abstraction versus embodiment, in Zuni ways of knowing, 177. See also ontology
access: to Internet and technology, 1, 5, 26–27, 29–30, 78, 79, 206–207; to mobile phones, 1, 50, 56, 65–67, 68–69, 90
activism, 18, 72, 198, 219. See also Arab Spring
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 19, 30
affirmative action, controversies of, 7
agency, community, 18, 105, 108, 178, 217, 223
Agrawal, Arun, 127
AirBnB, providing data to, 20, 21
Akrich, Madeleine, 145
algorithms, 132, 178–179, 184; personalization, 132; ethnographic algorithm, 215
Alibaba, 21
Amidollane, 184–195
Anahoho, 187–195
Anderson, Chris, 22
Andhra Pradesh, India, 84, 88–90; Ardhavaram, 93–110, 181; Kesavaram, 91–110
Aneesh, A., 54
anomie, 142
Anselm, Saint, 34
anthropological work, in indigenous communities, 170. See also ethnography
Appadurai, Arjun, 55, 82–84, 119–120, 178
appropriate technology, 201
appropriation, 47–48, 69, 74–77, 113, 145, 153, 197–199, 217–219
Aquinas, Thomas, 34
Arab Spring, 17–18, 24, 218–222
A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center, 118, 167, 168, 194
asset, as opposed to “need,” 108
authenticity, cultural, 118
autoethnography, 11
autonomous networks, 181, 231; autonomous ontologies, 184. See also lateral connectivity; lateralize
Balsamo, Anne, 36–37
“banking education,” 95. See also Freire, Paulo
Banksy, 200–201
Baran, Paul, 182
Baym, Nancy, 75–76
Beauchesne, Oliver, 27
Belkin, Nick, 191
Berger, Jonah, 5
Berners-Lee, Tim, 30
Bhabha, Homi, 214–215
Bhaskar, TLS, 88–90, 92–93, 95–99, 101–103, 105
biodiversity, 8
biopolitical narratives, 127. See also Foucault, Michel; Haraway, Donna
black-boxing, 128–129. See also classification systems
Boast, Robin, 37–39, 162–164, 166–172, 175, 182, 184, 193
Boazizi, Mohammed, self-immolation, 24. See also Arab Spring
Boellstorff, Tom, 184
boundary objects, 129, 155. See also classification systems; ontology
Bowen, Wally, 25
Bowker, Geoffrey, 127–129, 131
Bravo, Michael, 164
bridge figure, 213
Brown, John Seely, 155
Bruner, Jerome, 31
“Business Process Outsourcing” (BPO) centers, 93. See also Byrraju Foundation; call centers;
California, Native American communities within, 14, 114–115, 138–145, 146–153
call centers, 53–54; labor within, 93. See also digital inequality
Campbell, Elizabeth, 11
Campo reservation, 146. See also indigenous communities
capacity building, 83, 107; capacity to aspire, 83–84; capacity of voice, 102
caracol (Zapatista), 200–203. See also indigenous communities
Carey, James, 159–160
casinos, in tribal land, 154
caste stratification, 93–101. See also India, fieldwork within
Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 210
Chaloux, Shonta, 147–149, 152–154
Chambers, Robert, 13
Chan, Anita, 160
Chiapas, Mexico, research in, 15, 80, 198–201, 232. See also Zapatista community
Chipchase, Jan, 65–68, 71, 211
Christen, Kim, 165
CIDOC CRM standards model, 131
classification systems, 128–131, 155, 163–165; categories, 156, 165; classificatory hierarchies and standards, 130–131; classificatory ontologies, 167, 174; questioning of, 179; rejecting of, 182
Cleaver, Frances, 61
Cleaver, Harry, 80
cloud, 2, 23, 39–41, 43, 45, 232
Codd, Edgar, 41–42
code switching, 164, 187, 201–202
Coleman, Gabriella, 210
collaboration: in Egypt, 17–18; in India, 84–110; within indigenous communities; 116; within Native American reservations, 114; with Somali communities, 82; in technology design, 64, 77, 84–110. See also ethnography; praxis
collaborative: design, 197; ethnography, 11, 78–79
collaborative technology project, 163, 181
collecting, colonial practices of, 120, 127
collective action, 109, 110, 113, 156; collective action problem, 220
collective development, 108
collective memory, 156
collective reflection, 102
collective video creation and viewing, 96
colonial power relations, 120–124
community: agency, 105, 146, 149, 164, 169–172; appropriation and authorship, 97, 113; building of, 219; radio, 200
