NOTES

PREFACE: THE WELL-TEMPERED CITY

1.        Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1966), p. 16.

2.        Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Vintage Books, 1961), p. 222.

INTRODUCTION: THE ANSWER IS URBAN

1.        http://www.geoba.se/population.php?pc=world&page=1&type=028&st=rank&asde=&year=1952.

2.        https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/world-urbanization-prospects.html.

3.        Le Corbusier, The Modular, A Harmonious Measure to the Human Scale, vol. 1, p. 71; reprint 2004.

4.        http://www.yale.edu/nhohp/modelcity/before.html.

5.        W. J. Rittel and Melvin Webber, “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning,” Policy Sciences 4 (1973): 155–69, http://www.uctc.net/mwebber/Rittel+Webber+Dilemmas+General_Theory_of_Planning.pdf.

6.        http://www.acq.osd.mil/ie/download/CCARprint_wForeword_c.pdf Climate Change Adaptation Roadmap.

7.        http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/03/science/earth/study-links-syria-conflict-to-drought-caused-by-climate-change.html?_r=0.

8.        https://www.upworthy.com/trying-to-follow-what-is-going-on-in-syria-and-why-this-comic-will-get-you-there-in-5-minutes?g=3&c=ufb2.

9.        http://www.donellameadows.org/wp-content/userfiles/Leverage_Points.pdf.

10.      George Monbiot, RSA Journal Nature’s Way, Issue 1, 2015, pp. 30–31.

11.      Stephanie Bakker and Yvonne Brandwink, “Medellín’s ‘Metropolitan Greenbelt’ Adds Public Space While Healing Old Wounds,” Citiscope, April 15, 2016.

12.      Donella H. Meadows and Diana Wright, Thinking in Systems: A Primer (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2008).

CHAPTER 1: THE METROPOLITAN TIDE

1.        http://artsandsciences.colorado.edu/magazine/2011/04/evolving-super-brain-tied-to-bipelalism-tool-making/.

2.        Edward O. Wilson, The Social Conquest of the Earth (New York: Liveright, 2012), p. 17.

3.        Naomi Eisenberger, “Why Rejection Hurts: What Social Neuroscience Has Revealed about the Brain’s Response to Social Rejection,” http://sanlab.psych.ucla.edu/papers_files/39-Decety-39.pdf.

4.        Ian Tattersall, “If I Had a Hammer,” Scientific American 311, no. 3 (2014).

5.        One of the key elements of culture is its embedded worldview. Worldviews frame the way that we think. In fact, the story of the expulsion from the Garden of Eden is a story of a change in worldview.

6.        Dennis Normil, “Experiments Probe Language’s Origins and Development,” Science 336, no. 6080 (April 27, 2012): pp. 408–11; DOI: 10.1126/science.336.6080.408.

7.        http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/12/21/the-siege-of-miami.

8.        http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture.

9.        http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/12/19/the-sanctuary.

10.      K. Schmidt, “‘Zuerst kam der Tempel, dann die Stadt,’ Vorläufiger Bericht zu den Grabungen am Göbekli Tepe und am Gürcütepe 1995–1999.” Istanbuler Mitteilungen 50 (2000): 5–41.

11.      The Birth of the Moralizing Gods Science, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/349/6251/918.full?sid=5cc48fb0-a88f-4b50-aebb-00f4641c67dd; http://news.uchicago.edu/article/2010/04/06/archaeological-project-seeks-clues-about-dawn-urban-civilization-middle-east.

12.      Luc-Normand Tellier, Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective (Québec: Presses de l’Université du Québec, 2009); online.

13.      This was known by climatologists as the 8.2K Event because it took place 8,200 years ago.

14.      “Uncovering Civilization’s Roots,” Science 335 (February 17, 2012): 791; http://andrewlawler.com/website/wp-content/uploads/Science-2012-Lawler-Uncovering_Civilizations_Roots-790-31.pdf.

15.      Ibid.

16.      Ibid.

17.      Gwendolyn Leick, Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City (New York: Penguin, 2001), p. 3.

18.      William Stiebing, Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture (New York: Routledge, 2008).

19.      The Guiding Principles of Chengzhou: The urban plan of Chengzhou is a map of the Holy Field, the nine-in-one square. The four squares of even numbers at the corners are imbued with the energy of yin; the five axial squares of odd integers are imbued with the energy of yang. This balance between yin and yang generated the harmonious flow of qi.

                  Each side of Chengzhou was 9 li (~3 km) long. The edges of the city were defined by walls 20 meters wide and 15 meters high. These were penetrated by three gates on each side, the gates equidistant from one another and from the corners. The interior of the city was subdivided into square zones, with streets following the cardinal axis, running from gate to gate. This gave rise to three north–south and three east–west main roads. Running parallel to these major avenues were six minor avenues. These were all sized to be nine times the width of a carriage.

