1. Carmine Gallo, “Billionaire Warren Buffett Says This 1 Skill Will Boost Your Career Value by 50 Percent,” Inc., January 5, 2017, https://www.inc.com/carmine-gallo/the-one-skill-warren-buffett-says-will-raise-your-value-by-50.html.
Chapter 1: Speak to Serve
1. Read the story in Kevin Timpe, Disability and Inclusive Communities (Grand Rapids: Calvin College Press, 2018).
2. Read about Rick and Barb Wise online at “A Hope Big Enough,” Where Is God Ministries, https://whereisgod.net/a-spouses-love/a-hope-big-enough.
Chapter 2: Plan Neighbor-Serving Speeches
1. This is one of the major themes in Augustine’s On Christian Teaching 4.2.3.
2. Augustine, On Christian Teaching 4.14.29, trans. R. P. H. Green (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 117 (italics added).
Chapter 3: Conquer Speaking Fears
1. Elie Wiesel, And the Sea Is Never Full: Memoirs, 1969–, trans. Marion Wiesel (New York: Knopf, 1999), 154.
2. Wiesel, And the Sea Is Never Full, 154.
Chapter 4: Compose an Outline
1. Statement modified from Katie Reilly, “Record Numbers of College Students Are Seeking Treatment for Depression and Anxiety—but Schools Can’t Keep Up,” Time, March 19, 2018, http://time.com/5190291/anxiety-depression-college-university-students.
Chapter 5: Speak Extemporaneously
1. Mark Twain, Mark Twain Speaking, ed. Paul Fatout (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1976), 327.
Chapter 7: Think Biblically
1. See Quentin J. Schultze, Communicating for Life: Christian Stewardship in Community and Media (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2000), 131–34.
2. Frederick Buechner, Wishful Thinking: A Seeker’s ABC, rev. ed. (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1993), 90.
Chapter 9: Find and Evaluate Online Sources
1. Accessible at https://catalog.loc.gov.
2. Mark Galli, “Speak the Gospel: Use Deeds When Necessary,” Christianity Today, May 21, 2009, https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2009/mayweb-only/120-42.0.html.
Chapter 10: Be Trustworthy (Ethos 1)
1. For an analysis of Augustine’s strict prohibition of lying, see Roger D. Ray, “Christian Conscience and Pagan Rhetoric: Augustine’s Treatises on Lying,” in Studia Patristica, vol. 22, ed. Elizabeth A. Livingstone (Leuven: Peeters, 1989), 321–25; and Paul J. Griffiths, Lying: An Augustinian Theology of Duplicity (Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2004).
Chapter 11: Be Virtuous (Ethos 2)
1. Quintilian, Institutes of Oratory 12.1.1. The translations vary, but many rhetoricians use the snappy phrase that rhetoric is “a good man speaking well.” In context, it is clear that Quintilian wanted to emphasize the quality of character of the speaker, including the speaker’s motive, and not just the speaker’s persuasive skills. See, e.g., Quintilian, The Orator’s Education, Vol. 5: Books 11–12, ed. and trans. Donald A. Russel (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), 187.
2. James Houston, In Pursuit of Happiness: Finding Genuine Fulfillment in Life (Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1996), 14.
3. See David E. Fitch, The Church of Us vs. Them: Freedom from a Faith That Feeds on Making Enemies (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2019).
4. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, A World Split Apart (New York: Harper & Row, 1978), 27.
5. Søren Kierkegaard, Provocations: Spiritual Writings of Kierkegaard, ed. Charles E. Moore (Farmington, PA: Plough, 1999), 19, 350.
6. “St. Augustine of Hippo,” Catholic Online, https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=418.
7. Eugene H. Peterson, Christ Plays in Ten Thousand Places (Winnipeg: CMBC Publications, 1999), 59.
8. Augustine, On Christian Teaching 3.2.1.
9. Rabbi Joseph Telushkin, Words That Hurt, Words That Heal: How to Use Words Wisely and Well (New York: Perennial Current, 1998), xx.
Chapter 12: Convey Ideas Passionately
1. Augustine, On Christian Teaching 4.2.3, trans. R. P. H. Green (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 101.
2. Monastic sign language is discussed in C. H. Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (New York: Longman, 1984), 104.
3. Kenneth Burke, “Prologue in Heaven,” in The Rhetoric of Religion: Studies in Logology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970), 288.
4. Augustine, Expositions on the Book of Psalms, ed. and trans. Philip Schaff (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1956), 673.
5. Quoted in Duc De Broglie, Saint Ambrose, trans. Margaret Maitland (London: Duckworth, 1899), 45.
6. Cicero, On Oratory and Orators 3.59, ed. and trans. John Shelby Watson (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1970), 258.
Chapter 13: Speak to Inform Dramatically
1. “Neil Simon, The Art of Theater No. 10,” interview by James Lipton, Paris Review 125 (Winter 1992), https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/1994/neil-simon-the-art-of-theater-no-10-neil-simon.
Chapter 14: Tell Stories (Mythos)
1. See James Hutton, Aristotle’s Poetics (New York: Norton, 1982), 54.
2. James M. Houston, I Believe in the Creator (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980), 63.
3. Wendell Berry, Standing by Words (Berkeley: Counterpoint, 1983), 62.
4. See Terry Lindvall, God Mocks: A History of Religious Satire from the Hebrew Prophets to Stephen Colbert (New York: NYU Press, 2015).
5. For a wonderful overview of indirect communication, see Benson P. Fraser, Hide and Seek: The Sacred Art of Indirect Communication (Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2019).