community-based: archives, libraries, and museums, 116, 166, 194; research and practices, 97, 98, 113, 166
computing technologies, 38–39
Condorcet, Marquis de, 34
constructionist theory, 31–32
control over memory or heritage, 96, 127, 129
Cote D’Ivoire, ethnographies of, 145
cross-cultural communication, 214
crowdsourcing algorithms, 119
cultural institutions, 163
culturally specific practices and narratives, 177. See also ontology
cultural record, subverting the, 162
cultural “violence,” in relation to “structural violence,” 117
“curated” experience, 93
Curtis, Adam, 22–23
“dark side” of technology innovation, 182
databases, 120; relational databases, 41–43; NoSQL, 42–43
Davis, Angela, 2
Davis, Wade, 121
decentralized governments, 198
decentralized network, 3, 182–183
decentralized ways of knowing, 195. See also lateral networks; ontology
de Certeau, Michel, 136
decolonized agenda, 96
deep diversity, 8, 215–216. See also diversity
de-sacralization, 119
design, 114–115, 124–127, 135–138, 145, 152, 155–158, 168, 226–227, 229–230
detached intimacy, 114
development, visions of, 99, 105, 109
Dewey, John, 173
dialectic of resistance and accommodation, 196
Diderot, Denis, 33. See also enlightenment theory
digital activism, 80, 198–200, 218–222
digital age, discourse of, 217
digital divide, 52, 55, 56–59, 61–63, 134. See also Information Communication Technology and Development
digital economy, 20; information as oil for digital economy, 20; digital oligopolies, 20
digital inequality, 29–30, 48–50
digital labor, 54–55, 58, 226; invisibility of, 19
digital museums, 162–163, 164–166, 173–180
digital objects, 174–181, 190, 194
digital repatriation, 180–181
digital revolution, recency bias around, 4
digital “sharing” economy, or digital sharing economy, 20–21
digital storytelling, 46, 79, 153, 177–178
Disney, 19
disruption of technology, 103
diversity, 8; biodiversity, 8; and climate change, 8; deep diversity, 8, 215–216; linguistic, 8
domestication, of media, 74
Dourish, Paul, 42–43. See also databases: NoSQL
dromology, 203
drone technology, 5, 25, 182, 199, 233; Facebook drones, 207
Duguid, Paul, 155
Durkheim, Emile, 142
eBay, 179
effective development, 87. See also development studies; digital divide
Eglash, Ron, 166
Egypt: Cairo, 17–18, 219–221; “Facebook Revolution,” 15, 17–18. See also Arab Spring; Tahrir Square
Engelbart, Doug, 30–31
enlightenment theory, 33–37
Enote, Jim, 118, 167–172, 181, 185, 187, 195
Esalen Institute, 31
ethnography: collaborative ethnography, 11; corporate ethnography, 53, 65–67; methods, 96; mobile phone ethnography, 65–67, 69, 70; participant observation, 96, 97; reflexive ethnography 10
ethnosphere, 121
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 30
“exit” and “voice,” 111
Facebook, 15, 17, 217; assumptions about its purpose, 1, 4–6; assumptions about universality, 1, 4; drones, 207; and recency bias, 4; and revolution, 6, 17–18
“face time” in collaborative projects, 98. See also collaboration
fan cultures, 76. See also Jenkins, Henry; participatory culture
Faustian contract, 81. See also global village
Feenberg, Andrew, 23
Filemaker Pro, 187. See also databases; ontology
Fish, Adam, 29–30
Flores, Fernando, 138
fluid ontology, 7, 135–138, 154–158, 165
Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid (Prahalad), 55
Foucault, Michel, 117, 159, 207–209
foundations, working with, 87
Foursquare, 208
fractal, 166
Frank, Ross, 145–146
free choice, assumptions of, 209
Fromm, Eric, 23
Furner, Jonathan, 128
Galloway, Alex, 19
gaming, 154
Gasser, Urs, 184
Gates, Bill, 111–113
Geismar, Haidy, 43–44, 165. See also databases
generativity; in design of technology, 145
“ghost in the machine,” 114
Gillespie, Tarleton, 132
Ginsburg, Faye, 78–79, 81, 217
Gladwell, Malcolm, 218–219
globalization, 54, 61, 209–210; flattening, 87
global village, 6, 52, 81, 146, 200, 206, 209, 223, 233. See also McLuhan, Marshall
global voices, 212–214
Goodwin, Tom, 20
Google, 1, 4, 19, 21–22, 60, 132, 179, 206–207, 216, 232
Google Loon, 206–207. See also drone technology