                  Each of the city’s nine main squares had a function. The palace sat in the center square, 5, the ancestral temple in the square to its left in square 7. The Sheji altars for the god of land and the god of grains occupied square 3. The market, which was considered to be less important, was located in the square to the north. The hall for public audiences was in square 1.

                  The palace square was enclosed by a second set of walls and gates, forming an inner city, such as Beijing’s Forbidden City.

                  Regional capitals, and their subsidiary primary and secondary towns, also followed similarly prescribed dimensions. Because the form of cities was believed to be essential for the flow of qi from heaven to emperor to the society, their form remained constant until the modern era, although their architecture and gardens evolved over time.

20.      http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/El-Mirador-the-Lost-City-of-the-Maya.html#ixzz2ZfcGXkot.

21.      David Webster, The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse (New York: Thames & Hudson, 2002), p. 317.

22.      Kevin Kelly, What Technology Wants (New York: Viking, 2011).

CHAPTER 2: PLANNING FOR GROWTH

1.        http://eawc.evansville.edu/anthology/hammurabi.htm.

2.        http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/hamcode.asp; http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi2542.htm.

3.        http://www-personal.umich.edu/~nisbett/images/cultureThought.pdf.

4.        R. H. C. Davis, A History of Medieval Europe: From Constantine to Saint Louis, 3rd ed. (New York: Pearson Education, 2006).

5.        http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Islamic%20City.pdf.

6.        http://icasjakarta.wordpress.com/2011/01/20/the-virtuous-city-and-the-possiblity-of-its-emergence-from-the-democratic-city-in-al-farabis-political-philosophy/.

7.        From Paul Romer in Atlantic magazine, written by Sebastian Mallaby, July 8, 2010. http://m.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-politically-incorrect-guide-to-ending-poverty/8134/.

8.        http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1542newlawsindies.asp

9.        Daniel J. Elazar, The American Partnership: Intergovernmental Co-operation in the Nineteenth-Century United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).

10.      The Plan of Chicago (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1993 reprint).

11.      http://www.planning.org/growingsmart/pdf/LULZDFeb96.pdf; https://ceq.doe.gov/laws_and_executive_orders/the_nepa_statute.html.

12.      http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1963&context=ealr.

13.      John McClaughry, “The Land Use Planning Act—An Idea We Can Do Without,” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 3 (1974), issue 4, article 2.

CHAPTER 3: SPRAWL AND ITS DISCONTENTS

1.        Kenneth Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).

2.        “The Great Horse-Manure Crisis of 1894,” Freeman, Ideas on Liberty.

3.        http://www.livingplaces.com/Streetcar_Suburbs.html.

4.        David Kushner, Levittown: Two Families, One Tycoon, and the Fight for Civil Rights in America’s Legendary Suburb (New York: Walker, 2009), p. 7.

5.        W. W. Jennings, “The Value of Home Owning as Exemplified in American History,” Social Science, January 1938, p. 3, cited in John P. Dean, Homeownership, p. 4.

6.        Federal Housing Administration, Underwriting Manual: Underwriting and Valuation Procedure under Title II of the National Housing Act with Revisions to February, 1938 (Washington, DC), Part II, Section 9, Rating of Location.

7.        Kushner, Levittown, p. 30.

8.        Harry S Truman, president’s news conference, July 1, 1948; http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=12951.

9.        http://www.policy-perspectives.org/article/viewFile/13352/8802.

10.      Will Fischer and Chye-Ching Huang, Mortgage Interest Deduction Is Ripe for Reform, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, June 25, 2013.

11.      Sam Roberts, “Infamous Drop Dead Was Never Said by Ford,” New York Times, December 28, 2006; http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/nyregion/28veto.html?_r=0.

12.      Richard Nixon, State of the Union Address, January 22, 1970.

13.      http://www.uli.org/research/centers-initiatives/center-for-capital-markets/emerging-trends-in-real-estate/americas/.

14.      http://news.forexlive.com/!/the-massive-us-bubble-that-no-one-talks-about-20121205; http://blog.commercialsource.com/retail-closings-new-numbers-are-on-the-way/.

15.      http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2010/01/20-poverty-kneebone.

16.      https://cepa.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/RussellSageIncomeSegregationreport.pdf.

17.      http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2012/0501/In-France-s-suburban-ghettos-a-struggle-to-be-heard-amid-election-noise-video; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_situation_in_the_French_suburbs.

18.      http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2012/0501/In-France-s-suburban-ghettos-a-struggle-to-be-heard-amid-election-noise-video.

19.      Ibid.

20.      http://www.athomenetwork.com/Property_in_Vienna/Expat_life_in_Vienna/Districts_of_Vienna.html.

21.      http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/04/us/2-farm-acres-lost-per-minute-study-says.html.

22.      https://www.motherjones.com/files/li_xiubin.pdf.

23.      http://io9.com/in-california-rich-people-use-the-most-water-1655202898.

