Die diskriminierende Intelligenz hinter AI

  1. McQuillan, Resisting AI (2022), S. 10.

  2. Rachel Withers, »Should Robots Be Conducting Job Interviews? A.I. is playing a new role in hiring«, Slate (5. Oktober 2020), https://slate.com/technology/2020/10/artificial-intelligence-job-interviews.html.

  3. Jeffrey Dastin, »Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women«, Reuters (11. Oktober 2018), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight/amazon-scraps-secret-airecruiting-tool-that-showed-bias-against-women-idUSKCN1MK08G.

  4. McQuillan, Resisting AI, S. 29, 37.

  5. Paola Ricaurte, »Ethics for the majority world: AI and the question of violence at scale«, Media, Culture & Society 44:4 (2022), S. 726–745.

KI als koloniales Instrument der Extraktion

  1. Cathy O’Neil, Angriff der Algorithmen (Hanser, 2017).

  2. Hannah Murphy u. Cristina Criddle, »Meta’s AI-driven advertising system splits marketers«, Financial Times (27. Februar 2023), https://www.ft.com/content/fc95a0f7–5e4e-4616–9b17–7b72daee6c60.

  3. Turkopticon, »Beware the Hype: ChaptGPT didn’t Replace Human Data Annotators« (4. April 2023), https://news.techworkerscoalition.org/2023/04/04/ issue-5/.

  4. Hao, »How the AI industry profits from catastrophe«.

  5. Mateus Viana Braz, Paola Tubaro u. Antonio Casilli, »Microwork in Brazil: Who are the wokers behind artificial intelligence?«, https://diplab.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Viana-Braz-TubaroCasilli_Microwork-in- Brazil_EN.pdf.

  6. Adrienne Williams, Milagros Miceli u. Timnit Gebru, »The exploited labor behind artificial intelligence«, Noema (13. Oktober 2022), https://www.noemamag.com/the-exploited-labor-behind-artificial-intelligence/; Gray u. Suri, Ghost Work.

  7. Elizabeth Culliford, »Rohingya refugees sue Facebook for $ 150 billion over Myanmar violence«, Reuters (8. Dezember 2021), https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/rohingya-refugees-sue-facebook-150-billion-overmyanmar-violence-2021–12–07/.

  8. BSR Staff, »Human Rights due diligence of Meta’s impacts in Israel and Palestine«, Business for Social Responsibility (22. September 2022), https://www.bsr.org/de/our-insights/report-view/meta-human-rights-israelpalestine.

  9. Alex Hern, »Facebook translates ›good morning‹ into ›attack them‹, leading to arrest«, Guardian (24. Oktober 2017), https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/24/facebook-palestine-israel-translates-good-morningattack-them-arrest.

  10. Noble, Algorithms of Oppression.

  11. Nathan Benaich u. Ian Hogarth, »State of AI Report«, State of AI (12. Oktober 2021), https://www.stateof.ai/2021-report-launch.html.

  12. Luke Munn, »The Uselessness of AI Ethics«, AI and Ethics (2022), https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681–022–00209-w, S. 1–9.

  13. »Montreal Declaration for a responsible development of artificial intelligence«, University of Montreal (2018), https://www.montrealdeclaration-responsibleai.com/the-declaration.

  14. »Bericht über den Vorschlag für eine Verordnung des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates zur Festlegung harmonisierter Vorschriften für künstliche Intelligenz, Erwägung 3«, Europäische Kommission (22. Mai 2023), https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9–2023–0188_DE.html.

  15. Rechtsausschuss des Senats, »Estrutura Base do Projeto de Lei«, https://legis.senado.leg.br/sdleg-getter/documento/download/3a6b6ff7-f05d-4e72-aa09-a7cb8e28f0b4.

  16. https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-aiexperiments/ (28. März 2023); https://www.safe.ai/statement-on-ai-risk (30. Mai 2023).

  17. https://www.dair-institute.org/blog/letter-statement-March2023 (31. März 2023).

  18. Zitiert in: Alex Hern, »›What Should the Limits Be?‹ The father of ChatGPT on whether AI will save humanity – or destroy it«, Guardian (7. Juni 2023), https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/jun/07/what-should-the-limits-be-the-father-of-chatgpt-on-whether-ai-will-save-humanity-or-destroy-it.

Warum zivilisatorische Narrative funktionieren

  1. Sathnam Sanghera, Empireland: How Imperialism Has Shaped Modern Britain (Penguin, 2021).

Kapitel 4 Die neue Kolonialistenklasse

  1. »Digital destroyers: How Big Tech sells war on our communities«, Big Tech Sells War (n.d.), https://bigtechsellswar.com.

