TR on South American expedition, 222
at TR’s US homecoming in 1910, 2
Roosevelt, Lizzie, 20
Roosevelt, Martha Bulloch “Mittie”
gives birth to TR, 12–13
alludes to TR’s longing for freedom, 53
compared with Alice, 54–55
family travels, 19–20
home shared with TR and Alice, 44, 61
death of, 79
Roosevelt, Nicholas, 88
Roosevelt, Quentin
TR’s family moves to governor’s mansion, 188
at TR’s US homecoming in 1910, 2, 6
killed in WWI, 223
Roosevelt, Theodore
birth and childhood, x, 12–13, 19, 21
grief and depression over family members’ deaths, 36–37, 79, 95, 128, 223
at Harvard University, 26, 31–36
marriage to Alice Hathaway Lee, 44–45
marriage to, Edith Carow, 92, 117–118
as governor of New York, 187–196
Spanish-American war, 172–180
as US president (1901_1909), 208–218
attempted assassination, 222
final illness, death, and tributes, 223–225
Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr. or III (TR’s son)
marries Eleanor Alexander, 3
TR’s family moves to governor’s mansion, 188
at TR’s US homecoming in 1910, 2, 6
wounded in WWI, 223
Roosevelt, Theodore, Sr. (father of TR)
as allotment commissioner during Civil War, 18
dedicated to charitable, cultural, pursuits, x, 17, 20, 34, 37–39
family travels, 19–23
marriage to Martha Bulloch, 12
prepares, sends, TR to Harvard, 26–31
as reformer for good municipal government, 30, 38–39
prevented from Custom House collectorship, 31, 38, 39
final illness and death, 35–36
Roosevelt and Son family business, 15, 16, 28
Roosevelt as We Knew Him collection, 88
Roosevelt Committee of NYC government corruption, 74–78, 80–82
Roosevelt Corollary of the Monroe Doctrine, 210
Roosevelt in the Bad Lands (Hagedorn), x
Root, Elihu
defends Shaler in court, 99
establishes TR’s New York residency, 186–187
in McKinley administration, 165
as Roosevelt family friend, 19, 56
supports TR’s political career, 60, 115, 122
Rotch, Nana, 42
Rough Riders regiment
assemble, train, in San Antonio, 175
College and Club Men from New York join up, 176, 218
commanded by TR for Battle of San Juan, 178–179
after war with Spain ends, 179–180
appear with TR in political campaigns, 203
reunion, 195
escort TR in New York parade, 5–6, 8
The Rough Riders (TR), 67, 177
Russell, Charles, 86
Sagamore Hill, Long Island, 99, 103, 117–118, 128, 165, 223
Saltonstall family, 29, 34, 39
San Antonio, Texas, 175
San Juan Heights Battle, Cuba, 178–179
Sanitation in New York City, xi, xiii, 50, 52. See also Street cleaning
Saratoga Republican State Conventions (1885), 100–103
Saratoga Republican State Conventions (1898), 185, 186–187
Schrank, John, 222
Schurz, Carl
endorses Hewitt, not TR, in mayoral race, 114, 117
joins TR in civil service reform, 141–142
as Mugwump, 142
Seward, William, 65
Shaler, Alexander, 99
Sharpe, George H., 65–66
Shaw, Harry, 39
Sherman, John, 48–49
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 19
Sherman Antitrust Act, 209–210
Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, 142–144
Shidy, Hamilton, 136–137
Smith, Al, 195
Society for the Prevention of Crime, 150
South American expedition in 1914, 222
South Carolina battleship, 1–2
Spanish-American War of 1898
events leading up to, 172–173
disease kills more soldiers than combat, 179
TR’s heroism influences run for New York governorship, 180
veterans memorialize TR, 224
Battle of San Juan, surrender of Santiago, 178–179
Speck von Sternburg, Hermann, 128
Spinney, George, 71
Spooner, John, 212
Spring-Rice, Cecil, 128
Square Deal, 210
SS Kaiserin Auguste Victoria, 1–2
St. John’s Park in Lower Manhattan, 13
St. Patrick’s Cathedral, 14, 45
Stalwart Republican Party faction
led by boss Conkling, backing Grant for third term, 49
no one faction gains power, 64–66
office-seeker Guiteau assassinates Garfield, 56
oppose TR’s independence, 70, 73
Stevens, Joel, 77
Stoddard, William Osborn, 107
Street Cleaning Commission, 148
Street cleaning in New York City
bill establishes department, 50–51
commissioner Waring, 148
and contagious diseases, 52
Strew, William, 60
Strong, George Templeton, 14, 15
Strong, William
reform-minded Republican mayor, 122, 144, 147
assigns TR to head police commission, 148–149
1896 NYC heat wave, 157–158
Stuart, Robert, 34
Sunday excise law of alcohol sales, 152–154, 169
Surratt, John, 65–66
Surratt, Mary, 65
Swan, Emily, 42
Taft, William Howard
as TR’s chosen successor, 216
disappoints TR as not progressive, 7
appears to undo TR’s reform legacy, 219–220
nominates Loeb as collector of NY Custom House, 3–4
Tammany bosses
Tammany Democrats
perceived as rough, ignorant, by TR, 68
receive positions in Washington, 96
refuse to caucus, deadlock Assembly, 64, 66–68
allied with Citizens’ Union, 192–193
allied with police, 150–153
corruption investigated by Roosevelt Committee, 74–78, 80–82
rejected by McClellan, 217
saloon axis, 73
supports Hewitt in mayoral race, 114
wins NYC mayor race due to Republican split (1897), 170–172
Tariffs
Cleveland’s reform of steep reductions, 124, 142–143
supported by Republican Old Guard, 212
TR’s opinion in Thomas Hart Benton, 139
Tenderloin District of New York City, 119–120
Tenement-house populations
horrific conditions of cigar-rolling residents, 70–71, 218
miserable conditions of, xi, 9–12, 70–71
patriotism of, 140
suffer in heat wave of 1896, 156–157
Terhune, Charles, 132, 134, 135
Theodore Roosevelt: The Man . . . (Nicholas Roosevelt), 88
Thomas Hart Benton (TR), 139–140
Thompson, Hubert O.