24.      http://people.oregonstate.edu/~muirp/landlim.htm; http://www.citylab.com/work/2012/10/uneven-geography-economic-growth/3067/.

25.      http://scienceblogs.com/cortex/2010/03/30/commuting/.

26.      https://ideas.repec.org/p/zur/iewwpx/151.html.

27.      https://worldstreets.wordpress.com/2011/06/23/newman-and-kenworth-on-peak-car-use/.

28.      2015 Urban Mobility Scorecard, http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility-scorecard-2015.pdf.

29.      http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/future-development/posts/2016/02/10-digital-cars-productivity-fengler?utm_campaign=Brookings+Brief&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=26280457&_hsenc=p2ANqtz--94peln9ll-DLQyM4sYN0HX0-ncQ26aIuiwUsrPVoGnavPBBZtNF-oRxqW3vf8RFziZIr3LMpa8e9-_KQMBAqjbWMdBw&_hsmi=26280457.

30.      http://www.ssti.us/2014/02/vmt-drops-ninth-year-dots-taking-notice/.

31.      http://uli.org/wp-content/uploads/ULI-Documents/ET_US2012.pdf.

32.      http://www.treehugger.com/cars/in-copenhagen-bicycles-overtake-cars.html.

33.      Ibid.

34.      http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/jchs.harvard.edu/files/son2008.pdf.

35.      Chris Benner and Manuel Pastor, Just Growth: Inclusion and Prosperity in America’s Metropolitan Regions (New York: Routledge, 2012).

CHAPTER 4: THE DYNAMICALLY BALANCING CITY

1.        http://envisionutah.org/eu_about_eumission.html.

2.        Ibid.

3.        Ibid.

4.        Talk at the Garrison Institute, June 11, 2013.

5.        Peter Calthorpe comments on text to author, December 2013.

6.        http://www.anielski.com/publications/gpi-alberta-reports/.

7.        http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2013/03/big_data_excerpt_how_mike_flowers_revolutionized_new_york_s_building_inspections.single.html.

8.        http://www.thomaswhite.com/global-perspectives/south-korea-provides-boost-to-green-projects/.

9.        http://www.igb.illinois.edu/research-areas/biocomplexity/research.

10.      http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2016/02/17-why-copenhagen-works-katz-noring?hs_u=jonathanfprose@gmail.com&utm_campaign=Brookings+Brief&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=26459561&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_xy1AxOwMnwgvdYwg3wghqfm8ROOqgZhUNtvn7_.

CHAPTER 5: THE METABOLISM OF CITIES

1.        http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrows_Point,_Maryland.

2.        Marc V. Levine, “A Third-World City in the First World: Social Exclusion, Race Inequality, and Sustainable Development in Baltimore,” in The Social Sustainability of Cities: Diversity and the Management of Change, edited by Mario Polese and Richard Stern (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 2000).

3.        Abel Wolman, “The Metabolism of Cities,” Scientific American 213, no. 3 (September 1965): 178–90; and see http://www.irows.ucr.edu/cd/courses/10/wolman.pdf.

4.        http://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21636507-chinas-insatiable-appetite-pork-symbol-countrys-rise-it-also.

5.        http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8b24d40a-c064-11e1-982d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3P5iyrFue.

6.        http://www.researchgate.net/publication/266210000_Building_Spatial_Data_Infrastructures_for_Spatial_Planning_in_African_Cities_the_Lagos_Experience.

7.        http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-08-22/detroit-and-big-data-take-on-blight.

8.        Ibid.

9.        http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-06-30/news/bs-ed-citistat-20100630_1_citistat-innovators-city-trash-and-recycling.

10.      http://www.resilience.org/stories/2005-04-01/why-our-food-so-dependent-oil#.

11.      Karin Andersson, Thomas Ohlsson, and Pär Olsson, “Screening Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Tomato Ketchup: A Case Study,” VALIDHTML SIK, the Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, Göteborg.

12.      http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/mb060e/mb060e00.pdf.

13.      https://www.nrdc.org/food/files/wasted-food-ip.pdf.

14.      http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/08/13/120813fa_fact_gawande?currentPage=all.

15.      http://www.ruaf.org/urban-agriculture-what-and-why.

16.      http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6064.

17.      http://www.cbsnews.com/news/do-you-know-where-your-food-comes-from/.

18.      http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/story/2012-01-21/food-label-surprises/52680546/1.

19.      http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/01/the-connection-between-good-nutrition-and-good-cognition/251227/.

20.      “The Cognition Nutrition: Food for Thought—Eat Your Way to a Better Brain,” Economist, July 17, 2008; http://www.economist.com/node/11745528.

21.      http://www.cityfarmer.info/2012/06/03/detroit-were-no-1-in-community-gardening/.

22.      http://dailyreckoning.com/urban-farming-in-detroit-and-big-cities-back-to-small-towns-and-agriculture/.