governmentality, 207–209
grassroots activism, 4, 7, 9, 14, 18, 30, 41, 45, 47, 61, 65–70, 87, 94. See also activism
Gujit, Irene, 13
Harding, Sandra, 217–218
Hardt, Michael, 52
Hargittai, Eszter, 48–50
Harrison, Chris, 26
Heidegger, Martin, 37
heritage, 163. See also collective memory; cultural record
heroic innovators, 223
Hewlett-Packard, 144
Hirschman, Albert, 110–111
Hole in the Wall project, 57–58, 73
Howe, Craig, 143
“hub” district offices, 89. See also Byrraju Foundation; development
human-computer interaction, 136, 191. See also ontology
Husserl, Edmund, 35
Ibrahim, Gigi, 221
India, fieldwork within, 84–110; plumbing versus village wells, 145
Indian Information Technology, 86, 87,
indigenized literacy, as community practice, 107. See also literacy
indigenous communities: aboriginal communities, 47, 79, 80, 122, 124–127, 164; Hopi community, 117, 118; Kayapo community, 79–80; Inuit communities, 79; Kumeyaay, Luiseno, Cahuilla, and Cupeno communities, 138–158; Navajo reservation, 12, 203–206; systems of intellectual property, 7; Warlpiri community, 47, 80, Zapatistas, 15, 80–81; Zuni community, 117–119, 162, 167–181, 184–197
indigenous maps, 122
indigenous media, 78
informal economy, 67–69
Information Communication Technology and Development (ICTD), 56–59; 61–63, 111. See also digital divide
innovation, 36, 69–70; myth of discontinuity, 36
Internet access. See access
Internet assemblage, 32
Internet forums, 198
Internet fragmentation, 5, 232
Internet freedom (assumptions of), 232
Internet histories, 29–32
Internet.org, 5
interoperability, 183–184
iPhone: FoxConn, 225; Coltan mineral (Congo), 225
Islamic State, 198
Ito, Mimi, 46
Kant, Immanuel, 35. See also enlightenment theory
Kaul-Shah, Meera, 13
Kay, Alan, 30–31
Kelly, Kevin, 44–45. See also Wired magazine
Keniston, Ken, 62
knowledge, 179, 182, 195; archiving knowledge, 115, 127–128; performances of, 187; open versus closed, 190; silos of knowledge, 190; collective knowledge, 195; knowledge practices, 195
Kwasnik, Barbara, 130
“land burning,” 124. See also indigenous communities
Lanier, Jaron, 50–51
Lassiter, Luke, 11
lateral connectivity, 55, 73–74, 159–160
lateral networks, 159
lateralize, ethnographic approach, 147
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 34
Leigh-Star, Susan, 128
Lewin, Kurt, 12
library and information science field (LIS), 130
liminal, 160
Linnaeus, Carl, 33. See also enlightenment theory
Lippman, Walter, 155
Lipsitz, George, 77
literacy, 49, 58, 107; media literacy, 49, 58, 107
local protocols, 7
Locklear, Linda, 148–149
“Long Tail,” 22
Lovink, Geert, 72
low-cost video technology, 88
Manzanita tree, 156; Manzanita tree interface, 158; tree diagram, 156–157
Manovich, Lev, 38
Maori community, 12. See also indigenous communities
Marcos, Subcomandante, 232–233
marginalized users, effects of being given technologies, 14, 159, 223
margins, thinking from the, 14, 67
material arrangements, 195
matters of fact versus matters of concern, 212
McChesney, Robert, 19
McLuhan, Marshall, 6
media authorship and reflection, 103. See also reflective practice
media ecology, 220
Medina, Eden, 160
Meinong, Alexius, 35
Mendel, Gregor, 40
mesh network technology, 231
meta-ontological terms, 228. See also ontology
metis, or tactical actions, 227
mindfulness, in research, 13
Minsky, Marvin, 133
MIT media laboratory, 63–64, 82, 133–135
mobile phone, access to. See access
Modi, Narendra, 86
Morelia junta, 199—201
Mountain Area Internet network (North Carolina), 25
Mubarak, Hosni, 17
multiple voices, 162
Murthy, Narayana, 86
museum objects, 168–178; cultural objects, 178; cultural objects as commodities, 179
museum catalog records and databases, 178, 191; museum metadata, 188
museums, 163–178
National Science Foundation, 144
National Security Agency (NSA), PRISM project, 23. See also Snowden, Edward
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 180
Native reservations, 153–156, 203
Negri, Antonio, 52
Negroponte, Nicholas, 4, 57, 59–60. See also One Laptop Per Child
