accountability, 78, 95–98, 104, 110, 124–125, 143
accountable care organizations (ACOs), 70, 90–91
accuracy, impact of noise and bias on, 26–28. See also bias; noise
adoption-chain risk, 64
advertising, simplicity in, 12–13
African Americans, 137, 140, 141, 143, 147. See also minority workers
Alphabet, 175
Amazon Dash Button, 10
Amazon Web Services (AWS), 17
Android operating system, 17
annual reviews, 93–94, 99–101, 103, 105
antidiscrimination laws, 97
applied research, 174
appraisal process
cognitive bias and, 109
Asch, Solomon, 114
Bell Labs, 175
b.good, 125
bias, 36
contact between groups and, 141–142
diversity training to reduce, 134–136
hiring tests to reduce, 136–137
status quo, 115
types of, 31
computational logic, 158
cryptocurrency, 166
distributed databases, 158
foundational technology, 159, 163–168
peer-to-peer transmissions, 158, 161
pseudonymity, 158
records, irreversibility of, 158
smart contracts and, 167–168, 169
transparency, 158
workings of, 158
Boston Consulting Group (BCG), 8, 15
British Airways, 119
bundled payments, 69–70, 71, 74–91
challenges in transition to, 79–87
cost information and, 85
defining and implementing, 82
overtreatment and, 86
providers and, 83–84, 85–86, 88
transformation of patient care and, 76–79
business transformations, 18–19
capitation, 69–74, 79, 89, 90–91
career conversations, 102
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), 69, 80–81
charts, 38, 50–52. See also visualizations
Chicago Board of Trade, 127
CNET, 161
cognitive biases, 26, 31, 36, 108
cognitive dissonance, 139, 140
Cognizant, 20
Coke. See Coca-Cola
college recruitment programs, 139–141, 144, 145
Colorcon, 93
commercial development, 174, 179–180
competitive advantage
habits and, 17
innovation as source of, 101
sustainability of, 7, 13–14, 19–20
constructive nonconformity, 114, 116–131. See also nonconformity
consumers
decision making by, 3–5, 14–20
“jobs to be done” theory, 20–21
continuous feedback, 103, 108–110. See also performance management
contracts, 157–158, 167–168, 169
Corning, 175
corporate research, 174–177, 188–189
Covidien, 111
creative destruction, 53, 58, 59, 60, 65
cumulative advantage, 2, 5–14, 18
brands, innovating inside and, 10–12
communications, simple and, 12–13
design, habit-forming and, 9–10
early share advantage and, 8–9
share leadership and, 5
customer service, 101–102, 119
conscious, 12
data for, 37
procedures for consistent, 35–36
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 175
Deloitte, 100, 103, 105, 106–107, 111, 146
Democratic Party, 151–152, 153, 154
digital currencies, 157, 163, 166
discriminatory practices, 107–108, 137
disruptive innovation, 15–17, 53–54, 56–66, 159
distributed computer networking technology, 159–161
diversity
innovation and, 126
lawsuits and, 133
self-managed teams and, 142, 144
diversity managers, 145, 146–147
college recruitment programs, 139–140, 141, 145
grievance procedures, 138–139, 144
social accountability and, 143, 146–147
Dove, 15. See also Unilever
eBay, 161
ecosystems and new technologies, 54–66
emerging technologies, 15–17, 53–67
employees
accountability for, 95–98, 104–105, 110, 124–125
challenging experiences for, 122–125
conformity by, 113–116, 127–131
development of, 96, 97, 98, 100–101, 104–105
encouraging authenticity in, 117–120
engagement by, 123
fostering broader perspectives in, 125–126
personal commercial mission statements by, 120
personal growth opportunities for, 124
poor performers, 107
promoting nonconformity in, 116–131
questioning of status quo by, 121–122
signature strengths of, 120–121
training of, 122, 125, 134–136
end-of-year reviews. See annual reviews
execution risk, 64
Expedia, 161
Facebook, 1, 2, 7–9, 16, 17, 121, 147
Febreze, 10. See also Procter & Gamble
feedback, 30, 93, 96, 100, 102, 103–110
General Electric (GE), 16, 96–98, 101, 103–106, 108, 125–126, 177
guided autonomy, 187. See also research
HDTV, 55
bundled payment approach to, 69–70, 71, 74–91
capitation approach to, 69–74, 79, 89, 90–91
diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), 83
fee-for-service model, 69, 77, 88
fixed annual budgets for, 69
in-house providers, 73
integrated, multidisciplinary, 76–78
integrated practice units (IPUs), 76–78
overtreatment, 86
patient-level value, 72
patient outcomes, 72, 78, 84–85
providers, 72–73, 75, 83–86, 88