23.      http://www.grownyc.org/about.

24.      http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/2011-05-01-cnbc-us-squanders-energy-in-food-chain_n.htm.

25.      http://www.veolia-environmentalservices.com/veolia/ressources/files/1/927,753,Abstract_2009_GB-1.pdf.

26.      http://waste-management-world.com/a/global-municipal-solid-waste-to-double-by.

27.      http://www.epa.gov/smm/advancing-sustainable-materials-management-facts-and-figures; http://detroit1701.org/Detroit%20Incinerator.html.

28.      E-mail from Dr. Allen Hershkowitz, August 21, 2012.

29.      Sven Eberlein, “Where No City Has Gone Before: San Fransisco Will Be the World’s First Zero Waste Town by 2020,” Alternet.

30.      https://recyclingchronicles.wordpress.com/2012/07/19/conditioned-to-waste-hardwired-to-habit-2/.

31.      http://www.seattle.gov/council/bagshaw/attachments/compost%20requirement%20QA.pdf.

32.      Nickolas J. Themelis, “Waste Management World: Global Bright Lights,” www.waste-management-world/a/global-bright-lights.

33.      http://www.greatrecovery.org.uk, http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/design-recovery-creating-products-waste.

34.      Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities: Water and Sanitation in the World’s Cities (2010), p. 43, http://www.waste.nl/sites/waste.nl/files/product/files/swm_in_world_cities_2010.pdf.

35.      http://phys.org/news/2014-02-lagos-bike-recycling-loyalty-scheme.html.

36.      Ibid.

37.      Towards_the_circular_economy, Ellen McCarthy Foundation, 2012.

38.      Ibid.

39.      “Building an Ecological Civilization in China—Towards a Practice Based Learning Approach,” http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/5658259511d47.pdf.

40.      https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/19151521/guo-qimin-circular-economy-development-in-china-europe-china-/63.

41.      http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-12-989_en.htm.

42.      http://www.circle-economy.com/news/how-amsterdam-goes-circular/.

CHAPTER 6: WATER IS A TERRIBLE THING TO WASTE

1.        Simon Romero, “Taps Run Dry in Brazil’s Largest City,” New York Times, February 17, 2015, p. A4.

2.        http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/16/life-in-the-time-of-cholera/?_r=0.

3.        Doug Saunders, Arrival City: The Final Migration and Our Next World (New York: Vintage, 2011), p. 136.

4.        http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/~gel115/115CH16fertilizer.html.

5.        http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/indexcase.html.

6.        http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/snowgreatestdoc.html.

7.        http://bluelivingideas.com/2010/04/12/birth-control-pill-threatens-fish-reproduction/.

8.        http://sewerhistory.org/articles/whregion/urban_wwm_mgmt/urban_wwm_mgmt.pdf.

9.        http://web.extension.illinois.edu/ethanol/wateruse.cfm.

10.      http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/03/us/parched-santa-fe-makes-rare-demand-on-builders.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.

11.      http://www.cityofnorthlasvegas.com/departments/utilities/TopicWaterConservation.shtm.

12.      http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/drinking_water/droughthist.shtml.

13.      Ibid.

14.      “Urban World: Cities and the Rise of the Consuming Class,” McKinsey Global Institute, 2012, p. 8.

15.      http://www.impatientoptimists.org/Posts/2012/08/Inventing-a-Toilet-for-the-21st-Century.

16.      http://www.lselectric.com/wordpress/the-top-10-biggest-wastewater-treatment-plants/.

17.      http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6095/674.full?sid=fd5c8045-4dee-43e5-a620-ca6faba728dc.

18.      Magdalena Mis, “Sludge Can Help China Curb Emissions and Power Cities, Think Tank Says,” Reuters, April 8, 2016.

19.      http://www.wateronline.com/doc/shortcut-nitrogen-removal-the-next-big-thing-in-wastewater-0001.

20.      Petrus L. Du Pisani, “Water Efficiency I: Cities Surviving in an Arid Land—Direct Reclamation of Potable Water at Windhoek’s Goreangab Reclamation Plant,” AridLands Newsletter no. 56 (November–December 2004).

21.      http://greencape.co.za/assets/Sector-files/water/IWA-Water-Reuse-Conference-Windhoek-2013.pdf.

22.      http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6095/679.full?sid=349ace41-4490-4f6c-b5bf-4e68a7eb054fan.

23.      Ibid.

24.      http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/Pages/default.aspx.

25.      http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org.

PART THREE: RESILIENCE

1.        C. S. Holling, “Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems,” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4 (1973): 1–23.

2.        http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/12/21/the-siege-of-miami.

CHAPTER 7: NATURAL INFRASTRUCTURE

1.        Edward O. Wilson, Biophilia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).

2.        https://mdc.mo.gov/sites/default/files/resources/2012/10/ulrich.pdf.