neoliberalism, 48, 93, 94, 203, 208–209
Neret-Minet, Gilles, 119
net neutrality, 5
Network Society, 51–52
New Guinea, hunting crocodiles, 10
New Mexico, research in,
NLS Online System, 31. See also Kay, Alan; Engelbart, Doug
Noble, Safiya, 21
O’Brien, Rory, 12
Olson, Hope, 131
One Laptop Per Child (OLPC), 57–58, 59–60, 73
ontology, 7, 48, 196; clash of ontologies, 181; community ontologies, 8, 114, 133, 135–138, 174–177, 226–227; designing ontologies, 115, 124–127, 133–134, 135–138, 145, 155–158; digital ontologies, 115, 133–134; fluid ontologies, 135–138, 153–158, 160, 165, 227; mismatched ontologies, 227; multiple ontologies, 115, 122, 125, 126, 163, 165, 171–173, 184, 194; openness, 212; performing knowledge, 187–192, 195–197; theories of ontology, 35–37
open government, 227
open space, 216
Orientalism, 149. See also Said, Edward
Orlikowski, Wanda, 52–53
outside the machine, 164
outsourcing, 53
ownership, sense of, 105, 172. See also agency, community
packet-switching technology, 182
Palfrey, John, 184
Papert, Seymour, 31
Paris auction, 116–122
Pariser, Eli, 132
participant observation, 97. See also ethnography
participation, 74–77, 207. See also participatory culture
participatory culture, 74
participatory design, 210
participatory methodologies, 174
participatory politics, 76
Peltier, Leonard, 147
performance of knowledge, 161
performances versus abstractions, 127. See also ontology
personalization, 215
Philip, Kavita, 58–59
Piaget, Jean, 31
Pickering, Andrew, 196
Pico, Anthony, 147, 150–152, 154
policy making, 226–228
political economy, 67, 71–72, 226–227
political sovereignty, 147, 150, 153, 155, 164
postcolonial computing, 58–59. See also digital divide; Information Communication Technology and Development
postcolonial moment, 163
postmodern museum, 166
power: asymmetries of power, 127, 163, 185, 197; contexts of power, 215; of aspiration and agency, 110; of debate and discussion, 154; of grassroots knowledge sharing/agency, 159, 163, 211; of information, 90, 103–104; of language, 213; of local, cultural, indigenous and community-based uses of technology, 209; of preservation (or “archive fever”), 116; power of source, 119; of rethinking technology, 111; standpoints of power, 217; of voice, 111
Prahalad, C. K., 55
Pratt, Mary Louise, 163
praxis, 10, 12, 60, 87, 116, 145
privacy, data, 23, 45, 242. See also surveillance
progressive algorithms, 7. See also algorithms
protocol: cultural protocol, 172, 181; limiting of participation, 19; local protocol, 7; religious protocol, 190; vision protocol, 88
provincialized digital media, 210
Rajagopal, Arvind, 55
Raju, Ramalinga, 84–86
rawness of communication, 182
recycled modernity, 221
reflective media, 81–82, 87, 89, 90, 92, 95, 103, 110, 196
reflective practice, 81–82, 103. See also reflective media
relational meaning, 177
repatriation, 180
repertoire, 196
reversibility, 212
ritual communication, 159–161
Romney, Mitt, 142. See also Tribal Digital Village; Tribal Peace
Rose, Nikolas, 208–209
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 33
rural obsolescence, 88. See also development
Russell, Bertrand, 41
Said, Edward, 166
Samarajiva, Rohan, 55
sameness, 127. See also ontology
San Pasqual reservation, 147–149. See also indigenous communities
Sassen, Saskia, 54
Schmidt, Eric, 216–217
Scott, James C., 226–227
search, 215; search engines, critique of, 20–21
Searls, Doc, 231
Seddon, Jessica, 227–228
Seeing like a State (Scott), 226–228
self-determination and autonomy, 164
Seowtewa, Octavius, 194
“setting the record straight,” 172
sewing machine, 217
Shalako religious ceremony, 172–173
shallow diversity, 215
Shapiro, Steven, 34
sharing economy, 20–21
Shields, Peter, 55
Shome, Raka, 54
short-wave radio, 200
Skype connection, 93
social capital, 75
social documentation, 105
social life of information, 26, 155
socially constructed technologies, 162
social media revolution, 218–223
sociotechnical, 46
solutionism, 211–212