as corrupt commissioner of Public Works, targeted by TR, 61, 68
investigated by Roosevelt Committee, 74–75, 96
Tiffany, William
contracts yellow fever, dies, 179
joins, fights in, Rough Riders army regiment, 174–177
Tilden, Samuel, 207
Tillman, Benjamin, 212
Todd, John Kennedy, 170–171
Travel abroad
Roosevelt Sr. family tours of Europe, 21–23
honeymoon of Alice and TR, 54–56, 61
honeymoon of Edith and TR, 121
Treaty of Paris, 203
Trimble, William, 58
Trinity Church, New York City, 14, 52, 223–224
“True Americanism” essay (TR) in The Forum, xi
Trusts
control industries, 208
suits filed by Taft Justice Department, 219
targeted by TR for unfair practices, 209–210
Tudor, William, 27
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 91
Tweed Courthouse, xii
Tweed Ring scandal, xii–xiii, 38
Twenty-First District Republican Association
blames TR for Blaine’s loss to Cleveland, 94
TR recognized as leader, 103, 109
used by TR to shape party politics, 46, 51
Typhoid fever, 46, 52, 79, 179
United States Custom House. See New York Custom House
Union League Club, 37, 74, 124
Urban reform
need extends throughout US as cities grow, 208
as source of conflict with Republican machine, 188–189
Urban social problems
addressed by government oversight, equitable law enforcement, 147–148, 160–161
become national, 161
TR’s understanding, 50
Urbanization and industrialization, 208–209
US Civil Service Commission. See Civil Service Commission, US
US Department of Commerce and Labor, 209
US House of Representatives investigates TR, 136–138
US v. Northern Securities, 210
Van Wyck, Augustus, 187
Van Wyck, Robert A., 171
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, III, 2, 13, 16
Vice presidency of TR
McKinley-TR team wins election (1900), 195–196, 203–204
TR’s progressive impulses restricted, 201
The Virginian (Wister), 89–90
Wadsworth, Craig, 174–175, 176, 179
Wallace, William, 135–136
Wannamaker, John, 137
Waring, George, 148
Washington Post newspaper, 136–137
Water aqueduct bill, 60–61, 62
Wertheimer, Jacob, 77
The West
conquered by independent English-speaking peoples, 91–92
cowboy images vs. reality, 88–89
eastern travelers’ lavish expeditions, 85–86
effects, influences, on TR, 87–88, 106–107
TR and Elliott’s hunting trip (1880), 42–43
writings contribute to image of western life, 89–91
See also Dakota ranches
Westbrook, Theodore, 69–70
Wharton, William, 128
White, Henry, 191
White, Horace, 94
White, William Allen, 206–207
Whitney, Elizabeth “Bessie,” 42
The Wilderness Hunter (TR), 90, 128
Williams, Alexander “Clubber,” 119–120
Wilson, James, 2
Wilson, Woodrow, 222–223
The Winning of the West (TR), 91, 128
The Winning of the West (TR), ix
Wister, Owen, 89–90
Wolcott, Edward, 167
Woodruff, Timothy, 2–3
Working poor
affected by TR’s anti-saloon crusade, 152–156
aided by TR in heat wave of 1896, 158–159, 217
Governor TR’s housing reforms, 199, 218
politics of, 48
tenement living conditions, 10, 71, 147
World War I, 222–223
Yellowstone National Park, 89, 123
Youngwitz, Joseph, 5