3.        http://www.healinglandscapes.org.

4.        Richard Louv, Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder (Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 2005).

5.        http://www.jad-journal.com/article/S0165-0327(12)00200-5/abstract.

6.        http://ahta.org.

7.        Irving Finkel, “The Hanging Gardens of Babylon,” in The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, edited by Peter Clayton and Martin Price (New York: Routledge, 1988), pp. 45–46.

8.        C. J. Hughes, “In the Bronx, Little Houses That Evoke Puerto Rico,” New York Times, February 22, 2009.

9.        http://www.communitygarden.org/learn/faq.

10.      Peter Harnik and Ben Weller, “Measuring the Economic Value of a City Park System,” additional assistance by Linda S. Keenan. Published by the Trust for Public Land, 2009.

11.      “Active Living by Design,” New Public Health Paradigm: Promoting Health Through Community Design, 2002.

12.      http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-consequences/economic/.

13.      Sarah Goodyear, “What’s Making China Fat,” Atlantic Cities, June 22, 2012.

14.      Sarah Laskow, “How Trees Can Make City People Happier (and Vice Versa),” Next City, February 3, 2015.

15.      http://www.coolcommunities.org/urban_shade_trees.htm.

16.      Sandi Doughton, “Toxic Road Runoff Kills Adult Coho Salmon in Hours, Study Finds,” Seattle Times, October 8, 2015.

17.      http://www.governing.com/topics/energy-env/proposed-storm water-plan-philadelphia-emphasizes-green-infrastructure.html.

18.      John Vidal, “How a River Helped Seoul Reclaim Its Heart and Soul,” Mail and Guardian (online), January 5, 2007.

19.      Ibid.

20.      Ibid.

21.      http://www.terrapass.com/society/seouls-river/.

22.      Ibid.

23.      Curitiba Convention on Biodiversity and Cities, March 28, 2007.

24.      Singapore Index on City Biodiversity, https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/city/subws-2014-01/other/subws-2014-01-singapore-index-manual-en.pdf.

25.      http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/news/2012/11/singapore-ranked-fifth-in-glob.php; http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2013-14/world-ranking.

26.      http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/29/business/global/an-urban-jungle-for-the-21st-century.html?_r=0.

27.      https://www.cbd.int/authorities/doc/CBS-declaration/Aichi-Nagoya-Declaration-CBS-en.pdf.

28.      “The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Water and Wetlands,” TEEB report, October 2012.

29.      http://www.pwconserve.org/issues/watersheds/newyorkcity/index.html.

30.      https://www.billionoysterproject.org/about/.

31.      http://www.rebuildbydesign.org .

CHAPTER 8: GREEN BUILDINGS, GREEN URBANISM

1.        E. F. Schumacher, Small Is Beautiful (New York: HarperPerennial, 2010); http://www.centerforneweconomics.org/content/small-beautiful-quotes.

2.        http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=86&t=1/.

3.        Richard W. Caperton, Adam James, and Matt Kasper, “Federal Weatherization Program a Winner on All Counts,” Center for American Progress, September 28, 2012.

4.        http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/09/19/321954/home-weatherization-grows-1000-under-stimulus-funding/.

5.        http://fortune.com/2015/01/16/solar-jobs-report-2014/.

6.        http://citizensclimatelobby.org/laser-talks/jobs-fossil-fuels-vs-renewables/.

7.        http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GreenInvestment_Report_2013.pdf.

8.        http://www.usgbc.org/articles/green-building-facts.

9.        The design team included, from Richard Dattner, Bill Stein, Steven Frankel, Adam Watson, Venesa Alicea; from Grimshaw, Vincent Chang, Nikolas Dando-Haenisch, Robert Garneau, Virginia Little, and Eric Johnson.

10.      http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/pdf/EBN_15-5.pdf.

11.      http://www.gallup.com/poll/158417/poverty-comes-depression-illness.aspx.

12.      http://living-future.org/living-building-challenge-21-standard.

13.      http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/08/f2/Grid%20Resiliency%20Report_FINAL.pdf.

14.      Robert Galvin and Kurt Yeager with Jay Stuller, Perfect Power: How the Micogrid Revolution Will Release Cleaner, Greener, and More Abundant Energy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009), p. 4.

15.      “Efficiency in Electrical Generation—Eurelectric Preservation of Resources,” Working Group’s “Upstream” subgroup in collaboration with VBG 2003.

16.      http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=90&pid=44&aid=8.

CHAPTER 9: CREATING COMMUNITIES OF OPPORTUNITY

1.        “Building Communities of Opportunity: Supporting Integrated Planning and Development through Federal Policy.” This framing paper was prepared by PolicyLink to inform the September 18, 2009, White House Office of Urban Affairs Tour to Denver, Colorado.