  2. Mizue Aizeki, Geoffrey Boyce, Todd Miller, Joseph Nevins u. Miriam Ticktin, Smart Borders or a Humane World?, The Immigrant Defense Project’s Surveillance, Tech & Immigration Policing Project, and the Transnational Institute (6. Oktober 2021), https://www.tni.org/en/publication/smartborders-or-a-humane-world; Visiongain Reports, »Global Border Security market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.0 % by 2023: Visiongain Reports Ltd«, GlobeNewswire (18. November 2022), https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2022/11/18/2558941/0/de/Global-Border-Securitymarket-is-projected-to-grow-at-a-CAGR-of-7–0-by-2033-Visiongain-Reports-Ltd.html.

  3. Etwas anders verwenden den Begriff »Klasse« in diesem Zusammenhang Jenna Burrell u. Marion Fourcade, »The Society of Algorithms«, Annual Review of Sociology 47 (2021), S. 213–237.

Quantifizierung des Sozialen als Wirtschaftsbereich

  1. Mehr dazu: Couldry u. Mejias, The Costs of Connection, Kapitel 2.

  2. Brian Duiuxcgnan, »5 Fast facts about the East India Company«, Britannica (n.d.), https://www.britannica.com/story/5-fast-facts-about-the-east-indiacompany; William Dalrymple, »The East India Company: the original corporate raiders«, Guardian (4. März 2015), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders.

  3. Nutzerstatistiken: https://www.businessofapps.com/data/uberstatistics/; Mitarbeiterstatistiken: https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/uber/employees/.

  4. Zur langen Vorgeschichte dieser Art von Marketing s. Josh Lauer, Creditworthy: A History of Consumer Surveillance and Financial Identity in America (Columbia University Press, 2017).

  5. Gandy, Panoptic Sort.

  6. Peter Drucker 1998, zitiert nach Davenport, Big Data @ Work, S. 21.

  7. Christopher Ahlberg (CEO von Recorded Future), zitiert ebd.

  8. Ondi Timoner, We Live in Public (Interloper Films, 2010).

  9. Brandon Fischer von Group M Next Consultancy, zitiert in: Turow, The Aisles Have Eyes, S. 2.

  10. Viktor Mayer-Schönberger u. Kenneth Cukier, Big Data: A Revolution that Will Transform How We Live, Work and Think (John Murray, 2013), S. 96; Cohen, Between Truth and Power, S. 72.

  11. Andrew McAfee u. Erik Brynjolfsson, »Big Data: the Management Revolution«, Harvard Business Review (4. Oktober 2012), https://hbr.org/2012/10/big-data-the-management-revolution.

  12. Davenport, Big Data @ Work, S. 28.

Der unersättliche Hunger von Big Data

  1. Alle genannten Marktkapitalisierungen beziehen sich auf den 16. Juni 2023. Quelle (sofern nicht anders angegeben): Yahoo, »GSPC Trending Tickers«, Yahoo Finance (n.d.), https:// uk.finance.yahoo.com/quote/.

  2. Zahlen vom 30. Juni 2022, s. »Amazon.com Announces Second Quarter Results«, Amazon (28. Juli 2022), https://s2.q4cdn.com/299287126/files/doc_financials/2022/q2/Q2–2022-Amazon-Earnings-Release.pdf.

  3. Michael Brown, »Apple sold more smart speakers in Q1 than Google did, but its lead might be short lived«, TechHive (21. April 2021), https://www.techhive.com/article/579347/apple-sold-more-smart-speakers-than-google.html.

  4. Aaron Mok, »Amazon offers customers $ 2 per month for letting the company monitor the traffic on their phones«, Business Insider (5. Dezember 2022), https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-offering-users-2-dollars-monthfor-track-phone-data-2022–12.

  5. https://www.statista.com/chart/amp/18819/worldwide-market-share-ofleading-cloud-infrastructure-service-providers/.

  6. S. Quelle in Anmerkung 18.

  7. »Search Engine Market Share Worldwide – January 2023«, Statcounter (n.d.), https://gs.statcounter.com/search-engine-market-share.

  8. Zitiert nach Turow, Stimmenfänger, S. 64.

  9. Um genau zu sein 2989 Milliarden monatlich aktive Nutzer laut https://datare-portal.com/essential-facebook-stats.

  10. »Meta earnings Presentation Q2 2022«, Meta (n.d.), https://s21.q4cdn.com/399680738/files/doc_financials/2022/q2/Q2–2022_EarningsPresentation.pdf.

  11. Hannah Murphy u. Cristina Criddle, »Meta’s AI-driven advertising system splits marketers«, Financial Times (28. Februar 2023), https://www.ft.com/content/fc95a0f7–5e4e-4616–9b17–7b72daee6c60.