6. Wendell Berry, What Are People For? (New York: North Point, 1990), 157.
7. Frederick Buechner, Telling the Truth: The Gospel as Tragedy, Comedy, and Fairy Tale (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1977).
Chapter 15: Speak to Persuade Logically (Logos)
1. Chrysostom’s views on the importance of rhetorical education for Christians are addressed in Lauri Thurén, “John Chrysostom as a Rhetorical Critic: The Hermeneutics of an Early Father,” Biblical Interpretation 9, no. 2 (2001): 183.
2. Augustine, On Christian Teaching 4.2.3, trans. R. P. H. Green (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 101.
3. The history of Christian rhetoricians’ competition with other rhetoricians is discussed in David S. Cunningham, Faithful Persuasion: In Aid of a Rhetoric of Christian Theology (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991), xiv. The critical importance of rhetoric for the early church is addressed in Averil Cameron, Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire: The Development of Christian Discourse (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991). For a short history of Christian rhetoric, see George A. Kennedy, Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times, 2nd ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
Chapter 16: Speak to Persuade Emotionally (Pathos)
1. See David G. Benner, Human Being and Becoming: Living the Adventure of Life and Love (Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2016), 12.
Chapter 17: Share Special Moments
1. Frederick Buechner, Wishful Thinking: A Seeker’s ABC, rev. ed. (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1993), 27.
2. Eugene H. Peterson, Subversive Spirituality (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997), 148.
3. Quoted in Garry Wills, Saint Augustine (New York: Viking, 1999), 71.
4. See “Hebrew Word Puns,” The Culture of the Bible, December 20, 2012, https://biblicalculture.wordpress.com/2012/12/20/hebrew-word-puns/.
5. Quoted in Peterson, Subversive Spirituality, 151.
Chapter 18: Advocate for All Neighbors
1. Augustine, Confessions 3.9.17.
2. Nicholas Wolterstorff, Justice in Love (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011), 101.
3. Walter Brueggemann, The Prophetic Imagination, 2nd ed. (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2001), 3.
4. Bryan Stevenson, Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption (New York: Random House, 2014), 15.
5. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Letters and Papers from Prison, rev. ed., ed. Eberhard Bethge (New York: Macmillan, 1967), 17.
6. See R. R. James, ed., Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963 (New York: Chelsea House, 1974), 7:7566.
7. Richard Rorty, “Religion as a Conversation-Stopper,” in Philosophy and Social Hope (New York: Penguin, 2000), 168–74. Christian philosopher Nicholas Wolterstorff responded to Rorty in “An Engagement with Rorty,” Journal of Religious Ethics 31, no. 1 (Spring 2003): 129–39.
8. Václav Havel, Disturbing the Peace: A Conversation with Karel Hvíždala, trans. Paul Wilson (New York: Vintage, 1990), 11.
9. Mark Noll, A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992), 314.
10. William Lloyd Garrison, “No Compromise with the Evil of Slavery” (speech, 1854), Lit2Go, https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/185/civil-rights-and-conflict-in-the-united-states-selected-speeches/5061/no-compromise-with-the-evil-of-slavery-speech-1854/.
11. Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream” (speech delivered in 1963), National Archives, https://www.archives.gov/files/press/exhibits/dream-speech.pdf.
Chapter 19: Present in Groups
1. See, e.g., Sarah Hooker, “5 Reasons Why I Hate Group Projects,” Thought Catalog, April 15, 2014, https://thoughtcatalog.com/sarah-hooker/2014/04/5-reasons-i-hate-group-projects; and Maryellen Weimer, “My Students Don’t Like Group Work,” The Teaching Professor, July 12, 2017, https://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/teaching-professor-blog/my-students-dont-like-group-work.
2. Cicero discusses these three purposes in De Optimo Genere Oratorum (On the Best Style of Orators) 1.3; Orator 69; and De Oratore (On Oratory) 2.28.
3. Ronald Adler and Jeanne Marquardt Elmhorst, Communicating at Work: Principles and Practices for Business and the Professions, 9th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008), 256.
4. Stephen E. Lucas, The Art of Public Speaking, 11th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012), 371. See also Dianne Hofner Saphiere, Barbara Kappler Mikk, and Basma Ibrahim DeVries, Communication Highwire: Leveraging the Power of Diverse Communication Styles (Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, 2005), 31.
5. Lucas, Art of Public Speaking, 371.
6. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “Elegiac Verse” (1882), Maine Historical Society, https://www.hwlongfellow.org/poems_poem.php?pid=310.
Chapter 20: Stage with Technology
1. See David J. P. Phillips, “How to Avoid Death by PowerPoint,” April 14, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iwpi1Lm6dFo, for a TED Talk with helpful advice about pitfalls to avoid.
2. For instance, Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org) maintains a collection of over fifty million freely usable media files that anyone can contribute to.
3. Charles J. Chaput, “Fools with Tools Are Still Fools,” Nuntium, June 1998, available at http://www.evangelizationstation.com/htm_html/Biographies/Chaput/fools_with_tools_are_still_fools.htm.
Appendix B: Plan Speeches with the Holy Spirit
1. Sonja K. Foss and Cindy L. Griffin, “Beyond Persuasion: A Proposal for an Invitational Rhetoric,” Communication Monographs 62 (March 1995): 2–18.
Appendix D: Speaking from a Manuscript
1. From remarks in London, November 2, 1949. “Wit and Wisdom,” Finest Hour 128 (Autumn 2005), https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-128/wit-and-wisdom-6.