2.        Community Development 2020: Creating Opportunity for All. A Working Paper. Enterprise Community Partners, 2012. http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/seven-of-nations-10-most-affluent-counties-are-in-washington-region/2012/09/19/f580bf30-028b-11e2-8102-ebee9c66e190_story.html.

3.        Eric Klinenberg, “Dead Heat: Why Don’t Americans Sweat over Heat-Wave Deaths?” Slate.com, July 30, 2002.

4.        “Adaptation: How Can Cities Be Climate Proofed?” New Yorker, January 7, 2013; http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=2013-01-07#folio=032.

5.        Eric Klinenberg, Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2002).

6.        “Adaptation: How Can Cities Be Climate Proofed?”

7.        http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_European_heat_wave.

8.        http://www.communicationcache.com/uploads/1/0/8/8/10887248/note_on_the_drawing_power_of_crowds_of_different_size.pdf.

9.        D. W. Haslam and W. P. James, “Obesity,” Lancet 366 (9492): 1197–209; doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1. PMID 16198769.

10.      http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/30/obesity-costs-dollars-cents_n_1463763.html.

11.      http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/newsrel/soc/07-07ObesityIK-.asp.

12.      Nicholas A. Christakis and James H. Fowler, Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives (New York: Little, Brown, 2009), p. 131.

13.      Mark Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties,” American Journal of Sociology 78, no. 6 (May 1973): 1360–80; https://sociology.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/the_strength_of_weak_ties_and_exch_w-gans.pdf.

14.      Ibid.

15.      Ibid.

16.      http://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=1,7,1,1,41.

17.      Francis Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1995).

18.      Eric Beinhocker, The Origin of Wealth: Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics (Boston: Harvard Business School, 2006), p. 307.

19.      John Gottman, Trust Matters, http://edge.org/response-detail/26601.

20.      E. Fischbacher and U. Fischbacher, “Altruists with Green Beards,” Analyse & Kritik 2 (2005).

21.      http://www.uvm.edu/~dguber/POLS293/articles/putnam1.pdf.

22.      Peter Hedström, “Actions and Networks—Sociology That Really Matters . . . to Me,” Sociologica 1 (2007).

23.      Robert J. Sampson, Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012); http://www.positivedeviance.org/about_pd/Monique%20VIET%20NAM%20CHAPTER%20Oct%2017.pdf.

24.      Ibid.

25.      Terrance Hill, Catherine Ross, and Ronald Angel, “Neighborhood Disorder, Psychological Distress and Health,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 46 (2005), pp.170–86.

26.      https://www.ptsdforum.org/c/gallery/-pdf/1-48.pdf.

27.      “Perceived Neighborhood Disorder, Community Cohesion, and PTSD Symptoms among Low Income African Americans in Urban Health Setting,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 81, no. 1 (2011): 31–33.

28.      http://infed.org/mobi/robert-putnam-social-capital-and-civic-community/.

29.      David D. Halpern, The Hidden Wealth of Nations (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010).

30.      Michael Woolcock, “The Place of Social Capital in Understanding Social and Economic Outcomes,” http://www.oecd.org/innovation/research/1824913.pdf.

31.      Sean Safford, Why the Garden Club Couldn’t Save Youngstown: Civic Infrastructure and Mobilization in Economic Crisis, MIT Industrial Performance Center Working Series, 2004.

32.      http://blogs.birminghamview.com/blog/2011/05/16/the-picture-that-changed-birmingham/.

CHAPTER 10: THE COGNITIVE ECOLOGY OF OPPORTUNITY

1.        Jonathan Woetzel, Sangeeth Ram, Jan Mischke, Nicklas Garemo, and Shirish Sankhe, A Blueprint for Addressing the Global Affordable Housing Challenge, McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) report, October 2014.

2.        http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/jchs.harvard.edu/files/sonhr14-color-ch1.pdf.

3.        http://www.nfcc.org/newsroom/newsreleases/floi_july2011results_final.cfm.

4.        http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/jchs.harvard.edu/files/americasrentalhousing-2011-bw.pdf.

5.        http://sf.curbed.com/archives/2015/05/22/san_franciscos_median_rent_climbs_to_a_whopping_4225.php.

6.        John Bowlby, Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development (New York: Basic Books, 1988), 11.

7.        Dane Archer and Rosemary Gartner, “Violent Acts and Violent Times: A Comparative Approach to Postwar Homicide Rates,” American Sociology Review 4 (1976): 937–63.

8.        Stephanie Booth-Kewley, “Factors Associated with Anti Social Behavior in Combat Veterans,” Aggressive Behavior 36 (2010): 330–37; http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a573599.pdf.

9.        David Finkelhor, Anne Shattuck, Heather Turner, and Sherry Hamby, “Improving the Adverse Childhood Study Scale,” JAMA Pediatrics 167, no. 1 (November 26, 2012): 70–75; published online.

10.      http://acestudy.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/ARV1N1.127150541.pdf.