shared savings plans, 70
quality, 71
upcoding and, 73
value-based reimbursement, 69–91
high-impact problems, 173–175, 182–183. See also research
hiring decisions, 126
IKEA, 2
information
disconfirming evidence, 126–127
qualitative information and visualizations, 39
quantitative information and visualizations, 39
innovation
disruptive, 15–17, 53–54, 56–66, 159
nonconformity and, 116
strategy and, 101
transformative, 53–54, 62, 157–170
Intel, 110
intellectual property, 176, 178
International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM), 85
iPhone, 17
Java, 161
KPMG, 100
licenses, 180. See also patents
Lovenox, 177
M&Ms, 15
management
performance (see performance management)
scientific, 114
Theory Y approach to, 96
women and minorities in, 147
managers
engaging in promoting diversity, 139–141
mentoring by, 140
Mars (candy company), 15
McGrath, Rita Gunther, 13, 14–21
McGregor, Douglas, 96, 98, 104
McKinsey’s War for Talent project, 97, 105
middle class, 152. See also class divisions
minority workers, 133–137, 139–141, 143, 145. See also diversity programs
Morgan Stanley, 133
Morning Star, 120, 124–125, 130
Napster, 161
Nasdaq, 165
Netscape, 161
judgment calls and, 24, 25, 29–30
types of, 31
using algorithms to reduce, 32–35
nonconformity
disconfirming evidence and, 126–127
job rotation and, 123
mission statements and, 120
personal commercial mission statements and, 120
personal growth and, 124
social pressure, to conform, 114–115
strengths, of employees and, 120–121
Obamacare, 152–153. See also class divisions
Osteria Francescana, 121, 124, 126
P&G. See Procter & Gamble
Pal’s Sudden Service, 119–120, 122, 123, 127
performance-based pay, 96–98, 103–107, 110
performance management, 93–111
annual reviews for, 93–94, 99–101
business goals and, 106
employee development and, 96–98, 100–101
employee goals and, 102, 106, 130
forced-ranking system, 97–99, 105
fundamental attribution error, 100
halo effect, 109
merit pay, 96–98, 103–107, 110
organizational structure and, 98, 105
peer feedback, 110
poor performance and, 107
qualitative assessments, 109
reasons to eliminate appraisals in, 100–103
rethinking, 93–95, 102, 110–111
Theory Y approach to, 96
Pisano, Gary P., 175, 187, 188
Pixar Animation Studios, 122
platform technologies, 176–178
Polaris Partners, 173, 177, 187
police, 155. See also class divisions
poor, 152–153. See also class divisions
population-based payment. See capitation
Priceline, 161
problem solving, by employees, 119–120
Procter & Gamble (P&G), 10–11, 15, 17–18
product design, for habit, 9–10
product development, 101
product innovations, 2
professional consistency, 23–25, 29–30, 35–36
progressives, 152–154. See also class divisions
purchase decisions, 3–5, 14–21. See also customer loyalty
racism, 155. See also class divisions
radio frequency identification (RFID) chips, 58–59, 61
Republican Party, 149–150, 154. See also class divisions
research approach, multidisciplinary, 172, 180–183
rural areas, 153–154. See also class divisions
Samsung, 9
Schibsted, 19
Sears, 101
Semco Group, 130
semiconductor industry, 57
sexism, 151–152. See also class divisions
Sharp, 125
Skype, 161
Smith Barney, 133
Snickers, 15
social programs, 153. See also class divisions
status quo, 115, 121–122, 125, 127–130
straight talk, 151. See also class divisions
Sun, 161
Sun Communities, 110
Swift & Company, 137
talent development, 96–98, 100–101, 104–105
teamwork, 98, 101–102, 142, 180–183
technology
analyzing threat from new, 64
coexistence between old and new, 59–62, 65
distributed computer networking, 159–161
improvements in existing, 56
information, 16
resource allocation and, 65–66
Tide, 4–5, 8–11, 15. See also Procter & Gamble
transactions, 157–158, 162–163, 165–166. See also blockchain
translational research, 174
Traverso, Giovanni, 180, 182–183, 185
Tropicana, 15
Trump, Donald, 150, 151, 152, 155
urban-rural divide, 153–154. See also class divisions
U.S. military, 95, 97, 104, 141–142
value-based reimbursement, 69–91
bundled payments, 69–70, 71, 74–91
capitation, 69–74, 79, 89, 90–91
Vanguard, 2
virtual currencies, 157, 163, 166. See also blockchain
force-directed diagrams, 49
when to use, 38
white working class, 149–155. See also class divisions
women
college recruitment targeting, 139–141, 144
in management, 147
World Wide Web, 160–161. See also blockchain
YouTube, 17