Somali communities, 82, 133–135
songline, 122
SoundCloud, 198
source communities, 118–119
Southern California Tribal Chairmen’s Association (SCTCA), 144
sovereignty: of local knowledge, 119, 169, 232; of multiple ontologies or ways of knowing, 123–126, 164, 216. See also ontology
Spider Woman, Navajo myth of, 204
Splinternet, 6, 231–232. See also Internet fragmentation
Spurlock, Morgan, 54
Staddage, Tom, 29
storage technologies, 37–39, 112, 120, 121. See also computing technologies
storytelling, 46–47, 87, 95. See also digital storytelling
strategic traditionalism, 78. See also Ginsburg, Faye
stratified knowledge, 171
Striphas, Ted, 132
“study of” toward “leadership by,” 174
subalternity, 87. See also digital inequality; postcolonial computing
Sundaram, Ravi, 221
surveillance, 19
systems of discourse, 128
tactics, 135, 164, 217. See also de Certeau, Michel; ontology
Tahrir Square (Egypt), 17–18, 24, 219–222
taking the digital/technology up, 217–219. See also appropriation
tangible cultural heritage, 168
Taylor, Diana, 196
Taylor, Robert, 30
TDV servers, 160
Tuhiwai-Smith, Linda, 12
Tunisian revolution, 24. See also Arab Spring
techne, 37
technocentric thinking, fallacies of, 218
techno-individualism, 30
techno-inevitability, 30
techno-libertarianism, 30
technological exceptionalism, 212
technologically powered revolutions, 218
technologies: assumptions about, 2; as disembodied, 221; for geopolitical ends, 199; “good versus bad” debate, 25; hype of, 216–217; native potentials of (debate about), 220; repaired/recontextualized technologies, 221; as socially constructed, 2, 31; technologies of self and of market, 208; technology potential, 193, 197
technology authorship, 81
technology-facilitated networks, 114
technology transfer model, critique of, 201
techno-progressivism, 30
technospeak, 211
teleological technology use, 191
textual literate, 96. See also literacy
thematic analysis technique, 100
Thierer, Adam, 184
third space, 214–215
top-down development studies, 88. See also development; digital divide
top-down model of technology, 6; top-down agendas (critique of), 232; top-down classifications, 164
Toyoma, Kentaro, 63
translation, 213; of knowledge, 191
transmission model, 160
transparency, 216
Trap: What Happened to Our Dream of Freedom (film), 22
tree diagram, 155–157. See also Manzanita tree
Tribal Digital Village, 138–145, 159. See also Tribal Peace; indigenous communities
tribal governance, 171
tribal institutions, 118. See also tribal museums
tribal museums, 166–173, 186–191
Tribal Peace, 145–159
tribal protocols, 172–174, 181, 187–191
triumph of quantification, 159
Tuhiwai-Smith, Linda, 12
Tunisian revolution, 24. See also Arab Spring
Turnbull, David, 8–9, 116, 120–121, 182, 204
Turner, Terrence, 79
tyrannies of official science, 224
Uber, 21
Urban, Thomas, 202
Usenet newsgroups, 198–199
U.S.-Mexico border, 155
vernacular appropriation, 166
Viacom, 19
video camera, use of in rural communities, 92, 96, 101, 104, 109
Viejas reservation, 149–150. See also indigenous communities
village, problems with the terminology of, 6. See also global village
viral media, 104
Virilio, Paul, 203
virtual migration, 54. See also call centers
Viswanathan, Shiv, 224
Vygotsky, Lev, 31
waterlogging, 227
Watkins, Craig, 76
“web”/weaving, 204
“we-intentions,” 110. See also agency, community
Wells, H. G., 25
white cube, 175
Whorf, Benjamin Lee, 31
Williams, Raymond, 76–77
Wired magazine, 24, 44–45. See also Kelly, Kevin
Woolgar, Steve, 36
world listening versus world making, 15, 230
worrk, ontology of, 124–125. See also ontology
Yelp, 209
YouTube, 17, 19, 105, 109, 198
Zapatista community, 80, 198–203, 232–233; Zapatista technology use, 199–200; Zapatista activism, 200
Zillien, Nicole, 49–50
Zuckerberg, Mark, 5
Zuckerman, Ethan, 211–214
Zuni language, 175, 188, 189, 190; Zuni language switching, 197
Zuni “middle way,” 187
Zuni Native American museum, 14. See also A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center
Zuni war gods, 180