11.      Nadine Burke Harris, “Powerpoint: Toxic Stress—Changing the Paradigm of Clinical Practice,” Center for Youth Wellness, May 13, 2014, presented at the Pickower Center, MIT.

12.      http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/body/epigenetics-abuse/.

13.      http://centerforeducation.rice.edu/slc/LS/30MillionWordGap.html.

14.      http://www.human.cornell.edu/hd/outreach-extension/upload/evans.pdf.

15.      “Evictions Soar in a Hot Market, Renters Suffer,” New York Times, September 3, 2014.

16.      http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/freddie-grays-life-a-study-in-the-sad-effects-of-lead-paint-on-poor-blacks/2015/04/29/0be898e6-eea8-11e4-8abc-d6aa3bad79dd_story.html.

17.      http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/03/the-toxins-that-threaten-our-brains/284466/.

18.      Ibid.

19.      Patrick Reed and Maya Brennan, “How Housing Matters: Using Housing to Stabilize Families and Strengthen Classrooms,” a profile of the McCarver Elementary School Special Housing Program in Tacoma, Washington, October 2014.

20.      http://denversroadhome.org/files/FinalDHFCCostStudy_1.pdf.

21.      “An Investment in Opportunity—A Bold New Vision for Housing Policy in the U.S.,” Enterprise Community Partners, February 2016, https://s3.amazonaws.com/KSPProd/ERC_Upload/0100943.pdf.

22.      http://usa.streetsblog.org/2013/09/11/study-kids-who-live-in-walkable-neighborhoods-get-more-exercise/.

23.      http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/databrief42.pdf.

24.      http://www.investigatinghealthyminds.org/ScientificPublications/2013/.RosenkranzComparisonBrain,Behavior,AndImmunity.pdf.

25.      http://www.investigatinghealthyminds.org/ScientificPublications/2012/DavidsonContemplativeChildDevelopmentPerspectives.pdf.

26.      http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childmaltreatment/economiccost.html.

27.      http://wagner.nyu.edu/trasande.

CHAPTER 11: PROSPERITY, EQUALITY, AND HAPPINESS

1.        http://www.gutenberg.ca/ebooks/keynes-essaysinpersuasion/keynes-essaysinpersuasion-00-h.html.

2.        http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/01/21/inequality-is-at-top-of-the-agenda-as-global-elites-gather-in-davos/.

3.        http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2010/08/history-of-world-gdp/.

4.        http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/rc11_eng.pdf.

5.        David Satterthwaite, “The Scale of Urban Change Worldwide 1950–2000 and Its Underpinnings,” International Institute for Environment and Development, 2005.

6.        http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~easterl/papers/Happiness.pdf.

7.        http://www.citylab.com/work/2015/06/why-groceries-cost-less-in-big cities/394904/?utm_source=nl_daily_link3_060515.

8.        http://gmj.gallup.com/content/150671/happiness-is-love-and-75k.aspx.

9.        http://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1776.full.

10.      http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1351254/.

11.      http://www.gfmag.com/gdp-data-country-reports/158-tunisia-gdp-country-report.html#axzz2YBUSAgM0.

12.      http://www.gfmag.com/gdp-data-country-reports/280-egypt-gdp-country-report.html#axzz2YBUSAgM0.

13.      http://www.gallup.com/poll/145883/Egyptians-Tunisians-Wellbeing-Plummets-Despite-GDP-Gains.aspx.

14.      http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2044723,00.html.

15.      Doug Saunders, Arrival City: How the Largest Migration in History Is Reshaping Our World (New York: Vintage, 2012), pp. 328–32.

16.      Simon Kuznets, “National Income, 1929–1932,” 73rd US Congress, 2d session, Senate document no. 124, 1934, pp. 5–7.

17.      http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2010/01/03-happiness-graham.

18.      Carol Graham, The Pursuit of Happiness in the U.S.: Inequality in Agency, Optimism, and Life Chances (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2011).

19.      http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/social-mobility-memos/posts/2016/02/10-rich-have-better-stress-than-poor-graham.

20.      http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/10/09/emerging-and-developing-economies-much-more-optimistic-than-rich-countries-about-the-future/.

21.      http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2005/kotharibrf050511.doc.htm.

22.      Danielle Kurtleblen, “Large Cities Have Greater Income Inequality,” U.S. News and World Report, April 29, 2011.

23.      http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/28/china-more-unequal-richer.

24.      UN-Habitat, State of the World’s Cities 2008–2009: Harmonious Cities, (Nairobi: UN-Habitat, 2008).

25.      http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/#slide17.

26.      http://blog.euromonitor.com /2013/03/the-worlds-largest-cities-are-the-most-unequal.html.

27.      “Life Expectancy by Tube Station,” Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/9413096/Life-expectancy-by-tube-station-new-interactive-map-shows-inequality-in-the-capital.html.

28.      http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21674712-children-bear-disproportionate-share-hidden-cost-chinas-growth-little-match-children.

29.      http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/05/03/upshot/the-best-and-worst-places-to-grow-up-how-your-area-compares.html?abt=0002&abg=1.

30.      http://www.eiu.com/Handlers/WhitepaperHandler.ashx?fi=Healthcare-outcomes-index-2014.pdf&mode=wp&campaignid=Healthoutcome2014.

31.      Elizabeth H. Bradley and Lauren A. Taylor, The American Health Care Paradox: Why Spending More Is Getting Us Less (New York: PublicAffairs, 2013), pp. 181–86.

32.      Benaabdelaali Wail, Hanchane Said, and Kamal Abdelhak, “Educational Inequality in the World, 1950–2010: Estimates from a New Dataset,” in Inequality, Mobility and Segregation: Essays in Honor of Jacques Silber, Edition: Research on Economic Inequality, vol. 20, ed. John A. Bishop, Rafael Salas (Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2012), pp. 337–66.

33.      “Assuring the Quality of Achievement Standards in H.E.: Educating Capable Graduates Not Just for Today but for Tomorrow,” Emeritus Professor Geoff Scott, University of Western Sydney, November 14, 2014.

34.      Alana Semuels, “The City That Believed in Desegregation,” Atlantic City Blog, March 27, 2015.

35.      Manuel Pastor and Chris Brenner, “Weak Market Cities and Regional Equity,” in Re-Tooling for Growth: Building a 21st Century Economy in America’s Older Industrial Areas (New York: American Assembly, 2008), p. 113.

36.      World Happiness Report launch, Columbia University, April 24, 2015.

37.      Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. Professor Joseph E. Stiglitz, Chair, Columbia University, Professor Amartya Sen, Chair Advisor, Harvard University, Professor Jean Paul Fitoussi, Coordinator of the Commission, IEP, 2011, p. 45.

38.      To measure metropolitan area prosperity, we used U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis 2011 data on real GDP per capita. To measure metro area well-being, we used the Gallup-Healthways 2011 polling data for its U.S. Well-Being Index. The Gallup-Healthways methodology includes survey data in six key “domains”: Life Evaluation, Emotional Health, Physical Health, Healthy Behavior, Work Environment, and Basic Access. Gallup-Healthways combines results in each of these areas to reach a total Well-Being Index score for each metro area.

39.      To see the full list of the prosperity/well-being/equality matrix, go to http://www.rosecompanies.com/Prosperity_wellbeing_Zscore.pdf.

40.      Bus Rapid Transit, or BRT, treats buses like trains. They move on a dedicated pathway, they stop at stations, and they quickly load and unload their passengers through wide side doors. However, because the pathway is simply a lane of roadway set aside for their use, BRT is much cheaper to build and operate than train lines, and much more flexible.

41.      Jaime Lerner, Urban Acupuncture (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2014).

CHAPTER 12: ENTWINEMENT

1.        Kenneth Burke, Permanence and Change (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1935; 3rd ed., 1984), p. 10; https://books.google.com/books?id=E4_BU8v2TPUC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=“people+may+be+unfitted+by+being+fit+in+an+unfit+fitness&source=bl&ots=cow7nmf4ie&sig=fJJxTxML25m41GQ_kWlgHSR-__0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CD4Q6AEwCWoVChMIpc_e9d6ZxwIVzDw-Ch1s0A-z#v=onepage&q=“people%20may%20be%20unfitted%20by%20being%20fit%20in%20an%20unfit%20fitness&f=false.

2.        Donella H. Meadows, Thinking in Systems: A Primer, edited by Diana Wright, Sustainability Institute (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2008), p. 17.

3.        Jean Pierre P. Changeaux, Antonio Damasio, and Wolf Singer, eds., The Neurobiology of Human Values (Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2005).

4.        The story of King Frederick, Bach, and the “Musical Offering” is described in: James R. Gaines, Evening in the Palace of Reason: Bach Meets Frederick the Great in the Age of Enlightenment (New York: HarperPerennial, 2006).

5.        Nicholas Shrady, The Last Day: Wrath, Ruin, and Reason in the Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755 (New York: Penguin, 2008), pp. 152–55.

6.        Rebecca Solnit, A Paradise Built in Hell (New York: Penguin, 2009), p. 86.

7.        http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/collective_impact.

8.        Martin Luther King Jr., “Where Do We Go from Here?” Annual Report Delivered at the 11th Convention of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, August 16, Atlanta, GA.

9.        Edward O. Wilson, Biophilia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), p. 85.

10.      Thomas Jay Oord, “The Love Racket: Defining Love and Agape for the Love-and-Science Research Program,” Zygon 40, no. 4 (December 2005).

11.      Christopher Alexander, The Nature of Order, 4 vols. (Berkeley, CA: Center for Environmental Structure, 2002), Vol. 4, pp. 262–70.